power system

Abstract

The controller of the EMS server determines whether it has received a demand-supply request from the power transmission and distribution operator server (S1). When the demand-supply request is received, the controller determines whether the demand-supply request is for requesting a reduction in power demand or for requesting an increase in power demand (S3). The controller decomposes the demand-supply request into the first to third requests (S5). The controller creates a negative watt DR execution plan or a positive watt DR execution plan based on the determination result of S3 (S7). The controller allocates the power adjustment resources to the first to third requests in consideration of the responsiveness of each of the power adjustment resources. The controller transmits the first to third request signals to the target power adjustment resources according to the execution plan (S9).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the power system. Background Technology

[0002] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2019-135901 discloses a demand response system that controls devices included on the demand side to perform demand response in order to reduce the amount of electricity supplied from the power grid to the demand side. Upon receiving a request to perform demand response from a power company or the like, the demand response system creates a demand response plan and executes the demand response. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In recent years, electric vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have become popular. To further stabilize the power grid, it is desirable to utilize BEVs and FCEVs as power regulation resources. BEVs and FCEVs can be used as power regulation resources via electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).

[0004] However, BEVs and FCEVs differ in their demand response. For example, compared to BEVs, FCEVs require a longer time from receiving a demand response to initiating power supply (having lower responsiveness). For proper demand response, it is desirable to execute a demand response that reflects the responsiveness of each of the multiple power regulation resources.

[0005] This disclosure is made to address the aforementioned problems. The purpose of this disclosure is to implement demand response that reflects the responsiveness of each of a plurality of power regulation resources.

[0006] (1) A power system according to one aspect of this disclosure includes a plurality of power adjustment resources electrically connected to a power grid and a power management device for performing demand response adjustments to the power supply and demand of the power grid in response to supply and demand requests from the power grid. The power management device decomposes the supply and demand requests into a first request signal and a second request signal at a frequency higher than the first request signal, and allocates power adjustment resources responsive to the first request signal and the second request signal according to the responsiveness of each of the plurality of power adjustment resources to the demand response.

[0007] Using the above configuration, supply and demand requests from the power grid are decomposed into a first request signal and a second request signal. Power adjustment resources responding to the first and second request signals are allocated according to the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource to demand response. The power adjustment resources differ in their responsiveness to demand response based on their structure, specifications, etc. Therefore, by allocating power adjustment resources according to responsiveness, demand response can be appropriately executed.

[0008] (2) In one embodiment, the plurality of power adjustment resources include a pure electric vehicle, a fuel cell electric vehicle, and a charging facility. The pure electric vehicle and the fuel cell electric vehicle are electrically connected to the power grid via the charging facility. The pure electric vehicle includes a first battery and is configured to supply power to and receive power from the power grid by charging and discharging the first battery. The fuel cell electric vehicle includes a hydrogen power generation system and is configured to supply power to the power grid by generating electricity from the hydrogen power generation system. When a supply and demand request is for requesting a reduction in power demand, the power management device allocates the fuel cell electric vehicle as a power adjustment resource in response to a first request signal and allocates the pure electric vehicle as a power adjustment resource in response to a second request signal.

[0009] Fuel cell electric vehicles generate electricity through chemical reactions in a hydrogen power generation system. Therefore, fuel cell electric vehicles are less responsive to reduced demand for electricity compared to pure electric vehicles that rely on electricity stored in batteries. Using this configuration, fuel cell electric vehicles are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to a first demand signal, while pure electric vehicles are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to a second demand signal. Thus, appropriate demand response can be performed based on the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource.

[0010] (3) In one embodiment, the charging facility includes a second battery and is configured to supply power to and receive power from the power grid through charging and discharging the second battery. The power management device decomposes fluctuations in the power grid's power demand into a first request signal, a second request signal, and a third request signal with a frequency higher than the second request signal. When a supply and demand request is for requesting a reduction in power demand, the power management device allocates fuel cell electric vehicles as power adjustment resources in response to the first request signal, allocates pure electric vehicles as power adjustment resources in response to the second request signal, and allocates the charging facility as power adjustment resources in response to the third request signal.

[0011] Using the above configuration, supply and demand requests from the power grid are decomposed into a first request signal, a second request signal, and a third request signal. Pure electric vehicles typically undergo pre-defined processes such as information exchange and relay connection checks between the charging facility and the pure electric vehicle before starting power supply or charging, and therefore require a predetermined time before power supply or charging begins. Charging facilities equipped with a second battery therefore have a higher responsiveness to reduced demand for electricity than pure electric vehicles. Fuel cell electric vehicles are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to the first request signal, pure electric vehicles are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to the second request signal, and charging facilities are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to the third request signal. Therefore, appropriate demand response can be performed based on the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource.

[0012] (4) In one embodiment, the fuel cell electric vehicle further includes a third battery and is configured to receive power from the power grid through charging of the third battery. When a supply and demand request is made for requesting an increase in power demand, the power management device allocates the pure electric vehicle and the fuel cell electric vehicle as power adjustment resources in response to a first request signal and a second request signal, and allocates charging facilities as power adjustment resources in response to a third request signal.

