RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and precoder allocation for NR (new radio)

Abstract

The techniques discussed herein can facilitate RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and / or precoder allocation for NR (new radio). An example embodiment that can be used at an NR wireless communication device includes: a processing circuit configured to: generate one or more PN (pseudo-noise) sequences based at least in part on an initial state of a PN generator; and for each PRB (physical resource block) of one or more PRBs, extract an associated portion of an associated PN sequence of the one or more PN sequences based at least in part on a reference subcarrier index that is independent of a bandwidth part configuration and a maximum number of PRBs supported; and for each PRB in the one or more PRBs, generate a set of associated RS for the PRB based at least in part on the extracted associated portion of the associated PN sequence for the PRB.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the Chinese patent application with application number 201880026303.7, application date May 3, 2018, and invention name “RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and precoder allocation for NR (new radio)”.

[0002] Citation of Related Applications

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62 / 502,372, filed on May 5, 2017, entitled “System and Method for Demodulation Reference Signal Sequence Generation and Mapping for 5G New Radio,” 62 / 520,874, filed on June 16, 2017, entitled “Sequence Generation of Reference Signals in New Radio (NR),” and 62 / 532,837, filed on July 14, 2017, entitled “Precoder Allocation for New Wireless Communication Systems,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0004] The present disclosure relates to wireless technologies, and more particularly to techniques for generation and mapping of RS (reference signal) sequences and / or precoder allocation. Background Art

[0005] Mobile communications have evolved from early voice systems to today's highly complex integrated communications platforms. The next generation of wireless communication systems, 5G (or New Radio (NR)), will provide information access and data sharing anytime, anywhere by a variety of users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network / system designed to meet very different and sometimes conflicting performance dimensions and services. This different multi-dimensional demand is driven by different services and applications. Overall, NR will evolve based on 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution)-Advanced and additional potential new radio access technologies (RATs), enriching people's lives with better, simple and seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR will enable everything connected over the wireless network and provide fast, rich content and services. Summary of the invention

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus configured for use in an NR (new radio) wireless communication device, comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: generate one or more PN (pseudo-noise) sequences based at least in part on an initial state of a PN generator; for each of one or more PRBs (physical resource blocks), extract an associated portion of an associated PN sequence of the one or more PN sequences based at least in part on a reference subcarrier index that is independent of a bandwidth portion configuration and a maximum number of PRBs supported; for each of the one or more PRBs, generate a set of associated RSs (reference signals) for the PRB based at least in part on the extracted associated portion of the associated PN sequence for the PRB; and send the one or more PN sequences to a memory via the memory interface, wherein the NR wireless communication device is one of a gNB (next generation Node B) or a UE (user equipment).

[0007] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus configured for use in a UE (user equipment), comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: determine one or more PRGs (Physical Resource Block) Groups), wherein each PRG includes two or more consecutive PRBs starting from a reference frequency; determine, for each of the one or more PRGs, an associated precoder allocation for the PRG, wherein the associated precoder allocation of the PRG is associated with each of the two or more consecutive PRBs of the PRG; process a downlink data channel mapped to the one or more PRGs based at least in part on the associated precoder allocation for each of the one or more PRGs; and, for each of the one or more PRGs, send an indicator of the associated precoder allocation for the PRG to a memory via the memory interface.

[0008] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus configured for use in an NR (new radio) wireless communication device, comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: generate one or more pseudo-random sequences based at least in part on one or more of a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a symbol index, a time slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE (user equipment) ID; map the one or more pseudo-random sequences to at least one DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) symbol; and send the one or more pseudo-random sequences to a memory via the memory interface, wherein the NR wireless communication device is one of a gNB (next generation Node B) or a UE. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1is a block diagram illustrating an example user equipment (UE) that can be used in conjunction with various aspects described herein.

[0010] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating example components of a device that may be used in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0011] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example interface of baseband circuitry that may be used in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0012] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a system that may be used at a UE (user equipment) that facilitates RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and / or precoder allocation for NR (new radio) in accordance with various aspects described herein.

[0013] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating a system that may be used at a BS (base station) to facilitate RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and / or precoder allocation for NR (new radio) in accordance with various aspects described herein.

[0014] Figure 6 is a diagram showing mapping of PN (pseudo-noise) sequences to different PRBs (physical resource blocks) of UE (user equipment) specific RS (reference signals) for different UE BW (bandwidths) via LTE (long term evolution) based mapping in conjunction with various aspects discussed herein.

[0015] Figure 7 is a diagram showing a first example mapping of PN sequences and corresponding QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) symbols to different PRB blocks in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0016] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating a second example mapping of PN sequences and corresponding QPSK symbols to different PRB blocks in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0017] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of short DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) mapping for bandwidth extension in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0018] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of dual DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) sequence mapping for bandwidth extension in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0019] Fig.11 is a diagram showing an example of PRG (PRB Group) allocation according to a first technique in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0020] Fig.12is a diagram illustrating an example of PRG allocation according to a second technique in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0021] Fig.13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a DM-RS for multiple BW (bandwidth) parts configured with different sets of parameters in conjunction with various aspects discussed herein.

[0022] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of symbol-level DM-RS based transmission in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0023] Fig.15 Flowchart of an example method that may be used at a NR wireless communication device that facilitates RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping for NR in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0024] Fig.16 1 is a flow chart of an example method that may be used at an NR wireless communication device to facilitate precoder allocation for NR in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0025] Fig.17 is a flow chart of an example method that may be used at a NR wireless communication device to facilitate DM-RS sequence generation for NR in accordance with various aspects discussed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein, throughout the entire text, similar reference numerals are used to refer to similar elements, and the structures and devices shown therein need not be drawn to scale. As used herein, the terms "component", "system", "interface", etc. are intended to refer to entities, hardware, software (e.g., in execution) and / or firmware related to a computer. For example, a component can be a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, a controller or other processing device), a process running on a processor, a controller, an object, an executable file, a program, a storage device, a computer, a tablet PC and / or a user device (e.g., a mobile phone, etc.) with a processing device. As an illustration, an application and a server running on a server can also be a component. One or more components can reside in a process, and a component can be located on a computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. A group of elements or a group of other components can be described herein, wherein the term "group" can be interpreted as "one or more".

[0027] In addition, for example, these components can execute from various computer-readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon, such as using modules. Components can communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to signals having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, in a distributed system, and / or across a network (such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a similar network with other systems via signals).

[0028] As another example, a component may be a device having a specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuits, where the electrical or electronic circuits may be operated by software applications or firmware applications executed by one or more processors. The one or more processors may be internal or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software or firmware application. As another example, a component may be a device having a specific functionality provided by an electronic component having no mechanical parts; the electronic component may include one or more processors therein to execute software and / or firmware that at least partially imparts the functionality of the electronic component.

[0029] The use of the term "exemplary" is intended to present concepts in a specific way. As used in this application, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from the context, "X utilizes A or B" is intended to mean any natural inclusive arrangement. That is, if X utilizes A; X utilizes B; or X utilizes both A and B, then "X uses A or B" is satisfied in any of the foregoing cases. In addition, the articles "one" and "an" used in this application and the appended claims are generally understood to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clearly pointed to the singular form from the context. In addition, in the scope of the use of the terms "include", "comprise", "have", "have", "with" or their variations in the specific embodiments and claims, such terms are intended to be included in a manner similar to the term "include". In addition, in the case of discussing one or more numbered items (e.g., "first X", "second X", etc.), generally, one or more numbered items may be different, or they may also be the same, although in some cases, the context may indicate that they are different or the same.

[0030] As used herein, the term "circuit" may refer to, be a part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and / or a memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes one or more software or firmware programs, combinational logic circuits, and / or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuit may be implemented in one or more software or firmware modules, or the functionality associated with the circuit may be implemented by one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, the circuit may include logic that is at least partially operable in hardware.

[0031] The embodiments described herein may be implemented as a system using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. Figure 1 The architecture of a system 100 of a network according to some embodiments is shown. System 100 is shown to include user equipment (UE) 101 and UE 102. UE 101 and 102 are shown as smart phones (e.g., handheld touch screen mobile computing devices that can connect to one or more cellular networks), but may also include any mobile or non-mobile computing devices, such as personal data assistants (PDAs), pagers, laptop computers, desktop computers, wireless handsets, or any computing device that includes a wireless communication interface.

[0032] In some embodiments, any of UEs 101 and 102 may include an Internet of Things (IoT) UE that may include a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications that utilize short-term UE connections. The IoT UE may utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communication (MTC) to exchange data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), proximity-based services (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communications, a sensor network, or an IoT network. The M2M or MTC data exchange may be a machine-initiated data exchange. The IoT network describes interconnected IoT UEs that may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure) with short-term connections. The IoT UE may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate connectivity to the IoT network.

[0033] UEs 101 and 102 may be configured to connect (e.g., be communicatively coupled) to a radio access network (RAN) 110, which may be, for example, an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. UEs 101 and 102 utilize connections 103 and 104, respectively, each of which includes a physical communication interface or layer (discussed in further detail below); in this example, connections 103 and 104 are shown as air interfaces for achieving communicatively coupling, and may be consistent with cellular communication protocols such as a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a cellular PTT (POC) protocol, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a new radio (NR) protocol, etc.

[0034] In this embodiment, the UEs 101 and 102 may further exchange communication data directly via the ProSe interface 105. Alternatively, the ProSe interface 105 may be referred to as a sidelink interface including one or more logical channels including, but not limited to, a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), and a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH).

[0035] UE 102 is shown as being configured to access access point (AP) 106 via connection 107. Connection 107 may include a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, where AP 106 would include wireless fidelity. In this example, AP 106 is shown connected to the Internet and not to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below).

[0036] The RAN 110 may include one or more access nodes that implement connections 103 and 104. These access nodes (ANs) may be referred to as base stations (BS), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), next generation NodeBs (gNBs), RAN nodes, etc., and may include ground stations (e.g., ground access points) or satellite stations that provide coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). The RAN 110 may include one or more RAN nodes for providing macro cells, such as macro RAN nodes 111, and one or more RAN nodes for providing femto cells or pico cells (e.g., cells with smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth than macro cells), such as low power (LP) RAN nodes 112.

