Methods and uses for diagnosing psychiatric disorders and recommending treatment for psychiatric disorders

Abstract

This specification discloses systems and computer-implemented evaluation methods, including systems and methods for assigning individuals to groups participating in clinical studies on mental illness, systems and methods for determining whether an individual is likely to suffer from a mental illness and what type of mental illness the individual is likely to suffer from; and systems and methods for recommending treatments for individuals suffering from mental illness. All disclosed systems and computer-implemented evaluation methods use a non-invasive computing device-based test that uses a graphical user interface to measure an individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score and evaluate working memory. The latent inhibition score determines whether an individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibition response, a normal latent inhibition response, or an enhanced latent inhibition response.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority and filing date under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 820,490, filed on March 19, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] Psychotic disorder is a mental disorder characterized by severe mental damage, causing abnormal thinking and perception in individuals. These damages are usually classified into three groups. The first group is psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations in which individuals see, hear and believe in unreal things, and delusions in which individuals have strange, persistent ideas, behaviors and emotions. The second group is cognitive symptoms, including executive function problems, in which individuals have difficulties in absorbing and interpreting information and making decisions based on the information, cannot maintain attention, and working memory defects. Finally, negative symptoms are defects or reductions in normal emotions and behaviors, including emotional fragility or dullness (immobility of expression, monotonous voice), lack of fun in daily life (insomnia, such as depression) and lack of motivation (will reduction), decreased ability to start and maintain planned activities, speech poverty (alogia) and very little speech (even when forced to interact). Therefore, individuals suffering from psychotic disorders have difficulties in identifying what is real. There is no specific cause of psychotic disorders.

[0003] Mental illness can be the result of a mental health condition, physical illness or injury, substance abuse, emotional trauma, genetic makeup, or any combination thereof. Given the complex nature of mental illness and the diversity of causes, diagnosing the underlying cause of mental illness in an individual is extremely difficult. Mental illness affects at least 1% of the population worldwide and is a lifelong disabling disorder. In the United States, approximately 3% of the population will exhibit a mental illness at some point in time.

[0004] One problem currently faced by healthcare professionals is that the diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder due to a mental health condition first requires ruling out other potential causes. A mental health condition may be the cause of a psychiatric disorder if the cause is, for example, a physical illness or injury, such as a central nervous system disease, brain tumor, infection, epilepsy, toxin exposure, or sleep deprivation; substance abuse, such as alcohol, marijuana, LSD, or amphetamines; emotional trauma, such as death, war, or sexual assault; or other health problems. If the cause is associated with a mental health condition, early diagnosis is critical because early treatment offers the best hope for recovery. Research shows that the earlier an individual experiencing a psychiatric disorder receives treatment, the better the individual's long-term quality of life.

[0005] Another problem faced by healthcare professionals is that the only drugs approved for the treatment of psychiatric disorders are dopaminergic-based antipsychotic drugs (APDs), such as dopamine receptor blockers. However, such APDs only treat the psychotic symptoms of psychiatric disorders, such as delusions and hallucinations. APDs have no effect on negative or cognitive symptoms, which are the most disabling impairment for individuals to lead a normal life and affect their quality of life to the greatest extent. Despite considerable recent efforts by the pharmaceutical industry, no novel mechanisms have been approved to address the cognitive and negative symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders, and there have been many late-stage failures. Since all psychiatric disorders almost universally have cognitive and negative symptoms, the ineffectiveness of APDs is a driving factor for poor social and functional outcomes, which brings high personal and social costs to individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders.

[0006] Sadly, mental illness cannot currently be prevented. That is why the sooner a diagnosis is determined and appropriate therapy is initiated, the better the individual's outcome. For example, early treatment may help prevent all symptoms associated with mental illness, and seeking help as soon as possible can help an individual's life, family, and relationships. In addition, a more accurate diagnosis of mental illness can better help healthcare providers prescribe the right medication. For example, given the great heterogeneity of the causes underlying mental illness, the symptoms associated with mental illness, the mechanisms involved in the pathology, and the response to a specific APD, therapy is initiated many times as a trial and error process until the best drug is identified. Therefore, developing better and more accurate methods for diagnosing mental illness is crucial for effectively treating individuals suffering from this condition.

[0007] Overview

[0008] In one aspect, the specification discloses systems and methods for assigning individuals or patients to groups for clinical studies on psychiatric disorders, the systems and methods using tests based on non-invasive computing devices. The disclosed group assignment systems and methods include a) having an individual perform a latent inhibition test program running on a computing device; b) measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score to determine whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibition response, a normal latent inhibition response, or an enhanced latent inhibition response; and c) assigning the individual to a group specified by the clinical study. The disclosed latent inhibition test program procedures include a pre-exposure phase and a test phase.

[0009] In another aspect, the specification discloses systems and methods for determining a psychotic disorder in an individual, the systems and methods using a non-invasive computing device-based test. The disclosed psychotic disorder determination system and method include a) inputting information about the individual into a latent inhibition test program running on a computing device; b) having the individual perform the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device; c) measuring the latent inhibition response of the individual to calculate a latent inhibition score, thereby determining whether the individual exhibits a reduced latent inhibition response, a normal latent inhibition response, or an enhanced latent inhibition response; and d) calculating the individual's psychotic disorder. The disclosed information includes the individual's medical history, including whether this is an initial evaluation or a subsequent evaluation of the psychotic disorder, whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, whether the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and / or whether the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication. The disclosed latent inhibition test program includes a process that includes a pre-exposure phase and a test phase.

[0010] In another aspect, the specification discloses systems and methods for recommending treatment of an individual with a psychotic disorder, the systems and methods using a non-invasive computing device-based test. The disclosed therapy recommendation system and method include a) inputting information about the individual into a latent inhibition test program running on a computing device; b) having the individual perform the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device; c) measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score, thereby determining whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibition response, a normal latent inhibition response, or an enhanced latent inhibition response; and d) calculating a recommended therapy for treating the individual. The disclosed information includes the individual's medical history, including whether this is an initial evaluation of the psychotic disorder or a subsequent evaluation, whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, whether the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and / or whether the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication. The disclosed latent inhibition test program includes a process including a pre-exposure phase and a test phase. The disclosed recommended therapies include, for example, i) no therapy recommendation; or ii) therapy recommendation, including treatment with a pro-cognitive medication, treatment with an antipsychotic medication, treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment, or any combination thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings illustrate aspects of the present invention. In such drawings:

[0013] Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an exemplary computer system disclosed herein;

[0014] Figure 2 is a flow chart of a computer-implemented evaluation method of the present invention;

[0015] Figure 3 yes Figure 2A flowchart of the pre-exposure portion of the computer-implemented evaluation method of the present invention;

[0016] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 A flowchart of the testing portion of the computer-implemented evaluation method of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 A flowchart of the potential inhibition scoring portion of the computer-implemented evaluation method of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 6 is a matrix of diagnostic and treatment recommendations based on potential inhibition scoring using the systems and methods disclosed herein;

[0019] Figure 7 is a matrix of diagnostic and treatment recommendations based on latent inhibition and working memory scores using the systems and methods disclosed herein; and

[0020] The accompanying drawings described above illustrate at least one aspect of the present invention in its exemplary embodiments, which is further defined in detail in the following description. According to one or more embodiments, the features, elements and aspects of the present invention represented by the same numbers in different drawings represent the same, equivalent or similar features, elements or aspects.

[0021] describe

[0022] Each of us experiences an influx of emotions, feelings, and sounds in our daily lives. If we had to consciously decide what to ignore and what to focus on at all times, we would quickly become overstimulated. However, most of us are able to filter and exclude our awareness of this constant stream of previously tagged incoming stimuli using a behavioral phenomenon known as latent inhibition.

[0023] Latent inhibition refers to the ability to learn the relevance of a stimulus that has been previously learned in a different or even neutral context. As a result, familiar or unrelated stimuli take longer to acquire meaning or salience than new or related stimuli. This process allows us to reduce our attention or ignore such benign stimuli (attentional filtering) and selectively focus on new or related stimuli. Therefore, latent inhibition can be viewed as a measure of the ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli. This tendency to disregard previously unrelated stimuli is unconscious (meaning the brain performs the process automatically) and is thought to prevent sensory overload.

[0024] Latent inhibition is a normal regulation of associative learning. The basic idea of ​​latent inhibition is that it is usually easier to learn something new than to forget something familiar. In particular, once you have learned to identify something or associate it with something else, it is difficult to forget it if its meaning changes. It is usually easier to make an association with something new than to reassign an already established association to something familiar. Prior learning can have an interference effect.

[0025] Individuals who exhibit an inability to discriminate relevant from irrelevant stimuli have a latent inhibitory dysfunction. There are two poles of latent inhibitory dysfunction: 1) a deficit of reduced latent inhibition, which is the failure to ignore irrelevant stimuli; and 2) a deficit of enhanced latent inhibition, which is the failure not to ignore irrelevant stimuli when they become relevant.

[0026] In individuals who exhibit a deficit of diminished latent inhibition (also known as a deficit of disrupted or reduced latent inhibition), there is no slower learning of previously unrelated stimuli (preexposed cues) compared to novel stimuli (non-preexposed cues). The individual exhibits an inability to ignore previously exposed unrelated stimuli. The individual maintains attention to all stimuli regardless of their relevance because the individual is unable to focus and does not attach importance to unrelated information.

[0027] In individuals who exhibit a deficit in latent inhibition enhancement (also known as a deficit in latent inhibition strengthening or persistence), there is an enhancement in the reduced learning of previously unassociated stimuli (preexposed cues) compared to novel stimuli (non-preexposed cues). Once the unassociated stimulus becomes associated, the individual fails to stop ignoring it. The individual exhibits behavioral inflexibility or persistence of attention. This facilitates learning of inattentiveness to previously unassociated stimuli.

[0028] Latent inhibition assays have been developed to determine whether an individual's latent inhibition is functioning within the normal range. These assays typically fall into one of two study designs, between-participant designs and within-participant designs.

[0029] In the between-participants design of the latent inhibition assay, participants are assigned to either a pre-exposed group or a non-pre-exposed group. Both groups participate in a pre-exposure phase, in which the pre-exposed stimulus becomes familiar (usually combined with a masking paradigm). In the test phase, the ability of participants in the pre-exposed group to learn the association between the pre-exposed stimulus and the target outcome (pre-exposed condition) is assessed, while the ability of participants in the non-pre-exposed group to learn the association between the pre-exposed stimulus and the new stimulus and the same target outcome (non-pre-exposed condition) is assessed. Latent inhibition is demonstrated when participants from the pre-exposed group learn the cue-target association more slowly than participants from the non-pre-exposed group.

[0030] The procedures used in the latent inhibition assay using a between-participants design have several limitations, most notably that both the pre-exposed and non-pre-exposed groups included different participants, which made it difficult to match patients with the same status across groups and thus introduced confounding when comparing the effects of latent inhibition in patients with the performance levels observed in a relative control group of participants.

[0031] In the within-participant design of the latent inhibition assay, all participants participate in a pre-exposure phase, in which the pre-exposure stimulus becomes familiar / unassociated (usually in combination with a masking paradigm). The within-participant design also includes a test phase. In the test phase, the ability of the participants to learn the association between the pre-exposure stimulus and the target outcome (pre-exposure condition) and the new stimulus and the same target outcome (non-pre-exposure condition) is measured.

[0032] The within-participant design has an advantage over the between-participant design because the within-participant design allows the performance and learning on both pre-exposed and non-pre-exposed stimuli to be compared within the same individual. In the between-participant design, different participants are assigned to either the pre-exposed group or the non-pre-exposed group, and their performance is then compared; therefore, the between-participant design does not allow for the measurement of latent inhibition for each individual and makes it difficult to match participants and patients with the same symptom state across the two groups.

[0033] However, the procedures used in the latent inhibition assays that rely on the current within-participant design have several limitations, the most prominent of which is the expectation of the stimulus target established by instructions before the test phase, which produces a program that aligns itself with other learning phenomena besides latent inhibition. For example, by creating an expectation of the target appearing during the pre-exposure phase, the effects of conditioned inhibition (rather than latent inhibition) are learned because the target outcome is expected to appear (and does not appear) at the time when the pre-exposure stimulus is presented. Since the cue predicts that the target does not exist during the pre-exposure period, conditioned inhibition occurs when the learning of the cue-target association is reduced during the test phase. This negative prediction error leads to the formation of an inhibitory association between the pre-exposure stimulus and the target outcome, which slows down subsequent learning due to reasons other than latent inhibition.

[0034] In addition, exposing the target outcome that is not paired with the cue from the test phase during the pre-exposure phase establishes an alternative constraint, i.e., learned irrelevance. Since the cue is a poor predictor of the target outcome during the pre-exposure phase, learned irrelevance occurs when learning is reduced. This negative prediction error results in the formation of a positive association between the pre-exposure stimulus and the absence of the target outcome, slowing subsequent learning for reasons other than latent inhibition.

[0035] The present specification discloses a system and method for measuring latent inhibition, which solves the problems associated with the current intra-participant latent inhibition paradigm, including the confusion of conditioned inhibition and learned irrelevance. The disclosed system and method ensure this in part by establishing no expectation of target stimulation through instructions or explicit exposure to target results before the pre-exposure phase. This is achieved in part by establishing all stimuli as associated during the pre-exposure phase, and the expectation of target stimulation is introduced only before the test phase. This removes the influence / observation of other learning effects, including the influence / observation of cognitive behavioral effects of conditioned inhibition and learned irrelevance. By overcoming the design and interpretation problems of current latent inhibition tests, the disclosed system and method enhance the development of cognitive explanations for schizophrenia and the utility of latent inhibition assessment as a diagnostic and screening tool.

[0036] Computer networks are generally known in the art, typically having one or more client computers and one or more servers, on which any of the methods and systems of the various disclosed embodiments can be implemented. In particular, the computer system or server in this example can represent any computer system and physical components necessary to perform the computerized method discussed in conjunction with the present figures, and in particular, can represent a server (cloud, array, etc.), a client, or other computer system on which an e-commerce server, website, database, web browser, and / or web analysis application can be instantiated.

[0037] like Figure 1As shown in FIG. 1 , in at least one exemplary embodiment, the computer system 20 of the present invention includes an optional exemplary server 22, which is shown as an example, with an associated database 24 and a client computing device 26 (which may also be referred to as a patient computer or patient computing device), and a patient response device 28 (which may be separate or integrated with the patient computing device 26). Although the system 20 is described as separate components, the system of the present invention can be integrated into a single device, wherein the patient computer 26 can be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a smart phone, or a dedicated device, wherein the database 24 is stored locally within the patient computer 26 and / or communicates with one or more other devices, such as with a service provider's device (physician, clinician, etc.). Each computing device within the system 20 of the present invention is generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and each computing device may include a processor, a bus for communicating information, a main memory coupled to the bus, the main memory for storing information and instructions to be executed by the processor and for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during the execution of instructions by the processor, a static storage device or other non-transitory computer-readable medium for storing static information and instructions for the processor, and a storage device such as a hard disk may also be provided and coupled to the bus to store information and instructions. The server 22 and the client computer 26 may optionally be coupled to a display for displaying information. However, in the case of the server 22, such a display may not exist, and all management of the server may be performed via a remote client. In addition, the server 22 and the client computer 26 may optionally include a connection to an input device for communicating information and command selections to the processor, such as a keyboard, mouse, touch pad, microphone, etc. In addition, the client computer 26 may optionally include a connection to an output device for communicating information and command selections to the patient P or therapist, such as a speaker, etc.

[0038] First, it should be noted that communication between the server 22 and each of the client computers 26 can be implemented using any wired or wireless based communication protocol (or combination of protocols) now known or later developed. Therefore, the present invention should not be construed as limited to any one particular type of communication protocol, even though certain exemplary protocols may be mentioned herein for illustrative purposes. It should also be noted that the term "patient device" (and equivalent names describing a user's computing device) is intended to include any type of computing or electronic device now known or later developed, such as desktop computers, mobile phones, smart phones, laptop computers, tablet computers, virtual reality systems, personal data assistants, gaming devices, unattended terminals, access control devices, point of interaction ("POI") systems, and the like.

[0039] The server 22 and the client computer 26 may also include a communication interface coupled to the bus to provide bidirectional wired and / or wireless data communications to and from the server and / or the client computer. For example, the communication interface may send and receive signals via a local area network, a public network, an intranet, a private network (e.g., a VPN), or other networks including the Internet.

[0040] In the illustrated example of the present invention, the hard disk drive of the server 22 (including optional third-party servers and / or mobile application (app) backend services, etc.) and / or one or all of the client computers 26 is encoded with executable instructions, which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the following operations: Figure 2-Figure 5 The server 22 communicates with the client computer 26 via the Internet, an intranet, or other network to cause information and / or graphics such as HTML code, text, images, etc. to be displayed on a screen, sound to be emitted from a speaker, and the like. The server 22 may host a URL with information that may be accessed by the client computer 26. The information transmitted to the client computer 26 may be stored and manipulated using software encoded on the client device 26 according to the methods described below. Although the computing device is schematically illustrated as a laptop device, the computing device may include a desktop device, a tablet device, a cellular device (e.g., a smart phone such as an iOS device, an ANDROID device, a WINDOWS device, etc.), or any other computing device now known or later developed. Furthermore, although patient response device 28 is illustrated as a handheld response device, patient P may input responses into system 20 in a variety of ways, including interacting with a touch screen (e.g., touching a user interface element such as a button, etc.), verbal input (e.g., speaking into a microphone, having the response analyzed by a known speech recognition system, etc.), keyboard input (e.g., typing a response word or series of characters, or touching a particular key to register a response, etc.), or other input means now known or later developed.

