Display devices and articles having color-matched display and non-display regions

Abstract

A display device, comprising: a glass substrate including a refractive index (n 基板 ); a display device structure coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and a black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate and including a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate. The viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component. Additionally, the at least one gloss layer includes a refractive index (n 光泽 ) such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.1.

Description

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 947,086, filed on Dec. 12, 2019, the content of which is the basis of this application and is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to display devices and articles having color - matched display and non - display regions, particularly automotive interior displays having color - matched display regions and surrounding black masking regions. Background Art

[0004] Vehicle manufacturers are developing and producing automotive interiors that safely inform passengers and drivers with improved connectivity. Many of these interior designs offer new aesthetics to attract consumers. Additionally, some of these interiors provide one or more large displays with touch functionality.

[0005] The current trend in automotive interior displays is to provide stylish glass or glass - like substrates with optical and touch functionality. Many of these displays include anti - reflection (AR), anti - fingerprint, and / or haptic coatings and features. Some of these displays include display panels or devices having multi - layer stacks or films that are laminated to a glass substrate using optically clear resin (OCR). Additionally, these displays typically include a black masking (BM) region surrounding the display panel or device. When the display is off, these displays are typically visible to drivers and passengers, which is not a desirable aesthetic feature for many drivers and passengers. The non - display region surrounding the display region of the display (which, for example, has a BM region) may result in a visible color mismatch between the display region and the non - display region of the device.

[0006] Accordingly, there is a need for display devices and articles having color - matched display and non - display regions, particularly for use in automotive interior displays. Summary of the Invention

[0007] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a display device including: a glass substrate including a refractive index (n 基板);A display device structure, including a light source and multiple films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and a black masking structure, surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate. The black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate. The viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component (SCI); and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component (SCE). Additionally, the at least one gloss layer includes a refractive index (n 光泽 ) such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.1.

[0008] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a display device is provided, the display device including: a glass substrate, including a refractive index (n 基板 );A display device structure, including a light source and multiple films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and a black masking structure, surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate. The black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate. The viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component. Additionally, the black masking area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including the specular included component (SCI); and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular excluded component (SCE).

[0009] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a display device is provided, the display device comprising: a glass substrate including a refractive index (n 基板 ); a display device structure including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and a black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a black masking area. The black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate. The viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including a specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component. Additionally, the black masking area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including a specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component. Further, the at least one gloss layer includes a refractive index (n 光泽 ) such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.1.

[0010] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the following detailed description, and some of the features and advantages will be readily understood by those skilled in the art from the description, or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, which include the following detailed description, claims, and drawings.

[0011] It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the claims.

[0012] Drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and the drawings are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and, together with the description, are used to explain the principles and operations of the present disclosure by way of example. It is to be understood that the various features of the disclosure disclosed in the specification and the drawings may be used in any and all combinations. By way of non-limiting example, the various features of the present disclosure may be combined with each other according to the following embodiments. Description of the Drawings

[0013] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be better understood when reading the following detailed description of the present disclosure with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0014] Figure 1A is a side view of a display device according to one or more embodiments;

[0015] Figure 1B is a side view of a display device according to one or more embodiments;

[0016] Figure 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the luminance (L*) excluding the specular component and the luminance (L*) including the specular component of various conventional black masking structures and a black masking structure according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0017] Figure 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the refractive index and the wavelength (nm) of a protective glass and two gloss layers according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0018] Figure 4 is according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure using Figure 3 the experimental and simulated luminance (SCI-L* and SCE-L*) of the black masking structure of the protective glass and gloss layer depicted in and the relationship graph of the refractive index of the same gloss layer and protective glass;

[0019] Figure 5A is a contour plot of the simulated luminance (SCI-L*) of a black masking structure using two gloss layers, a black matrix, and a protective glass with varying refractive indices according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0020] Figure 5B is Figure 5A a three-dimensional surface plot of the simulated luminance (SCI-L*) of the black masking structure depicted in. Detailed Description

[0021] In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, example embodiments are set forth that disclose specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various principles of the present disclosure. However, those of ordinary skill in the art who have benefited from the present disclosure will understand that the present disclosure may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from the specific details disclosed herein. And descriptions of well-known devices, methods, and materials may be omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various principles of the present disclosure. Finally, where applicable, like reference numerals refer to like elements.

[0022] In this document, ranges may be expressed as from “about” a particular value and / or to “about” another particular value. As used herein, the term “about” means that the quantity, size, formulation, parameter, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and / or larger or smaller as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding, measurement error, and the like, and other factors well known to those skilled in the art. When the term “about” is used in connection with a value or the endpoint of a range, the present disclosure is to be understood as encompassing the recited particular value or endpoint. Whether or not the numerical value or range endpoint in the specification recites “about,” the numerical value or range endpoint should be construed to include both embodiments: one with “about” and one without “about.” It will be further understood that each endpoint of a range is significant as compared to the other endpoint and is significant independently of the other endpoint.

[0023] As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “substantially,” and variations thereof are intended to describe that the feature is equal to or nearly equal to a value or description. For example, a “substantially flat” surface is intended to indicate a flat or nearly flat surface. Also, “substantially” is intended to indicate that two values are equal or nearly equal. In some embodiments, “substantially” may indicate values within about 10% of each other, such as within about 5% of each other, or within about 2% of each other.

[0024] As used herein, directional terms (e.g., up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom) are made only with reference to the drawings as depicted and are not intended to imply absolute orientation.

[0025] Unless otherwise expressly stated, no method recited herein is to be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a particular order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or where it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claim or the specification that the steps are limited to a particular order, no inference of order should be made in any respect. This is the case for any possible non - explicit basis for interpretation, including: logical matters regarding the arrangement of steps of an operational process; general sense derived from the grammatical organization or punctuation; the number or type of embodiments described in the specification.

[0026] As used herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural referents. Thus, for example, reference to “a component” includes embodiments having two or more such components unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0027] As used herein, the term "disposed" includes coating, depositing, and / or forming a material onto a surface. The material so disposed may constitute a layer as defined herein. The statement "disposed on" includes cases where a material is formed onto a surface such that the material is in direct contact with the surface; and also includes cases where a material is formed on a surface with one or more intervening materials between the disposed material and the surface. The intervening materials may constitute a layer as defined herein.

[0028] As used herein, "photopic average reflectance" and "reflectance" are interchangeable terms. Photopic average reflectance mimics the response of the human eye by weighting the reflectance relative to the wavelength spectrum according to the sensitivity of the human eye. According to known conventions (e.g., CIE color space conventions), photopic average reflectance may also be defined as the luminance of the reflected light, or the tristimulus Y value. One of ordinary skill in the art of the present disclosure can obtain or otherwise measure "photopic average transmittance" based on these sampling principles for obtaining the average photopic reflectance. Photopic average reflectance is defined in Equation (1) as multiplying the spectral reflectance (R(λ)) by the light source spectrum (I(λ)) and the color matching function of the CIE in relation to the spectral response of the eye

[0029]

[0030] As used herein, "L* luminance" is reported according to the CIE (L*, a*, b*) colorimetric system. Additionally, "SCI" or "SCI-L*" are interchangeable in this disclosure and refer to the color and luminance values when the specular component of the reflected light is included in the measurement together with the non-specular or scattered component of the incident light. "SCE" and "SCE-L*" are also interchangeable terms in this disclosure and refer to the aforementioned color and luminance values, but with the specular component subtracted or otherwise removed. Thus, the values considering the exclusion of the specular component (SCE) are used to quantify only the color and luminance of the scattered light.

