Limiting handover between wireless communication networks during a time period

Abstract

The present disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer-readable media, for limiting handovers in cellular networks. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) can determine a number of handovers performed between two or more radio access technologies (RATs) during a time period. The UE can determine whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold over the time period. The UE can reduce a handover rate when the UE determines that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold over the time period. The UE can also select one of the RATs to camp on and maintain a wireless connection when the UE determines that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold. The UE can determine which RAT to camp on based on handover count information, handover total connection time information, or context awareness information.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This patent application claims priority to U.S. non-provisional patent application No. 17 / 232,002, filed April 15, 2021, entitled “LIMITING HANDOFFS BETWEENWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NEWORKS DURING A TIME PERIOD”, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 63 / 012,043, filed April 17, 2020, and U.S. provisional patent application No. 63 / 081,080, filed September 21, 2020, both entitled “LIMITING HANDOFFS BETWEENWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NEWORKS DURING A TIME PERIOD”, which have been assigned to the assignee of this application. The disclosures of these earlier applications are considered part of this patent application and are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The aspects of this disclosure generally relate to wireless communications and techniques for limiting handover between wireless communication networks during a period of time.

[0004] Related technical descriptions

[0005] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, broadcasting, and so on. These systems can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources, such as time, frequency, and power. Wireless multiple access communication systems may include several base stations (BSs), each supporting communication from multiple communication devices simultaneously, which may also be referred to as user equipment (UEs).

[0006] To meet the growing demand for extended mobile broadband connectivity, wireless communication technologies are progressing from third-generation (3G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) technologies to next-generation New Radio (NR) technologies, which may be referred to as fifth-generation (5G) or 5G NR. For example, NR is designed to provide lower latency, higher bandwidth or throughput, and higher reliability compared to 3G or LTE. NR is designed to operate across a wide range of frequency bands, from low-frequency bands below approximately 1 GHz and mid-frequency bands from approximately 1 GHz to approximately 6 GHz, to high-frequency bands such as millimeter-wave (mmW) bands. NR is also designed to operate across different spectrum types, from licensed spectrum to unlicensed and shared spectrum. Spectrum sharing allows operators to opportunistically pool spectrum to dynamically support high-bandwidth services. Spectrum sharing can extend the benefits of NR technology to operating entities that may not have access to licensed spectrum.

[0007] The wireless communication network can support a combination of 3G, LTE, and 5G NR technologies. The UE can use one or more of these technologies to communicate with the wireless communication network. For example, the UE can use 5G NR for some applications (such as data transmission) and LTE for other applications (such as voice transmission). The UE can also access a wireless local area network (WLAN) within the wireless communication network.

[0008] Overview

[0009] The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein each have several innovative aspects, and no single aspect is solely responsible for the desired properties disclosed herein.

[0010] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a device of a user equipment (UE). The method may include monitoring the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period. The method may include reducing the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period and selecting one of the plurality of RATs to maintain a wireless connection with the UE.

[0011] Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a UE's apparatus. The method may include monitoring the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period. The method may include selecting one of the plurality of RATs and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during that time period. The method may include modifying the handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0012] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for a UE for wireless communication. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more interfaces for communicating via a wireless communication network. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more processors configured to: monitor the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period; and, in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during that time period, reduce the handover rate associated with the UE and select one of the plurality of RATs to maintain a wireless connection with the UE.

[0013] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for a UE (User Equipment) for wireless communication. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more interfaces for communicating via a wireless communication network. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more processors configured to: monitor the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period; select one of the plurality of RATs and reduce the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period; and modify the handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0014] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from this description, the drawings, and the claims. It should be noted that the relative dimensions in the following drawings may not be drawn to scale. Brief description of the attached diagram

[0016] Figure 1 This is a system diagram of an example wireless communication network.

[0017] Figure 2 It is a block diagram that conceptually illustrates an example of communication between a base station (BS) and a user equipment (UE).

[0018] Figure 3 A system diagram of an example wireless communication network including a UE configured to limit the number of handovers between cellular networks is shown.

[0019] Figure 4 An example UE is shown that is configured to collect and analyze handover-related information to determine whether to reduce the handover rate and select the radio access technology (RAT) to occupy.

[0020] Figure 5 An example UE is shown that is configured to collect and analyze context-aware information to determine which RAT to camp on when the handover rate is reduced.

[0021] Figure 6An example message flow is shown, illustrating a UE configured to reduce the reselection rate and select either the first BS associated with the first RAT or the second BS associated with the second RAT.

[0022] Figure 7 An example message flow is shown, illustrating a UE configured to reduce the handover rate and select either the first BS associated with the first RAT or the second BS associated with the second RAT.