[0037] Any of the RAN nodes 111 and 112 may terminate the air interface protocol and may be the first point of contact for the UEs 101 and 102. In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 111 and 112 may fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 110, including but not limited to radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

[0038] According to some embodiments, UEs 101 and 102 may be configured to communicate with each other using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals or to communicate with any RAN nodes 111 and 112 via multi-carrier communication channels according to various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication techniques (e.g., for downlink communications) or single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication techniques (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. OFDM signals may include multiple orthogonal subcarriers.

[0039] In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlink transmissions from any RAN node 111 and 112 to UEs 101 and 102, while uplink transmissions may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, referred to as a resource grid or a time-frequency resource grid, which is a physical resource in the downlink in each time slot. This time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and row of the resource grid corresponds to an OFDM symbol and an OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to a time slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in the resource grid is represented as a resource unit. Each resource grid includes a plurality of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource units. Each resource block includes a set of resource units; in the frequency domain, this may represent the minimum amount of resources that can currently be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are transmitted using such resource blocks.

[0040] The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and high-layer signaling to the UEs 101 and 102. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocation related to the PDSCH channel, etc. It may also inform the UEs 101 and 102 of the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (allocation of control and shared channel resource blocks to the UEs 102 within the cell) may be performed at any one of the RAN nodes 111 and 112 based on channel quality information fed back from any one of the UEs 101 and 102. Resource allocation information may be sent on the PDCCH for (e.g., allocated to) each of the UEs 101 and 102.

[0041] PDCCH can use control channel elements (CCE) to transmit control information. Before mapping to resource elements, PDCCH complex symbols can first be organized into quadruplets, which can then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH can be sent using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE can correspond to nine groups of four physical resource elements called resource element groups (REGs). Four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) symbols can be mapped to each REG. PDCCH can be sent using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and channel conditions. There are four or more different PDCCH formats (e.g., aggregation levels, L=1, 2, 4, 8, or 16) defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs.

[0042] Some embodiments may use the concept of resource allocation for control channel information, which is an extension of the above concept. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH), which uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. One or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs) may be used to send EPDCCH. Similar to the above, each ECCE may correspond to nine groups of four physical resource units called enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). In some cases, ECCEs may have other numbers of EREGs.

[0043] RAN 110 is shown as being communicatively coupled to a core network (CN) 120 via an S1 interface 113. In an embodiment, CN 120 may be an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN. In this embodiment, S1 interface 113 is divided into two parts: S1-U interface 114, which carries traffic data between RAN nodes 111 and 112 and a Serving Gateway (S-GW) 122; and S1 Mobility Management Entity (MME) interface 115, which is a signaling interface between RAN nodes 111 and 112 and MME 121.

[0044] In this embodiment, CN 120 includes MME 121, S-GW 122, Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) 123 and Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 124. MME 121 can be similar in function to the control plane of a conventional Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN). MME 121 can manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. HSS 124 can include a database for network users, including subscription-related information for supporting network entities in handling communication sessions. CN 120 can include one or more HSS 124, depending on the number of mobile subscribers, the capacity of the equipment, the organization of the network, etc. For example, HSS 124 can provide support for routing / roaming, authentication, authorization, naming / addressing solutions, location correlation, etc.

[0045] The S-GW 122 may terminate the S1 interface 113 towards the RAN 110 and route data packets between the RAN 110 and the CN 120. In addition, the S-GW 122 may be a local mobility anchor for inter-RAN node handovers and may also provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful interception, charging, and some policy enforcement.

[0046] The P-GW 123 may terminate the SGi interface toward the PDN. The P-GW 123 may route data packets between the EPC network 123 and an external network such as a network including an application server 130 (alternatively referred to as an application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface 125. In general, the application server 130 may be an element that provides applications that use IP bearer resources with a core network (e.g., a UMTS packet service (PS) domain, a LTE PS data service, etc.). In this embodiment, the P-GW 123 is shown as being communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via an IP communication interface 125. The application server 130 may also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 101 and 102 via the CN 120.

[0047] The P-GW 123 may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. The policy and charging enforcement function (PCRF) 126 is a policy and charging control unit of the CN 120. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF associated with the UE's Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session in the home public land mobile network (HPLMN). In a roaming scenario with local traffic breakout, there may be two PCRFs associated with the UE's IP-CAN session: the home PCRF (H-PCRF) within the HPLMN and the visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within the visited public land mobile network (VPLMN). The PCRF 126 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via the P-GW 123. The application server 130 may signal the PCRF 126 to indicate a new service flow and select appropriate quality of service (QoS) and charging parameters. PCRF 126 may provide the rules to a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate Traffic Flow Template (TFT) and QoS Class Identifier (QCI), which initiates QoS and charging as specified by application server 130 .

[0048] Figure 2Example components of a device 200 according to some embodiments are shown. In some embodiments, the device 200 may include at least an application circuit 202, a baseband circuit 204, a radio frequency (RF) circuit 206, a front end module (FEM) circuit 208, one or more antennas 210, and a power management circuit (PMC) 212 coupled together as shown. The components of the device 200 shown may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the device 200 may include fewer elements (e.g., the RAN node may not utilize the application circuit 202, but may include a processor / controller to process IP data received from the EPC). In some embodiments, the device 200 may include additional elements, such as, for example, a memory / storage device, a display, a camera, a sensor, or an input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., the circuit may be separately included in more than one device for a Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementation).

[0049] The application circuit 202 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuit 202 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor may include any combination of general-purpose processors and special-purpose processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processor may be coupled to or may include a memory / storage device, and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage device to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device 200. In some embodiments, the processor of the application circuit 202 may process IP data packets received from the EPC.

[0050] The baseband circuit 204 may include circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuit 204 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from the receive signal path of the RF circuit 206 and generate baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the RF circuit 206. The baseband processing circuit 204 may interface with the application circuit 202 for generating and processing baseband signals and for controlling the operation of the RF circuit 206. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuit 204 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 204A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 204B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 204C, or other baseband processors 204D of other existing generations, future developments, or future developments (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuit 204 (e.g., one or more of the baseband processors 204A-D) may handle various wireless control functions that can communicate with one or more wireless networks via the RF circuit 206. In other embodiments, some or all of the functions of the baseband processors 204A-D may be included in a module stored in the memory 204G and executed via the central processing unit (CPU) 204E. The wireless control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the modulation / demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include fast Fourier transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping / demapping functions. In some embodiments, the encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 204 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or low-density parity check (LDPC) encoder / decoder functions. The embodiments of the modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder functions are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functions in other embodiments.

[0051] In some embodiments, the baseband circuit 204 may include one or more audio digital signal processors (DSPs) 204F. The audio DSP 204F may include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation, and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the components of the baseband circuit may be appropriately combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or arranged on the same circuit board. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuit 204 and the application circuit 202 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).

[0052] In some embodiments, baseband circuitry 204 may provide communications compatible with one or more wireless technologies. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry 204 may support communications with an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which baseband circuitry 204 is configured to support wireless communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[0053] The RF circuit 206 may use modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium to enable communication with a wireless network. In various embodiments, the RF circuit 206 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate communication with a wireless network. The RF circuit 206 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuits for down-converting RF signals received from the FEM circuit 208 and providing baseband signals to the baseband circuit 204. The RF circuit 206 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuits for up-converting baseband signals provided by the baseband circuit 204 and providing RF output signals to the FEM circuit 208 for transmission.

[0054] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuit 206 may include a mixer circuit 206a, an amplifier circuit 206b, and a filter circuit 306c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuit 206 may include a filter circuit 206c and a mixer circuit 206a. The RF circuit 206 may also include a synthesizer circuit 206d for synthesizing the frequencies used by the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert the RF signal received from the FEM circuit 208 based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuit 206d. The amplifier circuit 206b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signal, and the filter circuit 206c may be a low pass filter (LPF) or a band pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signal to generate an output baseband signal. The output baseband signal may be provided to the baseband circuit 204 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signal may be a zero frequency baseband signal, but this is not required.In some embodiments, mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path may include a passive mixer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0055] In some embodiments, mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may be configured to upconvert an input baseband signal based on a synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuit 206d to generate an RF output signal for FEM circuit 208. The baseband signal may be provided by baseband circuit 204 and may be filtered by filter circuit 206c.

[0056] In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct down-conversion and direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 206a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuit 206a of the transmit signal path may be configured for superheterodyne operation.

[0057] In some embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be analog baseband signals, but the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternative embodiments, the output baseband signal and the input baseband signal may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative embodiments, the RF circuit 206 may include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit, and the baseband circuit 204 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuit 206.

[0058] In some dual-mode embodiments, separate wireless IC circuits may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0059] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional-N / N+1 synthesizer, but the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect, as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer including a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[0060] Synthesizer circuit 206d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency based on the frequency input and the divider control input for use by mixer circuit 206a of RF circuit 206. In some embodiments, synthesizer circuit 206d may be a fractional-N / N+1 synthesizer.

[0061] In some embodiments, the frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), but this is not required. The divider control input may be provided by baseband circuitry 204 or application processor 202 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, the divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a lookup table based on the channel indicated by application processor 202.

[0062] The synthesizer circuit 206d of the RF circuit 206 may include a frequency divider, a delay locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the frequency divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD), and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded tunable delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay element may be configured to decompose the VCO cycle into Nd equal phase groups, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[0063] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit 206d can be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency can be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with a quadrature generator and divider circuit to generate multiple signals with multiple different phases relative to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency can be an LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuit 206 can include an IQ / polarity converter.