[0031] Unless otherwise indicated, all refractive index values reported in this disclosure are measured with a Konica-Minolta CM700d spectrocolorimeter at a wavelength of 550 nm.

[0032] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to display devices and articles having color-matched display and non-display regions. These articles and display devices can be employed in a variety of applications, including automotive interiors. Exemplary articles and display devices include: a glass substrate; a display device structure including a light source and a plurality of films (such as an organic light emitting diode device); and a black masking structure surrounding the display device structure (such as a bezel). Both the display device structure and the black masking structure are coupled to the glass substrate. Additionally, the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate. Further, the black masking structure is configured (such as by selecting the at least one gloss layer) in view of the display device structure to obtain color-matched display regions and surrounding black masking regions.

[0033] Relative to conventional devices and related techniques, the articles and display devices of the present disclosure offer several advantages. Primarily, these devices can be employed in a display to achieve color matching between the display region and the surrounding black masking region when the display associated with the device is turned off. Other methods that attempt to match the color of the display region by only adjusting the perceived color of the black matrix material in the black masking region (such as adjusting to a gray tone) typically introduce more light scattering. Thus, conventional methods result in a less than optimal color match between the display region and the non-display region of the device.

[0034] Additionally, because the display devices and articles of the present disclosure achieve color matching by using optical layers (such as at least one gloss layer) independently of the ink-containing black matrix layer, they can achieve color matching effects that can be applied to device configurations employing black matrix structures that use inks having different optical properties. Thus, the articles and display devices are advantageous in that they can be employed with a wide array of black matrix structures commonly used in the art.

[0035] Another advantage of these articles and display devices of the present disclosure is that they can be processed and manufactured using conventional processes for display devices or processes with minor modifications. Many conventional display devices use black ink for the black matrix structure and inkjet processing techniques for depositing these layers. The gloss layers employed in the articles and display devices of the present disclosure can also be manufactured by an inkjet process. Additionally, the gloss layers of the articles and display devices of the present disclosure are configured to adhere to other layers (including but not limited to the black matrix layer) of the non-display portions of these articles.

[0036] Referring to Figure 1A , a display device 100a is depicted in accordance with one or more embodiments. Figure 1AThe display device 100a depicted therein includes: a glass substrate 10, a display device structure 50, and a black masking structure 40a. The substrate 10 is further defined by a refractive index (n 基板 ). In an embodiment, the refractive index (n 基板 ) of the substrate 10 is from 1.4 to 1.6, from 1.45 to 1.55, and all refractive index values between these values. Additionally, the substrate 10 is coupled to each of the black masking structure 40a and the display device structure 50 to jointly define a black masking region 110a and a viewing region 120, respectively. According to some embodiments, the substrate 10 may also include one or more anti-reflection (AR) films 5, as shown in Figure 1A . The AR film 5 includes one or more materials adapted to exhibit AR characteristics of an average photopic light reflectance of about 9% or less in the optical wavelength range, such as an anti-reflection coating disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 0336538, published on November 23, 2017, a significant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0037] As shown in Figure 1A , the display device structure 50 of the display device 100a is shown in an exemplary form as a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, including a light source 55 and a plurality of films. As shown in Figure 1A , the plurality of films includes an optically clear resin (OCR) layer 51 disposed above a patterned transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film 53, wherein the OCR layer 51 and the TCO film 53 are disposed on a touch screen glass substrate 52. The following layers are sequentially located below the glass substrate 52 and in contact with the glass substrate: the OCR layer 51, a polarizing film 57, a color filter 54, the light source 55, the polarizing film 57, and a backlight unit (BLU) layer 56. According to other embodiments of the display device 100a, the display device structure 50 also includes a light source 55 and a plurality of films that are jointly configured as one of various conventional electronic display devices, including but not limited to an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device, a liquid crystal (LCD) device, an LED backlight LCD device, a thin film transistor (TFT) LCD device, a plasma display device, a quantum dot display, and an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) device.

[0038] Referring again to Figure 1A , the black masking structure 40a of the display device 100a includes a black ink layer 30 and at least one gloss layer 20, and the gloss layer 20 (or gloss layers 20) is disposed between the black ink layer 30 and the glass substrate 10. The gloss layer 20 may be further defined by a refractive index (n 光泽 ). In an embodiment, the refractive index (n 光泽)Range from 1.5 to 1.9, from 1.6 to 1.9, from 1.65 to 1.85, and all refractive index values between these values. In some embodiments of the display device 100a, the refractive indices of the gloss layer 20 and the glass substrate 10 are such that n 光泽 and n 基板 The absolute value of the difference between them is greater than 0.1, greater than 0.15, greater than 0.2, and all absolute values between or greater than these differences (i.e., │n 光泽 - n 基板 │> 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, etc.).

[0039] Referring again to Figure 1A , the viewing area 120 of the display device 100a can be characterized by the following: (a) a reflectance of 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum, and (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that for including the specular component (SCI), 5 < L* < 17, and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that for excluding the specular component (SCE), 0 < L* < 3. According to some embodiments, as measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum, the viewing area 120 is characterized by reflectances from 0.1% to 3%, from 0.5% to 2.5%, from 0.5% to 2.0%, and all reflectance levels between these levels. According to an embodiment, the viewing area 120 is characterized by a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that for including the specular component (SCI), 3 < L* < 20, 5 < L* < 17, or 5 < L* < 15. According to some embodiments, the viewing area 120 is characterized by a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that for excluding the specular component (SCE), 0 < L* < 5, 0 < L* < 4, or 0 < L* < 3.

[0040] Still referring to Figure 1A, the black masking region 110a of the display device 100a can be characterized by the following: (a) a reflectance from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum, and (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including the specular component (SCI), and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component (SCE). According to some embodiments, as measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum, the black masking region 110a is characterized by reflectances from 0.1% to 3%, from 0.5% to 2.5%, from 0.5% to 2.0%, and all reflectance levels between these levels. According to an embodiment, the black masking region 110a is characterized by a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20, 5 < L* < 20, or 5 < L* < 15 for including the specular component (SCI). In some embodiments, the black masking structure 40a can be characterized by a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that L* > 8 or more preferably L* > 12 for including the specular component (SCI). According to some embodiments, the viewing region 120 is characterized by a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 5, 0 < L* < 3, or 1 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component (SCE).

[0041] Referring again to the display device 100a shown in FIG. 1, according to some embodiments, one or more gloss layers 20 can be characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that -1 < a*, b* < +1 for excluding the specular component (SCE). Additionally, one or more gloss layers 20 can be characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that -1 < a* < +1 and -1.5 < b* < +1 and all values of a* and b* between these values. In some embodiments, the at least one gloss layer 20 (or layers 20) can be characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that -1 < Δa*, Δb* < 2 for excluding the specular component (SCE), and Δa*, Δb* is the difference in color (a*, b*) between the at least one gloss layer 20 and the black ink layer 30.