[0041] Still see Figure 1, the computing device can be one of many available computing devices capable of running executable programs and / or browser instances. For example, they can be mobile devices, such as tablet computers or mobile phone devices with computer capabilities, laptop devices, desktop devices or other computing devices. The executable instructions for the method of the present invention can be installed on a server 22, which hosts a network or other application that displays a user interface on a client device 26. Optionally, the executable instructions for all or at least a portion of the method of the present invention can be locally installed on a client device 26, wherein the various data sets generated are locally stored. In an exemplary embodiment, the client device 26 accesses and interacts with a graphical user interface through a network browser instance, such as FIREFOX, CHROME, SAFARI, INTERNET EXPLORER, etc., or through a desktop application. The web application is hosted on an application server with application hosting capabilities. In another exemplary embodiment, the client device 26 can access and interact with a graphical user interface through a network application or a mobile application (commonly referred to as an "application") running on a mobile network browser.

[0042] Optionally, executable instructions for executing all or at least a portion of the method of the present invention may be locally installed on the client device 26. For example, the client device 26 may be required to install an application locally on a smart phone device to execute all or a portion of the method of the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, an executable application file is installed on the client device 26 so that messages can be sent to and received from the server 22 (or if any other device is connected to the system 20, sent or received between devices), wherein the server sends, receives and / or relays messages to the client device 26. The message may include various forms of data, such as alphanumeric text, pictures, animations, links, etc. In yet another exemplary embodiment, one party may install an application on a computing device, while the other party sends and receives messages through a browser instance.

[0043] This specification discloses three systems and computer-implemented evaluation methods: 1) systems and methods for assigning individuals to groups participating in clinical studies on mental illness; 2) systems and methods for determining whether an individual is likely to suffer from a mental illness and what type of mental illness the individual is likely to suffer from; and 3) systems and methods for recommending therapies for treating individuals suffering from mental illness. All three disclosed systems and computer-implemented evaluation methods use tests based on non-invasive computing devices. In addition, as discussed in detail below, while some aspects of the tests based on non-invasive computing devices are common to all three disclosed systems and methods, other aspects are only presented in two of the three systems and methods, while some aspects are presented in one of the disclosed systems and methods.

[0044] Figure 2 An exemplary embodiment of a computer-implemented evaluation method 200 of the present invention is shown, generally showing optional steps for performing the method 200. The present method 200 can be performed using discrete modules or separate applications or by launching a single application that is capable of performing all of the steps of the present method 200. Generally described, the present latent inhibition test method 200 includes the steps of initializing a pre-exposure portion of the application 300, initializing a test portion of the application 400, initializing a latent inhibition score portion of the application 500. After the latent inhibition score and / or outcome evaluation has been calculated, one or more of determining a clinical study group assignment 600, determining a patient psychiatric condition 700, and determining an appropriate patient therapy 800 can be selectively or automatically performed.

[0045] The method for determining a mental disorder and the method for recommending a therapy disclosed herein include the step of inputting information about the individual into a potential inhibition test program running on a computing device. The group allocation method disclosed herein may optionally include the step of inputting information about the individual into a potential inhibition test program running on a computing device. Typically, such information includes the individual's medical history and current condition. The information disclosed herein includes, but is not limited to, whether this is an initial evaluation of the individual or a subsequent evaluation, whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, whether the individual has a history of mental illness, and whether the individual has a history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication.

[0046] The group assignment methods, psychiatric disorder determination methods, and therapy recommendation methods disclosed herein include, in part, the step of having an individual perform a latent inhibition test program running on a computing device. In one embodiment, the latent inhibition test program includes a program that includes a pre-exposure phase and a test phase.

[0047] Steering Figure 3, illustrating in more detail an exemplary embodiment of the pre-exposure phase or portion 300 of the application program. After initializing the application program, pre-exposure (PE) instructions are displayed 302 on the patient computing device 26, for example, by displaying the instructions to the patient P on a monitor or screen of the patient computing device 26. In the computer method of the present invention, any data received / transmitted by the patient computing device 26 can be transmitted from / to a local database (e.g., stored on the hard drive of the patient computing device 26), or from / to a remote server on a local intranet or via the Internet or other known transmission means. The PE instructions establish a set of rules that the patient P should follow during the pre-exposure portion of the method 200 of the present invention in order to successfully complete the pre-exposure phase 300. In one or more embodiments, certain parameters of the PE instructions can be set by the professional administering the evaluation, such as the time period for displaying the stimulation, the time interval between displaying the stimulation, the specific pre-exposure data set used (if multiple data sets are available, etc.). Although the method 200 of the present invention describes "displaying" instructions, stimuli, or other data to the patient P via the patient computing device 26 as a form of communication, the form of communication can vary, including audio communication (e.g., through speakers on a computer, etc.); and is therefore not limited to display on a computer screen or other display device. For example, the pre-exposure phase disclosed herein includes presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli that will be presented to the individual when performing the potential inhibition test procedure disclosed herein. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first set of instructions disclosed herein includes pre-exposure phase instructions that tell the individual how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli that will be presented to the individual during the pre-exposure phase disclosed herein.

[0048] A pre-exposure dataset is retrieved from a database by the application. The application determines in step 304 the type of response required as input from the patient computing device 26. In one embodiment, the pre-exposure phase instructions include n-back instructions. When an n-back response 308 is required, the application then requires input from the patient computing device 26 for displaying a PE stimulus that matches a previous PE stimulus (previously matched PE stimulus) displayed n positions previously (where "n" can be any predetermined number, depending on the design of the dataset and the evaluation, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4...). The application requires input 306 from the patient computing device 26 within a predetermined time interval after each stimulus in the PE stimulus dataset retrieved from the database begins to be displayed. The "n" value is typically associated with the specific PE dataset utilized, but can be set by a professional in one or more exemplary embodiments.

[0049] In one aspect of this embodiment, the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to the first set of stimuli when they appear on the screen (0-back). In another aspect of this embodiment, the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to the current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only when the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position (1-back) in the first set of stimuli sequence. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to the current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only when the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last two positions (2-back) in the first set of stimuli sequence. In another aspect of this embodiment, the individual is required to respond to each stimulus in a specific manner, including but not limited to verbally confirming that the stimulus is presented, or by (such as by pressing a button on a keyboard or clicking a control device such as a mouse) physically entering the response into the computing device.

[0050] The pre-exposure phase disclosed herein includes presenting a first set of stimuli to the individual. The application causes each PE stimulus in the PE stimulus data set to be displayed sequentially 310 in a predetermined order (or, in one or more exemplary embodiments, optionally in a random order). n The stimulation is separated by a time interval Δt In Display duration Δt PEn , where Δt In can be greater than or equal to 0 seconds. Although Δt PEn and Δt In t is typically constant throughout the PE phase, but in one or more exemplary embodiments, the time may vary. The PE stimulation data set includes one or more pre-exposure stimuli, one or more neutral stimuli, and optionally other stimuli. If a patient response input 312 is detected, it is determined whether a response is detected during a time period that allows a response, which may be Δt PEn , Δt PEn +Δt In, or other predetermined time period suitable for patient response input. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment method, for each time period, the application determines whether a patient ("user") response input (e.g., from a response clicker, keyboard input, voice response input, etc.) is detected. If no patient response input is detected, the application compares the non-response with the correct response data set for that particular iteration "n" to determine whether the non-response is correct, i.e., step 314, after which, in step 316, the non-response is recorded as correct or incorrect in the PE result data set. Similarly, if a patient response input is detected, the application compares the response with the correct response data set for that particular iteration "n" to determine whether the response is correct 318 (e.g., the response is received during a time period associated with a previously matched PE stimulus displayed n stimuli ago), after which, in step 320, the response is recorded as correct or incorrect in the PE result data set. Of course, this comparison need not be performed immediately; the application can collect the response data set and the time of each response for comparison at any point in time, including later analysis performed at some time in the future. The application will continue to iteratively display the PE stimulation 322 until all PE stimulations in the PE stimulation data set have been displayed, i.e., step 324. Optionally, the number of PE stimulations in the PE stimulation data set can be accessed by the application (e.g., a known number can be entered, or associated with the data set, etc.), wherein the application displays continuous PE stimulations until the number is a known number. After all PE stimulations have been displayed and the time period for any patient response has ended, the application calculates the PE result using one or more disclosed algorithms on the PE result data set, i.e., step 326. Since the PE result can be used in conjunction with a test phase and / or used to determine whether to conduct a test phase, it is determined whether the calculated PE result is within predetermined parameters 328 or set by a professional who manages or analyzes the evaluation of the present invention. The application can automatically proceed to the test phase of the evaluation 332, or the application can terminate the evaluation at the end of the PE phase 330 or at any time, or the application can stop and wait for manual instruction input from the administrator / professional.

[0051] In one aspect of this embodiment, the stimulation belonging to the first group of stimulation disclosed herein is presented to the individual in random order. In this step, the individual is made to be familiar with the pre-exposure stimulation that has no association with the target stimulation without knowing it, because the first group of stimulation does not include the target stimulation. If a 1-back or 2-back design is adopted, rather than a 0-back design, the pre-exposure phase program is also used to evaluate working memory. The purpose of presenting this first group of stimulation is to alleviate the effect of conditional learning and the irrelevance of learning. Because the target stimulation is not presented in the pre-exposure phase, conditional learning is alleviated. This avoids the expectation of presenting the target stimulation during the pre-exposure phase, thereby alleviating conditional learning, and in fact the target stimulation will not be presented during the pre-exposure phase. Because the target stimulation is not presented during the pre-exposure phase, the irrelevance of learning will also be alleviated. This avoids any association of the target stimulation with the pre-exposure stimulation.

[0052] Each stimulus from the first set of stimuli being presented to the individual is presented in this manner for a defined period of time. Typically, the defined period of time for presenting a stimulus from the first set of stimuli to the individual needs to have a sufficiently long duration so that the individual can perceive that the stimulus is being presented to the individual. In one aspect of this embodiment, the defined period of time for presenting a stimulus from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, between about 10 milliseconds to about 10,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 5,000 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds to about 2,500 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds to about 1,250 milliseconds, or about 1,000 milliseconds.

[0053] In other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds, about 50 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds, about 150 milliseconds, about 200 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds, about 300 milliseconds, about 350 milliseconds, about 400 milliseconds, about 450 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds, about 550 milliseconds, about 600 milliseconds, about 650 milliseconds, about 700 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds, about 800 milliseconds, about 850 milliseconds, about 900 milliseconds, about 950 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds, about 1,100 milliseconds, about 1,200 milliseconds, about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,900 milliseconds, about 2,000 milliseconds, about 2,500 milliseconds, or about 3,000 milliseconds. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, at least 10 milliseconds, at least 50 milliseconds, at least 100 milliseconds, at least 150 milliseconds, at least 200 milliseconds, at least 250 milliseconds, at least 300 milliseconds, at least 350 milliseconds, at least 400 milliseconds, at least 450 milliseconds, at least 500 milliseconds, at least 550 milliseconds, at least 600 milliseconds, at least 650 milliseconds, at least 700 milliseconds, at least 750 milliseconds, at least 800 milliseconds, at least 850 milliseconds, at least 900 milliseconds, at least 950 milliseconds, at least 1,000 milliseconds, at least 1,100 milliseconds, at least 1,200 milliseconds, at least 1,300 milliseconds, at least 1,400 milliseconds, at least 1,500 milliseconds, at least 1,600 milliseconds, at least 1,700 milliseconds, at least 1,800 milliseconds, at least 1,900 milliseconds, at least 2,000 milliseconds, at least 2,500 milliseconds, or at least 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the limited time period for presenting a stimulus from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, at most 10 milliseconds, at most 50 milliseconds, at most 100 milliseconds, at most 150 milliseconds, at most 200 milliseconds, at most 250 milliseconds, at most 300 milliseconds, at most 350 milliseconds, at most 400 milliseconds, at most 450 milliseconds, at most 500 milliseconds, at most 550 milliseconds, at most 600 milliseconds, at most 650 milliseconds, at most 700 milliseconds, at most 750 milliseconds, at most seconds, at most 800 milliseconds, at most 850 milliseconds, at most 900 milliseconds, at most 950 milliseconds, at most 1,000 milliseconds, at most 1,100 milliseconds, at most 1,200 milliseconds, at most 1,300 milliseconds, at most 1,400 milliseconds, at most 1,500 milliseconds, at most 1,600 milliseconds, at most 1,700 milliseconds, at most 1,800 milliseconds, at most 1,900 milliseconds, at most 2,000 milliseconds, at most 2,500 milliseconds, or at most 3,000 milliseconds.

[0054] In still other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting a stimulus from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about The present invention relates to a method for controlling the time period of a power supply of the present invention in the range of 10 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, about The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic devices for providing a plurality of electronic devices for providing a plurality of electronic devices, wherein the plurality of electronic devices are provided at least one electronic device for providing a plurality of electronic devices, and the plurality of electronic devices are provided at least one electronic device for providing a plurality of electronic devices. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals.The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of time-limited optical signals for displaying an image of a plurality of optical signals, wherein the plurality of optical signals are energized by the optical signal emitting from ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components of the present invention, wherein the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components, and the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components. milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about The present invention relates to a method for producing a 3D image of a mobile phone having a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts.

[0055] The presentation of the stimulation from the first group of stimulation can optionally include a time interval, in which time interval, stimulation is not presented to the individual performing the pre-exposure stage. These intervals are merely the gaps between each stimulation presentation. The time interval between the presentation of each stimulation from the first group of stimulation carries out a limited time. In one embodiment, the presentation of each stimulation from the first group of stimulation does not include the interval time period. In another embodiment, there is an interval time period between the presentation of each stimulation. In one aspect of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of the stimulation from the first group of stimulation can be, for example, from about 1 millisecond to about 10,000 milliseconds, from about 5 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, from about 15 milliseconds to about 250 milliseconds, from about 20 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, from about 25 milliseconds to about 75 milliseconds, or for about 50 milliseconds.

[0056] In other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds, about 50 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds, about 150 milliseconds, about 200 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds, about 300 milliseconds, about 350 milliseconds, about 400 milliseconds, about 450 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds, about 550 milliseconds, about 600 milliseconds, about 650 milliseconds, about 700 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds, about 800 milliseconds, about 850 milliseconds, about 900 milliseconds, about 950 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds, about 1,100 milliseconds, about 1,200 milliseconds, about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,900 milliseconds, about 2,000 milliseconds, about 2,500 milliseconds, or about 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, at least 10 milliseconds, at least 50 milliseconds, at least 100 milliseconds, at least 150 milliseconds, at least 200 milliseconds, at least 250 milliseconds, at least 300 milliseconds, at least 350 milliseconds, at least 400 milliseconds, at least 450 milliseconds, at least 500 milliseconds, at least 550 milliseconds, at least 600 milliseconds, at least 650 milliseconds, at least 700 milliseconds, at least 750 milliseconds, at least 800 milliseconds, at least 850 milliseconds, at least 900 milliseconds, at least 950 milliseconds, at least 1,000 milliseconds, at least 1,100 milliseconds, at least 1,200 milliseconds, at least 1,300 milliseconds, at least 1,400 milliseconds, at least 1,500 milliseconds, at least 1,600 milliseconds, at least 1,700 milliseconds, at least 1,800 milliseconds, at least 1,900 milliseconds, at least 2,000 milliseconds, at least 2,500 milliseconds, or at least 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, at most 10 milliseconds, at most 50 milliseconds, at most 100 milliseconds, at most 150 milliseconds, at most 200 milliseconds, at most 250 milliseconds, at most 300 milliseconds, at most 350 milliseconds, at most 400 milliseconds, at most 450 milliseconds, at most 500 milliseconds, at most 550 milliseconds, at most 600 milliseconds, at most 650 milliseconds, at most 700 milliseconds, at most 750 milliseconds, at most seconds, at most 800 milliseconds, at most 850 milliseconds, at most 900 milliseconds, at most 950 milliseconds, at most 1,000 milliseconds, at most 1,100 milliseconds, at most 1,200 milliseconds, at most 1,300 milliseconds, at most 1,400 milliseconds, at most 1,500 milliseconds, at most 1,600 milliseconds, at most 1,700 milliseconds, at most 1,800 milliseconds, at most 1,900 milliseconds, at most 2,000 milliseconds, at most 2,500 milliseconds, or at most 3,000 milliseconds.

[0057] In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between presentations of stimuli from the first set of stimuli can be, for example, from about 10 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, From about 10 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of embodiments of the present invention to a plurality of embodiments of the present invention. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of embodiments of the present invention to ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals.The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of time-limited optical signals for displaying an image of a plurality of optical signals, wherein the plurality of optical signals are energized by the optical signal emitting from ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components of the present invention, wherein the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components, and the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components. milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about The present invention relates to a method for producing a 3D image of a mobile phone having a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts.

[0058] The first group of stimulations includes more than one stimulation. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first group of stimulations disclosed herein includes at least one pre-exposure stimulation, one or more neutral stimulations, or includes at least one pre-exposure stimulation and one or more neutral stimulations. The pre-exposure stimulation is the stimulation presented during the pre-exposure phase, and is intended to represent the familiar stimulation during the test phase. It can predict the appearance of the target stimulation during the test phase. Neutral stimulation is the non-cued stimulation (non-cued stimulus) that has little association with the pre-exposure stimulation, non-pre-exposure stimulation or target stimulation, and therefore can not be accurately used by the individual to anticipate the next stimulation that will occur.

