Method, apparatus, and computer program product for network slicing-aware public land mobile network selection

Abstract

A method, apparatus, and computer program product for detecting and switching between locally available PLMNs accessible to a user device based on a priority PLMN list and a network slice-aware PLMN exception list configured by the HPLMN. The user device connects to a priority VPLMN. The user device determines that the connected priority VPLMN does not support a specific network function. The user device determines that another VPLMN is required to support the specific network function. The user device then switches to a non-priority VPLMN that supports the specific network function. Once the specific network function is no longer required for the user device to perform its desired task, the user device switches back to the priority VPLMN.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Example embodiments generally relate to supporting identification and selection of available communication networks and network slices that support specific network functions. Background Art

[0002] A communication system can be considered as a facility that enables a communication session between two or more entities (such as user equipment, base stations / access points, network functions (NFs), and / or other nodes) by providing connections between the various entities involved in the communication path. A communication system can be provided, for example, by a communication network and one or more compatible communication devices. It is expected that telecommunication networks such as the fifth generation mobile network (5G network) will be the next major stage in mobile telecommunication standards and will bring many improvements in the mobile network user experience. For example, 5G networks should provide new technical solutions, allowing for greater throughput, lower latency, higher reliability, higher connectivity, and a higher range of mobility. In addition to these improvements in performance, 5G networks are also expected to expand the flexibility of network use and provide users with a wider range of use cases and business models.

[0003] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a standards organization that develops mobile phone protocols and is known for developing and maintaining various standards including the second generation (2G), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), long term evolution (LTE), and fifth generation (5G) standards. 5G networks have been designed as service-based architectures (SBA), for example, a system architecture in which system functions are implemented by a set of NFs providing services to other NFs that are authorized to access their services. 5G network systems allow for support of network slicing, which is an end-to-end logical network that supports a certain set of NFs. In other words, a network slice is a logical network that provides specific network capabilities and network characteristics. In a 5G network that includes multiple network slices, a specific network slice can be configured to support specific features (e.g., hardware specifications, NFs, domain access, etc.) that are not common to all network slices. A user device can be configured to access multiple network slices through the same access point.

[0004] The identification of the network slice is accomplished via Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI), which is sent to the user equipment via signaling messages between the user equipment and the connected network. Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) is a collection of S-NSSAIs sent to the user equipment via signaling messages between the user equipment and the connected network. A single user equipment can be served by multiple network slices at a time. The S-NSSAI signaled to the network by the user equipment helps the network select a specific network slice instance. A network slice instance is a set of NF instances and their required resources (e.g., computing, processing, storage, networking, etc.) that form a deployed network slice. The S-NSSAI is associated with a public land mobile network (PLMN), for example, the S-NSSAI is configured to indicate an associated PLMN identification code, or other ID information having a network-specific value or a standard global value. The S-NSSAI is used by the user equipment to select and access the PLMN associated with the S-NSSAI.

[0005] The term "roaming" refers to the wireless telecommunications practice of using a mobile device or other user equipment associated with a specific telecommunications provider on another provider's network. Roaming typically occurs when a user goes abroad or travels outside the network range of their respective provider. When a user device is roaming, subscribing to an end-to-end network slice requires that the serving PLMN supports the features associated with that network slice. The current 3GPP practice for roaming users is to define a set of priority PLMNs for a country when the user device is roaming. Telecommunications providers may have agreements with each other to allow greater financial or other benefits to make the use of priority PLMNs as attractive as possible for use by roaming user devices. The priority PLMN list can be configured and stored on the user device for 5G network communications using the Steering of Roaming (SoR) procedure defined in 3GPP Technical Specifications (TS) 23.502 and 33.501. The SoR option allows the user device's home telecommunications provider to provide a priority PLMN list for selection of a foreign hosted PLMN.

[0006] The problem that arises is that the network slice identified by the corresponding S-NSSAI and the associated preferred PLMN in a particular country may not support the features required by the roaming user equipment. As a result, the functionality of the user equipment may be hampered and the user experience may be negatively impacted. Summary of the Invention

[0007] A method, apparatus, and computer program product are disclosed that provide a solution to the problem of dynamically selecting a non-preferred PLMN when a user equipment needs to use a specific network slice identified by a specific S-NSSAI. This is the PLMN with which the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) has a roaming agreement to support the specific network slice identified by the corresponding S-NSSAI in the HPLMN.

[0008] Disclosed are a method, apparatus, and computer program product for providing a preferred PLMN list to a user device using a SoR mechanism or a similar mechanism when the user device needs to use certain S-NSSAIs of an HPLMN. In some embodiments, mechanisms similar to the SoR mechanism include an over-the-air roaming guidance (OTA), an offline universal subscriber identity module (USIM) provisioning method, or a user device provisioning method. The preferred PLMN list is configured so as to be independent of a locally mapped identifier value of an S-NSSAI and an associated network slice within a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN), such as that assigned by a host network's system. In one example, the VPLMN changes the locally mapped identifier value of the S-NSSAI and the associated network slice, and determines the correct S-NSSAI value to be used in the VPLMN for a specific S-NSSAI registered with the HPLMN based on the original mapping information configured by the VPLMN in the user device when the VPLMN provides the configured NSSAI to the user device.

[0009] The user device will use the initially configured preferred PLMN list unless a specific S-NSSAI is used that requires the selection of an additional non-priority PLMN to accommodate the features required by the user device. The user device is configured with a list of alternative PLMN IDs that support S-NSSAIs that are not supported by the priority PLMN list. The user device only selects one of the alternative PLMNs identified by a PLMN ID that supports an S-NSSAI that is not supported by the priority PLMN. In one instance, the user device needs to use an S-NSSAI exception list that is configured to use an alternative PLMN ID instead of a priority PLMN, and when the user device no longer requires the unsupported features, the user device will return to the preferred PLMN list. Reselection of the preferred PLMN list occurs any time the user device returns to idle mode after not using an S-NSSAI for a predetermined period of time. The user device can select a PLMN ID at any time that maximizes the number of S-NSSAIs that the user device can use. The user device can also select a PLMN ID based on a predefined weighting factor assigned to each network slice. If the user equipment cannot determine the best PLMN, the user equipment's Man Machine Interface (MMI) will present the user with a decision point where the set of services available in each PLMN is clearly displayed and the user can select which services or features are considered priorities.

[0010] In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes selecting a VPLMN associated with a preferred PLMN list. The method also includes identifying a network slice that is not supported by the selected VPLMN. The method also includes selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the preferred PLMN list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with the preferred PLMN list that supports the network slice.

[0011] In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes determining that an identified network slice supported by a selected VPLMN associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required. In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes selecting another VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list. In an example embodiment, if a user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting the another VPLMN occurs during a next idle time of the user equipment. In an example embodiment, the idle time of the user equipment is a predefined length of time in which the user equipment does not send or receive any communication signals via a communication interface and / or a user interface.

[0012] In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes determining that a user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in a network slice-aware PLMN exception list. In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes determining that, before selecting a VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list, only VPLMNs not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are to be used, at least initially. In an example embodiment, selecting another VPLMN includes selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

[0013] In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes receiving a network slice-aware PLMN exception list from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN). In an example embodiment, another VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is identified by a roaming agreement with the HPLMN to support the identified network slice. In an example embodiment, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defines a priority order associated with the VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list. In an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes determining a current location and / or a mobile country code (MCC) based on available network information and / or global positioning satellite (GPS) data.