[0042] Now referring to Figure 1B , a display device 100b according to one or more embodiments is depicted. Unless otherwise indicated, the display device 100b is substantially similar to the display device 100a shown in Figure 1A and elements with like numbers have the same or substantially similar structure and function. Figure 1BThe display device 100b depicted therein includes: a glass substrate 10, a display device structure 50, and a black masking structure 40b. Additionally, the substrate 10 is coupled to each of the black masking structure 40a and the display device structure 50 to jointly define a black masking region 110b and a viewing region 120, respectively. Thus, Figure 1B the display device 100b shown therein includes the black masking structure 40b and the black masking region 110b, while Figure 1A the display device 100a shown therein employs the black masking structure 40a and the black masking region 110a. It is noted that the black masking structure 40b of the display device 100b includes a black ink layer 30 and a pair of gloss layers (a first gloss layer 20a and a second gloss layer 20b, both disposed between the black ink layer 30 and the glass substrate 10). Generally speaking, Figure 1B the pair of gloss layers 20a, 20b of the display device 100b shown therein has the same or substantially the same configuration and structure as Figure 1A the at least one gloss layer 20 employed in the display device 100a shown therein. According to an embodiment, the first gloss layer 20a and the second gloss layer 20b of the display device 100b have different refractive index values. In other embodiments, the gloss layers 20a and 20b have the same or substantially the same refractive index values.

[0043] substrate

[0044] Figure 1A and 1B the substrate 10 of the display devices 100a, 100b depicted therein may include a translucent substrate material, such as an inorganic oxide material. Additionally, the substrate 10 may include an amorphous substrate, a crystalline substrate, or a combination of the foregoing. In one or more embodiments, the substrate exhibits a refractive index in the range from about 1.45 to about 1.55 (e.g., 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, and all refractive indices therebetween).

[0045] A suitable substrate 10 can exhibit an elastic modulus (or Young's modulus) in the range from about 30 GPa to about 120 GPa. In some cases, the elastic modulus of the substrate can be in the range from about 30 GPa to about 110 GPa, from about 30 GPa to about 100 GPa, from about 30 GPa to about 90 GPa, from about 30 GPa to about 80 GPa, from about 30 GPa to about 70 GPa, from about 40 GPa to about 120 GPa, from about 50 GPa to about 120 GPa, from about 60 GPa to about 120 GPa, from about 70 GPa to about 120 GPa, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. The Young's modulus value of the substrate itself as described in this disclosure refers to the value measured by the general type of resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy technique set forth in ASTM E2001-13, entitled "Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts".

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the amorphous substrate can include glass, which can be strengthened or unstrengthened. Examples of suitable glasses include soda-lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali borosilicate glass containing alkali, and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. In some variations, the glass can be free of lithium oxide. In one or more alternative embodiments, the substrate 10 can include a crystalline substrate, such as a glass-ceramic (or ceramic) substrate (which can be strengthened or unstrengthened), or can include a single crystal structure, such as sapphire. In one or more specific embodiments, the substrate 10 includes an amorphous substrate (such as glass) or a crystalline cladding (such as a sapphire layer, a polycrystalline alumina layer, and / or a spinel (MgAl2O4) layer).

[0047] The substrate 10 can be substantially flat or sheet-like, although other embodiments can utilize substrates that are curved or otherwise shaped or sculpted. The substrate 10 can be substantially optically colorless, transparent, and free of light scattering. In such embodiments, the substrate can exhibit an average light transmittance of about 85% or greater, about 86% or greater, about 87% or greater, about 88% or greater, about 89% or greater, about 90% or greater, about 91% or greater, or about 92% or greater in the optical wavelength range. In one or more alternative embodiments, the substrate 10 can be opaque or exhibit an average light transmittance of less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, or less than about 0% in the optical wavelength range. In some embodiments, these light reflectance and transmittance values can be total reflectance or total transmittance (taking into account the reflectance or transmittance on the two major surfaces of the substrate), or can be observed on a single side of the substrate (i.e., on the outer surface of the AR film 5, if present, and without considering the opposite surface). Unless otherwise specified, the average reflectance or transmittance is measured at an incident illumination angle of 0 degrees (however, such measurements can be provided at an incident illumination angle of 45 degrees or 60 degrees). The substrate 10 can optionally exhibit color, such as white, black, red, blue, green, yellow, orange, and so on.

[0048] Additionally or alternatively, for aesthetic and / or functional reasons, the physical thickness of the substrate 10 can vary along one or more of its dimensions. For example, the edges of the substrate 10 can be thicker compared to more central regions of the substrate 10. The length, width, and physical thickness dimensions of the substrate 10 can also vary according to Figure 1A and 1B the application or use of the display devices 100a, 100b depicted in

[0049] A variety of different processes can be used to provide the substrate 10. For example, if the substrate 10 includes an amorphous substrate (such as glass), various forming methods can include the float glass process, the rolling process, the up-draw process, and the down-draw process, such as fusion drawing and slot drawing.

[0050] Once formed, the substrate 10 can be strengthened to form a strengthened substrate. As used herein, the term "strengthened substrate" can refer to a substrate that has been chemically strengthened, such as by ion-exchanging larger ions with smaller ions in the surface of the substrate. However, other strengthening methods well known in the art (such as thermal tempering, or using a mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion between parts of the substrate to create compressive stress and central tension regions) can also be utilized to form a strengthened substrate.

[0051] If the substrate is chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process, the ions in the surface layer of the substrate are replaced or exchanged with larger ions having the same valence state or oxidation state. The ion exchange process is generally achieved by the following steps: immersing the substrate in a molten salt bath that contains the larger ions to be exchanged with the smaller ions in the substrate. Those skilled in the art will understand that the parameters of the ion exchange process (including but not limited to bath composition and temperature, immersion time, the number of times the substrate is immersed in one or more salt baths, the use of multiple salt baths, additional steps (such as annealing, washing, etc.)) are generally determined by the composition of the substrate and the desired compressive stress (CS) in the substrate generated by the strengthening operation, the depth (or layer depth) of the compressive stress (CS) layer. By way of example, the ion exchange of an alkali metal-containing glass substrate can be achieved by the following steps: immersing in at least one molten bath containing a salt such as, but not limited to, nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of larger alkali metal ions. The temperature of the molten salt bath is generally in the range from about 380 °C to about 450 °C, while the immersion time ranges from about 15 minutes to about 40 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above can also be used.

[0052] In addition, non-limiting examples of ion exchange processes in which a glass substrate is immersed in multiple ion exchange baths and washing and / or annealing steps are performed between immersions are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,561,729, titled “Glass with Compressive Surface for Consumer Applications,” issued on October 22, 2013, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 079,995, filed on July 11, 2008, wherein the glass substrate is strengthened by immersing in salt baths of different concentrations in multiple successive ion exchange treatments; and U.S. Patent 8,312,739, titled “Dual Stage Ion Exchange for Chemical Strengthening of Glass,” issued on November 20, 2012, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 084,398, filed on July 29, 2008, wherein the glass substrate is strengthened by the following steps: performing ion exchange in a first bath diluted with outflux ions and then immersing in a second bath having a lower concentration of outflux ions compared to the first bath. The entire contents of U.S. Patents Nos. 8,561,729 and 8,312,739 are incorporated herein by reference.