[0059] The pre-exposure phase disclosed herein may optionally include measuring the response of the individual to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli. The measurement of these responses is an evaluation of compliance with the first set of instructions and helps to evaluate the quality of individual participation. In one aspect of this embodiment, if the individual responds to, for example, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions, the individual is allowed to proceed to the test phase of the potential inhibition test procedure disclosed herein.

[0060] Steering Figure 4 , illustrates in more detail an exemplary embodiment of a testing phase or portion 400 of the application. Testing instructions are displayed 402 on the patient computing device 26, i.e., step 402, which requires the patient P to enter a response input associated with a target stimulus. A test data set is retrieved from a database by the application, wherein the test data set includes at least one target stimulus, more than one non-target stimulus including at least one cue stimulus, wherein the non-target stimulus may also include at least one pre-exposure stimulus, a non-pre-exposure stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli.

[0061] The test phase disclosed herein includes presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli to be presented to the individual when performing the latent inhibition test procedure disclosed herein. In one aspect of this embodiment, the second set of instructions disclosed herein includes test phase instructions that inform the individual how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli to be presented to the individual during the test phase disclosed herein. In one aspect of this embodiment, the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions that inform the individual to expect the appearance of the target stimulus disclosed herein and to respond accordingly in a certain manner. For example, how the individual expects the target stimulus to be presented next can be indicated by: by verbally stating that the target stimulus will appear next, or by physically responding by inputting such an expectation into a computing device (such as by pressing a button on a keyboard or clicking a control device such as a mouse).

[0062] The test phase disclosed herein includes presenting a second group of stimuli to an individual. The purpose of presenting the second group of stimuli is to measure the potential inhibition of an individual by measuring the learning rate of the association of the target stimulus with the pre-exposure stimulus and the non-pre-exposure stimulus. In one aspect of this embodiment, the stimulus belonging to the second group of stimuli disclosed herein is presented to an individual in a pseudo-random order. In another aspect of this embodiment, the stimulus belonging to the second group of stimuli disclosed herein is presented to an individual in a predetermined order. In one aspect of this embodiment, the predetermined order of the stimulus belonging to the second group of stimuli disclosed herein is presented to an individual including presenting an equal number of target stimuli presentations, wherein the target stimuli presentation occurs immediately after presenting the pre-exposure stimulus and occurs immediately after presenting the non-pre-exposure stimulus. In other aspects of this embodiment, relative to the presentation of the target stimuli that occur immediately after the presentation of a specific neutral stimulus, the frequency of the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination and the non-pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination is twice (two times more often), three times, four times, five times, six times, seven times or eight times.

[0063] The application causes each test stimulus in the test stimulus data set to be displayed sequentially in a predetermined order 406. Each x n The test stimulus is separated by a time interval Δt In Display duration Δt Tn , where Δt In can be greater than or equal to 0 seconds. Although Δt Tn and Δt InThe time is typically constant throughout the test session, but in one or more exemplary embodiments, the time can vary. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, initially, a non-target test stimulus is caused to be displayed on the patient computer 26, i.e., step 408. However, in one or more exemplary embodiments, the test session can be varied to initially display the target stimulus, although this is generally not preferred because the test session is designed to determine the patient's ability to predict the display of the target stimulus. In step 410, the application causes the "x n The test stimulus (eg, the next test stimulus in the sequence within the test stimulus data set) is displayed on the patient computer 26. If x n If the stimulus is a target stimulus, then in step 414, the application calculates the time interval Δt from the introduction of the previous cue stimulus to the introduction of the target stimulus without interfering with the previous target stimulus. Ln Basically, after the cue stimulus is displayed, the time to respond in time ends as soon as the next target stimulus appears. In order for the patient P to have predicted the appearance of the target stimulus, the user response input must be within the time interval Δt Ln The period is detected, i.e., step 420. If the patient response input is Ln During the period, i.e., step 426, the response time Δt is calculated from the introduction of the cue stimulus to when the patient response input is detected. Rn In step 424, if the patient responds to the input within the time interval Δt Ln If the response is not detected during the test, and is not detected until the target stimulus is displayed, or is not detected even after the target stimulus display has ended, then it is an untimely response (step 428) or a no response (step 430). Regardless of whether the response is determined to be timely, untimely, or no response, the user response input (or lack thereof) is recorded in the test result data set, i.e., steps 428, 430, and 432. If x n If the stimulus is not a target stimulus, i.e., step 412, the application determines whether all test stimuli in the test stimulus data set have been displayed in sequence, i.e., step 416, which is very similar to the iteration of the PE stage above. If all test stimuli in the test stimulus data set have not been displayed, the next test stimulus is called in sequence 418 for display in step 410 to start the next iteration. If all test stimuli in the test stimulus data set have been displayed, the application can automatically proceed to the potential inhibition score stage of determining the application, i.e., step 434.

[0064] In aspects of this embodiment, the test phase includes 20 occurrences of the pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, 20 occurrences of the non-pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, and 5 occurrences of the specific neutral stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, wherein for a total of 20 times, 4 different neutral stimuli are presented. In other aspects of this embodiment, the test phase includes 30 occurrences of the pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, 30 occurrences of the non-pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, and 10 occurrences of the specific neutral stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, wherein for a total of 30 times, 3 different neutral stimuli are presented. In other aspects of this embodiment, the test phase includes 30 occurrences of the pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, 30 occurrences of the non-pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, and seven or eight occurrences of the specific neutral stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, wherein for a total of 30 times, 4 different neutral stimuli are presented (i.e., two immediate neutral stimuli are presented seven times, and the other two neutral stimuli are presented eight times immediately before the target stimulus. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the test phase includes 40 occurrences of the pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, 40 occurrences of the non-pre-exposure stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, and 19 occurrences of the specific neutral stimulus / target stimulus combination being presented, wherein for a total of 40 times, 4 different neutral stimuli are presented.

[0065] Each stimulus from the first set of stimuli being presented to the individual is so presented for a defined period of time. Typically, the defined period of time for presenting a stimulus from the first set of stimuli to the individual needs to have a sufficiently long duration so that the individual can perceive that the stimulus is being presented to the individual. In one aspect of this embodiment, the defined period of time for presenting a stimulus from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, between about 10 milliseconds to about 10,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 5,000 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds to about 2,500 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds to about 1,250 milliseconds, or about 1,000 milliseconds.

[0066] In other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds, about 50 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds, about 150 milliseconds, about 200 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds, about 300 milliseconds, about 350 milliseconds, about 400 milliseconds, about 450 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds, about 550 milliseconds, about 600 milliseconds, about 650 milliseconds, about 700 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds, about 800 milliseconds, about 850 milliseconds, about 900 milliseconds, about 950 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds, about 1,100 milliseconds, about 1,200 milliseconds, about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,900 milliseconds, about 2,000 milliseconds, about 2,500 milliseconds, or about 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, at least 10 milliseconds, at least 50 milliseconds, at least 100 milliseconds, at least 150 milliseconds, at least 200 milliseconds, at least 250 milliseconds, at least 300 milliseconds, at least 350 milliseconds, at least 400 milliseconds, at least 450 milliseconds, at least 500 milliseconds, at least 550 milliseconds, at least 600 milliseconds, at least 650 milliseconds, at least 700 milliseconds, at least 750 milliseconds, at least 800 milliseconds, at least 850 milliseconds, at least 900 milliseconds, at least 950 milliseconds, at least 1,000 milliseconds, at least 1,100 milliseconds, at least 1,200 milliseconds, at least 1,300 milliseconds, at least 1,400 milliseconds, at least 1,500 milliseconds, at least 1,600 milliseconds, at least 1,700 milliseconds, at least 1,800 milliseconds, at least 1,900 milliseconds, at least 2,000 milliseconds, at least 2,500 milliseconds, or at least 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the limited time period for presenting a stimulus from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, at most 10 milliseconds, at most 50 milliseconds, at most 100 milliseconds, at most 150 milliseconds, at most 200 milliseconds, at most 250 milliseconds, at most 300 milliseconds, at most 350 milliseconds, at most 400 milliseconds, at most 450 milliseconds, at most 500 milliseconds, at most 550 milliseconds, at most 600 milliseconds, at most 650 milliseconds, at most 700 milliseconds, at most 750 milliseconds, at most seconds, at most 800 milliseconds, at most 850 milliseconds, at most 900 milliseconds, at most 950 milliseconds, at most 1,000 milliseconds, at most 1,100 milliseconds, at most 1,200 milliseconds, at most 1,300 milliseconds, at most 1,400 milliseconds, at most 1,500 milliseconds, at most 1,600 milliseconds, at most 1,700 milliseconds, at most 1,800 milliseconds, at most 1,900 milliseconds, at most 2,000 milliseconds, at most 2,500 milliseconds, or at most 3,000 milliseconds.

[0067] In still other aspects of this embodiment, the defined time period for presenting a stimulus from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, or about The present invention relates to a method for controlling the time period of a power supply of the present invention in the range of 10 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, about The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic devices for providing a plurality of electronic devices for providing a plurality of electronic devices, wherein the plurality of electronic devices are provided at least one electronic device for providing a plurality of electronic devices, and the plurality of electronic devices are provided at least one electronic device for providing a plurality of electronic devices. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals.The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of time-limited optical signals for displaying an image of a plurality of optical signals, wherein the plurality of optical signals are energized by the optical signal emitting from ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components of the present invention, wherein the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components, and the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components. milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about The present invention relates to a method for producing a 3D image of a mobile phone having a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts.

[0068] The presentation of the stimulation from the second group of stimulation includes a time interval, in which, stimulation is not presented to the individual performing the test phase. As the pre-exposure stage, these intervals are only the gaps between each stimulation presentation. The time interval between the presentation of each stimulation from the first group of stimulation carries out a limited time. Therefore, it is optional pre-exposure stage different from these intervals, and in the test phase, the time interval between the stimulation is mandatory. In one aspect of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of the stimulation from the second group of stimulation can be, for example, about 1 millisecond to about 10,000 milliseconds, about 5 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, about 15 milliseconds to about 250 milliseconds, about 20 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, about 25 milliseconds to about 75 milliseconds, or for about 50 milliseconds. In one aspect of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, between about 10 milliseconds and about 10,000 milliseconds, about 50 milliseconds and about 1,000 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds and about 500 milliseconds, about 150 milliseconds and about 250 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds and about 200 milliseconds, about 125 milliseconds and about 175 milliseconds, or about 150 milliseconds.

[0069] In other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, about 10 milliseconds, about 50 milliseconds, about 100 milliseconds, about 150 milliseconds, about 200 milliseconds, about 250 milliseconds, about 300 milliseconds, about 350 milliseconds, about 400 milliseconds, about 450 milliseconds, about 500 milliseconds, about 550 milliseconds, about 600 milliseconds, about 650 milliseconds, about 700 milliseconds, about 750 milliseconds, about 800 milliseconds, about 850 milliseconds, about 900 milliseconds, about 950 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds, about 1,100 milliseconds, about 1,200 milliseconds, about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,900 milliseconds, about 2,000 milliseconds, about 2,500 milliseconds, or about 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between the presentation of stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, at least 10 milliseconds, at least 50 milliseconds, at least 100 milliseconds, at least 150 milliseconds, at least 200 milliseconds, at least 250 milliseconds, at least 300 milliseconds, at least 350 milliseconds, at least 400 milliseconds, at least 450 milliseconds, at least 500 milliseconds, at least 550 milliseconds, at least 600 milliseconds, at least 650 milliseconds, at least 700 milliseconds, at least 750 milliseconds, at least 800 milliseconds, at least 850 milliseconds, at least 900 milliseconds, at least 950 milliseconds, at least 1,000 milliseconds, at least 1,100 milliseconds, at least 1,200 milliseconds, at least 1,300 milliseconds, at least 1,400 milliseconds, at least 1,500 milliseconds, at least 1,600 milliseconds, at least 1,700 milliseconds, at least 1,800 milliseconds, at least 1,900 milliseconds, at least 2,000 milliseconds, at least 2,500 milliseconds, or at least 3,000 milliseconds. In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between presentations of stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, at most 10 milliseconds, at most 50 milliseconds, at most 100 milliseconds, at most 150 milliseconds, at most 200 milliseconds, at most 250 milliseconds, at most 300 milliseconds, at most 350 milliseconds, at most 400 milliseconds, at most 450 milliseconds, at most 500 milliseconds, at most 550 milliseconds, at most 600 milliseconds, at most 650 milliseconds, at most 700 milliseconds, at most 750 milliseconds, at most seconds, at most 800 milliseconds, at most 850 milliseconds, at most 900 milliseconds, at most 950 milliseconds, at most 1,000 milliseconds, at most 1,100 milliseconds, at most 1,200 milliseconds, at most 1,300 milliseconds, at most 1,400 milliseconds, at most 1,500 milliseconds, at most 1,600 milliseconds, at most 1,700 milliseconds, at most 1,800 milliseconds, at most 1,900 milliseconds, at most 2,000 milliseconds, at most 2,500 milliseconds, or at most 3,000 milliseconds.

[0070] In still other aspects of this embodiment, the interval time period between presentations of stimuli from the second set of stimuli can be, for example, from about 10 milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, From about 10 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, from about 10 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 200 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 300 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 400 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 500 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 600 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 700 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 800 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 900 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,000 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,100 milliseconds, from about 100 milliseconds to about 1,200 milliseconds, The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of embodiments of the present invention to a plurality of embodiments of the present invention. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of embodiments of the present invention to ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals. The plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, wherein the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals, and the plurality of cyclical optical signals are cyclical optical signals.The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of time-limited optical signals for displaying an image of a plurality of optical signals, wherein the plurality of optical signals are energized by the optical signal emitting from ... The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components of the present invention, wherein the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components, and the plurality of electronic components have a plurality of electronic components. The present invention relates to a method for providing a plurality of electronic components of the present invention to provide a plurality of electronic components. milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,700 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,800 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 1,900 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 2,000 milliseconds, about 1,000 milliseconds to about 3,000 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,300 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,400 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,500 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about 1,600 milliseconds, about 1,250 milliseconds to about The present invention relates to a method for producing a 3D image of a mobile phone having a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts. The moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, wherein the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts, and the moving parts have a plurality of moving parts.

[0071] The second group of stimuli includes more than one stimulus. In one aspect of this embodiment, the second group of stimuli disclosed herein includes at least one pre-exposure stimulus, non-pre-exposure stimulus, target stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli. Non-pre-exposure stimulus is a stimulus that is not presented during the pre-exposure phase, and represents a new stimulus that only appears during the test phase. It can predict the appearance of the target stimulus. The target stimulus is a stimulus that is not presented during the pre-exposure phase, and represents a new stimulus that only appears during the test phase. It is a stimulus that the individual attempts to expect to appear during the test phase. The target stimulus can only be correctly expected by the individual after the pre-exposure stimulus or the non-pre-exposure stimulus instead of the neutral stimulus. The pre-exposure stimulus and the neutral stimulus are the same as the stimuli presented in the pre-exposure phase program.

[0072] The group allocation method, mental illness determination method and therapy recommendation method disclosed herein measure the time associated with the target expected response of the individual to each stimulus from the second set of stimuli disclosed herein. A response to the target stimulus disclosed herein according to the disclosed second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual expects the appearance of the target stimulus. In aspects of this embodiment, if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is, for example, less than 550 milliseconds, less than 750 milliseconds, less than 950 milliseconds, less than 1,050 milliseconds, less than 1,150 milliseconds, less than 1,350 milliseconds, less than 1,550 milliseconds, less than 1,750 milliseconds, less than 1,950 milliseconds, less than 2,150 milliseconds, less than 2,350 milliseconds or less than 2,550 milliseconds, the individual is scored as expecting the appearance of the target stimulus, so the individual expects the appearance of the target stimulus.

[0073] A response to a target stimulus disclosed herein according to the second set of instructions disclosed herein that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the appearance of the target stimulus. In aspects of this embodiment, if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is, for example, 550 milliseconds or more, 750 milliseconds or more, 950 milliseconds or more, 1,050 milliseconds or more, 1,150 milliseconds or more, 1,350 milliseconds or more, 1,550 milliseconds or more, 1,750 milliseconds or more, 1,950 milliseconds or more, 2,150 milliseconds or more, 2,350 milliseconds or more, 2,550 milliseconds or more, the individual is scored as failing to anticipate the appearance of the target stimulus, then the individual failed to anticipate the appearance of the target stimulus.

[0074] The group allocation method, psychiatric disorder determination method and therapy recommendation method disclosed herein include the following steps: measuring the latent inhibitory response of an individual to calculate a latent inhibition score, thereby determining whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response or an enhanced latent inhibitory response. Figure 5The latent inhibition scoring stage 500 of the application is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 502. The test data of patient P from the test result dataset is retrieved from the database, i.e., step 502. The latent inhibition score LIS for patient P is P Using at least a portion of the test result data set (such as the response time t Rn , and optionally no response or untimely response) are determined by a potential inhibition algorithm, i.e. step 504. Outliers in the data set can be removed manually or automatically to improve the accuracy of the evaluation. The calculated potential inhibition score LIS P Latent Inhibition Score (LIS) R The comparison is performed to determine the outcome evaluation of patient P, step 505. In step 506, the application determines whether the LIS P =LIS R , that is, are they exactly equal or within a predetermined range of each other. P =LIS R , then patient P is classified as having a normal potential inhibitory response, i.e. step 508. In step 510, the application determines whether the LIS P >LIS R If LIS P > LIS, then patient P is classified as having an enhanced potential inhibitory response, i.e. step 512. In step 514, the application determines whether LIS P <LIS R If LIS P <LIS R , then patient P is classified as having a weakened potential inhibitory response, i.e., step 516. The result evaluation data of patient P is recorded in the patient data set, i.e., step 518.