[0064] FEM circuitry 208 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 210, amplify the received signals, and provide an amplified version of the received signals to RF circuitry 206 for further processing. FEM circuitry 208 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify signals provided by RF circuitry 206 for transmission by one or more of one or more antennas 210. In various embodiments, amplification by the transmit or receive signal paths may be performed only in RF circuitry 206, only in FEM 208, or in both RF circuitry 206 and FEM 208.

[0065] In some embodiments, the FEM circuit 208 may include a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuit may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuit may include an LNA to amplify the received RF signal and provide the amplified received RF signal as an output (e.g., to the RF circuit 206). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuit 208 may include: a power amplifier (PA) that amplifies the input RF signal (e.g., provided by the RF circuit 206); and one or more filters that generate an RF signal for subsequent transmission (e.g., through one or more of the one or more antennas 210).

[0066] In some embodiments, PMC 212 can manage the power provided to baseband circuit 204. Specifically, PMC 212 can control power selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-DC conversion. When device 200 is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE, PMC 212 can generally be included. PMC 212 can improve power conversion efficiency while providing a desired implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics.

[0067] Although Figure 2 PMC 212 is shown coupled only to baseband circuitry 204. However, in other embodiments, PMC 212 may additionally or alternatively be coupled to other components and perform similar power management operations for the other components, such as, but not limited to, application circuitry 202, RF circuitry 206, or FEM 208.

[0068] In some embodiments, the PMC 212 may control or otherwise be part of various power saving mechanisms of the device 200. For example, if the device 200 is in the RRC_CONNECTED state, where it remains connected to the RAN node because it expects to receive traffic for a short period of time, it may enter a state known as discontinuous reception mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device 200 may be powered off for brief time intervals and thereby save power.

[0069] If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, the device 200 may transition to the RRC_IDLE state, where it is disconnected from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 200 enters a very low power state and it performs paging, where it wakes up periodically again to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device 200 may not receive data in this state, in order to receive data, it must transition back to the RRC_CONNECTED state.

[0070] An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than the paging interval (ranging from a few seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is completely unable to access the network and may be completely powered off. Any data sent during this time will incur significant delays, assuming the delay is acceptable.

[0071] The processor of the application circuit 202 and the processor of the baseband circuit 204 can be used to execute units of one or more instances of the protocol stack. For example, the processor of the baseband circuit 204 (alone or in combination) can be used to perform layer 3, layer 2, or layer 1 functions, and the processor of the application circuit 204 can utilize data received from these layers (e.g., packet data) and further perform layer 4 functions (e.g., transport communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As mentioned herein, layer 3 may include a radio resource control (RRC) layer, as described in further detail below. As mentioned herein, layer 2 may include a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, as described in further detail below. As mentioned herein, layer 1 may include a physical (PHY) layer of a UE / RAN node, as described in further detail below.

[0072] Figure 3 An example interface of a baseband circuit according to some embodiments is shown. As described above, Figure 2 The baseband circuit 204 may include processors 204A-204E and a memory 204G used by the processors. Each of the processors 204A-204E may include a memory interface 304A-304E, respectively, to send data to the memory 204G or receive data from the memory 204G.

[0073] The baseband circuit 204 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuits / devices, such as a memory interface 312 (e.g., an interface for sending data to or receiving data from a memory external to the baseband circuit 204), an application circuit interface 314 (e.g., an interface for sending data to or receiving data from a memory external to the baseband circuit 204), and a memory interface 315 (e.g., an interface for sending data to or receiving data from a memory external to the baseband circuit 204). Figure 2 The application circuit 202 sends data to or from Figure 2 The application circuit 202 receives data from the interface), RF circuit interface 316 (for example, for Figure 2 The RF circuit 206 transmits data to or from Figure 2 an interface for receiving data from the RF circuit 206 of the wireless communication device 300 ), a wireless hardware connection interface 318 (e.g., an interface for sending data to or receiving data from a near field communication (NFC) component), Components (e.g., low power ), components, and / or other communication components) and a power management interface 320 (eg, an interface for sending or receiving power or control signals to or from the PMC 212).

[0074] refer to Figure 4 , a block diagram of a system 400 that can be used at a UE (user equipment) according to various aspects described herein, the system 400 facilitates RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and / or precoder allocation for NR (new radio). The system 400 may include: one or more processors 410 (e.g., one or more baseband processors, such as in conjunction with Figure 2 and / or Figure 3 One or more baseband processors discussed) that include processing circuitry and associated interfaces (e.g., in conjunction with Figure 3 410 ); transceiver circuitry 420 (e.g., including a portion or all of RF circuitry 206, which may include transmitter circuitry (e.g., associated with one or more transmit chains) and / or receiver circuitry (e.g., associated with one or more receive chains) that may employ common circuit elements, different circuit elements, or a combination thereof); and memory 430 (which may include any of a variety of storage media and may store instructions and / or data associated with one or more processors 410 or transceiver circuitry 420). In various aspects, system 400 may be included within a user equipment (UE). As described in more detail below, system 400 may facilitate one or more aspects discussed below in conjunction with precoder allocation and / or RS sequence generation and mapping for NR.

[0075] In various aspects discussed herein, signals and / or messages may be generated and output for transmission, and / or transmitted messages may be received and processed. Depending on the type of signal or message generated, the output for transmission (e.g., by processor 410, processor 510, etc.) may include one or more of: generating a set of associated bits indicating the content of the signal or message, encoding (e.g., which may include adding a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and / or encoding via one or more of a turbo code, a low-density parity check (LDPC) code, a tail-biting convolutional code (TBCC), etc.), scrambling (e.g., based on a scrambling seed), modulation (e.g., via one of some forms of binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), etc.), and / or resource mapping (e.g., mapping to a scheduled resource set, mapping to a time and frequency resource set granted for uplink transmission, etc.). Depending on the type of signal or message received, processing (e.g., by processor 410, processor 510, etc.) may include one or more of: identifying physical resources associated with the signal / message, detecting the signal / message, resource unit group deinterleaving, demodulating, descrambling and / or decoding.

[0076] refer to Figure 5 , a block diagram of a system 500 that can be used at a BS (base station) according to various aspects described herein to facilitate RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping and / or precoder allocation for NR (new radio). The system 500 may include: one or more processors 510 (e.g., one or more baseband processors, such as in conjunction with Figure 2 and / or Figure 3 One or more baseband processors discussed) that include processing circuitry and associated interfaces (e.g., in conjunction with Figure 3); communication circuitry 520 (e.g., which may include circuitry for one or more wired (e.g., X2, etc.) connections and / or part or all of RF circuitry 206, which may include one or more of transmitter circuitry (e.g., associated with one or more transmit links) or receiver circuitry (e.g., associated with one or more receive links), wherein the transmitter circuitry and the receiver circuitry may employ common circuit elements, different circuit elements, or a combination thereof); and memory 530 (which may include any of a variety of storage media and may store instructions and / or data associated with one or more processors 510 or communication circuitry 520). In various aspects, system 500 may be included in an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node B (evolved Node B, eNodeB, or eNB), a Next Generation Node B (gNodeB or gNB), or a TRP (transmit / receive point) in other base stations or wireless communication networks. In some aspects, processor 510, communication circuitry 520, and memory 530 may be included in a single device, while in other aspects, they may be included in different devices, such as part of a distributed architecture. As described in greater detail below, system 500 may facilitate one or more aspects discussed below in connection with precoder allocation and / or RS sequence generation and mapping for NR.

[0077] Sequence Generation of Reference Signals in New Radio (NR)

[0078] LTE (Long Term Evolution) supports multiple reference signals in DL (Downlink) which are QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulated using a pseudo-random Gold sequence c(n) as described in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) TS (Technical Specification) 36.211, obtained by combining two M sequences x1 and x2 of length 31. PN The output sequence c(n) is defined by equations (1)-(3), where n = 0, 1, ..., M PN -1:

[0079] c(n)=(x1(n+N C )+x2(n+N C ))mod2 (1)

[0080] x1(n+31)=(x1(n+3)+x1(n))mod2 (2)

[0081] x2(n+31)=(x2(n+3)+x2(n+2)+x2(n+1)+x2(n))mod2 (3)

[0082] Where N C= 1600 and the first m-sequence can be initialized with x1(0) = 1, x1(n) = 0, n = 1, 2, ..., 30. The second m-sequence is initialized by Represents , where the value depends on the application of the sequence.

[0083] For UE-specific reference signals (e.g., demodulation reference signals (DM-RS)) with antenna ports p=7, p=8 or p=7, 8, K, v+6, another procedure is used. In particular, for a UE with frequency domain index n assigned to the corresponding PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) transmission PRB Given a physical resource block (PRB) of , a portion of the reference signal sequence r(m) is mapped (e.g., via the processor 510 and the transceiver circuit 520) to a complex-valued modulation symbol in a subframe according to the following rule in equation (4) (for a conventional CP (cyclic prefix)

[0084]

[0085] in

[0086]

[0087]

[0088]

[0089]

[0090]

[0091] m′=0,1,2

[0092] The sequence Given in Table 1 (corresponding to Table 6.10.3.2-1 of TS 36.211):

[0093] Table 1: Sequences for normal cyclic prefixes

[0094]

[0095] refer to Figure 6 , a diagram showing mapping of PN (pseudo-noise) sequences to different PRBs (physical resource blocks) of UE (user equipment)-specific RS (reference signals) for different UE BW (bandwidths) via LTE-based mapping in conjunction with various aspects discussed herein. Figure 6 The generation process described above in combination with equations (1)-(4) and Table 1 is shown, where for The maximum number of PRBs depends on the number of allocated PRB blocks n. PRB First the PN sequence is obtained (depending on the actual system BW), and the appropriate part of the sequence will be extracted. Figure 6 As can be seen in , UEs operating with different assumptions of the actual system bandwidth allocated to the same PRB in the physical domain will use different sequences, which may make DM-RS antenna port multiplexing using orthogonal codes impossible.