[0053] The degree of chemical strengthening achieved by ion exchange can be quantified based on parameters of central tension (CT), peak CS, depth of the compression line (DOC, which is a point along the thickness at which compression changes to tension), and depth of the ion layer (DOL). Peak CS (which is the maximum compressive stress observed) can be measured at various depths near the surface of substrate 10 or within the strengthened glass. The peak CS value can include the CS measured at the surface of the strengthened substrate (CS s)。In other embodiments, the peak CS is measured below the surface of the strengthened substrate. Compressive stress (including surface CS) is measured by a surface stress meter (FSM) using a commercially available instrument such as the FSM-6000 (manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan)). Surface stress measurement relies on the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. The SOC, in turn, is measured according to Procedure C (glass disk method) described in ASTM C770-16, titled “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient,” the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, DOC means the depth at which the stress in the chemically strengthened alkali aluminosilicate glass article described herein changes from compressive to tensile. Depending on the ion exchange treatment, the DOC can be measured by an FSM or a scattered light polariscope (SCALP). If the stress in the glass article is generated by exchanging potassium ions into the glass article, the FSM is used to measure the DOC. If the stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass article, the SCALP is used to measure the DOC. If the stress in the glass article is generated by exchanging both potassium and sodium ions into the glass, the DOC is measured by the SCALP because it is believed that the exchange depth of sodium indicates the DOC while the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates the change in the compressive stress value (but not the change in stress from compressive to tensile); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass articles is measured by the FSM. The maximum CT value is measured using a scattered light polariscope (SCALP) technique well known in the art. The complete stress distribution can be measured (plotted, visually depicted, or otherwise mapped) using the refraction near field (RNF) method or the SCALP. When using the RNF method to measure the stress distribution, the maximum CT value provided by the SCALP is utilized in the RNF method. Specifically, the stress distribution measured by the RNF is force balanced and calibrated to the maximum CT value provided by the SCALP measurement. The RNF method is described in U.S. Patent No. 8,854,623, issued on October 7, 2014, and titled “Systems and Methods for Measuring a Profile Characteristic of a Glass Sample,” the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.Specifically, the RNF method includes the following steps: placing a glass article near a reference block; generating a polarization-switching light beam that switches between orthogonal polarizations at a rate between 1 Hz and 50 Hz; measuring the amount of power in the polarization-switching light beam; and generating a polarization-switching reference signal, wherein the amount of power measured in each of the orthogonal polarizations is within 50% of each other. The method further includes the steps of transmitting the polarization-switching light beam through the glass specimen and the reference block for different depths of entry into the glass specimen, and then using a relay optical system to transfer the transmitted polarization-switching light beam to a signal light detector, wherein the signal light detector generates a polarization-switching detection signal. The method also includes the steps of dividing the detection signal by the reference signal to form a normalized detection signal, and determining the distribution characteristics of the glass specimen based on the normalized detection signal.

[0054] In some embodiments, the strengthened substrate 10 may have a peak CS of 250 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, 400 MPa or greater, 450 MPa or greater, 500 MPa or greater, 550 MPa or greater, 600 MPa or greater, 650 MPa or greater, 700 MPa or greater, 750 MPa or greater, or 800 MPa or greater. The strengthened substrate may have a DOC of 10 μm or greater, 15 μm or greater, 20 μm or greater (e.g., 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, 50 μm, or greater) and / or a CT of 10 MPa or greater, 20 MPa or greater, 30 MPa or greater, 40 MPa or greater (e.g., 42 MPa, 45 MPa, or 50 MPa, or greater) but less than 100 MPa (e.g., 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 MPa or less). In one or more specific embodiments, the strengthened substrate has one or more of the following: a peak CS greater than 500 MPa, a DOC greater than 15 μm, and a CT greater than 18 MPa.

[0055] Exemplary glasses that can be used in the substrate can include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition or an alkali aluminoborosilicate glass composition, although other glass compositions are also contemplated. Such glass compositions can be chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process. An exemplary glass composition includes SiO2, B2O3, and Na2O, where (SiO2 + B2O3) ≥ 66 mole percent and Na2O ≥ 9 mole percent. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes about 6 weight percent alumina or more. In some embodiments, the substrate includes a glass composition having one or more alkaline earth metal oxides such that the content of the alkaline earth metal oxides is about 5 weight percent or greater. In some embodiments, the suitable glass composition further includes at least one of K2O, MgO, or CaO. In some embodiments, the glass composition used in the substrate can include 61 - 75 mole percent SiO2; 7 - 15 mole percent Al2O3; 0 - 12 mole percent B2O3; 9 - 21 mole percent Na2O; 0 - 4 mole percent K2O; 0 - 7 mole percent MgO; and 0 - 3 mole percent CaO.

[0056] Another exemplary glass composition suitable for the substrate includes: 60 - 70 mole percent SiO2; 6 - 14 mole percent Al2O3; 0 - 15 mole percent B2O3; 0 - 15 mole percent Li2O; 0 - 20 mole percent Na2O; 0 - 10 mole percent K2O; 0 - 8 mole percent MgO; 0 - 10 mole percent CaO; 0 - 5 mole percent ZrO2; 0 - 1 mole percent SnO2; 0 - 1 mole percent CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 12 mole percent ≤ (Li2O + Na2O + K2O) ≤ 20 mole percent and 0 mole percent ≤ (MgO + CaO) ≤ 10 mole percent.

[0057] Yet another exemplary glass composition suitable for the substrate includes: 63.5 - 66.5 mole percent SiO2; 8 - 12 mole percent Al2O3; 0 - 3 mole percent B2O3; 0 - 5 mole percent Li2O; 8 - 18 mole percent Na2O; 0 - 5 mole percent K2O; 1 - 7 mole percent MgO; 0 - 2.5 mole percent CaO; 0 - 3 mole percent ZrO2; 0.05 - 0.25 mole percent SnO2; 0.05 - 0.5 mole percent CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 14 mole percent ≤ (Li2O + Na2O + K2O) ≤ 18 mole percent and 2 mole percent ≤ (MgO + CaO) ≤ 7 mole percent.

[0058] In some embodiments, the alkali aluminosilicate glass composition suitable for the substrate 10 includes alumina, at least one alkali metal, and in some embodiments includes more than 50 mole percent of SiO2, in other embodiments includes 58 mole percent of SiO2 or more, and in still other embodiments includes 60 mole percent of SiO2 or more, wherein the ratio (Al2O3 + B2O3) / Σ modifiers (i.e., the sum of the modifiers) is greater than 1, wherein the ratio of the components is expressed in mole percent and the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. In certain embodiments, such a glass composition includes: 58 - 72 mole percent of SiO2; 9 - 17 mole percent of Al2O3; 2 - 12 mole percent of B2O3; 8 - 16 mole percent of Na2O; and 0 - 4 mole percent of K2O, wherein the ratio (Al2O3 + B2O3) / Σ modifiers (i.e., the sum of the modifiers) is greater than 1.

[0059] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition that includes: 64 - 68 mole percent of SiO2; 12 - 16 mole percent of Na2O; 8 - 12 mole percent of Al2O3; 0 - 3 mole percent of B2O3; 2 - 5 mole percent of K2O; 4 - 6 mole percent of MgO; and 0 - 5 mole percent of CaO, wherein: 66 mole percent ≤ SiO2 + B2O3 + CaO ≤ 69 mole percent; Na2O + K2O + B2O3 + MgO + CaO + SrO > 10 mole percent; 5 mole percent ≤ MgO + CaO + SrO ≤ 8 mole percent; (Na2O + B2O3) - Al2O3 ≤ 2 mole percent; 2 mole percent ≤ Na2O - Al2O3 ≤ 6 mole percent; and 4 mole percent ≤ (Na2O + K2O) - Al2O3 ≤ 10 mole percent.