[0075] like Figure 2 As observed in, in one aspect of the invention, the invention is a method 200 that broadly calls for an algorithm for performing a latent inhibition task. The algorithm is embodied in one or more data processing functions performed by more than one software element. The latent inhibition task is performed in a pre-exposure phase (referred to herein as the pre-exposure portion 300), a test phase (referred to herein as the test portion 400), and a measurement and application phase (referred to herein as the latent inhibition score portion 500), wherein a latent inhibition score is calculated to model a patient's response to stimulus presentation and is used to determine a patient's clinical study group assignment, a patient's psychiatric condition, and an appropriate therapeutic treatment for the patient. It should be understood that the measurement and application phases may also include calculating a working memory score, and one or both of the latent inhibition score or the working memory score may be calculated by an algorithm. Figure 3 is a flow chart of the steps in the pre-exposure phase, and Figure 4is a flow chart of the steps in the testing phase. Figure 5 is a flow chart of the steps in determining the clinical study group assignment of a patient, and Figure 6 and Figure 7 is a matrix for diagnosis and treatment recommendations based on potential inhibition scores.

[0076] The algorithm may be executed by hardware components, such as one or more servers, configured to execute more than one data processing module. Hardware components and software elements are components within a computing environment, which may also include one or more processors and more than one additional software elements and hardware components. One or more processors and various software and hardware are configured to execute program instruction routines, subroutines and other software elements stored in at least one computer-readable non-transitory storage medium to perform at least the analysis functions described herein, which are part of the algorithm that performs the potential inhibition task and are embodied in more than one data processing module.

[0077] The algorithm performs a number of specific functions while executing the pre-exposure phase and the test phase of the latent inhibition task. As a general overview, the algorithm evaluates the degree to which the patient detects that a newly introduced target stimulus is associated with a new non-target stimulus, compared to the degree to which it is detected to be associated with a familiar non-target stimulus. The latent inhibition task begins with a familiarization or pre-exposure block in which the patient is allowed to become familiar with several non-target stimuli. Next, the main block or test block observes the addition of new non-target stimuli in addition to the introduction of the target stimulus.

[0078] The pre-exposure and test blocks were presented via a graphical user interface with touch responsiveness. In its screen layout, presentation, and button operation, the latent inhibition task was similar to the rapid visual processing test (RVP) of sustained visual attention during the non-training phase.

[0079] In the pre-exposure and test blocks of the latent inhibition task algorithm, stimuli are limited to text values; in typical task variations, each stimulus is a single uppercase letter. Quotations may be used herein to indicate variations, the selection of which is used to indicate configurable aspects of the implementation. These are equivalent to "variables" in software code and represent different parts of the algorithm executed in the present invention, which may or may not be called, at least in part, based on the goals of the administrator of the test. In any case, the values ​​used are specified by the valid task variations, or, in the case where they are not covered, by the values ​​given in Tables 1, 2, and 3.

[0080]

[0081]

[0082]

[0083]

[0084]

[0085] As indicated in Tables 1, 2, and 3, the pre-exposure block can operate in one of three modes. The modes can be default mode, standard mode, and 1-back mode. The values ​​presented in each of these modes determine the presentation of the pre-exposure by the latent inhibition algorithm, as shown below. The variable names in Tables 1, 2, and 3 refer to different parts of the task, such as "preInstructions", etc.

[0086] With reference to Tables 1, 2, and 3, where there are multiple (i) values ​​for a variable, a separate column is used for each (i) value, and the value of the variable is different for each (i) value. For clarity, the legends "PE" and "NPE" indicate the pre-exposure stimulus and the non-pre-exposure stimulus, respectively (i.e., the familiar stimulus and the non-familiar stimulus, respectively, configured to appear most frequently before the target stimulus).

[0087] During the pre-exposure phase, button operations on the graphical user interface include a button pulled up at the bottom center of the touch screen. In order to press the button, the patient touches the inside of the button (which initially appears untouched), and then the button is pulled up again to indicate that it has been touched. When the patient stops touching the button, or drags it out of its border, the algorithm pulls the button up again to return it to its untouched state. There is no other effect on the potential inhibition task. In the next step of this pre-exposure phase, the button is surrounded by an invisible border of approximately 5 mm thick (relative to a typical flat screen). However, it should be understood that such a border of any size can be displayed. In any case, a touch within the border is considered a touch to the button.

[0088] Before each block, instructions are displayed on the touch screen interface. An arrow button is displayed at the bottom of the touch screen, usually appearing below the instructions. When the patient clicks it, the algorithm removes the instructions and begins a block of pre-exposure stimulus presentation.

[0089] Depending on the variable selected for displaying text in a specific font on the screen, a button may or may not be displayed to the patient at the beginning to signal the start of the pre-exposure stimulation. For example, if "preMethod" is selected with the variable "1back" or "2back", the button is displayed; otherwise, no button is displayed. In any case, the continuous stimulus presentation is initiated. The presented stimuli are drawn in sequence from a randomly mixed list that includes "preOccurrences(i)" representing the occurrences of stimulus (i) for each defined stimulus (i) (i>0). If "avoidRepeats" is selected, the list is further modified so that the same stimulus is not presented twice in succession. This is achieved by checking each stimulus in turn and, when it causes a repetition of the previous stimulus, moving it to a random new position in the sequence where it no longer causes a repetition (i.e., it neither follows the same stimulus nor precedes the same stimulus).

[0090] Each stimulus is presented according to a variable being displayed for a preset time period, typically expressed in milliseconds. For example, where "stimulusDisplay" is a variable, the preset time period is 1000 milliseconds. The stimulus is then offset and no stimulus is displayed for another preset time period, such as the time period specified by "postStimulusBlank". The stimulus size is a preset height, such as the height specified by the variable "stimulusTextHeight".

[0091] When a button press is made by the patient, the button press is associated with a perceived presentation. A given presentation is the perceived presentation from "preemptDelay" milliseconds after it is displayed on the screen until "preemptDelay" milliseconds after the next stimulus is displayed on the screen. Before "preemptDelay" milliseconds from the first stimulus in a block, and "preemptDelay" milliseconds after the last stimulus in a block, there is no perceived presentation, and any presses made by the patient on the touch screen are ignored. The pre-exposure block ends "preemptDelay" milliseconds after the last stimulus of the block is subtracted.

[0092] The main or test block or phase of the latent inhibition task algorithm is performed in the same manner as the pre-exposure block, except for the differences described below. During this phase, the button is always displayed to the patient.

[0093] The stimuli to be presented in this test phase of the algorithm are sequentially drawn from a randomly intermixed list consisting of a "mainOccurrencesNoTarget(i)" occurrence of stimulus(i) for each defined stimulus(i)(i>0) and a "mainOccurrencesThenTarget(i)" occurrence of stimulus(i) for each defined stimulus(i)(i>0), each of which is immediately followed by a single occurrence of "targetStimulus". Note that during intermixing, whenever the stimulus following "targetStimulus" moves, the target moves with that stimulus so that it still follows the moving stimulus in the intermixed order.

[0094] As during the pre-exposure phase, if "avoidRepeats" is the default value, the stimulus list is further modified so that the same stimulus is not presented twice in succession; however, in cases where a moved stimulus is followed by a target in the original order, the target is moved with that stimulus so that the target still follows the moved stimulus in the modified order.

[0095] Returning to the discussion of variables and default values ​​for the pre-exposure block and the test block, during the presentation of the stimulus in the "preInstructions" of the pre-exposure block, the patient is presented with text, which in one example may be the following:

[0096] In this task, you will see a series of letters appear on the screen.

[0097] Your task is to press the response button at the bottom of the screen every time the current letter is the same as the letter presented last time (which was 2 positions from the bottom in the sequence).

[0098] Otherwise, don't respond.

[0099] When this mission is over, you will be given a new set of instructions.

[0100] When you are ready to begin, press the arrow below.

[0101] During the main block or the test block, during the "preInstructions", different text appears on the touch screen. The text presented to the patient reads, for example, the following:

[0102] In this task, you will see a series of letters appear on the screen.

[0103] Your task is to try and predict when the letter X will appear.

[0104] If you think you know when the X will appear, you can press the response button early in the sequence (before the X appears on the screen).

[0105] Alternatively, if you can't do that, press the response button as quickly as you can when you see the letter X. There may be more than one rule that predicts X.

[0106] Please try to be as accurate as possible, but don't worry about making the occasional mistake.

[0107] If you understand the task, press the arrow below when you are ready to start.

[0108] For the above text, symbols are used when depicting the text to be displayed for the various variables in the variable, and in the symbol Where present in the software code, this indicates that a new line should begin on the screen (note, this symbol is not displayed on the screen to the patient). Regardless of how text wraps in this manual, these are the only points at which text will wrap on the screen.

[0109] During the test phase, the latent inhibition task algorithm measures the patient's responses to the presented stimuli. The scheme for measuring the available response times for the task variations in the algorithm is defined below. Variables in quotes indicate configurable options for the measurement scheme. This is equivalent to "variables" in the software code; where enclosed in angle brackets, the actual value of the variable is substituted when reading the text. These variables take on the values ​​specified in the metric definition for the active task variation. Note that metrics are always uncomputable when the task is suspended.

[0110] "Perceived presentations" refers to the presentations shown to the subject, unless the relevant subject interaction occurred during the pre-empt period, in which case it refers to the previous presentation. Any interaction during the pre-empt period of the first presentation was ignored. This is consistent with the approach taken by the Rapid Visual Processing Test (RVP) of sustained visual attention.

[0111] The algorithm has several analysis functions that can be used to model response times measured as stimulus response latencies. These analysis functions apply statistical analyses to such models, including counts, means, medians, and standard deviations, and the algorithm can utilize one or more of these analysis functions when modeling a patient's response times. Together, these statistical analyses are used to evaluate the range of performance in a patient's response, either in terms of the amount of the patient's response or with respect to the central tendency of the response and the distance from such a central tendency, which indicates normal, diminished, or enhanced potential inhibition.

[0112] The stimulus response latency during the main (non-pre-exposure) block of perceived presentations of the selected type is measured from stimulus presentation to the first button click by the subject. Where the present invention applies a counting function, the algorithm counts the number of presentations where such a response occurs, regardless of the exact response time within the presentation. Where the present invention applies a mean, median, or standard deviation function, the model performs these calculations on the total number of responses.

[0113] The presentation type of the latent response stimulus can appear in a variety of different forms. This can include fillers, pre-exposure (PE) stimuli (in the case of a pre-target stimulus displayed during the pre-exposure period), non-pre-exposure (NPE) stimuli (in the case of a pre-target stimulus not displayed during the pre-exposure period), targets, PE followed by targets, NPE followed by targets, and fillers followed by targets.

[0114] The target response latency during the main (non-pre-exposure) block is measured from the first button click made during each PE / NPE target time period. The PE / NPE target time period runs from the perceived presentation of the PE / NPE stimulus to the end of the perceived presentation of the subsequent target stimulus, measured from the start of the PE / NPE stimulus. Similarly, the algorithm has several analysis functions that can be used to model the response time measured as the target response latency. These analysis functions apply statistical analysis, including count, mean, median, and standard deviation, and the algorithm can utilize one or more of these analysis functions when modeling the patient's response time to the target stimulus.

[0115] As noted above, the presentation type of the target stimulus is either a pre-exposure (PE) stimulus or a non-pre-exposure (NPE) stimulus. For PE stimuli, the pre-target stimulus is the stimulus displayed during the pre-exposure period, and any button presses during the subsequent target period are also included. For NPE stimuli, the pre-target stimulus is the stimulus that is not displayed during the pre-exposure period, and as with PE, any presses during the subsequent target period are also included.

[0116] Assessment of working memory requires assessment of pre-exposure hits and pre-exposure false alarms. Figure 3Note that an n-back response involves a response to a stimulus presented at the previous n locations, and that the instructions may or may not require an n-back response, such that a response input may be required for each PE stimulus displayed, or an n-back response may be required for a PE stimulus that matches a previous PE stimulus presented at the previous n locations. Pre-exposure hits are evaluated by counting the number of perceived presentations of n-back "go" during the pre-exposure block in which the patient clicks a button. Note that in the absence of a pre-exposure block with n-back, this will be zero. Pre-exposure false alarms are evaluated by counting the number of perceived presentations of n-back "stop" during the pre-exposure block in which the patient clicks a button. Note that in the absence of a pre-exposure block with n-back, this will also be zero.

[0117] Regardless of the presentation type or analysis function used to evaluate response time, the algorithm uses the information obtained from these analysis functions to calculate latent inhibition scores and working memory scores. As noted above, each of these can be used in the present invention to achieve determinations of: a patient's clinical study group assignment, a patient's psychiatric condition, and a patient's appropriate therapeutic treatment.

[0118] The patient's latent inhibition score can be calculated by measuring the target response latency to PE stimulation, measuring the target response latency to NPE stimulation, and calculating the difference between the two, in other words, PE minus NPE. This can be performed regardless of the analysis function applied to measure latent inhibition.

[0119] A patient's working memory score can be calculated by compiling the total number of hits and the total number of false alarms and calculating the difference between the two, in other words, hits minus false alarms. As with the latent inhibition score, this can be performed regardless of the analysis function applied to measure latent inhibition.

[0120] The present invention may include one or more machine learning techniques, and apply proprietary rules that identify such machine learning techniques to analyze stimulus latency responses and target latency responses developed by modeling the patient's response to the presented stimulus. Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence in which algorithms are deployed to evaluate data, learn from the data, and make wise decisions based on what has been learned. Specific machine learning models can be developed to focus on specific problems to be solved by such wise decisions. In the present invention, algorithms can be configured to apply such techniques to improve the results determined by potential inhibition scores and working memory scores by inferring distinctions based on past responses to text displays. Therefore, the present invention can apply one or more techniques of machine learning to improve the resulting determination of the patient's clinical research group allocation, the patient's mental illness, and the patient's appropriate therapeutic treatment.

[0121] In step 1000, the application retrieves the outcome evaluation data of patient P from the patient data set for further evaluation. Patient personal data (such as medical history, personal data, etc.) is input and / or retrieved from the patient data set in step 1002 to be used for further evaluation together with the outcome evaluation data. In step 600, the application algorithm is applied to one or both of the outcome evaluation data and the patient personal data to determine the group to which patient P is assigned to participate in the clinical study on mental illness. In step 700, the application algorithm is applied to one or both of the outcome evaluation data and the patient personal data to determine the type of patient mental illness (if any). In step 800, the application algorithm is applied to one or both of the outcome evaluation data and the patient personal data to determine appropriate patient therapy. Evaluation data from one or more of steps 600, 700 and 800 are recorded in the patient data set of the database.

[0122] In one embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using one or more reaction times. In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated by: i) calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average time from the first average time.

[0123] In one aspect of this embodiment, a potential inhibition score is calculated using one or more reaction times by: i) calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average time from the second average time.

[0124] In one aspect of this embodiment, a potential inhibition score is calculated using one or more reaction times by: i) calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average time based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time.

[0125] In one aspect of this embodiment, a potential inhibition score is calculated using one or more reaction times by: i) pairing each target expected response time based on a non-preexposed stimulus with a target expected response time based on a preexposed stimulus; ii) calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus that are higher relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus, (b) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus that are lower relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b).

[0126] In one embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the number of expected responses. In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated by: i) calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average number of expected responses from the first average number of expected responses.

[0127] In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the number of expected responses by: i) calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average number of expected responses from the second average number of expected responses.

[0128] In one aspect of this embodiment, a potential inhibition score is calculated using the number of expected responses by: i) calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average number of expected responses is lower or higher than the second average number of expected responses.

[0129] In one aspect of this embodiment, a potential inhibition score is calculated using the number of expected responses by: i) pairing each target expected response based on a non-preexposed stimulus with a target expected response based on a preexposed stimulus; ii) calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus that are higher relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus, (b) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposed stimulus that are lower relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposed stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b).

[0130] In one embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the expected response percentage. In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the expected response percentage by: i) calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage.

[0131] In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the expected response percentages by: i) calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage.

[0132] In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the expected response percentages by: i) calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a non-preexposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of a preexposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first expected response percentage is lower or higher than the second expected response percentage.

[0133] In one embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated by comparing the potential inhibition score with a reference score including a potential inhibition score standard range. The reference score can be based on a value obtained from a normal individual, a value obtained from different types of patients, and / or a value obtained from the same individual in one or more previous tests. The potential inhibition score standard range can be based on more than one healthy individual. In the aspect of this embodiment, more than one healthy individual can be, for example, about 20 or more individuals, about 30 or more individuals, about 40 or more individuals, about 50 or more individuals, about 60 or more individuals, about 70 or more individuals, about 80 or more individuals, about 90 or more individuals, or about 100 or more individuals. The calculated potential inhibition score higher than the reference score indicates an enhanced potential inhibition response. The calculated potential inhibition score within the potential inhibition score standard range of the reference score indicates a normal potential inhibition response. The calculated potential inhibition score lower than the reference score indicates a weakened potential inhibition response.