[0014] In an example method embodiment, a user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a particular VPLMN by attempting to register with the particular VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request was rejected by the particular VPLMN with a reason code indicating that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN known to support the network slice. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

[0015] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to select a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN) associated with a preferred PLMN list. The apparatus is further caused to identify a network slice that is not supported by the selected VPLMN. The apparatus is further caused to select another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the preferred public land mobile network (PLMN) list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a preferred PLMN list that supports the network slice.

[0016] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to determine that an identified network slice supported by a selected VPLMN associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required. The apparatus is further caused to select another VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list. In an example embodiment, if a user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting the another VPLMN occurs during a next idle time of the user equipment. In an example embodiment, the idle time of the user equipment is a predefined length of time in which the user equipment does not send or receive any communication signals via a communication interface and / or a user interface.

[0017] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to determine that a user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in a network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The apparatus is further caused to determine that, before selecting a VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list, only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are to be used, at least initially. In an example embodiment, selecting another VPLMN includes selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

[0018] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to receive a network slice-aware PLMN exception list from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN). In an example embodiment, another VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is identified by a roaming agreement with the HPLMN to support the identified network slice. In an example embodiment, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defines a priority order associated with the VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The apparatus is further caused to determine a current location and / or a mobile country code (MCC) based on available network information and / or global positioning satellite (GPS) data.

[0019] In an example apparatus embodiment, a user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a particular VPLMN by attempting to register with the particular VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request was rejected by the particular VPLMN with a reason code indicating that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN known to support the network slice. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

[0020] In an example embodiment, a computer program product is provided that includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions being configured to, when executed, select a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN) associated with a preferred PLMN list. The program code portions are further configured to identify a network slice that is not supported by the selected VPLMN. The program code portions are further configured to select another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the preferred public land mobile network (PLMN) list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a preferred PLMN list that supports the network slice.

[0021] In an example embodiment, a computer program product is provided that includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions being configured to, when executed, determine that an identified network slice supported by a selected VPLMN associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required. The program code portions are further configured to select another VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list. In an example embodiment, if a user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting the another VPLMN occurs during a next idle time of the user equipment. In an example embodiment, the idle time of the user equipment is a predefined length of time during which the user equipment does not send or receive any communication signals via a communication interface and / or a user interface.

[0022] In an example embodiment, a computer program product is provided that includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions being configured to, when executed, determine that a user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in a network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The program code portions are further configured to determine that, before selecting a VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list, only VPLMNs not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are to be used, at least initially. In an example embodiment, selecting another VPLMN includes selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

[0023] In an example embodiment, a computer program product is provided that includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions being configured to, when executed, receive a network slice-aware PLMN exception list from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN). In an example embodiment, another VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is identified by a roaming agreement with the HPLMN to support the identified network slice. In an example embodiment, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defines a priority order associated with the VPLMNs associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The program code portions are further configured to determine a current location and / or a mobile country code (MCC) based on available network information and / or global positioning satellite (GPS) data.

[0024] In an example computer program product embodiment, a user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a particular VPLMN by attempting to register with the particular VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request was rejected by the particular VPLMN with a reason code indicating that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN known to support the network slice. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

[0025] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means for selecting a visited public land mobile network (VPLMN) associated with a preferred PLMN list. The apparatus also includes means for identifying a network slice not supported by the selected VPLMN. The apparatus also includes means for selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the preferred public land mobile network (PLMN) list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a preferred PLMN list that supports the network slice.

[0026] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means for determining that an identified network slice supported by a selected VPLMN associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required. The apparatus also includes means for selecting another VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list. In an example embodiment, if a user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting the another VPLMN occurs during a next idle time of the user equipment. In an example embodiment, the idle time of the user equipment is a predefined length of time in which the user equipment does not send or receive any communication signals via a communication interface and / or a user interface.

[0027] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means for determining that a user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in a network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The apparatus also includes means for determining that, before selecting a VPLMN associated with a priority PLMN list, only VPLMNs not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are to be used, at least initially. In an example embodiment, selecting another VPLMN includes selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

[0028] In an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes means for receiving a network slice-aware PLMN exception list from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN). In an example embodiment, another VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is identified by a roaming agreement with the HPLMN to support the identified network slice. In an example embodiment, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defines a priority order associated with the VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list. The apparatus also includes means for determining a current location and / or a mobile country code (MCC) based on available network information and / or global positioning satellite (GPS) data.

[0029] In an example apparatus embodiment, a user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a particular VPLMN by attempting to register with the particular VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request was rejected by the particular VPLMN with a reason code indicating that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the network slice is not supported in the VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN known to support the network slice. In an example embodiment, upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

[0030] Various other aspects are also described in the following detailed description and appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Having thus generally described embodiments of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in which:

[0032] Figure 1 illustrates an example architecture for a communication network according to some embodiments;

[0033] Figure 2 illustrates an example architecture for a communication network according to some embodiments;

[0034] Figure 3 illustrates an example architecture for a communication network according to some embodiments;

[0035] Figure 4 illustrates an example computing device for communicating with other network entities over a communications network in accordance with some embodiments;

[0036] Figure 5 An example block diagram illustrating a user communication device interfacing with a VPLMN and a HPLMN according to some embodiments;

[0037] Figure 6 illustrates an example architecture for a communications network including network slicing according to some embodiments;

[0038] Figure 7a is a flow chart illustrating operations performed by a communications device using a prioritized PLMN list and a network slice-aware PLMN exception list according to some embodiments;

[0039] Figure 7b is a flow chart illustrating operations such as performed by a communication device or other client device according to an example embodiment; and

[0040] Figure 8 is a flow diagram illustrating operations such as performed by a communication device or other client device according to an example embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] Some embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention are shown. In fact, various embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; on the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Unless otherwise stated, the term "or" is used herein in an alternative / alternative and combined sense. The terms "illustrative" and "exemplary" are used merely as examples and do not indicate quality levels. The same figure numbers always refer to the same elements. As used herein, the terms "data", "content", "information" and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to data that can be sent, received and / or stored in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the use of any such terms should not be considered to limit the spirit and scope of embodiments of the present invention.

[0042] Additionally, as used herein, the term “circuit” refers to: (a) a hardware circuit implementation only (e.g., an implementation of analog and / or digital circuitry); (b) a combination of a circuit and a computer program product comprising software and / or firmware instructions stored on one or more computer-readable memories that work together to cause the device to perform one or more functions described herein; and (c) a circuit, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software or firmware to operate even if the software or firmware is not physically present. This definition of “circuit” applies to all uses of the term herein, including in any claims. As another example, as used herein, the term “circuit” also covers an implementation comprising one or more processors and / or portions thereof and their accompanying software and / or firmware. As another example, as used herein, the term “circuit” also includes, for example, a baseband integrated circuit or application processor integrated circuit for a mobile phone, or similar integrated circuits in servers, cellular network devices, other network devices, and / or other computing devices.