[0096] Thus, in a first set of aspects discussed herein, one or more techniques discussed herein may be used for DM-RS sequence generation for NR (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510). These techniques may include techniques for generating (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510) a PN sequence for DM-RS modulation that supports: (1) a nested structure such that a UE (e.g., employing a corresponding system 400) operating under different assumptions of an actual system bandwidth may use the same portion of the PN sequence to modulate the DM-RS (e.g., via processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420), and (2) the sequence generation framework discussed herein is not limited by the maximum number of PRBs in the current release and may be reused for new maximum values ​​of PRBs introduced in future NR releases.

[0097] In a first set of embodiments associated with the first set of aspects, two PN sequences may be used (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510) to generate a QPSK sequence for DM-RS RE modulation, wherein a first PN sequence (denoted herein as c1(n)) may be used to modulate DM-RS REs having a subcarrier index greater than a reference (e.g., center) subcarrier index (or frequency, e.g., which in some aspects may be a center frequency between two subcarriers), and a second PN sequence (denoted herein as c2(n)) may be used to modulate DM-RS REs having a subcarrier index less than the reference subcarrier index. In various aspects, the QPSK sequence may be generated as shown in equation (5) (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510):

[0098]

[0099] Wherein, P is the number of REs per antenna port per PRB for DM-RS transmitted via transceiver circuit 420 (or communication circuit 520, respectively), received via communication circuit 520 (or transceiver circuit 420, respectively), and processed by processor 410 (or processor 510, respectively) (e.g., generated by processor 410 (or processor 510, respectively). The mapping of QPSK symbols to PRBs (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) can be defined as shown in equation (6):

[0100]

[0101] in corresponds to a set of allocated subcarriers having a subcarrier index greater than a reference subcarrier index, and Corresponds to a set of allocated subcarriers having a subcarrier index smaller than the reference subcarrier index.

[0102] In various aspects, the reference subcarrier index may correspond to a center subcarrier index of an SS block (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410), a DC (direct current) subcarrier or another subcarrier index (or frequency, e.g., a frequency between two subcarriers) that may be indicated or configured by the gNB to the UE (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410). Reference Figure 7 , shows a diagram illustrating a first example mapping of PN sequences and corresponding QPSK symbols to different PRB blocks in accordance with various aspects discussed herein.

[0103] In contrast to conventional techniques, the first set of embodiments associated with the first set of aspects (as discussed above in conjunction with equation (6) and the associated mapping process) may also be used for a new maximum value of PRBs.

[0104] In one example embodiment of the first set of embodiments associated with the first set of aspects, c1(n) and c2(n) may be two Gold sequences generated using the same M sequence (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) with different initialization values. In another example embodiment of the first set of embodiments, c1(n) and c2(n) may be two Gold sequences that may be generated using different M sequences (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0105] In a second set of embodiments associated with the first set of aspects, the invention may be based at least in part on (e.g. The PN sequence is generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) based on an assumed value of the maximum bandwidth of the PN sequence, which may be repeatedly extended to support The mapping of modulated QPSK symbols to PRBs (eg, by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) may follow a nested structure similar to the mapping supported by CRS (cell-specific reference signal). Figure 8 , a diagram illustrating a second example mapping of PN sequences and corresponding QPSK symbols to different PRB blocks according to various aspects discussed herein.

[0106] Figure 8 The mapping shown in and discussed above can be specified as Equation (7):

[0107]

[0108] Wherein when the boundary of the QPSK modulation sequence length is reached, the modulo operation can be used to achieve sequence wrapping (repetition). In various aspects, the UE can also be configured (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by the processor 510, sent via the communication circuit 520, received via the transceiver circuit 420 and processed by the processor 410) with a PRB block index offset, which can be used to derive an offset k0 to map the QPSK modulation sequence to the allocated PRB, as shown in equation (8):

[0109]

[0110] In some embodiments of this second group of embodiments, the system bandwidth may be divided into a plurality of bandwidth parts (BPs). In various aspects, the reference subcarrier index of the system bandwidth may correspond to a center subcarrier index of an SS block, a DC subcarrier, or another subcarrier index indicated or configured to the UE by the gNB (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by the processor 510, sent via the communication circuit 520, received via the transceiver circuit 420, and processed by the processor 410). Fig. 9 , a diagram showing an example of short DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) mapping for bandwidth extension according to various aspects discussed herein. Fig. 9The length of the reference bandwidth part (BP) 950 in the m-sequence is generated as a short sequence 980 (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510). In one example, the reference BP can be a minimum BP (e.g., including the center frequency 910 and the SS (synchronization signaling) block 920), or can be configurable through system information (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuit 520, received via transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410). Then, different sequences with the same length can be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) based at least in part on the base sequence 980 and the associated bandwidth part (BP) index of BP 930-970. In various aspects, the BP index can be indexed relative to the center frequency. For example,<BP 930,BP 940,BP 950,BP 960,BP 970> The index can be <-2, -1, 0, 1, 2>.

[0111] In other embodiments of this second set of embodiments, two longer scrambling sequences may be used to generate the DM-RS (eg, via processor 410 or processor 510). Fig.10 , a diagram showing an example of dual DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) sequence mapping for bandwidth extension according to various aspects discussed herein. Fig.10 In the example of , the first sequence 1010 (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) may be used to scramble “negative subcarriers” (e.g., subcarriers having a subcarrier index smaller than a reference (e.g., center) subcarrier index, starting from the reference (e.g., center) frequency in order of decreasing frequency). In addition, in Fig.10 In the example of , the second sequence 1020 (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) may be used to scramble "positive subcarriers" (e.g., subcarriers with subcarrier indices greater than a reference (e.g., center) subcarrier index, starting from the reference (e.g., center) frequency in order of increasing frequency). In various embodiments, the two bandwidths on either side of the reference frequency may be the same or different. Additionally, in various aspects (e.g., when different), the two DM-RS sequences may be independently generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) based at least in part on the respective bandwidths on both sides.

[0112] In various embodiments of the first set of aspects, a Gold sequence of larger length (e.g., greater than 31, such as 63, 127, etc.) may be specified to support PN sequence generation (e.g., by processor 410) over a larger bandwidth supported by NR (e.g., compared to LTE).

[0113] In addition, in various embodiments of the first group of aspects, a binary maximum length sequence (e.g., which may be referred to as an m-sequence) may be used (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) as a basic scrambling sequence. In various embodiments, the m-sequence may be generated (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) with a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) that may implement the original polynomial. In some embodiments, the coefficients of the generating polynomial of the DM-RS may be fixed in a specification (e.g., a 3GPP specification).

[0114] Precoder allocation for NR (New Radio)

[0115] A MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) system employs multiple Tx (transmit) and Rx (receive) antennas to provide spatial diversity, multiplexing, and array gain in DL (downlink) and UL (uplink) channels. In the DL, the Tx performance of a BS (e.g., a TRP (Tx / Rx point) of a gNP, eNB, etc. employing the system 500) can be improved by using CSI (channel state information) about the DL channel observed via the Rx antenna (via the communication circuit 520 and the processor 510). The CSI can be obtained by the BS from the UE as follows: (a) from an estimate of the UL channel (e.g., via the processor 510) (e.g., as received via the communication circuit 520) and by using the channel reciprocity of the wireless channel, or (b) from quantized feedback received via the Rx antenna (e.g., generated by the processor 410, sent via the transceiver circuit 420, received via the communication circuit 520, and processed by the processor 510).

[0116] The quantized form of CSI feedback is more general and can be used for both FDD (frequency division duplex) and TDD (time division duplex) systems. The quantized CSI may include a precoding matrix index (PMI) to assist in beamforming or precoding selection for the Tx antenna of the BS (e.g., processor 510 that can be applied via communication processor 520). The set of possible PMIs is called a codebook. For different possible deployments of NR, the codebook can be designed to provide reasonable performance in all possible service directions of the TRP.

[0117] To improve the performance of DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) based transmission modes, RB (resource blocks) may be bundled (e.g., by processors 410 and 510) to P (positive integer) PRBs (physical resource blocks) (called PRGs (precoding resource block groups)). According to LTE (Long Term Evolution) Rel-10 (Release 10), if a UE (e.g., using system 400) is configured with PMI / RI (rank indicator) reporting, the UE may assume (e.g., via processor 410) the same precoding vector on some adjacent RBs (e.g., those in the same PRG). In such a scenario, channel estimation may be improved by averaging (e.g., via processor 410) over a larger number of RBs (e.g., based at least in part on signals, noise and / or interference received via transceiver circuitry 420, performed via processor 410). 3GPP TS 36.213 discusses such bundling ("precoding PRB bundling") in 7.1.6.5:

[0118] When PMI / RI reporting is configured, a UE configured for transmission mode 9 for a given serving cell c may assume that the precoding granularity is a number of resource blocks in the frequency domain.

[0119] For a given serving cell c, if the UE is configured for transmission mode 10

[0120] If PMI / RI reporting is configured for all configured CSI processes of serving cell c, the UE may assume that the precoding granularity is a number of resource blocks in the frequency domain,

[0121] • Otherwise, the UE [may] assume the precoding granularity is one resource block in the frequency domain.

[0122] The system bandwidth is divided into precoding resource block groups (PRGs) of fixed system bandwidth depending on size P′, and each PRG consists of consecutive PRBs. Then one of the PRGs has size The PRG size does not increase starting at the lowest frequency. The UE may assume that the same precoder applies to all scheduled PRBs within a PRG.

[0123] For a given system bandwidth, the PRG size that the UE can assume is given by:

[0124] Table 7.1.6.5-1

[0125]

[0126] However, in NR, UE bandwidth assumptions may vary, and thus, if allocated in a conventional manner, a UE operating with a different assumption of the actual system bandwidth (e.g., employing the corresponding system 400) may allocate PRGs (and therefore precoding) that depend on the assumed system bandwidth, which may be detrimental to CSI determination at the BS (e.g., via the processor 510 and the communication circuit 520). Therefore, in a second set of aspects discussed herein, techniques that may facilitate the allocation of PRGs to PRBs are discussed. These techniques may facilitate precoding allocations that may be independent of the UE's assumptions about the system bandwidth, and thus may facilitate improved CSI determination compared to conventional systems. In various embodiments of the second group of aspects, two methods can be used to precode the allocation of PRBs: (a) cell-specific PRG allocation, where PRGs can be allocated to P consecutive PRBs starting from a reference (e.g., center) PRB (or a frequency between two PRBs, etc.) (such as the center of an SS (synchronization signal) block), or (b) UE-specific PRG allocation, where PRGs can be allocated to P consecutive PRBs starting from a reference PRB index (e.g., the center, lowest, highest, etc. PRB index of one of the bandwidth parts of the UE resource allocation or configuration).