[0134] In one embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the accuracy-sensitivity d' score. In one aspect of this embodiment, the potential inhibition score is calculated using the accuracy-sensitivity d' score by: i) calculating a first expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; ii) calculating a second expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and iii) calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response d' score from the first expected response d' score. The first d' score and the second d' score are calculated by: i) calculating the hit rate by dividing the total number of correctly identified backtargets by the total number of backtargets; ii) calculating the false alarm rate by dividing the number of responses to stimuli that are incorrectly identified as backtargets by the total number of backtargets; and iii) applying a z-transform to the hit rate and the false alarm rate, and subtracting the resulting transformed false alarm rate from the resulting transformed hit rate to obtain the d' score.

[0135] The group allocation method, mental disorder determination method, and therapy recommendation method disclosed herein may also include evaluating the working memory of the individual. In one embodiment, working memory can be evaluated in the pre-exposure phase disclosed herein by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to the current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only when the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli. In one embodiment, working memory can be evaluated in the pre-exposure phase disclosed herein by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to the current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only when the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last two positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0136] In one embodiment, working memory is assessed by: i) counting the number of pre-exposed responses presented upon presentation of a backward stimulus; ii) counting the number of pre-exposed responses correctly selected by the individual upon presentation of the backward stimulus; and iii) calculating the percentage of pre-exposed responses correctly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates working memory.

[0137] In one embodiment, working memory is assessed by: i) counting the number of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual based on presentation of a backward stimulus; and ii) calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates impaired working memory.

[0138] In one embodiment, working memory is assessed by calculating the average reaction time of the pre-exposure response selected incorrectly by the individual.

[0139] In one embodiment, working memory is assessed by calculating a d' score for the pre-exposure response presented upon presentation of a subsequent stimulus.

[0140] After the potential inhibition score is calculated by the group assignment method, psychiatric condition determination method, or treatment recommendation method disclosed herein, the calculation is used as the basis for making an outcome evaluation. Although each method generates an outcome evaluation, the details of the evaluation are method-specific.

[0141] With respect to the group assignment methods disclosed herein, the outcome evaluation includes the step of assigning individuals to groups specified by the clinical study. In one embodiment, individuals are assigned to groups based on whether the individual's latent inhibition score indicates a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response. In one embodiment, when working memory is also measured, individuals are assigned to groups based on whether the individual's latent inhibition score indicates a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits.

[0142] Regarding the methods for determining a psychiatric disorder disclosed herein, the result evaluation includes calculating the individual's psychiatric disorder ( Figure 6 ).

[0143] In one embodiment, the outcome evaluation of the method for determining a mental disorder disclosed herein relates to whether an individual is at an ultra-high risk of a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of a mental disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk of a mental disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of a mental disorder.

[0144] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorder.

[0145] In one embodiment, the outcome evaluation of the method for determining a mental disorder disclosed herein relates to whether an individual is suffering from the first onset of a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of a mental disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual has not suffered from the first onset of a mental disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of mental illness, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of a mental disorder.

[0146] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder, then the individual is predicted to be suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the resulting assessment indicates that the individual is suffering from a first episode of a psychotic disorder, then the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of a psychotic disorder.

[0147] In one embodiment, the outcome evaluation of the method for determining a mental disorder disclosed herein relates to whether an individual is suffering from a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual does not suffer from a mental disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental disorder.

[0148] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental illness. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental illness. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual does not suffer from a mental illness. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual does not suffer from mental illness. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from mental illness. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from mental illness.

[0149] In one embodiment, the outcome assessment of the method for determining a mental disorder disclosed herein relates to whether an individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a mental disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the outcome assessment indicates that the individual is not suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a mental disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the outcome assessment indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a mental disorder. In aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a mental disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the outcome assessment indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a mental disorder, then the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a mental disorder.

[0150] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of a psychotic disorder.

[0151] With respect to the therapy recommendation methods disclosed herein, the outcome evaluation includes a recommended therapy for treating an individual ( Figure 7 ). In aspects of this embodiment, the recommended therapy includes i) no therapy recommendation; or ii) treatment with a pro-cognitive medication, treatment with an antipsychotic medication, treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment, or any combination thereof.

[0152] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorders and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorders and no therapy recommendation is provided. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk of psychotic disorders and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

[0153] In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an extremely high risk for a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an extremely high risk for a psychotic disorder and no therapy recommendation is provided. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an extremely high risk for a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an extremely high risk for a psychotic disorder and no therapy recommendation is provided. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is currently at an ultra-high risk for a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not currently at an ultra-high risk for a psychotic disorder and no therapy recommendation is provided.

[0154] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorders and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotic medication. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorders and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from the first onset of psychotic disorders and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with pro-cognitive medication.

[0155] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotic drugs and pro-cognitive drugs. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorders and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotic drugs. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotics and pro-cognitive drugs. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current treatment. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a first episode of psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

[0156] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotics and pro-cognitive drugs. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is not suffering from a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with pro-cognitive drugs.

[0157] In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental illness and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotics and pro-cognitive drugs. In other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a mental illness and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotics. In yet other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual does not suffer from a mental illness and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with pro-cognitive drugs in addition to maintaining current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual does not suffer from mental illness and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from mental illness and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotic drugs and pro-cognitive drugs. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual has a history of mental illness and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from mental illness and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with antipsychotic drugs and pro-cognitive drugs.

[0158] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic and a pro-cognitive drug. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative drug for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive drug. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorders, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative drug for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive drug.

[0159] In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic and a pro-cognitive drug. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the result evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic and a pro-cognitive drug. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication. In aspects of this embodiment, when working memory is also measured, when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated by the method, the information input into the method indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic treatment tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the outcome evaluation indicates that the individual is suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication.

[0160] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is an improvement of one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes increasing the drug dose of the current treatment. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibition response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is an improvement of one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibition response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is similar to or worse than one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes reducing the drug dose of the current treatment.

[0161] In aspects of this embodiment, when a weakened potential inhibition response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is similar to or worse than one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes a different treatment. In other aspects of this embodiment, when a normal potential inhibition response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is similar to one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment. In still other aspects of this embodiment, when an enhanced potential inhibition response is calculated by the method and the information input into the method indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the result evaluation indicates that the calculated potential inhibition score is similar to or worse than one or more previous potential inhibition scores, and the therapy recommendation includes a different treatment.

[0162] Aspects of the present specification disclose pro-cognitive drugs. In one embodiment, the pro-cognitive drugs disclosed herein include agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, positive allosteric modulators, negative allosteric modulators, silent allosteric modulators or inverse agonists of ion channel receptors. Exemplary examples of ion channel receptors include, but are not limited to, nicotinic acetylcholine (nAch) receptors, ion channel gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, ion channel glutamine (Glu) receptors or ion channel 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors. Non-limiting examples of nAch receptors include α4β2nAch receptors, α3β4nAch receptors and α7nAch receptors. Non-limiting examples of ion channel GABA receptors include GABA A Receptors and GABA A-ρReceptor. Non-limiting examples of ion channel type glutamine receptors include N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, kainate receptor and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor. Non-limiting examples of ion channel type 5-HT receptors include 5-HT3 receptor.

[0163] In one embodiment, the pro-cognitive drugs disclosed herein include agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, positive allosteric modulators, negative allosteric modulators, silent allosteric modulators or inverse agonists of metabotropic receptors. Illustrative examples of metabotropic receptors include, but are not limited to, muscarinic acetylcholine (mAch) receptors, cannabinoid (CB) receptors, dopamine (DA) receptors, endorphin receptors, metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, metabotropic glutamine (Glu) receptors, norepinephrine (NE) receptors, oxytocin receptors and metabotropic serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Non-limiting examples of mAch receptors include M1mAch receptors, M2mAch receptors, M3mAch receptors, M4mAch receptors and M5mAch receptors. Non-limiting examples of CB receptors include CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors. Non-limiting examples of DA receptors include DA1 receptors, DA2 receptors, DA3 receptors, DA4 receptors or DA5 receptors and heterodimers thereof. Non-limiting examples of endorphin receptors are μ1 opioid receptors, μ2 opioid receptors, and μ3 opioid receptors. Non-limiting examples of metabotropic GABA receptors include GABA B Receptors. Non-limiting examples of metabotropic Glu receptors include Glu receptor 1, Glu receptor 2, Glu receptor 3, Glu receptor 4, Glu receptor 5, Glu receptor 6, Glu receptor 7, and Glu receptor 8. Non-limiting examples of NE receptors include α1 adrenergic receptor, α2 adrenergic receptor, β1 adrenergic receptor, β2 adrenergic receptor, and β3 adrenergic receptor. Non-limiting examples of metabotropic 5-HT receptors include 5-HT1 receptor, 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT4 receptor, 5-HT5 receptor, 5-HT6 receptor, and 5-HT7 receptor.

[0164] In one embodiment, the pro-cognitive drugs disclosed herein include agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, positive allosteric modulators, negative allosteric modulators, silent allosteric modulators, or inverse agonists of phosphodiesterase (PDE). Exemplary examples of PDE include, but are not limited to, PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE5, PDE6, PDE7, PDE8, PDE9, and PDE 10 .

[0165] Aspects of the specification disclose antipsychotic drugs. In one embodiment, the antipsychotic drug comprises a dopamine antagonist. Illustrative examples of dopamine antagonists include, but are not limited to, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thiothixene, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine.

[0166] In one embodiment, the antipsychotic drug comprises a serotonin-dopamine antagonist. Illustrative examples of serotonin-dopamine antagonists include, but are not limited to, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, and risperidone.

[0167] In one embodiment, the antipsychotic drug comprises a partial dopamine agonist. Illustrative examples of partial dopamine agonists include, but are not limited to, Aripiprazole.

[0168] The group allocation methods, psychiatric disorder determination methods, and therapy recommendation methods disclosed herein can be used to allocate individuals suffering from a variety of psychiatric disorders. Exemplary psychiatric disorders include, but are not limited to, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, or dementia.

[0169] In other embodiments, the group assignment method can be described as follows:

[0170] 1. A method of assigning an individual to a group for a clinical study on a psychiatric disorder, the method using a non-invasive computing device-based test, the method comprising:

[0171] a. allowing the individual to use the computing device and the graphical user interface coupled thereto to perform a potential inhibition assessment, the potential inhibition assessment comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase,

[0172] i. wherein said pre-exposure phase comprises,

[0173] presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner;

[0174] presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli includes more than one stimulus, including at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli;

[0175] ii. wherein the testing phase comprises:

[0176] presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus;

[0177] presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 0 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, including the at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, the target stimulus, and the one or more neutral stimuli;

[0178] recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring a time associated with a target anticipatory response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than a sum of a presentation time and an interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus;

[0179] b. measuring the individual's latent inhibitory response by modeling the time associated with a target expected response in one or more statistical analyses to calculate a latent inhibition score, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, wherein the statistical analysis analyzes one or more of the following: a count of the number of presentations of the response to the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and

[0180] c. assigning the individuals to designated groups of the clinical study.

[0181] 2. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to stimuli in the first set of stimuli when they appear on the screen.

[0182] 3. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0183] 4. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last two positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0184] 5. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein each stimulus is presented for 100 milliseconds to 5,000 milliseconds, 250 milliseconds to 2,500 milliseconds, 500 milliseconds to 1,500 milliseconds, 750 milliseconds to 1,250 milliseconds, or 1,000 milliseconds.

[0185] 6. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein step (b)(i) also includes an interval between each stimulation.

[0186] 7. A method according to embodiment 6, wherein the interval between each stimulation is 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds to 1,000 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds to 500 milliseconds, 15 milliseconds to 250 milliseconds, 20 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds, 25 milliseconds to 75 milliseconds, or 50 milliseconds.

[0187] 8. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein step (a)(i) also includes measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

[0188] 9. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions, the procedure proceeds to the testing phase of step (b)(ii).

[0189] 10. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein in step (a)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is less than 550 milliseconds, less than 750 milliseconds, less than 950 milliseconds, less than 1,050 milliseconds, less than 1,150 milliseconds, less than 1,350 milliseconds, less than 1,550 milliseconds, less than 1,750 milliseconds, less than 1,950 milliseconds, less than 2,150 milliseconds, less than 2,350 milliseconds or less than 2,550 milliseconds, the individual anticipates the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0190] 11. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein in step (a)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is 550 milliseconds or more, 750 milliseconds or more, 950 milliseconds or more, 1,050 milliseconds or more, 1,150 milliseconds or more, 1,350 milliseconds or more, 1,550 milliseconds or more, 1,750 milliseconds or more, 1,950 milliseconds or more, 2,150 milliseconds or more, 2,350 milliseconds or more, or 2,550 milliseconds or more, the individual fails to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0191] 12. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein in step (b)(ii), an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0192] 13. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein in step (b)(ii), an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0193] 14. A method according to embodiment 13, wherein the unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus is ±10%, ±20%, ±30%, ±40%, ±50% of the number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0194] 15. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein in step (b), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more reaction times.

[0195] 16. A method according to embodiment 15, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average time from the first average time.

[0196] 17. A method according to embodiment 15, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average time from the second average time.

[0197] 18. A method according to embodiment 15, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time.

[0198] 19. A method according to embodiment 15, wherein the measuring of the individual's potential inhibitory response to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response time based on the non-preexposure stimulus with the target expected response time based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0199] 20. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein in step (b), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected number of responses.

[0200] 21. The method according to embodiment 20, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate the potential inhibition score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0201] The potential inhibition score is calculated by subtracting the second average expected number of responses from the first average expected number of responses.

[0202] 22. The method according to embodiment 20, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate the potential inhibition score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0203] The potential inhibition score is calculated by subtracting the first average expected number of responses from the second average expected number of responses.

[0204] 23. A method according to embodiment 20, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0205] The potential inhibition score is calculated by determining whether the first average expected number of responses is lower or higher than the second average expected number of responses.

[0206] 24. A method according to embodiment 20, wherein the measuring of the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response based on the non-preexposure stimulus with a target expected response based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0207] 25. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein in step (b), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected response percentage.

[0208] 26. A method according to embodiment 25, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage.

[0209] 27. A method according to embodiment 25, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage.

[0210] 28. A method according to embodiment 25, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first expected response percentage is lower or higher than the second expected response percentage.

[0211] 29. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein in step (b), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

[0212] 30. A method according to embodiment 29, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated by: calculating the first expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating the second expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response d' score from the first expected response d' score.

[0213] 31. A method according to embodiment 29, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated by: calculating the hit rate by dividing the total number of correctly identified backward targets by the total number of backward targets; calculating the false alarm rate by dividing the number of responses to stimuli that are incorrectly identified as backward targets by the total number of backward targets; and applying a z-transform to the hit rate and the false alarm rate, and subtracting the resulting transformed false alarm rate from the resulting transformed hit rate to obtain the d' score.

[0214] 32. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-31, wherein in step (b), measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score also includes comparing the latent inhibition score with a reference score that includes a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

[0215] 33. A method according to embodiment 32, wherein the reference score is based on values ​​obtained from normal individuals, values ​​obtained from different types of patients and / or values ​​obtained from the same individual in one or more previous tests.

[0216] 34. A method according to embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the potential inhibition scoring criteria range is based on 20 or more, 30 or more, 40 or more, 50 or more, 60 or more, 70 or more, 80 or more, 90 or more or 100 or more healthy individuals.

[0217] 35. A method according to any one of embodiments 32-34, wherein the potential inhibition score is calculated to be higher than the reference score, indicating an enhanced potential inhibition response; the potential inhibition score is calculated to be within the potential inhibition score standard range of the reference score, indicating a normal potential inhibition response; and the potential inhibition score is calculated to be lower than the reference score, indicating a weakened potential inhibition response.

[0218] 36. A method according to any of embodiments 1-35, wherein the assignment is based on the individual's latent inhibition score indicating a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response.

[0219] 37. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, further comprising evaluating working memory.

[0220] 38. A method according to embodiment 37, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0221] 39. A method according to embodiment 37, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the two last positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0222] 40. A method according to any of embodiments 37-39, wherein the allocation is based on the individual's latent inhibition score indicating a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits.

[0223] 41. A method according to embodiment 37, wherein working memory is evaluated by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; counting the number of the pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual based on the presentation of the backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of the pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates working memory.

[0224] 42. A method according to embodiment 37, wherein working memory is assessed by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates impaired working memory.

[0225] 43. A method according to embodiment 37, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating the average reaction time of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual.

[0226] 44. The method of embodiment 37, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating a d' score of a pre-exposure response presented based on the presentation of a subsequent stimulus.

[0227] 45. The method of any one of embodiments 1-44, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

[0228] In other embodiments, the mental illness determination method may be described as follows:

[0229] 1. A method of determining a psychiatric disorder in an individual using a test based on a non-invasive computing device, the method comprising:

[0230] a. Optionally, inputting information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising:

[0231] i. whether this is an initial or subsequent evaluation;

[0232] ii. whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms;

[0233] iii. Whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or

[0234] iv. Whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication

[0235] b. having the individual perform a latent inhibition assessment using the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device and a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interaction with the user, the latent inhibition assessment comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase,

[0236] i. wherein said pre-exposure phase comprises,

[0237] presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner;

[0238] presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli includes more than one stimulus, including at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli;

[0239] ii. wherein the testing phase comprises:

[0240] presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus;

[0241] presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 0 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli includes more than one stimulus including at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli;

[0242] recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring the time associated with a target anticipated response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus;

[0243] c. measuring the individual's latent inhibitory response to calculate a latent inhibition score by modeling the time associated with a target expected response in one or more statistical analyses, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, wherein the statistical analysis analyzes one or more of the following: a count of the number of presentations of the response to the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and

[0244] d. calculating the individual's psychiatric condition.