[0043] Additionally, as used herein, the terms "node," "entity," "intermediary," "intermediary entity," "go-between," and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to computers connected via one or more networks or programs running on one or more networks that are capable of creating, modifying, deleting, sending, receiving, and / or storing data according to embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the use of any such terms should not be construed as limiting the spirit and scope of embodiments of the present invention.

[0044] In addition, as used herein, the terms "user device," "user apparatus," "device," "device," "mobile device," "personal computer," "laptop," "notebook computer," "desktop computer," "desktop," "mobile phone," "tablet," "smartphone," "smart device," "mobile phone," "communication device," "user communication device," "terminal," and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to a computer configured to access one or more networks for at least the purpose of wired or wireless communication signal transmission according to embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the use of any such terms should not be taken as limiting the spirit and scope of embodiments of the present invention.

[0045] Additionally, as used herein, the terms "network slice," "slice," "network portion," and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to an end-to-end logical communication network within a PLMN.

[0046] Furthermore, as used herein, the terms "required feature," "user equipment feature," "UE device," "network slice," "expected feature," "slice feature," "network function feature," "network feature," and similar terms may be used interchangeably to refer to a process or portion of a process performed by a user equipment on a network that requires communication between the user equipment and a particular network slice.

[0047] As defined herein, a "computer-readable storage medium" refers to a non-transitory physical storage medium (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile storage device), which may be distinguished from a "computer-readable transmission medium," which refers to an electromagnetic signal. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to non-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., non-volatile media, volatile media) and transmission media. Examples of transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic cables, and carrier waves that travel through space without wires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, optical waves, and infrared waves. Signals include man-made transient changes in amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization, or other physical characteristics that are transmitted through the transmission medium. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include magnetic computer-readable media (e.g., floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tape, any other magnetic media), optical computer-readable media (e.g., compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD), Blu-ray discs, etc.), random access memory (RAM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), FLASH-EPROM, or any other non-transitory medium that a computer can read. The term "computer-readable storage medium" is used herein to refer to any computer-readable medium other than transmission media. However, it should be understood that where embodiments are described as using computer-readable storage media, in alternative embodiments, other types of computer-readable media may be used instead of or in addition to the computer-readable storage media.

[0048] Hereinafter, certain embodiments are described with reference to communication devices capable of communicating via wired and / or wireless networks and communication systems serving such communication devices. Figure 1-3 Certain general principles of wired and / or wireless communication systems, their access systems, and communication devices are briefly explained to help understand the underlying technology of the described examples.

[0049] According to some embodiments, a communication device or terminal may be provided for wireless access via a cell, a base station, an access point (e.g., a wireless transmitter and / or receiver node providing an access point for a radio access communication system and / or other forms of wired and / or wireless networks), etc. Such wired and / or wireless networks include, but are not limited to, networks configured to comply with 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G, and any other similar or yet to be developed future communication network standards. The present disclosure contemplates that any method, apparatus, computer program code, and any part or combination thereof may also be implemented using yet to be developed communication networks and associated standards, which will be developed in the future and will be understood by those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.

[0050] The access point and the communications conducted thereby are typically controlled by at least one suitable control device to enable its operation and management of the mobile communication devices communicating therewith. In some embodiments, the control device for the node may be integrated with the access point, coupled to the access point, and / or otherwise provided for controlling the access point. In some embodiments, the control device may be configured to allow communication between the user equipment and the core network or a network entity of the core network. To this end, the control device may include at least one memory, at least one data processing unit such as a processor, and an input / output interface. Via the interface, the control device may be coupled to other components related to the access point. The control device may be configured to execute appropriate software code to provide control functionality. It should be understood that similar components provided in the control device may be provided elsewhere in the network system (e.g., in a core network entity). The control device may be interconnected with other control entities. The control device and functions may be distributed among several control units. In some embodiments, each base station may include a control device. In alternative embodiments, two or more base stations may share a control device.

[0051] The access points and associated controllers can communicate with each other via fixed line connections and / or over a radio interface. Logical connections between base station nodes can be provided, for example, via X2, S1, and / or similar interfaces. This interface can be used, for example, to coordinate station operations and perform reselection or handover operations. The logical communication connection between the initial communication node and the final communication node on the network can include multiple intermediate nodes. In addition, any of these nodes can be added to or removed from the logical communication connection as needed to establish and maintain network function communications.

[0052] A communication device or user equipment may include any suitable device capable of at least receiving a communication signal including data. The communication signal may be sent via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or some combination thereof. For example, the device may be a handheld data processing device equipped with a radio receiver, data processing, and user interface means. Non-limiting examples include mobile stations (MS) such as mobile phones or so-called "smart phones", portable computers such as laptops or tablet computers equipped with wireless interface cards or other wireless interface facilities, personal data assistants (PDAs) with wireless communication capabilities, or any combination thereof. Other examples include wearable wireless devices (such as those integrated with watches or smart watches, glasses, helmets, hats, clothing, headphones with wireless connectivity, jewelry, etc.), universal serial bus (USB) memory sticks with wireless capabilities, modem data cards, machine type devices, or any combination thereof.

[0053] In some embodiments, a communication device configured to communicate with a wireless network or core network entity, for example, may be exemplified by a handheld or other mobile communication device (or user equipment, UE). The mobile communication device may be provided with wireless communication capabilities and suitable electronic control devices to enable its operation. Thus, the communication device may be provided with at least one data processing entity, such as a central processing unit and / or core processor, at least one memory, and other possible components, such as additional processors and memories for use in software and hardware-assisted execution of the tasks it is designed to perform. Data processing, storage, and other related control devices may be provided on a suitable circuit system board and / or chipset. The data processing and storage functions provided by the control device of the communication device are configured to cause control and signaling operations according to certain embodiments described later in this specification. The user can control the operation of the communication device by means of a suitable user interface, such as a touch-sensitive display or panel and / or a keyboard, one of a plurality of actuator buttons, voice commands, and combinations thereof. A speaker and microphone are also typically provided. In addition, the mobile communication device may include suitable connectors (wired or wireless) to connect to other devices and / or for connecting external accessories (e.g., hands-free devices).

[0054] In some embodiments, the communication device can communicate wirelessly via suitable means for receiving and sending signals. In some embodiments, the radio unit can be connected to a control device of the device. The radio unit can include a radio part and an associated antenna device. The antenna device can be arranged inside or outside the communication device.

[0055] Figure 1-3 Various example architectures for a communication network 100 are shown in which various methods, apparatus, and computer program products may be implemented and / or used. In some embodiments, the communication network 100 may include any suitable configuration, number, orientation, location, and / or size of components and specialized equipment configured to provide an air interface (e.g., New Radio (NR)) for communication or connection between a user equipment 102 (UE 102) and a data network 116 (DN 116) via a core network 101 (CN 101) of the communication network 100. The UE 102 may be associated with one or more devices associated with one or more NF service consumers. Figure 1As shown in FIG, a communication network 100 may be provided in which a UE 102 is in operable communication with a RAN 104, such as through a transmission tower, base station, access point, network node, or the like. In some embodiments, the RAN 104 may be in communication with a CN 101 or a component or entity thereof. In some embodiments, the CN 101 may facilitate communication between the UE 102 and a DN 116, such as for transmitting data, messages, requests, and the like. In some embodiments, the DN 116 or the CN 101 may be in communication with an application server or application function 112 (AS / AF 112). The RAN 104, the CN 101, the DN 116, and / or the AS / AF 112 may be associated with an NRF, an NF service producer, an SCP, a SEPP, a PCF, or the like, or any combination thereof.