[0013] When a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) receives power from the power grid via a third battery charging station, the FCEV exhibits the same demand response as a pure electric vehicle to increased power demand. Using this configuration, the pure electric vehicle and the FCEV are allocated as power adjustment resources in response to a first and a second request signal, and the charging facility is allocated as a power adjustment resource in response to a third request signal. Therefore, appropriate demand response can be executed based on the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource.

[0014] The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of this disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description of this disclosure when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 A schematic configuration of a power system according to an embodiment is shown.

[0016] Figure 2 This is the (first) diagram used to illustrate supply and demand requests.

[0017] Figure 3 This is a (second) diagram used to illustrate supply and demand requests.

[0018] Figure 4 An example of the overall configuration of a BEV is shown schematically.

[0019] Figure 5 An example of the overall configuration of an FCEV is shown schematically.

[0020] Figure 6 This is a functional block diagram showing the components of the EMS server according to their functions.

[0021] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating the process performed by the EMS server when it receives a supply and demand request. Detailed Implementation

[0022] Embodiments of this disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, identical or equivalent parts in the drawings are labeled with the same reference numerals, and their descriptions will not be repeated.

[0023] [Example]

[0024] <Overall Configuration of Power System>

[0025] Figure 1 A schematic configuration of a power system 1 according to an embodiment is shown. Power system 1 includes a power grid PG, a microgrid MG, an Energy Management System (EMS) server 100, a power transmission and distribution operator server 200, a power conditioning resource group 500, and power receiving and conversion facilities 501. The EMS server 100 may be, for example, a Community Energy Management System (CEMS) server, a Building Energy Management System (BEMS) server, or a Factory Energy Management System (FEMS) server. This embodiment will describe an example where the EMS server 100 is a CEMS server.

[0026] A microgrid (MG) is a power network that supplies electricity to a region as a whole. Power supply and demand within the microgrid (MG) are managed by the EMS server 100. Power lines used to network multiple power adjustment resources within the microgrid (MG) can be independent power lines. The microgrid (MG) is configured to connect to and disconnect from the power grid (PG).

[0027] The power transmission and distribution operator server 200 is a computer that manages the supply and demand of the power grid PG. The power grid PG is a power network consisting of power plants (not shown) and power transmission and distribution facilities. In this embodiment, the power company acts as both the power generation operator and the power transmission and distribution operator. The power company corresponds to a general power transmission and distribution operator and maintains and manages the power grid PG (commercial power grid). The power company corresponds to the administrator of the power grid PG. The power transmission and distribution operator server 200 belongs to the power company.

[0028] The power receiving and conversion facility 501 is located at the interconnection point (power receiving point) of the microgrid MG and is configured to switch between connection (parallel connection) and disconnection (parallel disconnection) between the power grid PG and the microgrid MG. The power receiving and conversion facility 501 is located at the connection point between the microgrid MG and the power grid PG.

[0029] When the microgrid MG operates in interconnection mode while connected to the power grid PG, the power receiving and conversion facility 501 receives alternating current (AC) power from the power grid PG, steps down the received power, and supplies the stepped-down power to the microgrid MG. When the microgrid MG operates independently while disconnected from the power grid PG, power is not supplied from the power grid PG to the microgrid MG. The power receiving and conversion facility 501 includes high-voltage side (primary side) switches (e.g., sectionalizing switches, isolators, circuit breakers, and load switches), transformers, protective relays, measuring instruments, and controllers. The EMS server 100 is configured to receive information (e.g., power waveforms) from the power receiving and conversion facility 501 and to indicate the connection and disconnection of the power receiving and conversion facility 501.

[0030] EMS server 100 includes a controller 110, a memory 120, and a communication device 130. The controller 110, memory 120, and communication device 130 are interconnected via a bus 140. The controller 110 may be a central processing unit (CPU). The memory 120 is configured to store various types of information. The memory 120 stores programs to be executed by the controller 110 and information to be used by the programs (e.g., mappings, mathematical expressions, and various parameters). The communication device 130 includes various communication interfaces (I / F). EMS server 100 is configured to communicate with each of the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 and the power regulation resource group 500 via the communication device 130. The communication protocol may be OpenADR.

[0031] EMS server 100 controls power regulation resource group 500 connected to microgrid MG to function as a virtual power plant (VPP). More specifically, EMS server 100 remotely controls and comprehensively manages power regulation resource group 500 using energy management technology based on Internet of Things (IoT), enabling power regulation resource group 500 to operate like a single power plant.

[0032] Power regulation resource group 500 includes multiple power regulation resources that can be electrically connected to the microgrid MG. EMS server 100 is configured to manage the multiple power regulation resources included in power regulation resource group 500. When a request for adjustment of the power grid PG's supply and demand is received from power transmission and distribution operator server 200, EMS server 100 can perform a demand response (DR) on power regulation resource group 500. EMS server 100 can perform DR on power regulation resource group 500 to adjust the supply and demand of the microgrid MG.

[0033] The power adjustment resource group 500 includes BEV 10, FCEV 20, EVSE 30, Fuel Cell System (FCS) 41, Energy Storage System (ESS) 43 and generator 45.