[0060] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition that includes 2 mole percent or more of Al2O3 and / or ZrO2, or 4 mole percent or more of Al2O3 and / or ZrO2.

[0061] If the substrate 10 includes a crystalline substrate, the substrate may include a single crystal, which may include Al2O3. Such a single crystal substrate is referred to as sapphire. Other suitable materials for the crystalline substrate include a polycrystalline alumina layer and / or spinel (MgAl2O4).

[0062] Optionally, the crystalline substrate 10 may comprise a glass-ceramic substrate, which may be strengthened or unstrengthened. Examples of suitable glass-ceramics may include Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system (i.e., LAS system) glass-ceramics, MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (i.e., MAS system) glass-ceramics, and / or glass-ceramics comprising a primary crystalline phase including β-quartz solid solution, β-spodumene, cordierite, and lithium disilicate. The glass-ceramic substrate may be strengthened using the chemical strengthening processes disclosed herein. In one or more embodiments, the MAS system glass-ceramic substrate may be strengthened in a Li2SO4 molten salt, whereby 2Li + is exchanged with Mg 2+ .

[0063] According to Figure 1A and 1B one or more embodiments of the display devices 100a, 100b depicted therein, the substrate 10 may have a solid thickness ranging from about 50 μm to about 5 mm. The solid thickness of an example substrate 10 ranges from about 50 μm to about 500 μm (e.g., 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 μm). The solid thickness of another example substrate 10 ranges from about 500 μm to about 1000 μm (e.g., 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 μm). The substrate 10 may have a solid thickness greater than about 1 mm (e.g., about 2, 3, 4, or 5 mm). In one or more specific embodiments, the substrate 10 may have a solid thickness of 2 mm or less or less than 1 mm. The substrate 10 may be acid-polished or otherwise treated to remove or reduce the effect of surface flaws.

[0064] black masking structure

[0065] As Figure 1A and 1B shown therein, the black masking structures 40a and 40b of the display devices 100a and 100b respectively include a black ink layer 30 and at least one gloss layer 20 or a pair of gloss layers 20a, 20b. As previously described, the at least one gloss layer 20 or the pair of gloss layers 20a, 20b is disposed between the black ink layer 30 and the glass substrate 10. Regarding the black ink layer 30, it may be any conventional black ink composition commonly used as a black matrix in conventional display devices. Suitable black inks for the black ink layer 30 include but are not limited to carbon black-based resins and carbon black-based resins comprising one or more inorganic materials to increase light scattering. These inorganic light-scattering materials include but are not limited to TiO2, BaSO4, lithopone, ZnS, Al2O3, and other pigments. According to an embodiment, the refractive index (n black)Range from 1.45 to 1.65 or from 1.5 to 1.6.

[0066] Referring again to Figure 1A and 1B , according to some embodiments of the display devices 100a, 100b, the at least one light-reflecting layer 20 and the pair of light-reflecting layers 20a, 20b may be characterized by a refractive index (n 基板 ) that is higher than that of the substrate (e.g., │n 光泽 ) - n 光泽 - n 基板 │> 0.1). According to an embodiment, the at least one light-reflecting layer 20 and the pair of light-reflecting layers 20a, 20b employed in the display devices 100a, 100b may be characterized by a refractive index (n 光泽 ) ranging from about 1.3 to 2.1, from about 1.3 to about 1.9, from about 1.55 to about 2.1, from about 1.55 to about 2.0, from about 1.55 to about 1.9, or from about 1.6 to 2.1. In some embodiments, the at least one light-reflecting layer 20 and the pair of light-reflecting layers 20a, 20b employed in the display devices 100a, 100b may be characterized by a refractive index (n 光泽 ) greater than 1.3, greater than 1.5, greater than 1.6, or greater than 1.7. For example, the at least one light-reflecting layer 20 and the pair of light-reflecting layers 20a, 20b employed in the display devices 100a, 100b may be characterized by a refractive index (n 光泽 ) of 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.5, 1.55, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, and all refractive index values between these levels.

[0067] Still referring to Figure 1A and 1B, the at least one gloss layer 20 and the pair of gloss layers 20a, 20b can be derived from one or more of the following: polymers, resins, combinations of polymers and / or resins, polymers, resins, or combinations thereof further including inorganic nanoparticles. According to some embodiments, polymers suitable for the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b, various high refractive index polymers are suitable, such as sulfur-containing polyimides, poly(arylene sulfide), phosphorus-containing high refractive index polymers, halogen-containing high refractive index polymers, polyphenylquinoxaline, polymer-inorganic hybrid materials, and organometallic high refractive index polymers. In some embodiments, the resin in the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b can be derived from a resin having a high aromatic content. For example, a resin having a high aromatic content can employ halogen atoms (except fluorine) and / or sulfur atoms having a high atomic refraction to produce a high refractive index resin, which, for example, develops into a polymeric material after a thermal curing or photocuring process. Packing density can also play a role in increasing the refractive index of the resin suitable for the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b. Resins having a higher aromatic content can have a higher packing density than linear aliphatic resins. Heteroaromatic rings containing a –C=N–C– bond increase the refractive index of the resin because the –C=N–C– bond has a high molar refractive index of 4.10 compared to the molar refractive index of 1.733 for the –C=C– bond. According to one embodiment, the polymer suitable for the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b can be derived from a monomer having groups with a high molar refractive index and low dispersion (such as the C=O group (molar refractive index = 2.211, atomic dispersion = 0.057) and the –NC bond (molar refractive index = 6.136, atomic dispersion = 0.129)) (such as M370 (i.e., tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, having a refractive index of 1.51 when measured using an Abbe refractometer at 25 °C and a wavelength of about 589.1 nm)), which can help increase its effective refractive index. According to another embodiment, the polymer suitable for the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b can be derived from one or more resins having a high aromatic content (such as M1192 (2-propenoic acid, [1,1’-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl ester, having a refractive index of 1.600 when measured using an Abbe refractometer at 25 °C and a wavelength of about 589.1 nm)) and a packing density higher than that of linear aliphatic resins, which can help increase its effective refractive index.Another benefit of using a high refractive index resin precursor (such as M370 and M1192) in the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b is that these resins can result in improved adhesion of the one or more gloss layers to the black ink layer 30, and the one or more gloss layers and the black ink layer together form the black matrix structures 40a, 40b. According to some embodiments, the polymers used in the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b can be formulated to facilitate co-processing with the black ink layer 30, for example having a viscosity in the range of 4 - 20 cP at 25 °C for spin coating, spraying, and inkjet printing processes, or having a viscosity in the range of 5 - 160 Pa·s at 25 °C for processes that require a higher viscosity (including slot die coating and screen printing processes).