[0056] In the context of 5G networks (such as Figure 2 and Figure 3 ), the communication network 100 may include a series of connected network devices and dedicated hardware distributed across a service area, state, province, city, or country, as well as one or more network entities, which may be stored at and / or hosted by one or more of the connected network devices or dedicated hardware. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may be connected to the RAN 104, which in turn may relay communications between the UE 102 and the CN 101, which may be connected to the DN 116, which may communicate with one or more AS / AFs 112. In some embodiments, the UE 102 may communicate with the radio access network 104 (RAN 104), which may act as a relay between the UE 102 and other components or services of the CN 101. For example, in some embodiments, the UE 102 may communicate with the RAN 104, which in turn may communicate with the access and mobility management function 108 (AMF 108). In other examples or embodiments, the UE 102 may communicate directly with the AMF 108. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 may communicate with one or more network functions (NFs) such as the authentication server function 120 (AUSF 120), the network slice selection function 122 (NSSF 122), the network repository function 124 (NRF 124), the policy charging function 114 (PCF 114), the network data analysis function 126 (NWDAF 126), the unified data management function 118 (UDM 118), the AS / AF 112, the session management function 110 (SMF 110), and the like.

[0057] In some embodiments, the SMF 110 may communicate with one or more user plane functions 106 (UPF 106, UPF 106a, UPF 106b, collectively referred to as "UPF 106"). By way of example only, in some embodiments, the UPF 106 may communicate with the RAN 104 and the DN 116. In other embodiments, the DN 116 may communicate with a first UPF 106a, the RAN 104 may communicate with a second UPF 106b, and the SMF 110 may communicate with both the first and second UPFs 106a, b, and the first and second UPFs 106a, b may communicate with each other.

[0058] In some embodiments, the UE 102 may comprise a single-mode or dual-mode device, such that the UE 102 may be connected to one or more RANs 104. In some embodiments, the RAN 104 may be configured to implement one or more radio access technologies (RATs), such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GSM, UMTS, LTE, or 5G NR, which may be used to connect the UE 102 to the CN 101. In some embodiments, the RAN 104 may comprise or be implemented using a chip (such as a silicon chip) in the UE 102 that may be paired with or otherwise recognized by a similar chip in the CN 101, such that the RAN 104 may establish a connection or communication link between the UE 102 and the CN 101 by identifying and pairing the chip within the UE 102 with the chip within the CN 101. In some embodiments, the RAN 104 may implement one or more base stations, towers, etc., to facilitate communication between the UE 102 and the AMF 108 of the CN 101.

[0059] In some embodiments, the communication network 100 or its components (e.g., base stations, towers, etc.) can be configured to communicate with communication devices such as cellular phones (e.g., UE 102) on multiple different frequency bands (e.g., FR1 (sub-6 GHz), FR2 (mm wave), other suitable frequency bands, sub-bands thereof, etc.). In some embodiments, the communication network 100 can include or use massive multiple-input and multiple-output (massive MIMO) antennas. In some embodiments, the communication network 100 can include multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) antennas. In some embodiments, the communication network 100 can use edge computing, whereby computing servers are closer to communication devices (e.g., UE 102) in terms of communication, physical, computational, and / or temporal proximity to reduce latency and data traffic congestion. In some embodiments, the communication network 100 can use other technologies, devices, or methods, such as small cells, low-power RAN, beamforming of radio waves, Wi-Fi-cellular aggregation, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), channel coding, etc.

[0060] like Figure 3 As shown in FIG, , UE 102 may be configured to communicate with RAN 104 over the N1 interface, for example, according to a non-access stratum (NAS) protocol. In some embodiments, RAN 104 may be configured to communicate with CN 101 or its components (e.g., AMF 108) over the N2 interface, for example, in the control plane between a base station of RAN 104 and AMF 108. In some embodiments, RAN 104 may be configured to communicate with UPF 106 over the N3 interface, for example, in the user plane. In some embodiments, AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with other services or network entities within CN 101 over various interfaces and / or according to various protocols. For example, in some embodiments, AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with AUSF 120 over the Nausf interface or the N12 interface. In some embodiments, AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with NSSF 122 over the Nnssf interface. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the NRF 124 in the Nnrf interface. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the PCF 114 in the Npcf interface or the N7 interface. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the NWDAF 126 in the Nnwdaf interface. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the UDM 118 in the Nudm interface, the N8 interface, or the N10 interface. In some embodiments, the AMF 108 and / or SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the AS / AF 112 in the Naf interface. In some embodiments, the SMF 110 may be configured to communicate with the UPF 106 in an N4 interface, which may act as a bridge between the control plane and the user plane, such as acting as a conduit for a protocol data unit (PDU) session during which information is transferred between, for example, the UE 102 and the CN 101 or its components / services.

[0061] It should be understood that certain example embodiments described herein occur in the context of telecommunications networks, including but not limited to telecommunications networks that conform to and / or otherwise incorporate aspects of fifth generation (5G) architecture. Figure 1-3 Various configurations and / or components of an example architecture of the communication network 100 are shown, but many other systems, system configurations, networks, network entities, and paths / protocols for communications therein are contemplated and considered within the scope of this disclosure.

[0062] While the methods, devices / apparatus, and computer program products / code described herein are in the context of fifth generation core networks (5GC) and systems such as Figure 1-3 Although the methods, apparatus, and computer program products are shown in FIG and described above, the methods, apparatus, and computer program products described may also be applied in a broader context within any suitable telecommunication system, network, standard, and / or protocol. It should be understood that the methods, apparatus, and computer program products described may also be applied to future networks and systems yet to be developed, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on this disclosure.

[0063] Now turn Figure 4 , according to example embodiments of the present disclosure, an example of an apparatus that may be embodied by a user device or by a network entity such as a server or other computing device is described. Figure 5 、 Figure 6 、 Figure 7a 、 Figure 7b and Figure 8 As described in the flowcharts and block diagrams of the example embodiments, the apparatus 200 of the example embodiments may be configured to perform the functions described herein. In any case, the apparatus 200 may be more generally embodied as a computing device, such as a server, a personal computer, a computer workstation, or other type of computing device, including those used as user equipment and / or components of a wireless network or wireless local area network. Regardless of how the apparatus 200 is embodied, the apparatus of the example embodiments may be as follows: Figure 4 2 and 3. The apparatus of the example embodiment is configured to include, be associated with, or otherwise communicate with a processor 202 and a memory device 204 (and in some embodiments, and / or a communication interface 206). Although not shown, the apparatus of the example embodiment may also optionally include a user interface, such as a touch screen, a display, a keyboard, etc.

[0064] The processor 202 (and / or a coprocessor or any other circuit that assists the processor or is otherwise associated with the processor) can communicate with the memory device 204 via a bus for transferring information between components of the apparatus 200. The memory device may, for example, include one or more volatile and / or non-volatile memories (such as non-transitory memory devices). In other words, for example, the memory device may be an electronic storage device (e.g., a computer-readable storage medium) that includes a gate configured to store data (e.g., bits) that can be retrieved by a machine (e.g., a computing device such as a processor). The memory device may be configured to store information, data, content, applications, instructions, etc. to enable the apparatus to perform various functions according to exemplary embodiments. For example, the memory device may be configured to buffer input data for processing by the processor. Additionally or alternatively, the memory device may be configured to store instructions executed by the processor.