[0034] FCS 41 comprises a stationary fuel cell that generates electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. FCS 41 is connected to a hydrogen tank (not shown). The hydrogen tank is connected to a hydrogen generator (not shown). FCS 41 is configured to generate electricity using hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen tank and to supply the generated electricity to the microgrid MG. The hydrogen generator can employ any known method. For example, the hydrogen generator can employ methods such as byproduct hydrogen methods, water electrolysis, fossil fuel reforming methods, biomass reforming methods, or iodine-sulfur (IS) processes. The hydrogen generator can produce hydrogen using electricity supplied from the microgrid MG. EMS server 100 can control the hydrogen generator to prevent the remaining hydrogen level in the hydrogen tank from dropping below a specified value.

[0035] The ESS 43 includes a stationary battery configured to be rechargeable and dischargeable to the microgrid MG. For example, the battery included in the ESS 43 may be a lithium-ion battery, a lead-acid battery, a nickel-metal hydride battery, a redox flow battery, or a sodium-sulfur (NAS) battery.

[0036] Generator 45 is a stationary generator that uses fossil fuels to generate electricity. Generator 45 can be, for example, a gas turbine generator or a diesel generator. Generator 45 can be used as an emergency power source.

[0037] The number of each of the FCS 41, ESS 43 and generator 45 included in the power adjustment resource group 500 can be arbitrary.

[0038] In response to a request (supply and demand request) from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 for supply and demand adjustment of the power grid PG, the EMS server 100 executes a demand response (DR) requesting the power adjustment resource group 500 to adjust power supply and demand, thereby facilitating the supply and demand adjustment of the power grid PG. Typically, for example, when a supply and demand adjustment is requested from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200, the EMS server 100 creates a DR execution plan for each power adjustment resource in the power adjustment resource group 500 (representing the power adjustment resources participating in the DR) and sends a request signal to each power adjustment resource based on the execution plan.

[0039] In recent years, electric vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have become popular. To further stabilize the supply and demand of the power grid's power generation system (PG), it is hoped that electric vehicles, as well as electric vehicle-grade energy vehicles (EVSEs), can be used as power regulation resources.

[0040] Therefore, in this embodiment, the power conditioning resource group 500 includes BEV 10, FCEV 20, and EVSE 30. BEV 10 and FCEV 20 function as power conditioning resources when electrically connected to EVSE 30. When the charging connector of EVSE 30 is inserted into the insertion port of BEV 10 (… Figure 4 When in (812), EVSE 30 and BEV 10 are electrically connected to each other. The charging connector of EVSE 30 is inserted into the socket of FCEV 20 ( Figure 5 When EVSE 30 and FCEV 20 are connected (912), EVSE 30 and FCEV 20 are electrically connected to each other. Although the configuration of BEV 10 will be described in detail below, since BEV 10 is connected to EVSE 30, BEV 10 can receive power supplied from microgrid MG to charge battery 809 in response to DR requests from EMS server 100, and supply power stored in the battery to microgrid MG. Although the configuration of FCEV 20 will be described in detail below, since FCEV 20 is connected to EVSE 30, FCEV 20 can supply power generated by FC stack 906 mounted on FCEV 20 to microgrid MG in response to DR requests from EMS server 100.

[0041] Here, fluctuations in electricity demand within the power grid PG are indicated by combining long-period, short-period, and extremely short-period components with different fluctuation periods. Therefore, the supply and demand requests from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 accompanying the fluctuations in electricity demand within the power grid PG can be decomposed into long-period, short-period, and extremely short-period components with different fluctuation periods. Figure 2 and Figure 3 It is a diagram used to illustrate supply and demand requests.

[0042] First refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2 This illustrates an example fluctuation in power demand within a power grid PG. For instance, power demand increases from time t1 to time t2. Assume that in this scenario, the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 sends a supply and demand request to the EMS server 100 requesting a reduction in power demand. For ease of understanding, this embodiment also assumes that the supply and demand request to reduce the increase in power demand from time t1 to time t2 is sent from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 to the EMS server 100. Upon receiving this supply and demand request, the EMS server 100 outputs a demand response (negative watt DR) requesting a reduction in power demand (including power supply to the power grid PG) to the power adjustment resource group 500.

[0043] refer to Figure 3 The supply and demand demand (fluctuation of electricity demand of the power grid PG) from time t1 to time t2 is decomposed as follows: Figure 3The diagram shows a long-period component L1, a short-period component L2, and an extremely short-period component L3. The long-period component L1 has, for example, a fluctuation period of approximately tens of minutes. The short-period component L2 has, for example, a fluctuation period of approximately several minutes. The extremely short-period component L3 has, for example, a fluctuation period of approximately tens of seconds. In other words, the long-period component L1 has the longest fluctuation period, the short-period component L2 has the second longest fluctuation period, and the extremely short-period component L3 has the shortest fluctuation period. BEV 10, FCEV 20, and EVSE 30 differ from each other in the time (responsiveness) required from receiving a negative wattage DR from EMS server 100 to initiating power supply. Although described in detail below, for example, BEV 10 can respond to a request for a negative wattage DR corresponding to each of the long-period component L1 and the short-period component L2, but cannot respond to a request for a negative wattage DR corresponding to the extremely short-period component L3. FCEV 20 can respond to requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1, but not to requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to each of the short-cycle component L2 and the very short-cycle component L3. EVSE 30 can respond to requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to each of the long-cycle component L1, the short-cycle component L2, and the very short-cycle component L3. To further stabilize the supply and demand of the power grid PG, it is desirable to implement demand response that reflects the responsiveness of each of the multiple power regulation resources. The configuration and responsiveness of each of BEV 10, FCEV 20, and EVSE 30 are described below in sequence.