[0127] refer to Fig.11 , a diagram showing an example of PRG allocation according to a first technique according to various aspects discussed herein. In a first set of embodiments associated with the second set of aspects (e.g., employing the first technique), a cell-specific PRG allocation may be employed (e.g., this may be indicated via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410), where each PRG may be allocated (e.g., by processor 410 and processor 510) to P consecutive PRBs starting from a reference PRB (or a frequency between a pair of adjacent PRBs, etc.). In various aspects of this first set of embodiments, the reference PRB (etc.) may be, for example, the center of a SS block (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuitry 520, received by transceiver 420, and processed by processor 410). In this first set of embodiments, as Fig.11 As shown in the example of , consecutive PRBs belonging to the same PRG are allocated starting from the center of the SS block (e.g., by processor 410 and processor 510). In various aspects, at the edge of the band, if the number of PRBs in the band (or half of the band, relative to the center of the SS block) is not divisible by the PRG size of P (e.g., if P is not divided by the number of PRBs in the band (or half of the band) without a remainder), the number of PRBs in the outermost PRG can be reduced.

[0128] refer to Fig.12, a diagram showing an example of PRG allocation according to a second technique according to various aspects discussed herein is shown. In a second set of embodiments associated with the second set of aspects (e.g., employing the second technique), a UE-specific PRG allocation may be employed (e.g., this may be indicated via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410), where each PRG may be allocated (e.g., by processor 410 and processor 510) to P consecutive PRBs starting from a reference PRB (or a frequency between a pair of adjacent PRBs, etc.). In various aspects of this second set of embodiments, the reference PRB (etc.) may be, for example, the lowest PRB index, the highest PRB index, or the center PRB index of one of the BW parts of the resource allocation of the UE or the configuration for the UE.

[0129] Fig.12 The example shown in is one embodiment of this second set of embodiments, where the PRGs may be allocated (e.g., by processors 410 and 510) to PRBs starting from the highest (corresponding to the bottom portion of the figure) PRB index within the resource allocation or configured bandwidth portion. In various aspects, if the number of PRBs in the resource allocation or configured bandwidth is not an integer multiple of the resource allocation or configured bandwidth portion, the number of PRBs may be reduced in the PRGs on one or both edges of the resource allocation or configured bandwidth.

[0130] Additionally, in various embodiments of the second set of aspects (eg, in the first set or the second set), the UE may assume, for each PRG, the same precoder in all PRBs of the PRG.

[0131] DM-RS sequence generation and mapping for New Radio (NR)

[0132] As agreed in NR, the maximum channel bandwidth per NR carrier in Rel-15 (LTE Release 15) is 400 MHz from the perspective of RAN1 (RAN (Radio Access Network) WG1 (Working Group 1)) specifications. In addition, for UEs that are not capable of supporting carrier bandwidth, resource allocation for data transmission can be derived based on a two-step frequency domain allocation process: (1) an indication of a bandwidth part (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410), and (2) an indication of the PRBs within the bandwidth part (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410). For a given UE, one or more bandwidth part configurations for each component carrier can be semi-statically sent to the UE (e.g., via signaling generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410). The configuration of the bandwidth part may also include parameter sets, frequency locations, and bandwidth.

[0133] refer to Fig.13 , a diagram showing an example of a DM-RS for multiple BW parts configured with different parameter sets is shown in conjunction with various aspects discussed herein. Fig.13 In the example of , bandwidth parts #1 and #3 are configured with a subcarrier spacing of 15kHz and a slot duration of 1ms, while bandwidth part #2 is configured with a subcarrier spacing of 60kHz and a slot duration of approximately 0.25ms. In addition, as agreed upon in NR, symbol-level alignment across different subcarrier spacings with the same CP (cyclic prefix) overhead within a subframe duration in an NR carrier may be assumed (e.g., by processor 410 and processor 510).

[0134] For NR, such as Fig.13 As shown in the example of , in the case that the UE cannot support the entire carrier bandwidth, the DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) can occupy part of the system bandwidth. Depending on whether the UE is configured with one or more BW parts, it may be necessary to define DM-RS sequence generation and mapping.

[0135] Therefore, in various embodiments of the third aspect discussed herein, techniques that can facilitate DM-RS sequence generation and mapping for NR are discussed. In various aspects, these techniques can include: (1) DM-RS sequence generation and mapping in frequency; and (2) DM-RS sequence generation and mapping in time; (3) scrambling sequence generation for data and control channels.

[0136] DM-RS sequence generation and mapping in time

[0137] In LTE, a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) is sent only in resource blocks allocated for transmission to a given UE. In addition, the DM-RS is generated based on a pseudo-random sequence, where the initialization seed is defined as a function of one or more of a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a time slot index, or a scrambling ID, which can be indicated in downlink control information (DCI) (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410).

[0138] For NR, a similar mechanism may be applied to DM-RS sequence generation, as discussed in more detail below. For example, the initialization seed for the pseudo-random sequence for DM-RS sequence generation may be defined as a function of one or more of a physical cell ID, a virtual cell ID, a slot index, or a scrambling ID, which may be indicated in downlink control information (DCI) (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410). In addition, it may also be defined as a function of one or more of the following parameters: symbol index or UE ID (e.g., cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI)).

[0139] In scenarios where two or more bandwidth parts are allocated to a UE, in various embodiments, DM-RS sequence generation and resource mapping may be employed as described below.

[0140] In addition, despite Fig.14 Only one DM-RS symbol is shown in the example and described below, but in various embodiments, the same techniques can be extended to other scenarios, such as scenarios with two front-loaded DM-RS symbols and scenarios in which additional DM-RS are configured in the second part of the time slot.

[0141] In a first group of embodiments associated with the third group of aspects, in a scenario where the same parameter set is applied to two or more bandwidth portions, a long pseudo-random sequence based on the total bandwidth and parameter set of the two or more bandwidth portions can be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0142] Reference again Fig.13In the example shown in , the UE can be configured (e.g., via high-layer signaling generated by the processor 510, sent by the communication circuit 520, received by the transceiver circuit 420, and processed by the processor 410) with bandwidth parts #1 and #3 for data transmission, where 5 MHz and 10 MHz can be allocated to bandwidth parts #1 and #3, respectively. Assuming the same parameter set of 15 kHz is adopted, according to the first group of embodiments of the third group of aspects, a long pseudo-random sequence based on a 15 MHz (5 MHz + 10 MHz) bandwidth and a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing can be generated for the DM-RS (e.g., by the processor 410 or the processor 510).

[0143] In a second group of embodiments associated with the third group of aspects, in a scenario where the same or different parameter sets are applied to two or more bandwidth parts, an independent pseudo-random sequence based on different bandwidth parts and associated parameter sets can be generated for the DM-RS in each bandwidth part (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0144] Reference again Fig.13 In Example 3 shown in , the UE may be configured with bandwidth parts #1 and #2 for data transmission, where bandwidth part #1 with 5 MHz is configured with a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and bandwidth part #2 with 5 MHz is configured with a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. In this scenario, an independent sequence may be generated for each bandwidth part of the DM-RS (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0145] Additionally, in various such aspects, the pseudo-random sequence in each bandwidth part may be further defined as a function of the bandwidth part index or another parameter associated with each bandwidth part, which may help randomize interference in the frequency domain. In various such aspects, the parameter may be predefined in the specification or may be configured by higher layer signaling via one of NR minimum system information (MSI), NR remaining minimum system information (RMSI), NR other system information (OSI), or radio resource control (RRC) signaling; or dynamically indicated in DCI or a combination thereof (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuit 520, received by transceiver circuit 420, and processed by processor 410).

[0146] In various aspects, the scrambling ID may be different for each bandwidth part and / or may be dynamically signaled in the DCI (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent by communication circuitry 520, received by transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410). Alternatively, a predefined or configured offset for scrambling IDs between bandwidth parts may be defined, which may help reduce signaling overhead in the DCI.

[0147] In various aspects, for a given bandwidth portion, a UE may be configured with two or more virtual cell IDs to support dynamic switching between transmission points (TPs).

[0148] DM-RS sequence generation and mapping in time

[0149] As described above, the initialization seed of the pseudo-random sequence used for DM-RS sequence generation can be defined as a function of one or more of the following parameters: physical cell ID, virtual cell ID, slot index, symbol index, frame index, scrambling ID or UE ID.

[0150] In a third group of embodiments associated with the third group of aspects, a timeslot index may be defined according to a reference parameter set. In various aspects, the reference parameter set may be different on different carrier frequencies. For example, for carrier frequencies below 6 GHz, a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing may be considered a reference parameter set, while for carrier frequencies above 6 GHz, a 60 kHz or 120 Kkz subcarrier spacing may be considered a reference parameter set. Alternatively, the reference parameter set may be a parameter set for a beam management reference signal (e.g., an SS block or CSI-RS) that may be configured or indicated in a default or indicated beam pair link (BPL) (e.g., via high-layer signaling or DCI generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410).

[0151] In this scenario, a long sequence in a time slot and a bandwidth part according to a reference parameter set may be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510). Depending on the number of DM-RS symbols configured in a time slot using the reference parameter set, the DM-RS sequence may be mapped to each DM-RS symbol accordingly (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520).