[0065] The apparatus 200 may be embodied in various computing devices as described above. However, in some embodiments, the apparatus may be embodied as a chip or chipset. In other words, the apparatus may include one or more physical packages (e.g., chips) that include materials, components, and / or wires on a structural assembly (e.g., a substrate). The structural assembly may provide physical strength, dimensional protection, and / or limitation of electrical interactions for the component circuits included thereon. Thus, in some cases, the apparatus may be configured to implement embodiments of the present invention on a single chip, or to implement embodiments of the present disclosure as a single "system on a chip." Thus, in some cases, a chip or chipset may constitute a component for performing one or more operations for providing the functionality described herein.

[0066] The processor 202 can be embodied in a variety of different ways. For example, the processor can be implemented as one or more various hardware processing components, such as a coprocessor, a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a processing unit with or without an accompanying DSP, or various other circuits, including integrated circuits, for example, ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays), microcontroller units (MCUs), hardware accelerators, special-purpose computer chips, etc. Thus, in some embodiments, the processor may include one or more processing cores configured to execute independently. A multi-core processor can enable multiprocessing within a single physical package. Additionally or alternatively, the processor may include one or more processors configured cooperatively via a bus to enable independent execution of instructions, pipelines, and / or multithreading.

[0067] In an example embodiment, the processor 202 may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory device 204 or otherwise accessible to the processor. Alternatively or additionally, the processor may be configured to perform hard-coded functions. Thus, whether configured by hardware or software methods or by a combination thereof, when configured accordingly, the processor may represent an entity (e.g., physically embodied in a circuit) capable of performing operations according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, for example, when the processor is embodied as an ASIC, FPGA, etc., the processor may be specially configured hardware for performing the operations described herein. Alternatively, as another example, when the processor is embodied as an executor of instructions, these instructions may specifically configure the processor to perform the algorithms and / or operations described herein when executing these instructions. However, in some cases, the processor may be a processor of a specific device (e.g., an encoder and / or decoder) that is configured to use embodiments of the present invention by further configuration of the processor through instructions for performing the algorithms and / or operations described herein. The processor may include, in particular, a clock, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and logic gates configured to support the operations of the processor.

[0068] In an embodiment including a communication interface 206, the communication interface can be any component such as a device or circuit configured to receive and / or send data from / to a network and / or any other device or module (such as a NF, NRF, base station, access point, SCP, UE 102, radio access network, core network service, application server / function, database or other storage device, etc.) that is embodied in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. In this regard, the communication interface can, for example, include an antenna (or multiple antennas) and supporting hardware and / or software for enabling communication with a wireless communication network. Additionally or alternatively, the communication interface can include a circuit for interacting with the antenna to cause a signal to be sent via the antenna or to process a signal received via the antenna. In some environments, the communication interface can alternatively or also support wired communication. Thus, for example, the communication interface can include a communication modem and / or other hardware / software for supporting communication via a cable, digital subscriber line (DSL), universal serial bus (USB) or other mechanism. In some embodiments, the session management function may include a 5GC session management function for any suitable control and user plane separation (CUPS) architecture, such as Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN-C), TWAG-C, BNG-CUPS, N4, Sxa, Sxb, Sxc, Evolved Packet Core (EPC) SWG-C, EPC PGW-C, EPC TDF-C, etc.

[0069] As shown, the device 200 may include a processor 202 in communication with a memory 204 and configured to provide signals to and receive signals from a communication interface 206. In some embodiments, the communication interface 206 may include a transmitter and a receiver. In some embodiments, the processor 202 may be configured to at least partially control the functionality of the device 200. In some embodiments, the processor 202 may be configured to control the functionality of the transmitter and receiver by implementing control signaling via electrical conductors to the transmitter and receiver. Similarly, the processor 202 may be configured to control other elements of the device 200 by implementing control signaling via electrical conductors connecting the processor 202 to other elements such as a display or memory 204.

[0070] The apparatus 200 may be capable of operating with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, access types, etc. The signals sent and received by the processor 202 may include signaling information according to the air interface standard of the applicable cellular system, and / or any number of different wired or wireless network technologies (including but not limited to Wi-Fi, wireless local access network (WLAN) technologies such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, 802.16, 802.3, ADSL, DOCSIS, etc.). In addition, these signals may include voice data, user-generated data, user-requested data, etc.

[0071] For example, the device 200 and / or the cellular modem therein may be capable of operating in accordance with various first generation (1G) communication protocols, second generation (2G or 2.5G) communication protocols, third generation (3G) communication protocols, fourth generation (4G) communication protocols, fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) communication protocols (e.g., Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)), etc. For example, the device 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with 2G wireless communication protocols, i.e., IS-136, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-95, Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA, etc. Additionally, for example, the device 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with 2.5G wireless communication protocols, i.e., General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), etc. Furthermore, for example, the apparatus 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with 3G wireless communication protocols such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), etc. Furthermore, the NA 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with 3.9G wireless communication protocols such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), etc. Furthermore, for example, the apparatus 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with 4G wireless communication protocols such as Advanced LTE, 5G, etc., and similar wireless communication protocols that may be developed subsequently. In some embodiments, the apparatus 200 may be capable of operating in accordance with or within the framework of any suitable CUPS architecture, such as Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN-C), Trusted Wireless Access Gateway (TWAG-C), Broadband Network Gateway (BNG), N4, Sxa, Sxb, Sxc, Evolved Packet Core (EPC) SWG-C, EPC PGW-C, EPC TDF-C, etc. Indeed, although described herein in conjunction with operation with a 5G system, the apparatus and methods may be configured to operate in conjunction with many other types of systems, including those developed and implemented hereinafter.

[0072] Some embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in software, hardware, application logic, or a combination of software, hardware, and application logic. For example, the software, application logic, and / or hardware may reside on the memory 204, the processor 202, or an electronic component. In some example embodiments, the application logic, software, or instruction set is maintained on any of various conventional computer-readable media. In the context of this document, the term " Figure 4As depicted in the example, "computer-readable media" can be any non-transitory medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport instructions for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device (such as a computer or data processor circuit), and computer-readable media can include non-transitory computer-readable storage media, which can be any medium that can contain or store instructions for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device (such as a computer).