[0044] <evse>

[0045] Refer again Figure 1 The EVSE 30 is electrically connected to the microgrid MG to exchange power with it. The EVSE 30 includes a battery 35, a communication device 36, a power converter 37, and a controller 38. The EVSE 30 also includes a charging cable 31. A charging connector 32 is located at the front end of the charging cable 31. The charging connector can be connected to the insertion port of the BEV 10. Figure 4 ) or FCEV 20 socket ( Figure 5 ).

[0046] Battery 35 is, for example, a lithium-ion battery, a lead-acid battery, a nickel-metal hydride battery, a redox flow battery, or a NAS battery.

[0047] The communication device 36 is configured to communicate with the EMS server 100. The communication device 36 is also configured to communicate with an electric vehicle (BEV 10 or FCEV 20 in this embodiment) connected to it via a charging cable.

[0048] Power converter 37 is configured to convert AC power supplied from the microgrid MG into direct-current (DC) power for charging battery 809 or battery 35 of BEV 10. Power converter 37 is also configured to convert DC power supplied from BEV 10, FCEV 20, or battery 35 into AC power to be supplied to the microgrid MG. Power converter 37 includes, for example, converters, inverters, isolation transformers, rectifiers, etc.

[0049] The controller 38 includes a processor, memory, and I / O ports (not shown). The controller 38 controls components of the EVSE 30, such as the communication device 36 and the power converter 37.

[0050] When a demand response (negative wattage DR) for increased power demand is received from the EMS server 100, for example, the controller 38 confirms that the SOC of the battery 35 has not yet reached the lower limit SOC (or confirms that the voltage across the battery 35 has not yet reached the lower limit voltage), and in response to the negative wattage DR, immediately begins supplying power to the microgrid MG. The EVSE 30 can therefore respond to requests corresponding to the long-cycle component L1, the short-cycle component L2, and the very short-cycle component L3.

[0051] When a demand response (positive watt DR) indicating an increased power demand is received from the EMS server 100, for example, the controller 38 confirms that the SOC of the battery 35 has not yet reached the upper limit SOC (or confirms that the voltage across the battery 35 has not yet reached the upper limit voltage), and immediately begins receiving power from the microgrid MG in response to the positive watt DR. The EVSE 30 can therefore respond to a request corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request), a request corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request), and a request corresponding to the very short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0052] <bev>

[0053] Figure 4 The diagram illustrates an example of the overall configuration of BEV 10. BEV 10 includes a power line 808, a battery 809, a buck converter 810, an auxiliary load 811, a plug-in port 812, an inverter 813, a motor generator 814, an electronic control unit (ECU) 815, and a communication device 816.

[0054] Battery 809 is electrically connected to power line 808. Battery 809 is, for example, a lithium-ion battery or a nickel-metal hydride battery. Battery 809 stores power for driving motor generator 814 and supplies that power to inverter 813. Battery 809 also receives power generated by motor generator 814 for charging during braking of BEV10, etc.

[0055] A buck converter 810 is electrically connected between power line 808 and auxiliary load 811. The buck converter 810 steps down the power transmitted on power line 808 to a specified voltage and outputs the stepped-down voltage to auxiliary load 811. Auxiliary load 811 corresponds to various devices that consume power supplied from the buck converter 810 to be driven. Auxiliary load 811 may include lights (such as headlights, fog lights, turn signals, and cornering lights), audio devices, car navigation systems, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), oil pumps, gauges, defrosters, wipers, etc.

[0056] The insertion port 812 can be connected to the charging connector 32 located at the front end of the charging cable 31 of the EVSE 30. The insertion port 812 outputs power received from the EVSE 30 to the battery 809. The battery 809 can thus be charged using power from the EVSE 30 (including power from the microgrid MG) (external charging). The insertion port 812 also outputs power from the battery 809 to the EVSE 30. Therefore, power can be supplied from the BEV 10 to the microgrid MG (external power supply).

[0057] Inverter 813 is electrically connected between power line 808 and motor generator 814. Inverter 813 drives motor generator 814 based on drive signals from ECU 815. Motor generator 814 is, for example, a three-phase AC synchronous motor including a rotor with embedded permanent magnets. Motor generator 814 is driven by inverter 813 to generate rotational driving force. The driving force generated by motor generator 814 is transmitted to drive wheel (not shown).

[0058] Communication device 816 is configured to communicate with EVSE 30 (communication device 36), which is electrically connected to it via insertion port 812. Communication between BEV10 (communication device 816) and EVSE 30 (communication device 36) is performed using a communication protocol conforming to Controller Area Network (CAN) (hereinafter also referred to as "CAN communication"). Communication between BEV10 and EVSE30 is not limited to CAN communication and may be performed, for example, using Power Line Communication (PLC).

[0059] ECU 815 includes a processor (not shown), memory, and I / O ports. ECU 815 controls the devices constituting BEV 10 based on programs stored in memory and signals from various sensors. ECU 815 can also be divided into multiple ECUs according to function.