[0245] 2. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the information input for (a)(iv) includes whether the individual is resistant to antipsychotic drugs.

[0246] 3. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to stimuli in the first set of stimuli when they appear on the screen.

[0247] 4. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0248] 5. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus of the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to the stimulus shown in the two last positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0249] 6. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein each stimulus is presented for 100 milliseconds to 5,000 milliseconds, 250 milliseconds to 2,500 milliseconds, 500 milliseconds to 1,500 milliseconds, 750 milliseconds to 1,250 milliseconds, or 1,000 milliseconds.

[0250] 7. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein step (b)(i) also includes an interval between each stimulation.

[0251] 8. A method according to embodiment 7, wherein the interval between each stimulation is 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds to 1,000 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds to 500 milliseconds, 15 milliseconds to 250 milliseconds, 20 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds, 25 milliseconds to 75 milliseconds, or 50 milliseconds.

[0252] 9. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein step (b)(i) also includes measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

[0253] 10. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions, the procedure proceeds to the testing phase of step (b)(ii).

[0254] 11. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein in step (b)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is less than 550 milliseconds, less than 750 milliseconds, less than 950 milliseconds, less than 1,050 milliseconds, less than 1,150 milliseconds, less than 1,350 milliseconds, less than 1,550 milliseconds, less than 1,750 milliseconds, less than 1,950 milliseconds, less than 2,150 milliseconds, less than 2,350 milliseconds or less than 2,550 milliseconds, the individual anticipates the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0255] 12. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein in step (b)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is 550 milliseconds or more, 750 milliseconds or more, 950 milliseconds or more, 1,050 milliseconds or more, 1,150 milliseconds or more, 1,350 milliseconds or more, 1,550 milliseconds or more, 1,750 milliseconds or more, 1,950 milliseconds or more, 2,150 milliseconds or more, 2,350 milliseconds or more, or 2,550 milliseconds or more, the individual fails to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0256] 13. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein in step (b)(ii), an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0257] 14. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein in step (b)(ii), an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0258] 15. A method according to embodiment 14, wherein the unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus is ±10%, ±20%, ±30%, ±40%, ±50% of the number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0259] 16. The method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more reaction times.

[0260] 17. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average time from the first average time.

[0261] 18. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average time from the second average time.

[0262] 19. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time.

[0263] 20. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response time based on the non-preexposure stimulus with the target expected response time based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0264] 21. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected number of responses.

[0265] 22. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average number of expected responses from the first average number of expected responses.

[0266] 23. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average number of expected responses from the second average number of expected responses.

[0267] 24. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average number of expected responses is lower or higher than the second average number of expected responses.

[0268] 25. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response based on the non-preexposure stimulus with a target expected response based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0269] 26. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected response percentage.

[0270] 27. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage.

[0271] 28. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage.

[0272] 29. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first expected response percentage is lower or higher than the second expected response percentage.

[0273] 30. The method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

[0274] 31. A method according to embodiment 30, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated as follows: calculating the first expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating the second expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response d' score from the first expected response d' score.

[0275] 32. A method according to embodiment 30, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated by: calculating the hit rate by dividing the total number of correctly identified backward targets by the total number of backward targets; calculating the false alarm rate by dividing the number of responses to stimuli that are incorrectly identified as backward targets by the total number of backward targets; and applying a z-transform to the hit rate and the false alarm rate, and subtracting the resulting transformed false alarm rate from the resulting transformed hit rate to obtain the d' score.

[0276] 33. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-32, wherein in step (c), measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score also includes comparing the latent inhibition score with a reference score that includes a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

[0277] 34. A method according to embodiment 33, wherein the reference score is based on values ​​obtained from normal individuals, values ​​obtained from different types of patients and / or values ​​obtained from the same individual in one or more previous tests.

[0278] 35. A method according to embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the potential inhibition score criteria range is based on 20 or more, 30 or more, 40 or more, 50 or more, 60 or more, 70 or more, 80 or more, 90 or more or 100 or more healthy individuals.

[0279] 36. A method according to any one of embodiments 33-35, wherein when the potential inhibition score is higher than the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates an enhanced potential inhibition response; when the potential inhibition score is within the potential inhibition score standard range of the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates a normal potential inhibition response; and when the potential inhibition score is lower than the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates a weakened potential inhibition response.

[0280] 37. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0281] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder;

[0282] b. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder; or

[0283] c. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be currently at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder and may have a treatment-resistant form of the disorder.

[0284] 38. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0285] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder;

[0286] b. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder; or

[0287] c. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder and is likely to have a treatment-resistant form of the disorder.

[0288] 39. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0289] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder;

[0290] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder; or

[0291] c. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder.

[0292] 40. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0293] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder;

[0294] b. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or

[0295] c. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder.

[0296] 41. The method of any one of embodiments 1-36, further comprising evaluating working memory.

[0297] 42. A method according to embodiment 41, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0298] 43. A method according to embodiment 41, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the two last positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0299] 44. A method according to any of embodiments 41-43, wherein the allocation is based on the individual's latent inhibition score indicating a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits.

[0300] 45. A method according to any one of embodiments 41-44, wherein working memory is evaluated by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; counting the number of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual based on the presentation of the backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates working memory.

[0301] 46. ​​A method according to any of embodiments 41-44, wherein working memory is assessed by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates impaired working memory.

[0302] 47. A method according to any one of embodiments 41-44, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating the average reaction time of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual.

[0303] 48. A method according to any one of embodiments 41-44, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating a pre-exposure response d' score presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus.

[0304] 49. The method according to any one of embodiments 41-48, wherein in step (d):

[0305] a. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder;

[0306] b. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder;

[0307] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder;

[0308] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder;

[0309] e. when the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder; or

[0310] f. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not be currently at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder.

[0311] 50. The method according to any one of embodiments 41-48, wherein in step (d):

[0312] a. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder;

[0313] b. when the reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder;

[0314] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder;

[0315] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a first episode of the psychotic disorder;

[0316] e. when the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; or

[0317] f. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder.

[0318] 51. The method according to any one of embodiments 41-48, wherein in step (d):

[0319] a. when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a mental disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the mental disorder;

[0320] b. when the weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder;

[0321] c. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a mental disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the mental disorder.

[0322] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder;

[0323] e. when the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; or

[0324] f. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a mental disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the mental disorder.

[0325] 52. The method according to any one of embodiments 41-48, wherein in step (d):

[0326] a. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder;

[0327] b. when the reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder;

[0328] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder;

[0329] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or

[0330] e. when the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or

[0331] f. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder.

[0332] 53. The method of any one of embodiments 1-52, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

[0333] 54. A computer programmed to perform the method of any one of embodiments 1-53.

[0334] 55. A computer that implements the method described in any one of embodiments 1-53.

[0335] 56. A system suitable for performing the method of any one of embodiments 1-53.

[0336] 57. A storage medium on which is stored or otherwise recorded a computer program for executing the method of any one of embodiments 1-53.

[0337] In other embodiments, the therapy recommendation method may be described as follows:

[0338] 1. A method of recommending a therapy for treating an individual suffering from a psychiatric disorder, the method using a test based on a non-invasive computing device, the method comprising:

[0339] a. Optionally, inputting information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising:

[0340] i. whether this is a preliminary or subsequent evaluation;

[0341] ii. whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms;

[0342] iii. Whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or

[0343] iv. Whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication

[0344] b. having the individual perform a latent inhibition evaluation using the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device and a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interaction with the individual, the latent inhibition evaluation comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase,

[0345] i. wherein said pre-exposure phase comprises,

[0346] presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner;

[0347] presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli includes more than one stimulus, including at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli;

[0348] ii. wherein the testing phase comprises:

[0349] presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus;

[0350] presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 0 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli includes more than one stimulus including at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli;

[0351] recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring the time associated with a target anticipated response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus;

[0352] c. measuring the individual's latent inhibitory response to calculate a latent inhibition score by modeling the time associated with a target expected response in one or more statistical analyses, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, wherein the statistical analysis analyzes one or more of the following: a count of the number of presentations of the response to the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and

[0353] d. Calculating a recommended therapy for treating the individual, the recommended therapy comprising i) no recommended therapy; or ii) treatment with a pro-cognitive medication, treatment with an antipsychotic medication, treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms resistant to treatment, or any combination thereof.

[0354] 2. A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the information input for (a)(iv) includes whether the individual is resistant to antipsychotic drugs.

[0355] 3. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to stimuli in the first set of stimuli when they appear on the screen.

[0356] 4. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0357] 5. A method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the pre-exposure phase instructions require the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as the stimulus shown in the two last positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0358] 6. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein each stimulus is presented for 100 milliseconds to 5,000 milliseconds, 250 milliseconds to 2,500 milliseconds, 500 milliseconds to 1,500 milliseconds, 750 milliseconds to 1,250 milliseconds, or 1,000 milliseconds.

[0359] 7. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein step (b)(i) also includes an interval between each stimulation.

[0360] 8. A method according to embodiment 7, wherein the interval between each stimulation is 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds, 5 milliseconds to 1,000 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds to 500 milliseconds, 15 milliseconds to 250 milliseconds, 20 milliseconds to 100 milliseconds, 25 milliseconds to 75 milliseconds, or 50 milliseconds.

[0361] 9. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein step (b)(i) also includes measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

[0362] 10. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions, the procedure proceeds to the testing phase of step (b)(ii).

[0363] 11. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein in step (b)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is less than 550 milliseconds, less than 750 milliseconds, less than 950 milliseconds, less than 1,050 milliseconds, less than 1,150 milliseconds, less than 1,350 milliseconds, less than 1,550 milliseconds, less than 1,750 milliseconds, less than 1,950 milliseconds, less than 2,150 milliseconds, less than 2,350 milliseconds or less than 2,550 milliseconds, the individual anticipates the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0364] 12. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein in step (b)(ii), if the sum of the presentation time and the interval time is 550 milliseconds or more, 750 milliseconds or more, 950 milliseconds or more, 1,050 milliseconds or more, 1,150 milliseconds or more, 1,350 milliseconds or more, 1,550 milliseconds or more, 1,750 milliseconds or more, 1,950 milliseconds or more, 2,150 milliseconds or more, 2,350 milliseconds or more, or 2,550 milliseconds or more, the individual fails to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus.

[0365] 13. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein in step (b)(ii), an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0366] 14. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein in step (b)(ii), an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0367] 15. A method according to embodiment 14, wherein the unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus is ±10%, ±20%, ±30%, ±40%, ±50% of the number of presentations of the target stimulus that appear after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

[0368] 16. The method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more reaction times.

[0369] 17. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second average time from the first average time.

[0370] 18. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first average time from the second average time.

[0371] 19. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first average time based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on each target predicted response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time.

[0372] 20. A method according to embodiment 16, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response time based on the non-preexposure stimulus with the target expected response time based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower than their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0373] 21. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected number of responses.

[0374] 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibitory score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0375] The potential inhibition score is calculated by subtracting the second average expected number of responses from the first average expected number of responses.

[0376] 23. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0377] The potential inhibition score is calculated by subtracting the first average expected number of responses from the second average expected number of responses.

[0378] 24. The method of embodiment 21, wherein said measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibitory score further comprises: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and

[0379] The potential inhibition score is calculated by determining whether the first average expected number of responses is lower or higher than the second average expected number of responses.

[0380] 25. A method according to embodiment 21, wherein measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: pairing each target expected response based on the non-preexposure stimulus with a target expected response based on the preexposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus are faster relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining the following (i), (ii) or (iii): (i) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are higher relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, (ii) the total number of paired target expected response times based on the non-preexposure stimulus that are lower relative to their paired target expected response times based on the preexposure stimulus, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[0381] 26. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining the expected response percentage.

[0382] 27. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage.

[0383] 28. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage.

[0384] 29. A method according to embodiment 26, wherein measuring the potential inhibition response of the individual to calculate a potential inhibition score also includes: calculating a first expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first expected response percentage is lower or higher than the second expected response percentage.

[0385] 30. The method of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein in step (c), the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

[0386] 31. A method according to embodiment 30, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated as follows: calculating the first expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating the second expected response d' score based on each target expected response measured when the target stimulus is presented after the presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the second expected response d' score from the first expected response d' score.

[0387] 32. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the first d' score and the second d' score are calculated by:

[0388] The hit rate is calculated by dividing the total number of correctly identified backward targets by the total number of backward targets; the false alarm rate is calculated by dividing the number of responses to stimuli that are incorrectly identified as backward targets by the total number of backward targets; and a z-transform is applied to the hit rate and the false alarm rate, and the resulting transformed false alarm rate is subtracted from the resulting transformed hit rate to obtain the d' score.

[0389] 33. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-32, wherein in step (c), measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score also includes comparing the latent inhibition score with a reference score that includes a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

[0390] 34. A method according to embodiment 33, wherein the reference score is based on values ​​obtained from normal individuals, values ​​obtained from different types of patients and / or values ​​obtained from the same individual in one or more previous tests.

[0391] 35. A method according to embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the potential inhibition score criteria range is based on 20 or more, 30 or more, 40 or more, 50 or more, 60 or more, 70 or more, 80 or more, 90 or more or 100 or more healthy individuals.

[0392] 36. A method according to any one of embodiments 33-35, wherein when the potential inhibition score is higher than the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates an enhanced potential inhibition response; when the potential inhibition score is within the potential inhibition score standard range of the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates a normal potential inhibition response; and when the potential inhibition score is lower than the reference score, the potential inhibition score indicates a weakened potential inhibition response.

[0393] 37. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0394] a. when a diminished potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication;

[0395] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not be currently at excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and no treatment recommendation is provided; or

[0396] c. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

[0397] 38. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0398] a. when a diminished potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication;

[0399] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current therapy; or

[0400] c. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and therapy recommendations include treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication.

[0401] 39. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0402] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic drug and a pro-cognitive drug;

[0403] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment; or

[0404] c. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive drug as an additional therapy to the current treatment.

[0405] 40. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0406] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication;

[0407] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current therapy; or

[0408] c. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication.

[0409] 41. The method according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein in step (d):

[0410] a. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c) and the information in step (a) indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes increasing the current treatment drug dose;

[0411] b. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c) and the information in step (a) indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment and dosage; or

[0412] c. when an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c) and the information in step (a) indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes reducing the current treatment drug dose;

[0413] 42. The method of any one of embodiments 1-36, further comprising evaluating working memory.

[0414] 43. A method according to embodiment 42, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as a subsequent stimulus shown at the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0415] 44. A method according to embodiment 42, wherein working memory is evaluated during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is the same as a subsequent stimulus shown in the two last positions in the sequence of the first set of stimuli.

[0416] 45. A method according to any of embodiments 42-44, wherein the allocation is based on the individual's latent inhibition score indicating a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits.

[0417] 46. ​​A method according to any of embodiments 42-45, wherein working memory is evaluated by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; counting the number of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual based on the presentation of the backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates working memory.

[0418] 47. A method according to any of embodiments 42-45, wherein working memory is assessed by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates impaired working memory.

[0419] 48. A method according to any one of embodiments 42-45, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating the average reaction time of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual.

[0420] 49. A method according to any one of embodiments 42-45, wherein working memory is calculated by calculating a pre-exposure response d' score presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus.

[0421] 50. The method according to any one of embodiments 42-49, wherein in step (d):

[0422] a. when a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic and a pro-cognitive medication;

[0423] b. when a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and no therapy recommendation is provided;

[0424] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication;

[0425] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not be currently at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and no treatment recommendation is provided;

[0426] e. when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication; or

[0427] f. when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and no treatment recommendation is provided;

[0428] 51. The method according to any one of embodiments 42-49, wherein in step (d):

[0429] a. when a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication;

[0430] b. when a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication;

[0431] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes maintenance of current treatment and additional treatment with a pro-cognitive medication;

[0432] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial evaluation, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current therapy;

[0433] e. when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be experiencing a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication; or

[0434] f. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

[0435] 52. The method according to any one of embodiments 42-49, wherein in step (d):

[0436] a. when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic drug and a pro-cognitive drug;

[0437] b. when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication;

[0438] c. when a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), and the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication in addition to maintaining the current therapy;

[0439] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment;

[0440] e. when the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic drug and a pro-cognitive drug; or

[0441] f. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive drug.

[0442] 53. The method according to any one of embodiments 42-49, wherein in step (d):

[0443] a. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication;

[0444] b. when a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication;

[0445] c. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes maintenance of current treatment and additional treatment with a pro-cognitive medication;

[0446] d. when a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current treatment;

[0447] e. when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication; or

[0448] f. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in step (c), the information in step (a) indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication.

[0449] 54. The method of any one of embodiments 1-53, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

[0450] 55. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-54, wherein the pro-cognitive drug is an agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, positive allosteric modulator, negative allosteric modulator, silent allosteric modulator or inverse agonist of an ion channel type receptor.

[0451] 56. A method according to embodiment 55, wherein the ion channel receptor is a nicotinic acetylcholine (nAch) receptor, an ion channel γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, an ion channel glutamine (Glu) receptor or an ion channel 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor.

[0452] 57. A method according to embodiment 56, wherein the nAch receptor is α4β2nAch receptor, α3β4nAch receptor, α7nAch receptor.