[0073] Figure 5 The communication interface between the UE 102 and the associated PLMN is shown. As shown, the UE 102 is configured by the HPLMN 502 with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and a preferred PLMN list 503. In some embodiments, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and the preferred PLMN list 503 can be provided by a SoR or a mechanism similar to a SoR (including an OTA, an offline USIM provisioning method, or a UE provisioning method). The network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and the preferred PLMN list 503 can each include one or more VPLMNs. In addition, for each VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, the network slice-aware PLMN exception list can also identify a location, such as a country, for which the preferred PLMN list 503 is invalid for the corresponding VPLMN. The UE 102 uses the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and the preferred PLMN list 503 to establish connections with multiple VPLMNs 504 at different points in time. In this regard, UE 102 selects and establishes a connection with at least one of a plurality of priority VPLMNs 508 and non-priority VPLMNs 506 based on priority PLMN list 503 and / or network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, respectively. Furthermore, for example, UE 102 may select and establish a first connection with one of the priority VPLMNs 508, as identified by priority PLMN list 503. According to an example embodiment, UE 102 further determines that it is necessary or desirable to use a NF that is not supported by the selected priority VPLMN. Next, UE 102 of this example embodiment disconnects from the first priority VPLMN and further selects and establishes a second connection with one of the non-priority VPLMNs 506, as identified by network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, which supports the required or desired NF. Subsequently, UE 102 further determines that the NF that is not supported by the priority VPLMN is no longer needed, disconnects from the non-priority VPLMN, and reestablishes a connection to the priority VPLMN or another VPLMN on the priority PLMN list.

[0074] It should be understood that when establishing and maintaining a network connection, the UE 102 of the example embodiment prioritizes the priority VPLMN 508 over the non-priority VPLMN 506 unless a specific need or desire arises that can only be facilitated by a specific non-priority VPLMN. It should also be understood that in certain circumstances (e.g., traveling in a remote area), the UE 102 may only be able to access the priority VPLMN 508 or the non-priority VPLMN 506. In addition, among the priority VPLMNs 508 identified by the priority PLMN list 503, the HPLMN can configure the priority PLMN list 503 to prioritize these priority VPLMNs. Therefore, when selecting a priority VPLMN from the priority PLMN list, the UE can select the priority VPLMN based on the priority of the priority VPLMN. In addition, among the non-priority VPLMNs 506 identified by the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, the HPLMN can configure the priority PLMN list 503 to prioritize these non-priority VPLMNs. Thus, when selecting a non-priority VPLMN from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list, the UE may select the non-priority VPLMN based on the priority of the non-priority VPLMN. Prioritization of the VPLMNs may be accomplished by applying weighted values to the characteristics of each VPLMN, including cost, signal strength, NF support / compatibility, quality of service, etc., or any combination thereof. The UE 102 may be further configured to prioritize the characteristics based on, for example, predefined preferences established by the HPLMN or the user of the UE 102. In the event that the characteristics are not prioritized, at least some of the available VPLMN options and their associated characteristics may be presented to the user of the UE 102 so that the user of the UE 102 can manually select or prioritize the available VPLMNs based on region.

[0075] Figure 6An example communication network including two network slices is shown. UE 102 establishes multiple network communications using communication interface 206. Communication interface 206 can connect UE 102 to a public network function 603, a first network slice 601, or a second network slice 602. It should be understood that communication interface 206 can connect UE 102 directly to either network slice, thereby bypassing public network function 603. Alternatively, it should be understood that communication interface 206 can indirectly connect UE 102 to either network slice by establishing a connection through public network function 603. First network slice 601 includes multiple NFs, including at least NRF1 124a, PCF1 114a, UPF1 106a, and SMF1 110a, wherein each NF of first network slice 601 is independent of public network function 603 and the NFs of second network slice 602. Furthermore, first network slice 601 is configured to connect UE 102 to DN1 116a. The second network slice 602 includes a plurality of NFs, including at least NRF2 124b, PCF2 114b, UPF2 106b, and SMF2 110b, wherein each NF of the second network slice 602 is independent of the public network function 603 and the NFs of the first network slice 601. In addition, the second network slice 602 is configured to connect the UE 102 to the DN2 116b.

[0076] Figure 7aA flowchart illustrating the operations of an example method 610 performed by apparatus 200 (embodied by UE 102) in conjunction with a preferred PLMN list 503, a network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, and the UE's HPLMN 502 is shown. In some embodiments, apparatus 200 embodied by UE 102 performs procedural elements of method 610 by executing an associated computer program product comprising computer program code. As shown in block 611, UE 102 is configured by the HPLMN 502 with a preferred PLMN list 503 and a network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, each of which includes one or more corresponding PLMN IDs, as identified by corresponding S-NSSAIs. Apparatus 200 embodied by UE 102 may be configured to store the preferred PLMN list 503 and the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 in memory 204, or otherwise in a database or other storage device accessible to processor 2020. As shown in block 612, the UE 102 is located in a country, such as may be identified by a mobile country code (MCC), and identifies that one or more S-NSSAIs pointing to PLMN IDs in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 are not in the prioritized PLMN list 503. It should be understood that the UE 102 may identify the applicable MCC for the country via a global positioning mechanism (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), etc.), identification information, NSSAI, and / or S-NSSAI sent to the UE 102 by the VPLMN, user input via a user interface of the UE 102, etc., or any combination thereof.

[0077] As shown in block 613, the apparatus 200 of the UE 102 is configured to select to use only S-NSSAIs and associated VPLMNs that are not in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501. In other words, the apparatus 200 of the UE 102 is configured to select to use only S-NSSAIs and associated VPLMNs that are on the priority PLMN list 503. As shown in block 614, the apparatus embodied by the UE 102 is configured to select a VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 as configured by the HPLMN 502. As shown in block 615, the UE 102 needs or desires to use a functionality that is not supported by the VPLMN selected from the priority PLMN list or any other VPLMN of the priority PLMN list, but that is supported by at least one VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 as configured by the HPLMN 502. As shown in box 616, the device 200 embodied by the UE 102 is configured to select a VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 that is capable of performing the required or desired function.

[0078] Subsequently, as shown in block 617, the UE 102 no longer needs or desires to use the functionality not supported by the VPLMN of the priority PLMN list 503 and triggers a handover from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 to the VPLMN. As shown in block 618, the apparatus 200 embodied by the UE 102 is then configured to select a VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 as configured by the HPLMN 502 and handover communications from the VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list to the VPLMN selected from the priority PLMN list 503.

[0079] Figure 7b 1. An operational flow diagram of an example method 710 performed by an example apparatus 200 is shown, wherein the apparatus 200 of an example embodiment is configured to perform the procedures of the method 710 by executing an associated computer program product including computer program code. As shown in block 711, the apparatus 200 includes components such as the processor 202, the memory 204, etc. for storing a preferred PLMN list 503, such as may be configured and provided by the HPLMN 502. As shown in block 712, the apparatus 200 further includes components such as the processor 202, the memory 204, etc. for storing a network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, such as may also be configured and provided by the HPLMN 502.

[0080] As shown in block 713, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, the communication interface 206, etc., for determining a current location and / or a mobile country code (MCC), such as based on available network data and / or global positioning satellite (GPS) data. As shown in block 714, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, etc., for selecting to use only the VPLMNs in the priority PLMN list 503. In this regard, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) can be configured to select to use the VPLMNs in the priority PLMN list 503 without using the VPLMNs in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501. As shown in block 715, the apparatus 200 also includes means, such as the processor 202, the communication interface 206, etc., for determining the availability of at least one VPLMN listed in the priority PLMN list 503. From the available VPLMNs listed in the priority PLMN list 503 and as shown in block 716, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, for selecting a VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 that is accessible at the current location, and then initiating communication with the selected VPLMN. In the event that multiple VPLMNs in the priority PLMN list 503 are available, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) may be configured to select a particular VPLMN in any of a variety of different ways. For example, a priority order may have been established for the VPLMNs in the priority PLMN list 503, such that the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) selects a particular PLMN based on the priority order. In this regard, the VPLMNs may also have been weighted according to predefined criteria, wherein the priority order takes into account the weights of the VPLMNs. Alternatively, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) may be configured to select the VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 that includes the largest number of NFs at the current location. Regardless of the manner in which a particular PLMN in the preferred PLMN list 503 is selected, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is configured to establish communication with and interact with the particular PLMN. In other embodiments, such as in situations where other methods fail to identify a single VPLMN for selection, the user of the UE 102 can be informed of the options for the VPLMNs, such as via a user interface, and can be requested to select the VPLMN to be used. As used herein, the user of the UE 102 can be a human, or can be automated, such as via an application programming interface (API).