[0060] In this embodiment, the ECU 815 collaborates with the EMS server 100 and the EVSE 30 (the controller 38 of the EVSE 30) to control the external power supply and external charging of the BEV 10. The ECU 815 performs external power supply or external charging based on the demand response received from the EMS server 100 via the EVSE 30. Specifically, upon receiving a negative wattage DR, the ECU 815 controls the battery 809 based on the negative wattage DR request signal to calculate the output power requested by the battery 809 and output the calculated power. Conversely, upon receiving a positive wattage DR, the ECU 815 controls the battery 809 based on the positive wattage DR request signal to calculate the charging power requested by the battery 809 and charge the battery 809 using the calculated power.

[0061] When initiating external power supply, ECU 815 performs pre-supply information exchange with EVSE 30 (controller 38) before power supply begins. Specifically, EVSE 30, having received a negative wattage DR for BEV 10 from EMS server 100, sends the negative wattage DR to BEV 10. ECU 15 of BEV 10, having received the negative wattage DR, sends information via communication device 816 indicating whether a response to the negative wattage DR is permitted, information about the power available from battery 809, and information about the current SOC of battery 809 to EVSE 30. ECU 815 also checks for welding of the relay (not shown) located between battery 809 and connector 812 before initiating external power supply.

[0062] In this way, ECU 815 performs information exchange processing and weld diagnostic processing before initiating external power supply. Therefore, a predetermined time is required from when BEV 10 executes negative wattage DR from EMS server 100 to when power supply begins. Thus, BEV 10 can respond to requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request) and requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request), but cannot respond to requests for negative wattage DR corresponding to the extremely short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0063] When external charging begins, ECU 815 performs information exchange processing with EVSE 30 (controller 38) before starting external charging. Specifically, EVSE 30, having received the positive wattage DR for BEV 10 from EMS server 100, sends the positive wattage DR to BEV 10. ECU 815 of BEV 10, having received the positive wattage DR, sends information indicating whether it can respond to the positive wattage DR, as well as battery information including the lower limit charging voltage of battery 809, the upper limit charging voltage of battery 809, and the current SOC of battery 809, to EVSE 30 via communication device 816. ECU 815 also sends a request for charging power to EVSE 30 via communication device 816. Upon receiving battery information and a request for charging power, EVSE 30 compares the battery information and requested charging power with its specifications to determine whether it can charge battery 809 and output the requested charging power. Then, it sends facility information, including, for example, the range of voltage and current that can be output by EVSE 30, to BEV 10. ECU 815 also checks whether the relay (not shown) located between battery 809 and connector 812 is fused before initiating external charging.

[0064] In this way, ECU 815 performs information exchange processing and weld diagnostic processing before external charging begins. Therefore, a predetermined time is required from when BEV 10 executes positive wattage DR from EMS server 100 to when charging begins. Thus, BEV 10 can respond to requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request) and requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request), but cannot respond to requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the extremely short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0065] <fcev>

[0066] Figure 5 The schematic illustration shows an example of the overall configuration of FCEV 20. FCEV 20 includes a container 901, a hydrogen tank 902, a supply valve 903, an air filter 904, a compressor 905, an FC stack 906, a boost converter 907, a power line 908, a battery 909, a buck converter 910, an auxiliary load 911, a socket 912, an inverter 913, a motor generator 914, an ECU 915, and a communication device 916.

[0067] Hydrogen fuel is supplied to container 901 from a hydrogen distributor (not shown) located in the hydrogen station. Hydrogen tank 902 stores the hydrogen fuel supplied through container 901. Supply valve 903 adjusts the amount of hydrogen supplied from hydrogen tank 902 to FC stack 906 according to control commands from ECU 915.

[0068] Air filter 904 removes dust and other contaminants from the air drawn in from the atmosphere. Compressor 905 compresses the air drawn in through air filter 904 and supplies the compressed air to FC stack 906.

[0069] The FC stack 906 is, for example, a structure comprising multiple solid polymer fuel cell units stacked in series. Each unit is formed, for example, by bonding a catalyst electrode to both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane and sandwiching the catalyst electrode and the electrolyte membrane between conductive spacers (not shown). The FC stack 906 generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen supplied to the anode and oxygen (air) supplied to the cathode.

[0070] The boost converter 907, based on control commands from the ECU 915, boosts the power generated by the FC stack 906 to a high voltage (e.g., several hundred volts) and outputs the boosted power to the power line 908. The power line 908 electrically connects the boost converter 907 to the inverter 913.

[0071] Battery 909 is electrically connected to power line 908. Battery 909 is, for example, a lithium-ion battery or a nickel-metal hydride battery. Battery 909 stores power for driving motor generator 914 and supplies this power to inverter 913. Battery 909 also receives power generated by motor generator 914 during braking of FCEV 20, etc., and is thus charged. In this embodiment, battery 909 can be used as an energy buffer to absorb fluctuations in power supplied from outside FCEV 20.

[0072] A buck converter 910 is electrically connected between power line 908 and auxiliary load 911. The buck converter 910 steps down the power transmitted on power line 908 to a specified voltage and outputs the specified voltage to auxiliary load 911. Auxiliary load 911 corresponds to various devices that consume power supplied from the buck converter 910 to be driven. Auxiliary load 911 may include lights (such as headlights, fog lights, turn signals, and corner lights), audio devices, car navigation systems, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), oil pumps, gauges, defrosters, wipers, etc. Similar to battery 909, auxiliary load 911 can also act as an energy buffer.