[0023] Figure 8 An example message stream is shown, illustrating a UE configured to monitor the number of handovers between the first RAT, second RAT, and third RAT to determine whether to reduce the handover rate.

[0024] Figure 9 An example UE is shown that is configured to collect and analyze context-aware information to determine whether to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on.

[0025] Figure 10 A flowchart is depicted showing an example operation performed by a device of a UE to reduce the handover rate between wireless networks.

[0026] Figure 11 A flowchart is depicted showing an example operation performed by a UE device to reduce the handover rate between wireless networks and select one of multiple RATs to camp.

[0027] Figure 12 A block diagram of an example wireless communication device is shown.

[0028] Figure 13 A block diagram of an example mobile communication device is shown.

[0029] Similar reference numerals and naming conventions in the various figures indicate similar elements.

[0030] Detailed description

[0031] The following description is directed to certain implementations in order to illustrate the innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein can be applied in many different ways. The examples in this disclosure are based on wireless network communication in a wide area network (WAN). However, the described implementations can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals according to any of the following wireless communication standards: including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, The following are considered as valid standards: Bluetooth, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Terrestrial Trunking Radio (TETRA), Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), Evolved Data Optimized (EV-DO), 1xEV-DO, EV-DO Revision A, EV-DO Revision B, High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), Evolved High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA+), Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G or New Radio (NR), Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), or other known signals used for communication within wireless networks, cellular networks, or Internet of Things (IoT) networks (such as systems utilizing 3G, 4G, or 5G or technologies further implemented therein).

[0032] A wireless communication network (also referred to as a WAN) may include the 5G NR Radio Access Technology (RAT) for 5G NR networks, the LTE RAT for LTE networks, and the 3G RAT for 3G networks. Each of the WAN RATs may also be referred to as a WAN RAT. User equipment (UEs) of a wireless communication network may use a 5G NR RAT, LTE RAT, or 3G RAT depending on which radio coverage is available to the UE and which radio coverage provides the best quality of service. In the initial phase of 5G NR deployment, 5G NR coverage may not be ubiquitous. Therefore, a UE may have LTE and 3G coverage in most locations, but may only have 5G NR coverage in limited areas, such as downtown areas and major highways. Even in areas with significant 5G NR deployment, coverage gaps may exist between 5G NR coverage areas. In locations at the edge of 5G NR and LTE networks, or in locations with coverage gaps, a UE may move between two cellular networks multiple times within a short period of time. In some cases, a UE may move between one or more cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs) multiple times within a short period of time. Frequent handovers between two or more cellular networks and WLANs within short periods can lead to throughput degradation and service interruptions at the UE. For example, interruptions at the application layer can last on the order of several seconds due to changes in Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and reconnection to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Throughput degradation and service interruptions can impact overall Quality of Service (QoS) and user experience.

[0033] In some implementations, the UE can be configured to track or monitor the number of handovers performed between a first RAT and a second RAT over a period of time. For example, the UE can count or otherwise determine the number of handovers performed between a first base station (BS) of the first RAT and a second BS of the second RAT. As another example, the UE can determine the number of handovers performed between a first cell of a first BS of the first RAT and a second cell of the same first BS. In some implementations, the UE can be configured to track or monitor the number of handovers performed between three or more RATs (such as a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT) over a period of time. For example, the UE can count or otherwise determine the number of handovers performed between a first RAT (such as a 5G NRRAT), a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT), and a third RAT (such as a WLAN RAT). When the UE is in idle mode, the handover may be referred to as reselection, while when the UE is in connected mode, the handover may be referred to as handover. The number of handovers can be reselection, handover, or both. The UE can determine whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold during the time period. In a non-limiting example, the handover threshold could be 10 handovers, and the time period could be 1 minute. The UE can determine to reduce the handover rate in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold within that time period. When the handover rate is reduced, the UE can also choose to camp on a first RAT or a second RAT. For example, choosing to camp on a first RAT or a second RAT could include, when the handover rate is reduced, the UE choosing a first BS associated with the first RAT or a second BS associated with the second RAT to establish and maintain a radio connection with the UE. In some implementations, the first BS associated with the first RAT can support any of 5G NR, LTE, and 3G communications, the second BS associated with the second RAT can support any of 5G NR, LTE, and 3G communications, and the third RAT can support WLAN communications. In some implementations, the first RAT can implement a 5G NR RAT with an SA 5G architecture or an LTE RAT with an SA 4G architecture, while the second RAT can implement a 5G NR RAT with a NSA 5G architecture or an LTE RAT.