[0152] As an example, refer again to Fig.13 , in bandwidth part #2, a DM-RS sequence may be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) as a function of a slot index based on an index parameter set (e.g., 15 kHz). In this scenario, a long sequence may be generated for the DM-RS (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) based on a 1 ms slot duration. Assuming that 4 DM-RS symbols are used within 1 ms, the long DM-RS sequence may be mapped (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) to 4 DM-RS symbols, where a first portion of the DM-RS sequence may be mapped to a first DM-RS symbol, a second portion of the DM-RS sequence may be mapped to a second DM-RS symbol, and so on.

[0153] Additionally, in various aspects, in addition to the slot index, a symbol index may also be included in the DM-RS sequence generation (eg, by processor 410 or processor 510). Fig.14 , a diagram illustrating an example of symbol-level DM-RS based transmission according to various aspects discussed herein. Fig.14 In an example embodiment, with respect to a reference parameter set, data transmission may span several symbols. In this scenario, a DM-RS sequence may be generated according to a symbol index and a slot index (eg, by processor 410 or processor 510) according to the reference parameter set.

[0154] In a fourth group of embodiments associated with the third group of aspects, time slot indices may be defined according to associated parameter sets in each bandwidth portion. For example, assuming a frame duration of 10 ms, the time slot indices for a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing are 0 to 9, and for a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing, the time slot indices are 0 to 39. Similarly, a long sequence may be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510), wherein a total length of the long sequence may be determined based at least in part on the number of DM-RS symbols in the time slots of the associated parameter set. In this scenario, different portions of the DM-RS sequence may be mapped accordingly (e.g., by processor 410 and transceiver circuitry 420 or processor 510 and communication circuitry 520) to different DM-RS symbols.

[0155] Alternatively, in the case where at least one additional DM-RS symbol is configured, the symbol index may be included in the generation of the DM-RS (e.g., by the processor 410 or the processor 510). For example, the additional DM-RS symbol may be configured (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by the processor 510, sent via the communication circuit 520, received via the transceiver circuit 420, and processed by the processor 410) in the second half of a time slot. In this case, a separate DM-RS sequence is generated for each DM-RS symbol within a time slot.

[0156] In various embodiments of the third aspect, similar techniques can be applied to sequence generation (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) of other reference signals (e.g., phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), sounding reference signal (SRS), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), etc.).

[0157] Scrambling sequence generation for data and control channels

[0158] In LTE, scrambling sequences for data and control channels may be generated based on one or more of a cell ID, a slot index, or an RNTI (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510). For NR, due to the multiplexing of different numbers at the same bandwidth and symbol level, the transmission generation of data and control channel scrambling sequences may be updated accordingly.

[0159] In a fifth group of embodiments associated with the third group of aspects, a scrambling sequence may be generated based on a scrambling seed (e.g., by processor 410 or by processor 510), which may be defined as a function of one or more of the following parameters: a physical cell ID, a virtual cell ID, a frame and / or time slot and / or symbol index for transmission of data and / or control channels, and / or a suitable identifier (e.g., RNTI).

[0160] Additionally, in scenarios involving mini-slot aggregation, a symbol index that may be used for scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) for DL ​​control and / or data channels may be defined based on the first symbol scheduled for transmission. Similarly, in scenarios involving slot aggregation when a transport block (TB) spans multiple slots, a slot index that may be used for scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) for DL ​​control and / or data channels may be defined based on the first slot scheduled for transmission.

[0161] In addition, as described above, the time slot index can be determined based on a reference parameter set or a parameter set associated with each bandwidth part. In a scenario where the time slot index is determined at least in part based on a reference parameter set (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510), and when a symbol-level based transmission for data and / or control channels is employed (e.g., generated by processor 410 (or processor 510, respectively), sent via transceiver circuit 420 (or communication circuit 520, respectively), received via communication circuit 520 (or transceiver circuit 420, respectively, and processed by processor 410 (or processor 510, respectively), the symbol index according to the reference parameter set can also be included in the scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0162] Additional Embodiments

[0163] refer to Fig.15 , a flow chart of an example method 1500 that can be used at an NR (new radio) wireless communication device (e.g., gNB, UE, etc.) to facilitate RS (reference signal) sequence generation and mapping according to various aspects discussed herein is shown. In other aspects, a machine-readable medium can store instructions associated with the method 1500, which when executed can cause the NR wireless communication device to perform the actions of the method 1500.

[0164] At 1510, one or more PN sequences may be generated based on an initial state of a PN generator.

[0165] At 1520, for each of the one or more PRBs, an associated portion of an associated PN sequence may be extracted based on a reference frequency and regardless of a BW portion configuration and / or a maximum number of configured PRBs.

[0166] At 1530, a RS can be generated for each PRB based on the extracted associated portion of the associated PN sequence of the PRB (eg, via QPSK modulation, mapping, etc.).

[0167] Additionally or alternatively, method 1500 may include various embodiments of system 400 or system 500 discussed herein in conjunction with the first set of aspects in conjunction with one or more other actions described herein.

[0168] refer to Fig.16 , a flow chart of an example method 1600 that can be used at an NR (new radio) wireless communication device (e.g., gNB, UE, etc.) to facilitate precoder allocation for NR according to various aspects discussed herein is shown. In other aspects, a machine-readable medium can store instructions associated with the method 1600, which when executed can cause the NR wireless communication device to perform the actions of the method 1600.

[0169] At 1610, starting from a reference frequency (eg, a center frequency of an SS block, etc.), one or more PRGs each including two or more PRBs may be determined.

[0170] At 1620, a precoder assignment for each of the PRBs of one or more PRGs may be determined based on the assumed common precoder assignment for the PRG.

[0171] At 1630, a DL data channel may be sent (e.g., in a gNB embodiment) or received (e.g., in a UE embodiment) based on the determined precoder allocation.

[0172] Additionally or alternatively, method 1600 may include various embodiments of system 400 or system 500 discussed herein in conjunction with the second set of aspects in conjunction with one or more other actions described herein.

[0173] refer to Fig.17, a flow chart of an example method 1700 that can be used at a NR (new radio) wireless communication device (e.g., gNB, UE, etc.) to facilitate DM-RS sequence generation for NR according to various aspects discussed herein is shown. In other aspects, a machine-readable medium can store instructions associated with the method 1700, which when executed can cause the NR wireless communication device to perform the actions of the method 1700.

[0174] At 1710, one or more pseudo-random sequences may be generated based on one or more of a physical cell ID, a virtual cell ID, a symbol index, a slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID.

[0175] At 1720, one or more pseudo-random sequences may be mapped to one or more DM-RS symbols.

[0176] At 1730, one or more DM-RS symbols may be transmitted.

[0177] Additionally or alternatively, method 1700 may include various embodiments of system 400 or system 500 discussed herein in conjunction with the third set of aspects in conjunction with one or more other actions described herein.

[0178] A first example embodiment that can be used in conjunction with the first set of aspects discussed herein may include a method for reference signal modulation using a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence or an apparatus (e.g., system 400 or system 500) configured to employ such a method, the method comprising: generating (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) one or more PN sequences based on an initial state of a PN generator; extracting (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510) the same portion of associated PN sequences of the one or more PN sequences for resource blocks having the same global PRB index (a set of subcarriers residing on the same physical frequency), regardless of the bandwidth portion configuration at the UE or the maximum number of PRBs supported by the NR; and using (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510) the extracted PN sequence for QPSK modulation and mapping to a reference signal RE within a PRB block allocated to the UE.

[0179] In various aspects of the first example embodiment in combination with the first group of aspects, the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS).

[0180] In various aspects of the first example embodiment in combination with the first group of aspects, the reference signal is a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0181] In various aspects of a first example embodiment in combination with the first set of aspects, the PN sequence includes two PN sequence portions, a first PN sequence portion generated for a "positive" subcarrier index relative to a reference (e.g., center) subcarrier (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510), and a second PN sequence portion generated for a "negative" subcarrier index relative to the reference subcarrier (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510). In various such aspects, the reference subcarrier may correspond to a center subcarrier index of an SS block, a DC subcarrier, or other subcarrier index indicated or configured to the UE by the gNB (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410).

[0182] In various aspects of the first example embodiment in combination with the first group of aspects, the PN sequence may be repeated every N PRBs. In various such aspects (or other aspects of the first example embodiment in combination with the first group of aspects), the UE may be configured (e.g., via higher layer signaling generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver circuitry 420, and processed by processor 410) with a PRB block offset that may be used (e.g., via processor 410) to extract a PN sequence for reference signal modulation. In various such aspects, the PN sequence may be repeated in each reference bandwidth portion. In various such aspects, the PN sequence generated (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510) for the group of PRBs may be repeated every N PRBs. Repeat once.

[0183] In various aspects of the first example embodiment related to the first group of aspects, the PN sequence is a Gold sequence of length 63.

[0184] In various aspects of the first example embodiment in combination with the first group of aspects, the PN sequence is a Gold sequence of length 127.

[0185] A first example embodiment that may be used in conjunction with the second set of aspects discussed herein may include a method of assigning precoders to physical resource blocks (PRBs) or an apparatus configured to employ such a method, wherein the method includes: determining (e.g., via processor 410) a precoding group set comprising two or more consecutive PRBs, wherein the UE may assume (e.g., via processor 410) the same precoder assignment for all PRBs of the precoding group set, wherein consecutive PRBs are assigned to the precoding group set starting from a center frequency; and receiving a downlink data channel (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuit 520, received via transceiver 420, and processed by processor 410) via scheduled PRBs (e.g., via transceiver circuit 420) based on the precoder assignment.

[0186] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the second set of aspects, the center frequency corresponds to the center of a synchronization signal block (eg, generated by processor 510, transmitted via communication circuitry 520, received via transceiver 420, and processed by processor 410).

[0187] A second example embodiment that may be employed in conjunction with the second set of aspects discussed herein may include a method of assigning precoders to physical resource blocks (PRBs) or an apparatus configured to employ such a method, the method comprising: determining (e.g., via processor 410) a precoding group set comprising two or more consecutive PRBs, wherein the UE may assume (e.g., via processor 410) the same precoder for all PRBs of the precoding group set, wherein the consecutive PRBs are assigned from one of a center frequency, a lowest frequency, or a highest frequency of the resource allocation; and receiving a downlink data channel (e.g., generated by processor 510, sent via communication circuit 520, received via transceiver 420, and processed by processor 410) via the scheduled PRBs (e.g., via transceiver circuit 420) based on the precoder assignment.