[0073] The socket 912 can be connected to the charging connector 32 located at the front end of the charging cable 31 of the EVSE 30. The socket 912 receives power transmitted on the power line 908 and outputs power to the EVSE 30. Thus, it is possible to supply the microgrid MG with power generated by the FCEV 20 (FC stack 906) (external power supply).

[0074] Inverter 913 is electrically connected between power line 908 and motor generator 914. Inverter 913 drives motor generator 914 based on drive signals from ECU 915. Motor generator 914 is, for example, a three-phase AC synchronous motor including a rotor with embedded permanent magnets. Motor generator 914 is driven by inverter 813 to generate rotational driving force. The driving force generated by motor generator 914 is transmitted to drive wheel (not shown).

[0075] The communication device 916 is configured to communicate with the EVSE 30, which is electrically connected to it via the socket 912.

[0076] ECU 915 includes a processor (not shown), memory, and I / O ports. ECU 915 controls the devices constituting FCEV 20 based on programs stored in memory and signals from various sensors. ECU 915 can also be divided into multiple ECUs according to function.

[0077] In this embodiment, ECU 915 collaborates with EMS server 100 and EVSE 30 (EVSE 30's controller 38) to control the external power supply through FCEV 20. ECU 915 executes the external power supply based on demand responses received from EMS server 100 via EVSE 30. Specifically, upon receiving a negative DR (Demand Response), ECU 915 controls boost converter 907 based on the negative wattage DR request signal to calculate the required output power for FC stack 906, and FC stack 906 outputs the calculated power.

[0078] Upon initiation of external power supply, ECU 915 performs information exchange processing with EVSE 30 (controller 38) before starting external power supply. Specifically, EVSE 30, having received the negative wattage DR for FCEV 20 from EMS server 100, sends the negative wattage DR to FCEV 20. ECU 915 of FCEV 20, having received the negative wattage DR, sends information indicating whether it can respond to the negative wattage DR and information about the power that can be supplied by FCS 906 to EVSE 30. ECU 915 also checks whether the relay (not shown) located between power line 908 and socket 912 is fused before external power supply begins.

[0079] In this way, ECU 915 performs information exchange processing and weld diagnostic processing before initiating external power supply. Similar to BEV 10, a predetermined time is required from the execution of negative wattage DR from EMS server 100 to the start of power supply. Furthermore, since FCEV 20 generates electricity through the electrochemical reaction described above, a predetermined time is required before generating the power to be supplied. Therefore, FCEV 20 can respond to a request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request), but cannot respond to a request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request) or a request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the extremely short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0080] When EMS server 100 performs a negative wattage DR, ESS 43 and generator 45 can respond to the request corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request), the request corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request), and the request corresponding to the very short-cycle component L3 (third request). Similar to FCEV 20, FCS 41 can respond to the request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request), but cannot respond to the request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request) and the request for negative wattage DR corresponding to the very short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0081] When EMS server 100 performs a positive wattage DR, FCEV 20, FCS 41, and generator 45 cannot handle demand responses and are therefore excluded from the target of the positive wattage DR. When EMS server 100 performs a positive wattage DR, similar to EVSE 30, ESS 43 can respond to requests corresponding to long-cycle component L1 (first request), requests corresponding to short-cycle component L2 (second request), and requests corresponding to very short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0082] As described above, the power conditioning resources included in the power conditioning resource group 500 differ from each other in the time (responsiveness) required from the execution of demand response (negative watt DR, positive watt DR) from the EMS server 100 to the start of response to the DR. The EMS server 100 takes into account the responsiveness of each power conditioning resource when creating a DR execution plan.

[0083] Specifically, in the negative wattage DR execution plan, EMS server 100 allocates FCEV 20 and FCS 41 as power adjustment resources in response to a signal requesting a response to the long-cycle component L1 (first request signal). EMS server 100 allocates BEV 10 as a power adjustment resource in response to a signal requesting a response to the short-cycle component L2 (second request signal). EMS server 100 allocates EVSE 30, ESS 43, and generator 45 as power adjustment resources in response to a signal requesting a response to the very short-cycle component L3 (third request signal).

[0084] In the positive wattage DR execution plan, EMS server 100 allocates BEV 10, EVSE 30, and / or ESS 43 as power conditioning resources in response to the first request signal. EMS server 100 allocates BEV 10 as a power conditioning resource in response to the second request signal. EMS server 100 allocates EVSE 30 and ESS 43 as power conditioning resources in response to the third request signal.

[0085] In this way, a DR execution plan that reflects the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource can be created. This disclosure is not limited to the above example, and the allocation can be appropriately changed as long as the request signal can be responded to by the power adjustment resource.

[0086] Figure 6 This is a functional block diagram showing the components of the EMS server 100 according to their functions. Figure 6 The power regulation resources in power regulation resource group 500, excluding BEV 10, FCEV 20, and EVSE 30, are not shown. (Reference) Figure 6 The controller 110 of the EMS server 100 includes an information management unit 111, a DR acquisition unit 113, a decomposition unit 115, a plan creation unit 117, and an output unit 119. For example, the controller 110 functions as the information management unit 111, DR acquisition unit 113, decomposition unit 115, plan creation unit 117, and output unit 119 by executing programs stored in the memory 120. The information management unit 111, DR acquisition unit 113, decomposition unit 115, plan creation unit 117, and output unit 119 can be implemented, for example, using dedicated hardware (electronic circuitry).