[0453] 58. The method according to embodiment 56, wherein the ion channel type GABA receptor is GABA A GABA receptors A-ρ Receptor.

[0454] 59. A method according to embodiment 56, wherein the ion channel type glutamine receptor is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a kainate receptor or an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor.

[0455] 60. The method of embodiment 56, wherein the ion channel type 5-HT receptor is a 5-HT3 receptor.

[0456] 61. The method of any one of embodiments 1-54, wherein the pro-cognitive drug is an agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, positive allosteric modulator, negative allosteric modulator, silent allosteric modulator, or inverse agonist of a metabotropic receptor.

[0457] 62. The method of embodiment 61, wherein the metabotropic receptor is a muscarinic acetylcholine (mAch) receptor, a cannabinoid (CB) receptor, a dopamine (DA) receptor, an endorphin receptor, a metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, a metabotropic glutamine (Glu) receptor, a norepinephrine (NE) receptor, an oxytocin receptor, or a metabotropic serotonin (5-HT) receptor.

[0458] 63. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the mAch receptor is an M1 mAch receptor, an M2 mAch receptor, an M3 mAch receptor, an M4 mAch receptor, or an M5 mAch receptor.

[0459] 64. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the CB receptor is a CB1 receptor or a CB2 receptor.

[0460] 65. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the DA receptor is a DAl receptor, a DA2 receptor, a DA3 receptor, a DA4 receptor or a DA5 receptor and heterodimers thereof.

[0461] 66. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the endorphin receptor is a μ1 opioid receptor, a μ2 opioid receptor, or a μ3 opioid receptor.

[0462] 67. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the metabotropic GABA receptor is GABA B Receptor.

[0463] 68. A method according to embodiment 62, wherein the metabotropic Glu receptor is Glu receptor 1, Glu receptor 2, Glu receptor 3, Glu receptor 4, Glu receptor 5, Glu receptor 6, Glu receptor 7 or Glu receptor 8.

[0464] 69. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the NE receptor is an α1 adrenergic receptor, an α2 adrenergic receptor, a β1 adrenergic receptor, a β2 adrenergic receptor, or a β3 adrenergic receptor.

[0465] 70. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the metabotropic 5-HT receptors are 5-HT1 receptors, 5-HT2 receptors, 5-HT4 receptors, 5-HT5 receptors, 5-HT6 receptors, and 5-HT7 receptors.

[0466] 71. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-54, wherein the pro-cognitive drug is an agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, positive allosteric modulator, negative allosteric modulator, silent allosteric modulator or inverse agonist of phosphodiesterase (PDE).

[0467] 72. The method of embodiment 71, wherein the PDE is PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE5, PDE6, PDE7, PDE8, PDE9, or PDE 10 .

[0468] 73. The method of any one of embodiments 1-72, wherein the antipsychotic drug is a dopamine antagonist, a serotonin-dopamine antagonist, or a partial dopamine agonist.

[0469] 74. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the dopamine antagonist comprises chlorpromazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thiothixene, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine.

[0470] 75. The method of embodiment 74, wherein the serotonin-dopamine antagonists include olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, and risperidone.

[0471] 76. The method of embodiment 74, wherein the partial dopamine agonist comprises aripiprazole.

[0472] 77. A computer programmed to perform the method of any one of embodiments 1-76.

[0473] 78. A computer that implements the method described in any one of embodiments 1-76.

[0474] 79. A system suitable for performing the method of any one of embodiments 1-76.

[0475] 80. A storage medium on which is stored or otherwise recorded a computer program for executing the method of any one of embodiments 1-76. Example

[0476] The following non-limiting examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, to facilitate a more complete understanding of the representative embodiments now considered. These examples should not be construed as limiting any embodiments described in this specification, including those related to the methods and uses disclosed herein.

[0477] Example 1

[0478] Pre-exposure Phase Instructions

[0479] This example provides exemplary pre-exposure phase instructions given to an individual during a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli during a pre-exposure phase as disclosed herein.

[0480] 0-back Pre-Exposure Phase Instructions. In this task, you will see a series of letters appear on the screen. Your task is to say each letter out loud as you see it appear. When this task is over, you will be given a new set of instructions. When you are ready to start, press the button on the screen.

[0481] 1-back Pre-Exposure Phase Instructions. In this task, you will see a series of letters appear on the screen. Your task is to press the response button at the bottom of the screen each time the current letter is the same as the letter presented just before. Otherwise, do not respond. When this task is over, you will be given a new set of instructions. When you are ready to start, press the button on the screen.

[0482] 2-back Pre-Exposure Phase Instructions. In this task, you will see a series of letters appear on the screen. Your task is to press the response button at the bottom of the screen each time the current letter is the same as the letter that was presented two positions before (i.e., two positions in the sequence). Otherwise, do not respond. When this task is over, you will be given a new set of instructions. When you are ready to start, press the button on the screen.

[0483] Example 2

[0484] Testing Phase Instructions

[0485] The present example provides exemplary test session instructions given to an individual during a second set of instructions regarding how to respond to each stimulus in a second set of stimuli during a test session as disclosed herein.

[0486] Test Phase Instructions. In this task, you will see a sequence of letters appear on the screen. Your task is to try and predict when the letter "X" will appear. If you think you know when "X" will appear, you can press the response button early in the sequence, before "X" appears on the screen. Alternatively, if you cannot do this, press the response button as quickly as you can when you see the letter "X". There may be more than one rule for predicting "X". Try to be as accurate as possible, but don't worry about making the occasional mistake. If you understand your task and are ready to start, press the button on the screen.

[0487] Example 3

[0488] Latent Inhibition Task Assay as a Participant Selection / Screening Tool for Individuals Classified as Ultra High Risk (UHR) / At-Risk Mental States (ARMS) for Psychosis

[0489] Approximately 30% of individuals classified as at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis develop the disorder within two years, and while there is a range of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions available for psychosis, there is wide individual variability in the clinical response of UHR individuals and uncertainty about who may convert to a full-blown psychotic episode. There is a need for biomarkers that can better identify individuals at high risk for conversion to psychosis. Latent inhibition has been extensively examined as a model of different symptoms of psychotic disorders and has been shown to correlate with higher levels of dopamine and psychotic states, whereas augmentation in the test is associated with lower levels of glutamate / acetylcholine and negative and cognitive states. Latent inhibition is used as a cognitive biomarker to prospectively stratify patients and identify those who are at increased risk for conversion to psychosis and are therefore most likely to respond to specific treatments aimed at improving symptoms or delaying / preventing the onset of psychosis.

[0490] (i) Decreased latent inhibition: Indicates high conversion risk and a potential increased likelihood of responsiveness to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment (e.g., dopamine antagonists) because latent inhibition scores indicate the presence of convergence / emergence of psychosis and high dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms. Treatment with dopaminergic-based antipsychotics is recommended.

[0491] (ii) Potential inhibition enhancement: indicates a high risk of conversion with a potential increased likelihood of non-response to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, as the latent inhibition score indicates cognitive / negative symptoms and non-dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms. Treatment with pro-cognitive pharmacotherapy is recommended, as if an individual converts to psychosis, there is an increased likelihood of treatment resistance to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, but may respond to non-dopaminergic-based medications.

[0492] (iii) Potential suppression within normal range: indicates a low risk of conversion to psychosis and the diagnosis of UHR appears unwarranted. Pharmacological treatment is not recommended.

[0493] Example 4

[0494] Working Memory Latent Inhibition Assay as a Participant Selection / Screening Tool for Individuals Classified as Ultra-High Risk (UHR) / At-Risk Mental States (ARMS) for Psychosis

[0495] Same use case as above, with the addition of a working memory assessment during the pre-exposure phase of the latent inhibition task. In addition to demonstrating attentional gating dysfunction through latent inhibition, the working memory assessment has the additional benefit of being able to determine if an individual is experiencing deficits in their working memory. Labeling an individual as having deficits in both latent inhibition and working memory increases confidence and provides additional information about the best diagnosis and / or treatment the patient receives.

[0496] (i) Reduced latent inhibition and working memory deficits: Indicating a high risk of conversion and a potential increased likelihood of responsiveness to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment (e.g., dopamine antagonists), latent inhibition scores indicate the presence of convergence / emergence of psychosis, high dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms. The additional finding of working memory deficits confirms cognitive deficits that, if left untreated, may begin to affect functional outcomes. Treatment with dopaminergic-based antipsychotics and pro-cognitive medications is recommended.

[0497] (ii) Enhanced latent inhibition and working memory deficits: Indicative of a high risk of conversion with a potential increased likelihood of non-responsiveness to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, as latent inhibition scores are indicative of cognitive / negative symptoms and non-dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment. The additional finding of working memory deficits confirms cognitive deficits that, if left untreated, may begin to impact functional outcomes. Due to working memory deficits and the potential for responsiveness to non-dopaminergic-based treatments and the increased likelihood of tolerance to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatments, treatment with pro-cognitive pharmacotherapy is recommended to prevent further cognitive decline and the emergence of psychosis.

[0498] (iii) In cases where latent inhibition is diminished, enhanced, or normal, but working memory does not show deficits, individuals should be monitored rather than immediately treated with pharmacotherapy. Treatment recommendations can be made based on the normal range for non-deficit tasks.

[0499] Example 5

[0500] Latent inhibition assay for first episode psychosis (FEP) and prediction of antipsychotic treatment response

[0501] These patients were experiencing their first psychotic episode and were not taking antipsychotic medications. or minimal exposure to antipsychotic treatment (or alternative therapies). These patients are typically classified as FEP within the first three years from onset of the disorder, and up to a third of patients do not respond effectively to currently available antipsychotic treatment or other psychosocial therapies, possibly because they have an alternative, non-dopaminergic neurobiology that underlies their psychotic state. Similar to the UHR cohort, latent inhibition is used as a cognitive biomarker to prospectively stratify patients and identify those most likely to respond to antipsychotics (or alternative therapies) designed to alleviate or improve the clinical symptoms currently experienced.

[0502] (i) Reduced latent inhibition: indicates that the individual has an increased likelihood of responding to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment (e.g., dopamine antagonists) because the latent inhibition score indicates the presence of high dopaminergic dysfunction underlying the psychotic symptoms. Treatment with a dopaminergic-based antipsychotic is recommended.

[0503] (ii) Increased latent inhibition: indicates that the individual has an increased likelihood of non-responsiveness to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, as latent inhibition scores indicate cognitive / negative symptoms, non-dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment. Due to the increased likelihood of tolerance to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, fast-track implementation of clozapine treatment or alternative medications and pro-cognitive pharmacotherapy for psychotic symptoms resistant to treatment is recommended.

[0504] (iii) Normal underlying inhibition: Indicates management of positive symptoms of psychosis and minimal cognitive / negative symptoms in the individual. Maintaining the current treatment regimen and monitoring is recommended.

[0505] Example 6

[0506] Working memory latent inhibition assay for first episode psychosis (FEP) and prediction of antipsychotic treatment response

[0507] Same use case as above, with the addition of a working memory assessment (working memory latent inhibition; WMLI) during the pre-exposure phase of the latent inhibition task. In addition to demonstrating attention gating dysfunction through latent inhibition, the working memory assessment has the additional benefit of being able to determine if an individual is experiencing deficits in their working memory. Labeling an individual as having deficits in both latent inhibition and working memory would increase confidence and provide additional information about the best diagnosis and / or treatment the patient receives.

[0508] (i) Reduced latent inhibition and working memory deficits: Indicates that the individual has an increased likelihood of responding to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment (e.g., dopamine antagonists) because the latent inhibition score indicates the presence of high dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms. The additional finding of working memory deficits confirms cognitive deficits that, if left untreated, may begin to affect functional outcomes. Treatment with dopaminergic-based antipsychotics and pro-cognitive medications is recommended.

[0509] (ii) Increased latent inhibition and working memory deficits: Indicates that the individual has an increased likelihood of non-responsiveness to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatment, as latent inhibition scores indicate cognitive / negative symptoms, non-dopaminergic dysfunction underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment. The additional finding of working memory deficits confirms cognitive deficits that, if left untreated, may begin to affect functional outcomes. Due to working memory deficits and the increased likelihood of responsiveness to non-dopaminergic-based treatments and tolerance to dopaminergic-based antipsychotic treatments, rapid rehabilitation with clozapine treatment or alternative medications and pro-cognitive pharmacotherapy for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment is recommended.

[0510] (iii) Normal latent inhibition and working memory deficits: Management of positive symptoms of psychosis in individuals is indicated, but working memory deficits indicate cognitive impairment. Due to working memory deficits, it is recommended to maintain the current psychosis treatment regimen with additional pro-cognitive pharmacotherapy to minimize impairment to functional outcomes and daily life.

[0511] (iv) In other cases where only underlying inhibition or working memory is abnormal, treatment recommendations are made for individuals based on normal ranges on non-deficit tasks.

[0512] Example 7

[0513] Direct-acting potential suppression assay for chronic treatment-responsive schizophrenia

[0514] These patients show good response to antipsychotic drug treatment, and the duration of illness is about more than 3 years. Patients with good response have mild or no psychotic symptoms. However, they may show high negative symptoms and severe cognitive dysfunction, which, if continued for more than a long period of time, will increase the risk of relapse and damage functional outcomes and daily life. These cognitive and negative symptoms may be very heterogeneous in patients. Latent inhibition is used as a cognitive biomarker to determine whether psychotic symptoms are under control and to identify patients who are experiencing sufficient cognitive deficits and will need treatment. Latent inhibition scores are used to determine which treatments patients are most likely to respond to.

[0515] (i) Decreased latent inhibition: indicates that the individual has an increa...

Claims

1. A method of assigning an individual to a group for a clinical study on a psychiatric disorder using a non-invasive computing device-based test, wherein the method comprises: a. allowing the individual to use the computing device and the graphical user interface coupled thereto to perform a potential inhibition assessment, the potential inhibition assessment comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, i. wherein said pre-exposure phase comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli in a random order to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval between each stimulus of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli; ii. wherein the testing phase comprises: presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring a time associated with a target anticipatory response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than a sum of a presentation time and an interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; b. measuring the latent inhibitory response of the individual by modeling the time associated with the target expected response in one or more statistical analyses to calculate a latent inhibition score, the statistical analysis analyzing one or more of the following: a count of the number of presentations of the response to the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and wherein the method further comprises assessing working memory, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and determining whether the individual exhibits a working memory deficit; wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and c. assigning the individuals to designated groups of the clinical study.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pre-exposure stimulus under i is a pre-target stimulus.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the non-preexposure stimulus under ii is a pre-target stimulus that was not displayed during the preexposure period.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein i further comprises measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions, the procedure proceeds to the testing phase ii.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein in ii, an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein in ii, an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein in b, the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more of a reaction time, determining an expected number of responses, determining an expected percentage of responses, or determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

9. A method of assigning an individual to a group for a clinical study on a psychiatric disorder using a non-invasive computing device-based test, wherein the method comprises: a. allowing the individual to use the computing device and the graphical user interface coupled thereto to perform a potential inhibition assessment, the potential inhibition assessment comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, ai. Wherein the pre-exposure stage comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time between 10 milliseconds and 10,000 milliseconds with an optional interval between each stimulus of 1 millisecond and 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein the at least one pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus; a-ii. Wherein said testing phase comprises, presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time between 10 milliseconds and 10,000 milliseconds, with an interval between each stimulus being between 1 millisecond and 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposure stimulus, a non-pre-exposure stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein the non-pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus that was not displayed during the pre-exposure phase; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of each stimulus from the second set of stimuli by measuring a response time associated with each stimulus from the more than one stimuli to determine a target expected response, wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual expected the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; b. measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual by modeling each target expected response in one or more statistical analyses within a computing environment in which more than one data processing components are combined with at least one specially configured processor to calculate a potential inhibitory score, the one or more statistical analyses comprising: bi. determining one or more reaction times associated with each target stimulus from said more than one stimulus, b-ii. determining a number of expected responses indicating that the individual expects the occurrence of the target stimulus, b-iii. determining the number of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, b-iv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual expected the occurrence of the target stimulus, bv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, or b-vi. Determining accuracy-sensitivity d', wherein the calculated latent inhibition score is used to classify the individual as exhibiting a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response by the latent inhibition score; and wherein the method further comprises assessing working memory, wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and c. assigning the individual to a specific group designated by the clinical study, wherein the clinical study is initiated for the individual in the specific group based on the latent inhibition score and whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein ai further comprises measuring a response of the individual to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

11. The method according to claim 9, wherein in b: bi. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) subtracting the first average time from the second average time or (b) subtracting the second average time from the first average time; or b-ii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time; or b-iii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: pairing the target expected response time based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus with the target expected response time based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response time based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus is faster relative to the paired target expected response time based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a), (b), or (c): (a) the total number of pairs with higher target expected response times based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response time based on the pre-exposure stimulus, (b) the total number of pairs with lower target expected response times based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response time based on the pre-exposure stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b); or b-iv. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on the target expected responses measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on the target expected responses measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) or (b) subtracting the first average number of expected responses from the second average number of expected responses, or (b) subtracting the second average number of expected responses from the first average number of expected responses; or bv. the potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average expected response number based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average expected response number based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average expected response number is lower or higher than the second average expected response number; or b-vi. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: pairing a target expected response based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus with a target expected response based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus is faster relative to the paired target expected response based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a) a higher total number of paired target expected responses based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response based on the pre-exposure stimulus, (b) a lower total number of paired target expected responses based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response based on the pre-exposure stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b). b-vii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first expected response percentage based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage, or (b) subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage; or b-viii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first expected response d' score based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response d' score based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response d' score from the second expected response d' score.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein in b, measuring the latent inhibition response of the individual to calculate a latent inhibition score further comprises comparing the latent inhibition score with a reference score comprising a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the assignment is based on the individual's latent inhibition score indicating a diminished latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

15. A method of determining a psychiatric condition in an individual using a non-invasive computing device-based test, the method comprising: a. Optionally, inputting information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising: ai. whether this is an initial or subsequent evaluation; a-ii. Whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms; a-iii. whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or a-iv. whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication, b. having the individual perform a latent inhibition evaluation using the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device and a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interaction with the individual, the latent inhibition evaluation comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, bi. Wherein the pre-exposure stage comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an optional interval of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli; b-ii. Wherein said testing phase comprises, presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring the time associated with a target anticipated response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; c. measuring the individual's latent inhibitory response by modeling the time associated with a target expected response in one or more statistical analyses to calculate a latent inhibition score, the statistical analysis analyzing one or more of: a count of the number of presentations of the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and wherein the method further comprises assessing working memory, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, and determining whether the individual exhibits a working memory deficit; wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and d. calculating the individual's psychiatric condition.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one pre-exposure stimulus under bi is a pre-target stimulus.