[0068] According to Figure 1A and 1B In some embodiments of the display devices 100a, 100b shown in 纳米颗粒 > 1.6. The refractive index (n 光泽 ) of such gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b including a polymer having a plurality of inorganic nanoparticles can be estimated using Newton's equation given below as Equation (2):

[0069] (2) n 2 光泽 = X 聚合物 * n 2 聚合物 + X nanoparticle * n 2 nanoparticle

[0070] Where X 聚合物 and X nanoparticle are the respective volume ratios of the polymer and the nanoparticles, and n 聚合物 and n nanoparticle are the refractive indices of the polymer and the nanoparticles, respectively. It can be clearly seen from Equation (2) that when targeting a specific n 光泽 value with a specific type of nanoparticle, the loading of the nanoparticles (i.e., X nanoparticle) There is a maximum limit to ensure stable dispersion. Therefore, it can be preferred to select a high refractive index polymeric resin for the polymer in addition to the high refractive index nanoparticle material while balancing the final optical and mechanical properties of the gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b. In some embodiments, a functionalized capping agent (such as an acrylic capping agent) can be added to the nanoparticles to improve the dispersion of the nanoparticles and the compatibility of the nanoparticles with typical solvents (such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethanolamine) used with the resin. Suitable nanoparticles for such gloss layers 20, 20a, 20b include any of the following inorganic materials given in Table 1 below.

[0071] Table 1 – Inorganic nanoparticle materials for gloss layers

[0072]

[0073]

[0074] As previously mentioned, the recent trend in automotive interior display design is to use fashionable protective glass that has optical and tactile functionality (including anti-reflection (AR), anti-fingerprint, and touch feel) for the driver. As Figure 1A and 1BAs shown, an optically clear resin (OCR) (e.g., OCR layer 51) can be used to laminate the display structure 50 to the glass substrate 10, where the black masking structures 40a, 40b define non-display regions (e.g., black masking regions 110a, 110b). The display devices of the present disclosure (including display devices 100a, 100b) advantageously provide color matching between the viewing region 120 and the black masking regions 110a, 110b when the display devices 100a, 100b are turned off. The color of the viewing region 120 is caused by the spectral reflectance of visible light within the multi-layer stack of the display device structure 50, the glass substrate 10, and the AR film 5. The spectral reflectance is affected by the reflectance of the layer materials and the Fresnel reflection caused by the refractive index mismatch at the layer interfaces. Depending on the layer materials of the display device structure 50, the internal specular reflectance (i.e., the average luminance reflectance) in the display region 120 at an 8-degree viewing angle has been measured to be in the range of 0.5% to about 2.5%. Additionally, based on the perception of the human eye, the CIE-L* luminance of the viewing region 120 and the black masking regions 110a, 110b is related to the reflectance of the regions. As the reflectance of these regions increases, the observed luminance also increases. As a result, from the aspect including the specular component (SCI), the L* value of the viewing region 120 at an 8-degree viewing angle is from about 5 to 17. Here, SCI represents the color and luminance values when the specular component of the reflected light is included in the measurement together with the non-specular or scattered component of the incident light. In addition, values excluding the specular component (SCE) are considered to quantify only the color and luminance of the scattered light.

[0075] By considering both the SCI and SCE values, the perception of the color and luminance of the black masking regions 110a, 110b and the viewing region 120 can be better quantified. Since the reflected color of the display by ambient light is approximately close to black, the observer's perception of color is mainly driven by L* rather than a*, b*. In the case of a typical viewing region 120, the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) exhibits small light scattering, and SCE-L* is generally less than 3. The color of the black masking regions 110a, 110b is caused by the spectral reflectance of visible light in the black masking structures 40a, 40b, the glass substrate 10, and the AR layer 5. To color-match the viewing region 120 and the black masking regions 110a, 110b on the glass substrate 10 (e.g., including the AR layer 5), the black masking regions 110a, 110b can exhibit an SCI-L* luminance from about 5 to about 17 and an SCE-L* luminance from about 1 to about 3. Since a typical low-reflectance AR layer 5 exhibits an SCI-L* luminance from about 3 to 5, in the case where there is no significant increase in the SCE-L* luminance, the black masking structures 40a, 40b should contribute >8, preferably >12, of the SCI-L* luminance.

[0076] Now referring toFigure 2 , A common technique for L* luminance control of black masking materials is to increase scattering by adding inorganic particles (such as TiO2, BaSO4, lithopone, ZnS, alumina, etc.) to the carbon black-based resin of screen printing inks. As Figure 2 shown, SCE-L* and SCI-L* luminance values are plotted for various conventional black masking ink compositions (i.e., inks A-I represented by varying SCI-L* luminance levels (“L5.5” to “L12.5”). As the amount of scattering material increases (moving from ink A to ink I), both SCI-L* and SCE-L* luminance increase in a coupled manner, causing the black ink to appear gray. Therefore, the conventional method of merely adjusting the amount of scatterer added to the black masking ink to match the color of the display area often changes the color of the black masking to more grayish tones, but has a high degree of light scattering, making it not very good at color matching. Instead, the display devices of the present disclosure (including display devices 100a, 100b) are configured to meet the following objectives: increase the reflectivity in the black masking regions 110a, 110b such that this region exhibits an SCI-L* luminance > 12, while maintaining the SCE-L* luminance at < 3 (i.e., as Figure 2 indicated by the region labeled “target” in 光泽 . As previously described, embodiments of the display devices 100a, 100b achieve this objective by including at least one gloss layer 20 (which, for example, exhibits a high refractive index n 2 = 1.71) between the glass substrate 10 and the black ink layer 30. Since the reflectivity increases and decreases proportionally with (Δn) 基板 and assuming the reflectivity of the glass substrate (n 光泽 ) is approximately 1.51, the display devices 100a, 100b will obtain a factor of 10 for the SCI-L* luminance due to the refractive index n black ink = 1.59 of the at least one gloss layer 20 (compared to n 光泽 = 1.53), and will obtain a factor of almost 100 due to the refractive index n

[0077] = 1.71 of the at least one gloss layer 20. In other words, by employing at least one gloss layer 20 and a black ink layer 30 having a high SCI-L* luminance > 12 and an SCE-L* luminance from about 1 to 3, the display devices of the present disclosure (including display devices 100a, 100b) will achieve a high SCI-L* luminance > 12 while maintaining an SCE-L* luminance from about 1 to 3. The optical function of the at least one gloss layer 20 is to add Fresnel reflection through the refractive index mismatch at the interfaces of the glass substrate 10, the at least one gloss layer 20 (or gloss layers 20a, 20b), and the black ink layer 30.The display device of the present disclosure (including Figure 1A and 1B the display devices 100a, 100b shown therein) can be incorporated into a display device or used within an electronic device (such as consumer electronic devices (including mobile phones, tablet computers, computers, navigation systems, wearable devices, etc.), augmented reality displays, head-up displays, glass-based displays, architectural device articles, transportation device articles, electrical device articles, or any device article that benefits from a certain transparency, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, or a combination of the foregoing). According to some embodiments, the display device of the present disclosure can be incorporated as a "hidden display" device article within a vehicle interior having a vehicle interior system, such as a display for aesthetic orientation or a dead-front display. More specifically, the display device of the present disclosure can be used in combination with various vehicle interior systems. In one or more examples, the vehicle interior system can include a base, which is a boom, a column, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, or any part of the vehicle interior that includes a surface).

[0078] Example

[0079] The various embodiments will be further illustrated by the following examples, which are examples of the articles of the present disclosure.