[0087] Information management unit 111 is configured to manage information (hereinafter also referred to as "resource information") about each power adjustment resource registered to EMS server 100. Resource information includes, for example, specification information and information about the remaining energy of each power adjustment resource. The specification information for BEV 10 includes, for example, the capacity of battery 809, the amount of electricity that can be charged and discharged, etc. Information about the remaining energy of BEV 10 includes, for example, the SOC of battery 809. The specification information for FCEV 20 includes, for example, the capacity of hydrogen tank, the amount of electricity that can be supplied, etc. Information about the remaining energy of FCEV 20 includes, for example, the remaining amount of hydrogen in the hydrogen tank. The specification information for EVSE 30 includes, for example, the capacity of battery 35, the amount of electricity that can be charged and discharged, etc. Information about the remaining energy of EVSE 30 includes, for example, the SOC of battery 35. The specification information for FCS 41 includes, for example, the capacity of hydrogen tank, the amount of electricity that can be supplied, etc. Information about the remaining energy of FCS 41 includes, for example, the remaining amount of hydrogen in the hydrogen tank. The specifications of ESS 43 include, for example, battery capacity, and the amount of electricity that can be charged and discharged. Information regarding the remaining energy of ESS 43 includes, for example, the battery's SOC. The specifications of generator 45 include, for example, the amount of electricity that can be supplied. Identification information (ID) is assigned to each power regulation resource, and the specifications and information regarding the remaining energy are associated with the identification information and stored in memory 120. For each defined cycle, information management unit 111 obtains information regarding the remaining energy of each power regulation resource via communication device 130 and stores it in memory 120.

[0088] The DR acquisition unit 113 obtains a DR request from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200 via the communication device 130. The DR acquisition unit 113 determines whether the obtained DR request is a negative watt DR or a positive watt DR. The DR acquisition unit 113 outputs the obtained DR request to the decomposition unit 115.

[0089] Decomposition unit 115 decomposes the DR request into long-period components, short-period components, and extremely short-period components. Decomposition unit 115 outputs information including a first request corresponding to the long-period component, a second request corresponding to the short-period component, and a third request corresponding to the extremely short-period component to the plan creation unit 117.

[0090] The plan creation unit 117 creates a DR execution plan. The plan creation unit 117 then outputs the created DR execution plan to the output unit 119.

[0091] Specifically, when creating a negative wattage (DR) execution plan, the plan creation unit 117 allocates FCEV 20 and FCS 41 as power adjustment resources in response to a first request signal. The plan creation unit 117 may preferentially allocate FCEV 20 and FCS 41 as power adjustment resources in response to the first request signal from among BEV 10, FCEV 20, EVSE 30, FCS 41, ESS 43, and generator 45. When the allocation of FCEV 20 and FCS 41 alone is insufficient to provide sufficient power adjustment resources in response to the first request signal, at least any one of BEV 10, EVSE 30, ESS 43, and generator 45 may be allocated as a power adjustment resource in response to the first request signal. The plan creation unit 117 allocates BEV 10 as a power adjustment resource in response to a second request signal. The plan creation unit 117 may preferentially allocate BEV 10 as a power adjustment resource in response to the second request signal from among BEV 10, EVSE 30, ESS 43, and generator 45. When the allocation of BEV 10 alone is insufficient to provide power adjustment resources in response to the second request signal, at least one of EVSE 30, ESS 43, and generator 45 may be allocated as power adjustment resources in response to the second request signal. The planning creation unit 117 allocates EVSE 30, ESS 43, and generator 45 as power adjustment resources in response to the third request signal.

[0092] When creating a positive wattage DR execution plan, the plan creation unit 117 allocates BEV 10, EVSE 30, and / or ESS 43 as power adjustment resources in response to a first request signal. The plan creation unit 117 allocates BEV 10 as a power adjustment resource in response to a second request signal. The plan creation unit 117 may preferentially allocate BEV 10 among BEV 10, EVSE 30, and ESS 43 as a power adjustment resource in response to the second request signal. When the allocation of BEV 10 alone is insufficient to provide sufficient power adjustment resources in response to the second request signal, at least one of EVSE 30 and ESS 43 may be allocated as a power adjustment resource in response to the second request signal. The plan creation unit 117 allocates EVSE 30 and ESS 43 as power adjustment resources in response to a third request signal.

[0093] The output unit 119 outputs request signals (first request signal to third request signal) to the power adjustment resources according to the execution plan.

[0094] <Processing performed by the EMS server>

[0095] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating the process performed by the EMS server 100 upon receiving a supply and demand request. For each defined control cycle, the controller 110 of the EMS server 100 repeatedly executes... Figure 7 The process shown in the flowchart is as follows. Although it will be given Figure 7 The flowchart shown describes the implementation of each step (hereinafter referred to as "S") by the software processing of the controller 110, but some or all of the steps may be performed by hardware (electronic circuitry) formed in the controller 110.