[0081] As shown in block 717, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, for subsequently determining that at least one VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 is required for use of a particular network functionality or UE feature that requires use of a particular network slice. In this regard, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is configured to determine that a particular VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 with which the UE is currently communicating does not provide or support the particular network functionality or feature, and in some embodiments, that any other VPLMN in the priority PLMN list also does not provide or support the particular network functionality or feature. In this case, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is configured to consider the functionality or features supported by the VPLMNs in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and identify one or more VPLMNs in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 that support the functionality or features required or desired by the UE 102.

[0082] As shown in block 718, the apparatus 200 includes components, such as the processor 202, the communication interface 206, and the like, for selecting a VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 that is compatible with, i.e., supports or provides, a specific network function or UE feature (which requires the use of a specific network slice). In the event that multiple VPLMNs of the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 are available, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) may be configured to select the specific VPLMN in any of a variety of different ways. For example, a priority order may have been established for the VPLMNs of the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, such that the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) selects the specific PLMN based on the priority order. Alternatively, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) may be configured to select the VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 that includes the largest number of NFs in the current location. Regardless of the manner in which a particular PLMN of the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 is selected, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is configured to then establish communication with and interact with the particular PLMN.

[0083] As shown in block 719, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, for determining that the UE 102 no longer requires or desires a particular network function or feature not supported by a VPLMN in the preferred PLMN list 503, and triggering a handover from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 to the VPLMN. Because the particular network function or feature is no longer required or desired, and as shown in block 720, the apparatus 200 also includes means, such as the processor 202, for correspondingly determining that at least one VPLMN in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, which was previously selected to provide the particular network function or feature, is also no longer required. As shown in block 721, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, the communication interface 206, etc., for selecting a VPLMN in the preferred PLMN list 503 that is available at the current location. The VPLMN selected from the preferred PLMN list 503 can be the same VPLMN that was previously selected and used prior to the handover from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 to the VPLMN. Alternatively, the VPLMN selected from the priority PLMN list 503 may be a different VPLMN than previously selected. In this case, the VPLMN selected from the priority PLMN list 503 may be selected based on priority order, based on the number of supported NFs, or in other ways as described above.

[0084] By way of another example, Figure 8 A flowchart illustrating the operations of an example method 810 performed by an example apparatus 200 is shown. In one embodiment, the example method 810 may be embodied by a computer program product including computer program code executed by a processor 202. As shown in block 811, the apparatus 200 of this example embodiment includes means, such as the processor 202, the memory 204, the communication interface 206, etc., for receiving a network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 and a priority PLMN list 503, such as from the HPLMN 502. As shown in block 812, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, the communication interface 206, etc., for determining that the UE 102 is in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501. As shown in block 813, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, etc., for determining to, at least initially, use only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 but are associated with the priority PLMN list 503. As shown in block 814, the apparatus 200 further includes means, such as the processor 202, for selecting a VPLMN (as described above) associated with the prioritized PLMN list 503. The UE 102 embodying the apparatus 200 then communicates and interacts via the selected VPLMN.

[0085] As shown in block 815, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, for identifying a network slice that is not supported by the selected VPLMN, so as to provide network support for at least one feature that the UE 102 or a user of the UE is attempting to use, which is not supported by the currently selected network slice. As shown in block 816, the apparatus 200 includes means, such as the processor 202, for selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice. If another VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 supports the UE feature, the another VPLMN can be selected from the priority PLMN list. However, in this example embodiment, no VPLMN in the priority PLMN list 503 supports the UE feature, so that the another VPLMN that supports the UE feature is not associated with the priority PLMN list 503, but is associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, or the another VPLMN is associated with the priority PLMN list that supports the network slice. The UE 102 embodying the apparatus 200 then ceases its connection with the VPLMN previously selected from the priority PLMN list 503 and instead communicates and interacts with the VPLMN selected from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 .

[0086] As shown in block 817, the apparatus 200 further includes means, such as the processor 202, for determining that the identified network slice supported by the selected VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer needed or desired. In this case and as shown in block 818, the apparatus 200 includes means for transferring the connection from the VPLMN selected in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 to a VPLMN from the priority PLMN list 503. As described above, the VPLMN from the priority PLMN list 503 to which the connection is transferred can be the same VPLMN previously selected from the priority PLMN list or a different VPLMN. In an example embodiment, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is configured to transfer the connection during an idle time of the user equipment. In an example embodiment, the idle time of the user equipment is a predefined length of time during which the user equipment does not send or receive any communication signals using the VPLMN selected from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 or the priority PLMN list 503.

[0087] When the current network slice of the current VPLMN does not support the network function requested by UE 102, UE 102 determines that the network slice is incompatible with the requested network function. UE 102 further determines that the current VPLMN is also incompatible with the requested network function on any other network slice associated with the current VPLMN.

[0088] In an example embodiment where the VPLMN supporting UE 102 is or becomes incompatible with a desired or expected network functionality, and where the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) is not configured to immediately select a different VPLMN from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202), as embodied as the UE 102, may be configured to first select and test other corresponding priority PLMNs in the priority PLMN list 501 to determine whether they are compatible with the desired or expected network slice. If the priority PLMN is compatible, support for the UE 102 may be transferred to another priority PLMN. In the event that each priority PLMN in the priority PLMN list 501 is incompatible with the desired or expected network slice, the apparatus 200 (such as the processor 202) of this example embodiment may be configured to select and test each PLMN from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 for compatibility with the desired or expected network slice, and if the corresponding PLMN is compatible, select the corresponding PLMN from the network slice-aware PLMN exception list 501 to support the UE 102.

[0089] In an example embodiment, UE 102 may collect PLMN identities, access technologies, and / or S-NSSAI broadcasts from multiple access networks. To make them available, the access networks are enhanced to broadcast one or more S-NSSAIs supported by the access networks. If there are one or more network slices that UE 102 needs to use, UE 102 excludes these network slices from network selection candidates, for example, any PLMN identity, access technology, etc., or a combination in which S-NSSAI is not supported.

[0090] As described above, the reference flow charts of the method can be performed by the device according to the relevant computer program product including the computer program code. It should be understood that each box of these flow charts and the combination of boxes in these flow charts can be implemented in various ways, such as hardware, firmware, processor, circuit, and / or other devices associated with the execution of software including one or more computer program instructions. For example, the one or more processes described above can be embodied by computer program instructions. In this regard, the computer program instructions embodying the above processes can be stored by a memory device (e.g., 204) of an apparatus (e.g., 200) using an embodiment of the present invention and executed by a processor (e.g., 202) of the apparatus. It should be understood that any such computer program instructions can be loaded onto a computer or other programmable device (e.g., hardware) to produce a machine, so that the resulting computer or other programmable device implements the functions specified in the flow chart blocks. These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable memory, which can guide the computer or other programmable device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce a manufactured product, and its execution implements the functions specified in the flow chart blocks. These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable apparatus to cause a series of operations to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions executed on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide operations for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart blocks.