[0080] Example 1

[0081] According to this example, a preparation has an estimated refractive index (n) of about 1.750 at 589 nm 光泽)'s gloss layer (denoted as "Test Resin 1"). Specifically, the gloss layer is prepared by producing the following component mixture: (a) 61.1% ZrO2 dispersion (50 wt% ZrO2 nanoparticles in PGMEA, where ZrO2 has a refractive index of 2.22 at 550 nm and 2.21 at 590 nm); (b) 8.1% M1192 resin (2-acrylic acid, [1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl ester, CAS No. 54140-58-8, refractive index at 589 nm = 1.600); (c) 7.2% M370 resin (isocyanuric acid tris(2-acryloyloxyethyl) ester, CAS No. 40220-08-4, refractive index at 589 nm = 1.508); (d) 0.5% TPO photoinitiator (diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, CAS No. 75980-60-8); and (e) 23.1% PGMEA (CAS No. 108-65-6, refractive index at 589 nm = 1.4). A similar gloss layer (denoted as "Test Resin 2") is prepared using the same components but without any ZrO2 nanoparticles.

[0082] As previously described, as measured after removing the solvent by baking and then performing the photocuring and baking steps, Test Resin 1 has an estimated refractive index of approximately 1.750 at 589 nm (n 光泽 ). As measured after removing the solvent by baking and then performing the photocuring and baking steps, Test Resin 2 exhibits an estimated refractive index of approximately 1.58 - 1.59 at 589 nm (n 光泽 ). As shown below, Equation (2) is used to generate the estimated refractive index values for Test Resins 1 and 2 (at approximately 589 nm). Note that the volume ratio of each of the components is calculated using the above weight percentages of these components and known density values (e.g., ZrO2 has a density of 5.68 g / cm 3 ).

[0083] n 光泽 (Test resin 1) = [(8.35 / 20.5) x (1.600487) 2 M1192 + (6.79 / 20.5) x (1.50819)2 M370 +(5.36 / 20.5)x(2.2) 2 ZrO2 nanoparticle 0.5

[0084] n 光泽 (Test resin 1)=1.75017

[0085] To produce a thin film gloss coating, the mixture of this example was spin cast onto a clean 4" x 4" glass substrate (1000 RPM or 3000 RPM for 45 s, with an acceleration of 342). The coated glass substrate was placed on a hot plate at 120 °C for 1 minute. After cooling to room temperature on a cold metal surface for 30 seconds, the film was exposed to UV light (365 nm, 320 mW / cm 2 , for 10 s). A Metricon prism coupler was used to determine thicknesses of 1 μm (at a spin rate of 3000 RPM) and 1.3 μm (at a spin rate of 1000 RPM). A Metricon prism coupler was also used to determine the refractive index at several wavelengths to calculate the Sellmeier constants and generate dispersion curves (see Figure 3 ).

[0086] Now referring to Figure 3 , a graph of refractive index versus wavelength (nm) is provided for each of the glass substrate and two gloss layers (i.e., Test resin 1 and Test resin 2) of this example. Figure 3 Test resin 1 is identified as having an estimated refractive index of 1.750 at 589 nm, Test resin 2 is identified as having an estimated refractive index of 1.58 - 1.59 at 589 nm, and the glass substrate is identified as having an estimated refractive index of approximately 1.5 at 589 nm. Additionally, as measured with the equipment and methods outlined above, Figure 3 shows the measured refractive index versus wavelength for these materials. Note that the refractive indices of Test resin 1 and Test resin 2 were measured, for example, after removing the solvent by baking, followed by a photocuring and baking step.

[0087] As listed in Table 2 below, the optical properties were measured on three display devices: a control specimen with a glass substrate coated with an AR film and a black ink layer (designated as "control device"); a specimen with a glass substrate coated with an AR film, a Test resin 1 layer, and a black ink layer ("Test resin 1 device"); and a specimen with a glass substrate coated with an AR film, a Test resin 2 layer, and a black ink layer ("Test resin 2 device"). Additionally, the black ink layer for each of these display devices was Ink I (see Figure 2 ​) which has an SCI-L* luminance level of 10.5 (denoted as "L10.5" in Table 2 below). It can be clearly seen from Table 2 that the Test Resin 1 device achieved an SCI-L* luminance of 17 and an SCE-L* luminance of 1.82. Also, the Test Resin 2 device achieved an SCI-L* luminance of 11.34 and an SCE-L* luminance of 1.84. In contrast, the control device only achieved an SCI-L* luminance of 10.17.

[0088] Table 2 – Optical properties of the display device of Example 1

[0089]

[0090]

[0091] Now referring to Figure 4 there is provided a graph showing the relationship between the experimental and simulated luminance (SCI-L* and SCE-L*) of the glass substrate and the gloss layer black masking structure depicted in Figure 3 and the refractive index of the same gloss layer and glass substrate. Specifically, Figure 4 shows the effect of the gloss layer on the 10.5L black ink layer with respect to SCI-L* luminance for a case of a black masking structure similar to the black masking structure 40a depicted in Figure 1A . The solid line indicates the simulated curve made by ray tracing simulation, and the three solid and hollow dots are the SCI-L* and SCE-L* measurement results associated with the specimens listed above in Table 2. It can be clearly seen from the simulated curve that a refractive index mismatch with a high refractive index (>1.55) or a low refractive index (<1.55) gloss resin can increase the SCI-L* luminance of the device while maintaining the same SCE-L* luminance level. This example and Figure 4 the data depicted therein demonstrate the goal of achieving a significant increase in SCI-L* luminance without increasing the SCE-L* luminance. In fact, the display device of this specimen has decoupled the SCI and SCE luminance values of L*.

[0092] Example 2

[0093] In this example, the SCI-L* luminance values were simulated for various display device structures having a black masking structure with a pair of gloss layers. Now referring to Figure 5A there is provided a contour plot of the simulated luminance (SCI-L*) of a black masking structure with two gloss layers, black ink, and a protective glass substrate, the gloss layers having varying refractive indices and the same refractive index. That is, Figure 5A there is provided a black masking structure with two gloss layers (which is, for example, similar to Figure 1BA contour map of the simulated SCI-L* brightness similar to the black masking structure 40b shown in [reference], where the gloss layer has the same or varying refractive indices ranging from 1.30 to 1.75. Additionally, Figure 5B is a surface plot of the same information as shown in Figure 5A . Specifically, Figure 5B is a three-dimensional surface plot of the simulated brightness (SCI-L*) of the black masking structure depicted in Figure 5A . Figure 5A and 5B together show that when the two gloss resins have the same refractive index, a three-layer black masking structure (i.e., also including a black ink layer, for example) can be regarded as a two-layer black masking structure (again, including a black ink layer, for example). Additionally, Figure 5A and 5B show that compared to a two-layer black masking structure, a three-layer black masking structure with a pair of gloss layers having different refractive indices (e.g., similar to the black masking structure 40b shown in Figure 1B ) can more effectively increase the SCI-L* brightness of the device.

[0094] Variations and modifications can be made to the above-described embodiments of the present disclosure without materially departing from the spirit and various principles of the present disclosure. It is intended to include all such modifications and variations within the scope of this disclosure and be protected by the following claims. For example, various features of the present disclosure can be combined according to the following embodiments.