[0096] At S1, controller 110 determines whether it has received a supply and demand request from the power transmission and distribution operator server 200. If no supply and demand request has been received (No at S1), controller 110 moves the process back. If a supply and demand request has been received (Yes at S1), controller 110 moves the process to S3.

[0097] At S3, controller 110 determines whether the DR request is for a request to reduce or increase the power demand.

[0098] At S5, controller 110 then decomposes the DR request. Controller 110 decomposes the DR into long-period components, short-period components, and very short-period components, and generates first to third requests.

[0099] At S7, controller 110 creates a DR execution plan. When it is determined at S3 that the DR request is for a reduction in power demand, controller 110 creates a negative watt DR execution plan. When it is determined at S3 that the DR request is for an increase in power demand, controller 110 creates a positive watt DR execution plan. In creating the execution plan, controller 110 considers the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource and allocates the power adjustment resources to the first through third requests.

[0100] At S9, controller 110 outputs request signals (first request signal to third request signal) to power adjustment resources according to the execution plan created at S7.

[0101] As described above, according to this embodiment, the EMS server 100 decomposes the DR request into long-cycle components, short-cycle components, and very short-cycle components, and generates first to third requests. The EMS server 100 then allocates the power adjustment resources to the first to third requests, considering the responsiveness of each power adjustment resource. For example, BEV 10 can respond to the first request corresponding to the long-cycle component and the second request corresponding to the short-cycle component. FCEV 20 can respond to the first request corresponding to the long-cycle component. EVSE 30 can respond to the first request corresponding to the long-cycle component, the second request corresponding to the short-cycle component, and the third request corresponding to the very short-cycle component. The EMS server 100 creates an execution plan that makes a responsive request for each power resource.

[0102] In this manner, a DR (Distribution Control) implementation plan is created by considering the responsiveness of each of the multiple power regulation resources (specifically, BEV 10, FCEV 20, and EVSE 30), which can be utilized as power regulation resources for DR. This further stabilizes the supply and demand of the power grid's power generation (PG).

[0103] [Variation Example]

[0104] This embodiment has described an example of an electric system 1 including an FCEV 20 configured to perform external power supply. The FCEV can be configured to use power supplied from outside the vehicle in addition to the external power supply to perform external charging of the charging battery 35. When external charging of the FCEV is permitted, the FCEV can be utilized as a power regulation resource in a positive wattage DR.

[0105] When external charging begins, the FCEV, which is capable of external charging, performs information exchange processing with EVSE 30 (controller 38) before starting charging for the battery installed on the FCEV. In addition, the FCEV checks whether the relay (not shown) is fused before starting external charging.

[0106] Specifically, the FCEV performs information exchange processing and weld diagnostic processing before the external power supply begins. Therefore, a predetermined time is required from the execution of positive wattage DR by the EMS server 100 to the start of charging. Thus, similar to the BEV 10, the FCEV can respond to requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the long-cycle component L1 (first request) and requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the short-cycle component L2 (second request), but cannot respond to requests for positive wattage DR corresponding to the very short-cycle component L3 (third request).

[0107] By considering the aforementioned responsive use of externally charged FCEVs as a power adjustment resource for DR, the supply and demand of PG in the power grid can be further stabilized.

[0108] Although this disclosure has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that this disclosure is by way of illustration and example only and should not be construed as limiting, and the scope of this disclosure is interpreted by the terms of the appended claims.< / fcev> < / bev> < / evse>

Claims

1. A power system comprising: a plurality of power adjustment resources electrically connectable to a power grid; and a power management device that, in response to a supply-demand request from the power grid, performs a demand response that requests an adjustment of a power supply-demand of the power grid, wherein the power management device decomposes the supply-demand request into a first request signal and a second request signal having a frequency higher than the first request signal, the power management device allocates, in accordance with a responsiveness of each of the plurality of power adjustment resources to the demand response, a power adjustment resource that responds to the first request signal and the second request signal, the plurality of power adjustment resources include a pure electric vehicle, a fuel cell electric vehicle, and a charging facility, the pure electric vehicle and the fuel cell electric vehicle are electrically connected to the power grid via the charging facility, the pure electric vehicle includes a first battery and is configured to supply and receive power to and from the power grid by charging and discharging of the first battery, the fuel cell electric vehicle includes a hydrogen power generation system and is configured to supply power to the power grid by power generation by the hydrogen power generation system, the charging facility includes a second battery and is configured to supply and receive power to and from the power grid by charging and discharging of the second battery, the power management device decomposes a fluctuation of a power demand of the power grid into the first request signal, the second request signal, and a third request signal having a frequency higher than the second request signal, and when the supply-demand request is for requesting a reduction of the power demand, the power management device allocates the fuel cell electric vehicle as the power adjustment resource that responds to the first request signal, allocates the pure electric vehicle as the power adjustment resource that responds to the second request signal, and allocates the charging facility as the power adjustment resource that responds to the third request signal.

2. The power system according to claim 1, wherein the fuel cell electric vehicle further includes a third battery and is configured to receive power from the power grid by charging of the third battery, and when the supply-demand request is for requesting an increase of the power demand, the power management device allocates the pure electric vehicle and the fuel cell electric vehicle as the power adjustment resources that respond to the first request signal and the second request signal, and allocates the charging facility as the power adjustment resource that responds to the third request signal. ​

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