[0188] In various aspects of the second example embodiment of the second group of aspects, the resource allocation may correspond to scheduled PRBs in a given time slot.

[0189] In various aspects of the second example embodiment of the second set of aspects, the resource allocation comprises a configured bandwidth portion.

[0190] In various aspects of the first or second exemplary embodiments of the second group of aspects, when the number of PRBs is not an integer multiple of the number of PRBs in the precoding group, the number of PRBs in the precoding group on the bandwidth or allocated resource boundary is reduced.

[0191] A first example embodiment that may be employed in conjunction with the third group of aspects discussed herein may include a wireless communication method for NR or an apparatus configured to employ such a method, the method comprising: generating, by an NR wireless communication device (e.g., a gNB, UE, etc.) (e.g., via processor 410 or processor 510), a pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on one or more of the following parameters: a physical cell ID, a virtual cell ID, a symbol index, a time slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID; mapping, by an NR wireless communication device (e.g., a gNB, UE, etc.) (e.g., via processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520), the pseudo-random sequence into a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) signal symbol; and sending, by an NR wireless communication device (e.g., a gNB, UE, etc.) (e.g., via communication circuit 520 or transceiver circuit 420).

[0192] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third group of aspects, in a scenario where the same parameter set is applied to two or more bandwidth parts (e.g., via processor 410 and processor 510), a long pseudo-random sequence based on the total bandwidth and parameter set of the two or more bandwidth parts can be generated for the DM-RS (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510).

[0193] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third group of aspects, in scenarios where the same or different parameter sets can be applied to two or more bandwidth parts, independent pseudo-random sequences based on different bandwidth parts and associated parameter sets can be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) for the DM-RS in each bandwidth part.

[0194] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third group of aspects, the pseudo-random sequence in each bandwidth part may be further defined as a function of a bandwidth part index and / or a parameter associated with each bandwidth part.

[0195] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third group of aspects, a time slot index may be defined according to a reference parameter set. In various such aspects, a long sequence may be generated (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) within a time slot and a bandwidth portion according to the reference parameter set, wherein the DM-RS sequence may be mapped accordingly (e.g., via processor 410 and transceiver circuit 420 or processor 510 and communication circuit 520) to each DM-RS symbol.

[0196] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third set of aspects, a symbol index may be included in DM-RS sequence generation (eg, by processor 410 or processor 510) in addition to a slot index.

[0197] In various aspects of the first example embodiment of the third group of aspects, the time slot index may be defined according to an associated parameter set in each bandwidth part.

[0198] In various aspects of the first exemplary embodiment of the third group of aspects, a scrambling sequence for transmission of data and / or control channels may be generated based on a scrambling seed (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510), which may be defined as a function of one or more of the following parameters: physical cell ID, virtual cell ID, frame index, time slot index, or symbol index. In various such aspects, the time slot index may be determined (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510) based on a reference parameter set or a parameter set associated with each bandwidth part. In various such aspects, in scenarios where the time slot index may be determined based at least in part on a reference parameter set (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510), and in scenarios where a symbol-based transmission of data and / or control channels (e.g., generated by processors 410 and 510) is employed (e.g., by transceiver circuitry 420 or communication circuitry 520), the symbol index based on the reference parameter set may also be included in the scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 410 or processor 510). In various such aspects, in scenarios involving mini-slot aggregation, a symbol index for scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) for DL ​​control and / or data channels can be defined based on a first symbol scheduled for transmission (e.g., by communication circuit 520) in a scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) for a DL control and / or data channel in a scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) can be defined based on a first symbol scheduled for transmission (e.g., by communication circuit 520) in various such scenarios. In various such scenarios, in scenarios involving slot aggregation when a transport block (TB) spans multiple slots, a slot index for scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) for a DL control or data channel in a scrambling sequence generation (e.g., by processor 510) can be defined based on a first slot scheduled for transmission.

[0199] The examples herein may include subject matter such as a method, components for performing actions or blocks of the method, and at least one machine-readable medium including executable instructions that, when executed by a machine (e.g., a processor with memory, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.), cause the machine to perform actions of a method or apparatus or system for concurrent communication using multiple communication technologies according to the described embodiments and examples.

[0200] Example 1 is an apparatus configured to be employed in an NR (new radio) wireless communication device, comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: generate one or more PN (pseudo-noise) sequences based at least in part on an initial state of a PN generator; extract an associated portion of an associated PN sequence of the one or more PN sequences based at least in part on a reference subcarrier index that is independent of a bandwidth portion configuration and a maximum number of PRBs supported; for each of one or more PRBs, generate a set of associated RSs (reference signals) for the PRB based at least in part on the extracted associated portion of the associated PN sequence for the PRB; and send the one or more PN sequences to the memory via the memory interface, wherein the NR wireless communication device is one of a gNB (next generation Node B) or a UE (user equipment).

[0201] Example 2 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 1, wherein, for each of the one or more PRBs, a set of associated RSs for the PRB includes a DM (demodulation)-RS.

[0202] Example 3 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 1, wherein, for each of the one or more PRBs, the set of associated RSs for the PRB includes a CSI (channel state information)-RS.

[0203] Example 4 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the one or more PN sequences include a first PN sequence and a second PN sequence, wherein the first PN sequence is the associated PN sequence for each PRB of the one or more PRBs including subcarriers having a higher subcarrier index than the reference subcarrier index, and wherein the second PN sequence is the associated PN sequence for each PRB of the one or more PRBs including subcarriers having a lower subcarrier index than the reference subcarrier index.

[0204] Example 5 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the reference subcarrier index is associated with a center subcarrier of a SS (synchronization signal) block, a DC (direct current) subcarrier, or one of the subcarriers indicated via configuration signaling.

[0205] Example 6 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the one or more PN sequences include a single PN sequence, the single PN sequence is an associated PN sequence for each PRB, and wherein the associated portion of the single PN sequence is repeated every N PRBs, where N is a positive integer.

[0206] Example 7 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 6, wherein the one or more PRBs include two or more BW (bandwidth) parts, and wherein each of the two or more BW parts includes N PRBs.

[0207] Example 8 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 6, wherein N is a maximum number of PRBs for a given BW (bandwidth).

[0208] Example 9 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the processing circuit is configured to: for each PRB of the one or more PRBs, extract an associated portion of the associated PN sequence based at least in part on a configured PRB offset.

[0209] Example 10 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein each of the one or more PN sequences is a Gold sequence of length 63.

[0210] Example 11 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 1-3, wherein each of the one or more PN sequences is a Gold sequence of length 127.

[0211] Example 12 is an apparatus configured for use in a UE (user equipment), comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: determine one or more PRGs (Physical Resource Block Groups), wherein each PRG includes two or more consecutive PRBs starting from a reference frequency; for each of the one or more PRGs, determine an associated precoder allocation for the PRG, wherein the associated precoder allocation of the PRG is associated with each of two or more consecutive PRBs of the PRG; based at least in part on the associated precoder allocation for each of the one or more PRGs, process a downlink data channel mapped to the one or more PRGs; and for each of the one or more PRGs, send an indicator of the associated precoder allocation for the PRG to a memory via the memory interface.

[0212] Example 13 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 12, wherein the reference frequency is a center frequency of a SS (synchronization signal) block.

[0213] Example 14 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 12, wherein the reference frequency is one of a center frequency of the resource allocation of the UE, a lowest frequency of the resource allocation, or a highest frequency of the resource allocation.

[0214] Example 15 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 14, wherein the resource allocation includes all PRBs scheduled for the UE in the time slot.

[0215] Example 16 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 14, wherein the resource allocation includes a configured BW (bandwidth) portion for the UE.

[0216] Example 17 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 12-16, wherein the one or more PRGs are a plurality of PRGs including one or more boundary PRGs and one or more other PRGs, wherein the one or more other PRGs include N PRBs, wherein N is a positive integer, wherein the one or more boundary PRGs are located at one of an upper boundary of a resource allocation of the UE or a lower boundary of the resource allocation, wherein the resource allocation includes M PRBs, wherein M is a positive integer greater than N, wherein when M is an integer multiple of N, the one or more boundary PRGs include N PRBs, and when M is not an integer multiple of N, the one or more boundary PRGs include less than N PRBs.

[0217] Example 18 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 12-16, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to determine the reference frequency based at least in part on the configured PRB offset.

[0218] Example 19 is an apparatus configured to be employed in an NR (new radio) wireless communication device, comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: generate one or more pseudo-random sequences based at least in part on one or more of a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a symbol index, a time slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE (user equipment) ID; map the one or more pseudo-random sequences to at least one DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) symbol; and send the one or more pseudo-random sequences to the memory via the memory interface, wherein the NR wireless communication device is one of a gNB (next generation Node B) or a UE.

[0219] Example 20 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 19, wherein at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts having a common parameter set, and wherein, based at least in part on the common parameter set and the total bandwidth of the two or more BW parts, the one or more pseudo-random sequences are long pseudo-random sequences.

[0220] Example 21 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 19, wherein at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts including a first BW part and a second BW part, the first BW part having a first BW and a first parameter set, the second BW part having a second BW part and a second parameter set, wherein the first parameter set is different from the second parameter set, wherein the one or more pseudo-random sequences include a first pseudo-random sequence and a second pseudo-random sequence, wherein the first pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the first parameter set and the first BW, and wherein the second pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the second parameter set and the second BW.

[0221] Example 22 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 19, wherein at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with one or more BW (bandwidth) parts, wherein each BW part has an associated pseudo-random sequence mapped to one or more pseudo-random sequences of the BW part, wherein, for each BW part, the associated pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on a BW part index of the BW part or one or more parameters associated with the BW part.