[0095] Embodiment 1. A display device, comprising:

[0096] A glass substrate, including a refractive index (n 基板 );

[0097] A display device structure, including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and

[0098] A black masking structure, surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate,

[0099] wherein the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate,

[0100] wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a brightness in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a brightness in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and

[0101] Further, the at least one gloss layer includes a refractive index (n 光泽 ), such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.1.

[0102] Example 2. The display device according to Example 1, wherein the refractive index (n 基板 ) of the substrate ranges from 1.45 to 1.55, and the refractive index (n 光泽 ) of the at least one gloss layer ranges from 1.5 to 1.9.

[0103] Example 3. The display device according to Example 1 or Example 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer includes a refractive index (n 光泽 ), such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.15.

[0104] Example 4. The display device according to any one of Examples 1 - 3, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, and for the excluded specular component (SCE), -1 < a*, b* < +1.

[0105] Example 5. The display device according to any one of Examples 1 - 3, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, and for the excluded specular component (SCE), -1 < Δa*, Δb* < 2, and Δa*, Δb* are the differences in the color (a*, b*) between the at least one gloss layer and the black ink layer.

[0106] Example 6. The display device according to any one of Examples 1 - 5, wherein the at least one gloss layer includes a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, and the plurality of nanoparticles include a refractive index (n 纳米颗粒 ) such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.6.

[0107] Example 7. The display device according to any one of Examples 1 - 5, wherein the at least one gloss layer includes a polymer, and the polymer includes a refractive index (n 聚合物 ), such that n 聚合物 > 1.5.

[0108] Example 8. The display device according to any one of Examples 1 - 7, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, and each gloss layer has a different refractive index.

[0109] Example 9. A display device, comprising:

[0110] A glass substrate, including a refractive index (n 基板 );

[0111] A display device structure, including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and

[0112] A black masking structure, surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a black masking area,

[0113] wherein the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate,

[0114] wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and

[0115] further wherein the black masking area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component.

[0116] Example 10. The display device according to Example 9, wherein the refractive index (n 基板 ) of the substrate is from 1.45 to 1.55, and the refractive index (n 光泽 ) of the at least one gloss layer is from 1.5 to 1.9.

[0117] Example 11. The display device according to Example 9 or Example 10, wherein the black masking area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 15 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 1 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component.

[0118] Example 12. The display device according to any one of Examples 9 - 11, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, and for the excluded specular component (SCE), -1 < a*, b* < +1.

[0119] Example 13. The display device according to any one of Examples 9 - 11, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, and for the excluded specular component (SCE), -1 < Δa*, Δb* < 2, and Δa*, Δb* are the differences in the color (a*, b*) between the at least one gloss layer and the black ink layer.

[0120] Example 14. The display device according to any one of Examples 9 - 13, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, and the plurality of nanoparticles have a refractive index (n 纳米颗粒 ) such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.6.

[0121] Example 15. The display device according to any one of Examples 9 - 13, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer, and the polymer has a refractive index (n 聚合物 ) such that n 聚合物 > 1.5.

[0122] Example 16. The display device according to any one of Examples 9 - 15, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, and each gloss layer has a different refractive index.

[0123] Example 17. A display device, comprising:

[0124] A glass substrate having a refractive index (n 基板 );

[0125] A display device structure comprising a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and

[0126] A black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a black masking area,

[0127] wherein the black masking structure comprises a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate,

[0128] wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component,

[0129] wherein the black masking area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and

[0130] further wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a refractive index (n 光泽 ), such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.1.

[0131] Example 18. The display device according to Example 17, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, the plurality of nanoparticles comprising a refractive index (n 纳米颗粒 ) such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.6.

[0132] Example 19. The display device according to Example 17, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer, the polymer comprising a refractive index (n 聚合物 ) such that n 聚合物 > 1.5.

[0133] Example 20. The display device according to any one of Examples 17 - 19, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, each gloss layer comprising a different refractive index.

Claims

1. A display device, comprising: A glass substrate, including a refractive index n 基板 ; A display device structure including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; And A black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate, Wherein the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate, Wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and Furthermore, at least one of the gloss layers has a refractive index n 光泽 , such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.

1.

2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index n of the substrate 基板 is from 1.45 to 1.55, and the refractive index n of the at least one brightening layer 光泽 is from 1.5 to 1.

9.

3. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer has a refractive index n 光泽 , such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.

15.

4. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, the color being such that -1 < a*, b* < +1 for the excluded specular component (SCE).

5. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system, the color being such that -1 < Δa*, Δb* < 2 for the excluded specular component (SCE), and Δa*, Δb* is the difference in color (a*, b*) between the at least one gloss layer and the black ink layer.

6. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, and the plurality of nanoparticles have a refractive index n 纳米颗粒 such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.

6.

7. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer, and the polymer has a refractive index n 聚合物 , such that n 聚合物 > 1.

5.

8. The display device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, each gloss layer having a different refractive index.

9. A display device, comprising: A glass substrate, including a refractive index n 基板 ; A display device structure including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; And A black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a black masking area, Wherein the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate, Wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees with respect to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and Further, the black masking region is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for the specular included component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for the specular excluded component.

10. The display device according to claim 9, wherein the refractive index n of the substrate 基板 is from 1.45 to 1.55, and the refractive index n of the at least one specular layer 光泽 is from 1.5 to 1.

9.

11. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the black masking region is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 15 for the specular included component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 1 < L* < 3 for the specular excluded component.

12. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that -1 < a*, b* < +1 for the specular excluded component (SCE).

13. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the at least one gloss layer is further characterized by a color in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that -1 < Δa*, Δb* < 2 for the specular excluded component (SCE), and Δa*, Δb* are the differences in color (a*, b*) between the at least one gloss layer and the black ink layer.

14. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, and the plurality of nanoparticles have a refractive index n 纳米颗粒 such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.

6.

15. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer, and the polymer has a refractive index n 聚合物 , such that n 聚合物 > 1.

5.

16. The display device according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, each gloss layer having a different refractive index.

17. A display device, comprising: A glass substrate, including a refractive index n 基板 ; a display device structure including a light source and a plurality of films, the display device structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a viewing area; and a black masking structure surrounding the display device structure, the black masking structure being coupled to the substrate to jointly define a black masking region, wherein the black masking structure includes a black ink layer and at least one gloss layer between the black ink layer and the glass substrate, wherein the viewing area is characterized by: (a) a reflectance of from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 5 < L* < 17 for the specular included component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for the specular excluded component. wherein the black masking region is characterized by: (a) a reflectance from 0.5% to 2.5% measured at 8 degrees relative to the normal in the visible spectrum; (b) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 20 for including the specular component; and (c) a luminance in the (L*, a*, b*) CIE colorimetric system such that 0 < L* < 3 for excluding the specular component, and Furthermore, the at least one gloss layer has a refractive index n 光泽 , such that │n 光泽 - n 基板 │ > 0.

1.

18. The display device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer and a plurality of nanoparticles, and the plurality of nanoparticles have a refractive index n 纳米颗粒 such that n 纳米颗粒 > 1.

6.

19. The display device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one gloss layer comprises a polymer, and the polymer has a refractive index n 聚合物 , such that n 聚合物 > 1.

5.

20. The display device according to any one of claims 17 - 19, wherein the at least one gloss layer is a first gloss layer and a second gloss layer, and each gloss layer has a different refractive index.

Images