17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the non-preexposure stimulus under b-ii is a pretarget stimulus that was not displayed during the preexposure period.

18. A method of determining a psychiatric condition in an individual using a non-invasive computing device-based test, the method comprising: a. receiving information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising: ai. whether this is an initial or subsequent evaluation; a-ii. Whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms; a-iii. whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or a-iv. whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication, b. having the individual perform a latent inhibition evaluation using the latent inhibition test program running on the computing device and a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interaction with the individual, the latent inhibition evaluation comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, bi. Wherein the pre-exposure stage comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli to the individual in a random order, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time between 10 milliseconds and 10,000 milliseconds with an optional interval between each stimulus of 1 millisecond and 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein the at least one pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus; b-ii. Wherein said testing phase comprises, presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time between 10 milliseconds and 10,000 milliseconds, with an interval between each stimulus being between 1 millisecond and 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposure stimulus, a non-pre-exposure stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein the non-pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus that was not displayed during the pre-exposure phase; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of each stimulus from the second set of stimuli by measuring a response time associated with each stimulus from the more than one stimuli to determine a target expected response, wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than a sum of a presentation time and an interval time indicates that the individual expected the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; c. measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual by modeling each target expected response in one or more statistical analyses within a computing environment in which more than one data processing components are combined with at least one specially configured processor to calculate a potential inhibitory score, the one or more statistical analyses comprising: ci. determining one or more reaction times associated with each target stimulus from said more than one stimulus, c-ii. determining a number of expected responses indicating that the individual expects the occurrence of the target stimulus, c-iii. determining the number of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, c-iv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual expects the occurrence of the target stimulus, cv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, or c-vi. Determine accuracy-sensitivity d', wherein the method further comprises assessing working memory and determining whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits, the calculated latent inhibition score is used to classify the individual as exhibiting a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response by the latent inhibition score; wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and d. diagnosing a psychiatric disorder in the individual based on the latent inhibition score.

19. The method of any one of claims 15-18, wherein bi further comprises measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

20. The method of any one of claims 15-19, wherein the procedure proceeds to the testing phase of b-ii if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions.

21. The method according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein in b-ii, an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

22. The method of any one of claims 15-20, wherein in b-ii, an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

23. The method of any one of claims 15-22, wherein in c, the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more of a reaction time, determining an expected number of responses, determining an expected percentage of responses, or determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

24. The method according to any one of claims 15-23, wherein in c, measuring the latent inhibition response of the individual to calculate a latent inhibition score further comprises comparing the latent inhibition score to a reference score comprising a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

25. The method according to any one of claims 18 to 24, wherein in c: ci. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) subtracting the first average time from the second average time or (b) subtracting the second average time from the first average time; or c-ii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average time based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average time is slower or faster than the second average time; or c-iii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: pairing the target expected response time based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus with the target expected response time based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response time based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus is faster relative to the paired target expected response time based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a), (b), or (c): (a) the total number of pairs with higher target expected response times based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response time based on the pre-exposure stimulus, (b) the total number of pairs with lower target expected response times based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response time based on the pre-exposure stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b); or c-iv. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average number of expected responses based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average number of expected responses based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) or (b) subtracting the first average number of expected responses from the second average number of expected responses, or (b) subtracting the second average number of expected responses from the first average number of expected responses; or cv. the potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first average expected response number based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second average expected response number based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining whether the first average expected response number is lower or higher than the second average expected response number; or c-vi. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: pairing a target expected response based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus with a target expected response based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; calculating whether the paired target expected response based on the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus is faster relative to the paired target expected response based on the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by determining (a), (b), or (c): (a) a higher total number of paired target expected responses based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response based on the pre-exposure stimulus, (b) a lower total number of paired target expected responses based on the non-pre-exposure stimulus relative to the target expected response based on the pre-exposure stimulus, or (c) both (a) and (b). c-vii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first expected response percentage based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response percentage based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by (a) subtracting the first expected response percentage from the second expected response percentage, or (b) subtracting the second expected response percentage from the first expected response percentage; or c-viii. The potential inhibition score is calculated by: calculating a first expected response d' score based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one non-pre-exposure stimulus; calculating a second expected response d' score based on the target expected response measured for each presentation of the target stimulus presented after the presentation of the at least one pre-exposure stimulus; and calculating the potential inhibition score by subtracting the first expected response d' score from the second expected response d' score.

26. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein in d: d. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder; d-ii. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not be currently at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder; or d-iii. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be currently at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder and may have a treatment-resistant form of the disorder.

27. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein in d: d-iv. When a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; dv. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder; or d-vi. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder and may have a treatment-resistant form of the disorder.

28. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein in d: d-vii. When a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; d-viii. When a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder; or d-ix. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder.

29. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein in d: dx. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; d-xi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or d-xii. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder.

30. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 29, wherein in d: d. when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder; d-ii. When a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an ultra-high risk for the psychotic disorder; d-iii. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder; d-iv. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder; dv. when the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder; or d-vi. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be not currently at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder.

31. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 29, wherein in d: d-vii. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; d-viii. When the reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; d-ix. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; dx. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; xi. when the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder; or d-xii. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the first episode of the psychotic disorder.

32. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 29, wherein in d: d-xiii. When the weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; d-xiv. When the weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; d-xv. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; d-xvi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder; d-xvii. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder; or d-xviii. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder.

33. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 29, wherein in d: d-xix. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; d-xx. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; d-xxi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; d-xxii. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or d-xxiii. When the enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic drug treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder; or d-xxiv. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder.

34. The method of any one of claims 15-29, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

35. A method of recommending therapy for treating an individual suffering from a psychiatric disorder using a non-invasive computing device-based test, the method comprising: a. Optionally, inputting information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising: ai. Is this a preliminary or subsequent evaluation? a-ii. Whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms; a-iii. whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or a-iv. Whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication b. having the individual perform a potential inhibition evaluation using the potential inhibition test program running on the computing device and using a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interacting with the individual, the potential inhibition evaluation comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, bi. Wherein the pre-exposure stage comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli in a random order to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval between each stimulus of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli; b-ii. Wherein said testing phase comprises, presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposed stimulus, a non-pre-exposed stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of the second set of stimuli by measuring the time associated with a target anticipated response of the individual to each stimulus from the more than one stimuli, wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual anticipated the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein a response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; c. measuring the individual's latent inhibitory response by modeling the time associated with a target expected response in one or more statistical analyses to calculate a latent inhibition score, and determining from the latent inhibition score whether the individual exhibits a weakened latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response, wherein the statistical analysis analyzes one or more of the following: a count of the number of presentations of the response to the target stimulus, a central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus, or a distance from the central tendency of the number of responses to the target stimulus; and wherein the method further includes assessing working memory and determining whether the individual exhibits a working memory deficit, wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented at the last position in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and d. Calculating a recommended therapy for treating the individual, the recommended therapy comprising i) no therapy recommendation; or ii) treatment with a pro-cognitive medication, treatment with an antipsychotic medication, treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms resistant to treatment, or any combination thereof.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one pre-exposure stimulus under bi is a pre-target stimulus.

37. A method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the non-pre-exposure stimulus under b-ii is a pre-target stimulus that was not displayed during the pre-exposure period.

38. A method of recommending therapy for treating an individual suffering from a psychiatric disorder using a non-invasive computing device-based test, the method comprising: a. receiving information about the individual into a potential suppression testing program running on a computing device, the information comprising: ai. Is this a preliminary or subsequent evaluation? a-ii. Whether the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms; a-iii. whether the individual has a history of psychiatric disorder; and / or a-iv. Whether the individual has a history of intolerance to antipsychotic medication; b. having the individual perform a potential inhibition evaluation using the potential inhibition test program running on the computing device and using a graphical user interface coupled thereto for interacting with the individual, the potential inhibition evaluation comprising a pre-exposure phase and a test phase, bi. Wherein the pre-exposure stage comprises, presenting to the individual a first set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in a first set of stimuli, wherein the first set of instructions includes pre-exposure phase instructions requiring the individual to respond to each stimulus in the first set of stimuli in a defined manner; presenting the first set of stimuli in a random order to the individual, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time of 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds, with an optional interval time of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the first set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising at least one pre-exposure stimulus and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein The at least one pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus; b-ii. Wherein said testing phase comprises, presenting to the individual a second set of instructions on how to respond to each stimulus in the second set of stimuli, wherein the second set of instructions includes test phase instructions requiring the individual to anticipate the occurrence of a target stimulus; presenting the second set of stimuli to the individual, each stimulus being presented for a presentation time of 10 milliseconds to 10,000 milliseconds with an interval time of 1 millisecond to 10,000 milliseconds between each stimulus, wherein the second set of stimuli comprises more than one stimulus, the more than one stimulus comprising the at least one pre-exposure stimulus, a non-pre-exposure stimulus, a target stimulus, and one or more neutral stimuli, wherein the non-pre-exposure stimulus is a pre-target stimulus that was not displayed during the pre-exposure phase; recording and analyzing the individual's interaction with the graphical user interface after presentation of each stimulus from the second set of stimuli by measuring a response time associated with each stimulus from the more than one stimuli to determine a target expected response, wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is less than a sum of a presentation time and an interval time indicates that the individual expected the occurrence of the target stimulus, and wherein an expected response to the target stimulus according to the second set of instructions that is equal to or greater than the sum of the presentation time and the interval time indicates that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus; c. measuring the potential inhibitory response of the individual by modeling each target expected response in one or more statistical analyses within a computing environment in which more than one data processing components are combined with at least one specially configured processor to calculate a potential inhibitory score, the one or more statistical analyses comprising: ci. determining one or more reaction times associated with each target stimulus from said more than one stimulus, c-ii. determining a number of expected responses indicating that the individual expects the occurrence of the target stimulus, c-iii. determining the number of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, c-iv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual expects the occurrence of the target stimulus, cv. determining a percentage of expected responses indicating that the individual failed to anticipate the occurrence of the target stimulus, or c-vi. Determine accuracy-sensitivity d', wherein the method further comprises assessing working memory and determining whether the individual exhibits working memory deficits, the calculated latent inhibition score is used to classify the individual as exhibiting a reduced latent inhibitory response, a normal latent inhibitory response, or an enhanced latent inhibitory response by the latent inhibition score; wherein the working memory is assessed during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus presented last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli, or assessing during the pre-exposure phase by providing instructions requiring the individual to respond to a current stimulus in the first set of stimuli only if the current stimulus is identical to a stimulus shown two positions to the last in the sequence of the first set of stimuli; and d. identifying a recommended therapy for treating the individual based on the latent inhibition score, the recommended therapy comprising i) no therapy recommendation; or ii) treatment with a pro-cognitive medication, treatment with an antipsychotic medication, treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment, or any combination thereof.

39. The method of any one of claims 35-38, wherein bi further comprises measuring the individual's response to each stimulus from the first set of stimuli.

40. The method of any one of claims 35-39, wherein the procedure proceeds to the testing phase of b-ii if the individual responds to at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first set of stimuli according to the first set of instructions.

41. A method according to any one of claims 35-40, wherein in b-ii, an equal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus and after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

42. A method according to any one of claims 35-40, wherein in b-ii, an unequal number of presentations of the target stimulus occur after presentation of the pre-exposure stimulus relative to after presentation of the non-pre-exposure stimulus.

43. The method of any one of claims 35-42, wherein in c, the potential inhibition score is calculated by determining one or more of a reaction time, determining an expected number of responses, determining an expected percentage of responses, or determining an accuracy-sensitivity d' score.

44. The method of any one of claims 35-43, wherein in c, measuring the individual's latent inhibition response to calculate a latent inhibition score further comprises comparing the latent inhibition score to a reference score comprising a standard range of latent inhibition scores.

45. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein in d: d. when a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication; d-ii. When a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not be currently at excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation is not provided; or d-iii. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be currently at ultra-high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

46. ​​The method according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein in d: d-iv. when a diminished potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication; dv. When a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current therapy; or d-vi. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and therapy recommendations include treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication.

47. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein in d: d-vii. When a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication; d-viii. When a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment; or d-ix. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive drug as an additional therapy to the current treatment.

48. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein in d: dx. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication; d-xi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current therapy; or d-xii. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication treatment, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and therapy recommendations include treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication.

49. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein in d: d-xiii. When a reduced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c and the information in a indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes increasing the current treatment drug dose; d-xiv. When a normal potential inhibitory response is calculated in c and the information in a indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment and dosage; or d-xv. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c and the information in a indicates that this is a subsequent evaluation, the therapy recommendation includes reducing the drug dose of the current treatment.

50. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 49, wherein in d: d. when a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic and a pro-cognitive medication; d-ii. When a diminished potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation is not provided; d-iii. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication; d-iv. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an excessively high risk for the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation is not provided; dv. when an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be currently at very high risk for the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication; or d-vi. When an enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is not currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of a psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not currently be at an extremely high risk for the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation is not provided.

51. The method according to any one of claims 35-49, wherein in d: d-vii. When a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication; d-viii. When a diminished latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication; d-ix. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder, and the individual has no history of antipsychotic medication tolerance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes maintenance of current treatment and additional treatment with a pro-cognitive medication; dx. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes maintaining current therapy; d-xi. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be experiencing a first episode of the psychotic disorder and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for psychotic symptoms that are resistant to treatment and a pro-cognitive medication; or d-xii. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that this is an initial assessment, the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has no history of psychotic disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a first episode of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication.

52. The method according to any one of claims 35-49, wherein in d: d-xiii. When a weakened potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic drug and a pro-cognitive drug; d-xiv. When the attenuated potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication; d-xv. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, and the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive medication in addition to maintaining the current therapy; d-xvi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from the psychiatric disorder, and the treatment recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment; d-xvii. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the treatment recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic drug and a pro-cognitive drug; or d-xviii. When the enhanced potential inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual has a history of a psychiatric disorder, and the individual has no history of tolerance to antipsychotic drug treatment, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from the psychiatric disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with a pro-cognitive drug.

53. The method according to any one of claims 35-49, wherein in d: d-xix. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication and a pro-cognitive medication; d-xx. When a reduced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the therapy recommendation includes treatment with an antipsychotic medication; d-xxi. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment and additional treatment with a pro-cognitive medication; d-xxii. When a normal latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of antipsychotic medication treatment resistance, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to not suffer from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and the treatment recommendation includes maintaining the current treatment; d-xxiii. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, and there is a working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and a therapy recommendation includes treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication; or d-xxiv. When an enhanced latent inhibitory response is calculated in c, the information in a indicates that the individual is currently experiencing psychotic symptoms, the individual has a history of a psychotic disorder, and the individual has a history of resistance to antipsychotic medication, and there is no working memory deficit, the individual is predicted to be suffering from a treatment-resistant form of the psychotic disorder, and therapy recommendations include treatment with clozapine or an alternative medication for the treatment-resistant psychotic symptoms and a pro-cognitive medication.

54. The method of any one of claims 35-53, wherein the psychiatric disorder comprises a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder, a bipolar disorder, or a dementia.

55. The method of any one of claims 35-54, wherein the pro-cognitive drug is an agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, positive allosteric modulator, negative allosteric modulator, silent allosteric modulator, or inverse agonist of an ion channel-type receptor.

56. The method of any one of claims 35-55, wherein the antipsychotic drug is a dopamine antagonist, a serotonin-dopamine antagonist, or a partial dopamine agonist.

57. The method of any one of claims 1-56, wherein working memory is calculated by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses presented based on the presentation of a backward stimulus; counting the number of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual based on the presentation of the backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses correctly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates working memory.

58. The method of any one of claims 1-56, wherein working memory is calculated by: counting the number of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual based on presentation of a backward stimulus; and calculating the percentage of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual, wherein 50% or more indicates impaired working memory.

59. The method of any one of claims 1-56, wherein the working memory is calculated by calculating the average reaction time of pre-exposure responses incorrectly selected by the individual.

60. The method of any one of claims 1-56, wherein the working memory is calculated by calculating a d' score for a pre-exposure response presented based on presentation of a backward stimulus.

61. A system for performing the method according to any one of claims 1-60.

62. A storage medium having stored or otherwise recorded thereon a computer program for performing a method according to any one of claims 1-60.

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