[0222] Example 23 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 19-22, wherein the processing circuit is configured to generate one or more pseudo-random sequences based at least in part on a time slot index, wherein the time slot index is defined based on a reference parameter set.

[0223] Example 24 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 23, wherein the one or more pseudo-random sequences include a long pseudo-random sequence generated within a time slot and BW (bandwidth) portion based at least in part on a reference parameter set, wherein the time slot includes at least one DM-RS symbol, and wherein the processor is configured to map the long pseudo-random sequence to the at least one DM-RS symbol.

[0224] Example 25 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 19-22, wherein the processing circuit is configured to generate one or more pseudo-random sequences based at least in part on the symbol index and the slot index.

[0225] Example 26 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 19-22, wherein the processing circuit is configured to generate one or more pseudo-random sequences based at least in part on a time slot index, wherein, for each of the one or more pseudo-random sequences, the time slot index is defined based on an associated parameter set of a BW portion associated with the pseudo-random sequence.

[0226] Example 27 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Examples 19-22, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: generate a channel, wherein the channel is an NR data channel or an NR control channel; scramble the channel based on a scrambling sequence, wherein a scrambling seed of the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on one or more of a physical cell ID, a virtual cell ID, a second symbol index associated with the channel, a second time slot index associated with the channel, or a second frame index associated with the channel; and map the channel to one or more symbols of one or more time slots, the one or more symbols including the at least one DM-RS symbol.

[0227] Example 28 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 27, wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on a second time slot index, wherein the second time slot index is based at least in part on one of a reference parameter set or a parameter set for a BW portion associated with the channel.

[0228] Example 29 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 28, wherein the second time slot index is based at least in part on the reference parameter set, and wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second symbol index.

[0229] Example 30 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 27, wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on a second symbol index, and wherein a value of the second symbol index is based on a first symbol of one or more symbols in one or more time slots.

[0230] Example 31 includes the subject matter of any variation of any of Example 27, wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on a second time slot index, wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on a second time slot index, wherein the one or more time slots are a plurality of time slots, and wherein the value of the second time slot index is based on a first time slot of the plurality of time slots.

[0231] Example 32 includes an apparatus comprising means for performing any of the operations described in Examples 1-31.

[0232] Example 33 includes a machine-readable medium storing instructions for execution by a processor to perform any of the operations described in Examples 1-31.

[0233] Example 34 includes an apparatus comprising: a memory interface; and a processing circuit configured to: perform any of the operations described in Examples 1-31.

[0234] The above description of the illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure, including that described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specific embodiments and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various modifications are contemplated within the scope of these embodiments and examples as those skilled in the relevant art can recognize.

[0235] In this regard, although the disclosed subject matter has been described in conjunction with various embodiments and corresponding drawings, it should be understood that other similar embodiments may be used, or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments, to perform the same, similar, alternative or replacement functions of the disclosed subject matter, without departing from the invention. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but should be interpreted in accordance with the breadth and scope of the following claims.

[0236] In particular, with respect to the various functions performed by the above-described components or structures (components, devices, circuits, systems, etc.), unless otherwise specified, the terms used to describe such components (including references to "components") are intended to correspond to any component or structure that performs the specified functions of the described components (e.g., functionally equivalent), even if not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structures that perform the functions in the exemplary embodiments shown herein. In addition, although a particular feature may have been disclosed for only one of several embodiments, that feature may be combined with one or more other features of other embodiments as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

Claims

1. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) for use in new radio (NR), the apparatus comprising a processing circuit, the processing circuit being configured to: receiving a configuration of a plurality of bandwidth parts (BWPs) configured with corresponding parameter sets; and generating a first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on one or more of a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID and a symbol index used to generate a first DM-RS (demodulation reference signal) sequence, wherein for the plurality of BWPs, a respective scrambling ID is associated with each BWP, and wherein the slot index is defined according to the parameter set of the associated BWP or is defined based on a reference parameter set, in, The at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with one or more BW (Bandwidth) parts, wherein each BW part has an associated pseudo-random sequence mapped to this BW part, Therein, for each BW portion, the associated pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on a BW portion index of this BW portion or one or more of parameters associated with this BW portion.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein: An initialization seed for the first pseudo-random sequence is based on the symbol index, the scrambling ID, and the slot index.

3. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts having a common parameter set, and wherein the first pseudo-random sequence is a long pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the common parameter set and a total bandwidth of the two or more BW parts.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: generating a second pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID and a symbol index used to generate a second DM-RS (demodulation reference signal) sequence, in, the at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts including a first BW part having a first BW and a first parameter set, and a second BW part having a second BW part and a second parameter set, wherein the first parameter set is different from the second parameter set, Wherein the first pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the first set of parameters and the first BW, and wherein the second pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the second set of parameters and the second BW.

5. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the time slot index.

6. The device according to claim 5, in, The first pseudo-random sequence comprises a long pseudo-random sequence generated within a time slot and a BW (bandwidth) portion based at least in part on the reference parameter set, wherein the time slot comprises the at least one DM-RS symbol, and wherein the processing circuit is configured to map the long pseudo-random sequence to the at least one DM-RS symbol.

7. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the symbol index and the slot index.

8. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate two or more pseudo-random sequences including the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the time slot index.

9. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The processing circuit is further configured to: generating a channel, wherein the channel is an NR data channel or an NR control channel; scrambling the channel based on a scrambling sequence, wherein a scrambling seed of the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on one or more of the physical cell ID, the virtual cell ID, a second symbol index associated with the channel, a second time slot index associated with the channel, or a second frame index associated with the channel; and The channel is mapped to one or more symbols of one or more time slots, the one or more symbols including the at least one DM-RS symbol.

10. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second slot index, wherein the second slot index is based at least in part on one of a reference parameter set or a parameter set for a BW portion associated with the channel.

11. The device according to claim 10, wherein: The second slot index is based at least in part on the reference parameter set, and wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second symbol index.

12. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second symbol index, and wherein a value of the second symbol index is based on a first symbol of the one or more symbols in the one or more time slots.

13. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second slot index, wherein the one or more slots is a plurality of slots, and wherein a value of the second slot index is based on a first slot of the plurality of slots.

14. An apparatus for a base station for use in New Radio (NR), the apparatus comprising a processing circuit configured to: transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration of a plurality of bandwidth parts (BWPs) configured with corresponding parameter sets; and generating a first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on one or more of a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID and a symbol index used to generate a first DM (demodulation)-RS (reference signal) sequence, wherein for the plurality of BWPs, a respective scrambling ID is associated with each BWP, and wherein the slot index is defined according to the parameter set of the associated BWP or is defined based on a reference parameter set, in, The at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with one or more BW (Bandwidth) parts, wherein each BW part has an associated pseudo-random sequence mapped to this BW part, Therein, for each BW portion, the associated pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on a BW portion index of this BW portion or one or more of parameters associated with this BW portion.

15. The device according to claim 14, wherein: An initialization seed for the first pseudo-random sequence is based on the symbol index, the scrambling ID, and the slot index.

16. The device according to claim 15, wherein: The at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts having a common parameter set, and wherein the first pseudo-random sequence is a long pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the common parameter set and a total bandwidth of the two or more BW parts.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: generating a second pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on a physical cell ID (identifier), a virtual cell ID, a slot index, a frame index, a scrambling ID, or a UE ID and a symbol index used to generate a second DM-RS (demodulation reference signal) sequence, in, the at least one DM-RS symbol is associated with two or more BW (bandwidth) parts including a first BW part having a first BW and a first parameter set, and a second BW part having a second BW part and a second parameter set, wherein the first parameter set is different from the second parameter set, Wherein the first pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the first set of parameters and the first BW, and wherein the second pseudo-random sequence is based at least in part on the second set of parameters and the second BW.

18. The device according to claim 15, in, Each BW portion has an associated pseudo-random sequence from a plurality of pseudo-random sequences including the first pseudo-random sequence mapped to this BW portion.

19. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the time slot index.

20. The device according to claim 19, in, The pseudo-random sequence comprises a long pseudo-random sequence generated within a time slot and a BW (bandwidth) portion based at least in part on the reference parameter set, wherein the time slot comprises the at least one DM-RS symbol, and wherein the processing circuit is configured to map the long pseudo-random sequence to the at least one DM-RS symbol.

21. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the symbol index and the slot index.

22. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein: The processing circuit is configured to generate two or more pseudo-random sequences including the first pseudo-random sequence based at least in part on the time slot index.

23. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein: The processing circuit is further configured to: generating a channel, wherein the channel is an NR data channel or an NR control channel; scrambling the channel based on a scrambling sequence, wherein a scrambling seed of the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on one or more of the physical cell ID, the virtual cell ID, a second symbol index associated with the channel, a second time slot index associated with the channel, or a second frame index associated with the channel; and The channel is mapped to one or more symbols of one or more time slots, the one or more symbols including the at least one DM-RS symbol.

24. The device according to claim 23, wherein: The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second slot index, wherein the second slot index is based at least in part on one of a reference parameter set or a parameter set for a BW portion associated with the channel.

25. The device according to claim 24, wherein: The second slot index is based at least in part on the reference parameter set, and wherein the scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second symbol index.

26. The device according to claim 23, wherein The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second symbol index, and wherein a value of the second symbol index is based on a first symbol of the one or more symbols in the one or more time slots.

27. The device according to claim 23, wherein: The scrambling sequence is based at least in part on the second slot index, wherein the one or more slots is a plurality of slots, and wherein a value of the second slot index is based on a first slot of the plurality of slots.

28. An apparatus comprising a module for performing the operations performed by the apparatus according to any one of claims 1-27.

29. A machine-readable storage medium storing instructions, wherein the instructions are used to be executed by a processor to implement the operations performed by the apparatus according to any one of claims 1-27.

30. A method for a UE used in New Radio (NR), wherein the method comprises operations performed by an apparatus according to any one of claims 1-13.

31. A method for a base station used in New Radio (NR), wherein the method comprises operations performed by an apparatus according to any one of claims 14-27.

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