[0091] Thus, in these examples, a computer program product is defined in which computer program instructions (such as computer-readable program code portions) are stored by at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, wherein the computer program instructions (such as computer-readable program code portions) are configured to perform the functions described above when executed. In other embodiments, the computer program instructions (such as computer-readable program code portions) need not be stored by or otherwise embodied by a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, but may be embodied by a transitory medium having computer program instructions (such as computer-readable program code portions), which are still configured to perform the functions described herein when executed.

[0092] Therefore, the flowchart blocks support combinations of components for performing the specified functions, and combinations of operations for performing the specified functions. It should also be understood that one or more blocks of the flowchart and combinations of blocks in the flowchart can be implemented by a computer system based on dedicated hardware that performs the specified functions, or a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0093] In some embodiments, some of the above-described operations, methods, steps, processes, etc. may be modified or further expanded. In addition, in some embodiments, additional optional operations, methods, steps, processes, etc. may be included. Modifications, additions, deletions, reversals, correlations, proportional relationships, disproportionate relationships, reductions, and / or expansions of the above-described operations may be performed in any order and in any combination. It should also be understood that where specific operations, methods, steps, processes, etc. require specific hardware, such hardware should be considered part of the device 200 for any such embodiment. For example, as described above, where GPS is used to determine the location of the device 200, such suitable GPS module and hardware should be considered as an integral part of the device 200.

[0094] Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein will come to mind to those skilled in the art having benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the associated drawings. It will be understood, therefore, that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that those modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, while the foregoing description and the associated drawings have described exemplary embodiments in the context of certain exemplary combinations of elements and / or functions, it will be understood that different combinations of elements and / or functions may be provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In this regard, for example, as may be set forth in some of the appended claims, different combinations of elements and / or functions than those explicitly described above may also be conceived. Although specific terms are used herein, they are used only in a general and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

1. A method comprising: selecting a visited public land mobile network VPLMN associated with the preferred public land mobile network PLMN list; Identify network slices that are not supported by the selected VPLMN; selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the priority public land mobile network PLMN list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a priority PLMN list that supports the network slice, wherein the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is received from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN), the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defining a priority order associated with the VPLMNs associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; determining that the identified network slice supported by the selected VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required; and selecting another VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list; If the user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting another VPLMN occurs during the next idle time of the user equipment.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining that the user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; as well as Determining that before selecting the VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list, at least initially only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are used.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: Selecting another VPLMN includes: selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein The user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a specific VPLMN by attempting to register with the specific VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request is rejected by the specific VPLMN, wherein a reason code indicates that the network slice is not supported in the PLMN.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein Upon receiving an indication that a network slice is not supported in a VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN that is known to support the network slice.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein Upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

7. A device comprising: at least one processor; as well as at least one memory including computer program code, The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least perform: selecting a visited public land mobile network VPLMN associated with the preferred public land mobile network PLMN list; Identify network slices that are not supported by the selected VPLMN; selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the priority public land mobile network PLMN list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a priority PLMN list that supports the network slice, wherein the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is received from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN), the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defining a priority order associated with the VPLMNs associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; determining that the identified network slice supported by the selected VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required; and selecting another VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list; If the user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting another VPLMN occurs during the next idle time of the user equipment.

8. The device according to claim 7, wherein The at least one memory and the computer program code are further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determining that the user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; as well as Determining that before selecting the VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list, at least initially only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are used.

9. The device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein Selecting another VPLMN includes: selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

10. The device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein The user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a specific VPLMN by attempting to register with the specific VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request is rejected by the specific VPLMN, wherein a reason code indicates that the network slice is not supported in the PLMN.

11. The device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein Upon receiving an indication that a network slice is not supported in a VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN that is known to support the network slice.

12. The device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein Upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

13. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions being configured to, when executed, perform: selecting a visited public land mobile network VPLMN associated with the preferred public land mobile network PLMN list; Identify network slices that are not supported by the selected VPLMN; Selecting another VPLMN that supports the network slice, wherein: the another VPLMN is not associated with the priority public land mobile network PLMN list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a priority PLMN list supporting the network slice, wherein the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is received from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN), the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defining a priority order associated with the VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; determining that the identified network slice supported by the selected VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required; as well as selecting another VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list; If the user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting another VPLMN occurs during the next idle time of the user equipment.

14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein: The program code portion is further configured to execute: determining that the user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; as well as Determining that before selecting the VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list, at least initially only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list are used.

15. The computer program product according to claim 13 or 14, wherein: Selecting another VPLMN includes: selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

16. The computer program product according to claim 13 or 14, wherein: The user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a specific VPLMN by attempting to register with the specific VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request is rejected by the specific VPLMN, wherein a reason code indicates that the network slice is not supported in the PLMN.

17. The computer program product according to claim 13 or 14, wherein: Upon receiving an indication that a network slice is not supported in a VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN that is known to support the network slice.

18. The computer program product according to claim 13 or 14, wherein: Upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

19. An apparatus comprising: means for selecting a visited public land mobile network VPLMN associated with a preferred public land mobile network PLMN list; means for identifying a network slice not supported by the selected VPLMN; means for selecting another VPLMN supporting the network slice, wherein the another VPLMN is not associated with the priority PLMN list but is associated with a network slice-aware PLMN exception list, or the another VPLMN is associated with a priority PLMN list supporting the network slice, wherein the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is received from a home public land mobile network (HPLMN), the network slice-aware PLMN exception list defining an order of preference associated with the VPLMNs associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; means for determining that the identified network slice supported by the selected VPLMN associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list is no longer required; and means for selecting another VPLMN associated with said priority PLMN list; If the user equipment is currently connected and transmitting data on the current VPLMN, selecting another VPLMN occurs during the next idle time of the user equipment.

20. The apparatus according to claim 19, further comprising: means for determining that the user equipment is located in a location having one or more VPLMNs included in the network slice-aware PLMN exception list; as well as Means for determining to use, at least initially, only VPLMNs that are not associated with the network slice-aware PLMN exception list before selecting the VPLMN associated with the priority PLMN list.

21. The device according to claim 19 or 20, wherein Selecting another VPLMN includes: selecting single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) associated with the network slice aware PLMN exception list, and identifying the another VPLMN.

22. The device according to claim 19 or 20, wherein The user equipment learns which network slices are supported by a specific VPLMN by attempting to register with the specific VPLMN and checking which network slice requested by the UE in a registration request is rejected by the specific VPLMN, wherein a reason code indicates that the network slice is not supported in the PLMN.

23. The device according to claim 19 or 20, wherein Upon receiving an indication that a network slice is not supported in a VPLMN, the user equipment selects another VPLMN that is known to support the network slice.

24. The device according to claim 19 or 20, wherein Upon receiving an indication that the VPLMN does not support the network slice, the user equipment selects another VPLMN to attempt to request use of the network slice.

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