[0034] In some implementations, the UE can reduce the handover rate by decreasing the frequency of sending handover-related messages to the BS associated with the RAT, by not sending handover-related messages to the BS, by ignoring handover-related messages received from the BS, or by changing the information in the handover-related messages sent to the BS. For example, if the UE is in idle mode, the UE can reduce the reselection rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending Random Access Channel (RACH) requests (or similar messages) to the BS. As another example, if the UE is in connected mode, the UE can reduce the handover rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending handover measurement reports (or similar messages) to the BS. UE 120 can also reduce the handover rate by changing the information in the handover measurement reports.

[0035] In some implementations, the UE can determine whether to select a first RAT or a second RAT when the handover rate decreases, based on handover count information, total connection time information, or context-aware information. For example, the UE can select the RAT with the most handovers out of the given number of handovers within the time period. As another example, the UE can select the RAT with which it spent the most time during the time period. As yet another example, the UE can select a RAT based on real-time context-aware information and historical context-aware information.

[0036] In some implementations, the UE's application processor and the UE's modem can use the modem control interface as a communication interface to exchange information and commands, and determine whether to limit the number of handovers between RATs. For example, based on historical and real-time context-aware information, the application processor can provide modem control commands to the modem via the modem control interface to cause the modem to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on.

[0037] Specific implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. By limiting handover between RATs by reducing the handover rate, the UE can minimize throughput degradation and service interruptions at the UE associated with frequent handovers. Therefore, limiting handover between RATs by reducing the handover rate can improve data throughput and quality of service (QoS). Improved data throughput and QoS can lead to an improved user experience. Limiting handover between RATs by reducing the handover rate can also reduce power consumption at the UE, increase UE standby time, reduce end-to-end latency, and reduce traffic to the wireless communication network, which can improve overall network performance. Furthermore, compared to handovers that do not use context-aware information or rely solely on network-side information collection and analysis, selecting one of the RATs to camp on based on context-aware information determined by the UE allows handovers to be performed faster and reduces service interruptions. Furthermore, by using the UE's location and context-aware information associated with that location, the UE's application processor can provide modem control commands to the UE's modem to limit the number of measurement reports transmitted, reduce the handover rate between RATs, and enable the selection of the RAT to occupy, which can lead to reduced power consumption and an improved user experience.

[0038] Figure 1 This is a system diagram of an example wireless communication network 100. Wireless communication network 100 can be an LTE network or a 5G NR network, or a combination thereof. Wireless communication network 100 includes several base stations (BSs) 105 (labeled 105A, 105B, 105C, 105D, 105E, and 105F, respectively) and other network entities. BS 105 can be a station communicating with UE 115, and may also be referred to as an evolved B-node (eNB), a next-generation eNB (gNB), an access point, etc. In some implementations, BS 105 can represent an eNB of an LTE network or a gNB of a 5G NR network, or a combination thereof. Each BS 105 can provide communication coverage for a specific geographic area. In 3GPP, the term "cell" can refer to that specific geographic coverage area of ​​BS 105 or a BS subsystem serving that coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used.

[0039] BS 105 can provide communication coverage for macrocells or small cells (such as picocells or femtocells), or other types of cells. Macrocells typically cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions to a network provider. Picocells typically cover a relatively small geographic area and allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions to a network provider. Femtocells typically cover a relatively small geographic area (such as a residential area) and, in addition to unrestricted access, provide restricted access by UEs associated with that femtocell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), UEs of users in that residence, etc.). A BS used for macrocells may be referred to as a macro BS. A BS used for small cells may be referred to as a small cell BS, pico BS, femto BS, or home BS. Figure 1 In the examples shown, BS105D and 105E can be conventional macro BSs, while BS105A-105C can be macro BSs with 3D, full-dimensional (FD), or massive MIMO enabled. BS 105A-105C can leverage their higher-dimensional MIMO capabilities to increase coverage and capacity using 3D beamforming in both elevation and azimuth beamforming. BS 105F can be a small cell BS, which can be a home node or a portable access point. BS 105 can support one or more (such as two, three, four, etc.) cells.

[0040] The wireless communication network 100 can support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, each BS can have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different BSs can be roughly aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, each BS can have different frame timing, and transmissions from different BSs may not be aligned in time.

[0041] Each UE 115 is distributed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary or mobile. UE 115 may also be referred to as a terminal, mobile station, wireless device, subscriber unit, station, etc. UE 115 may be a mobile phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless modem, wireless communication device, handheld device, wearable device, tablet computer, laptop computer, cordless phone, wireless local loop (WLL) station, smart appliance, drone, video camera, sensor, etc. In one aspect, UE 115 may be a device including a universal integrated circuit card (UICC). In another aspect, UE may be a device without a UICC. In some aspects, UE 115 without a UICC may also be referred to as an IoT device or Internet of Things (IoE) device. UE 115A-115D are examples of mobile smartphone-type devices that can access the wireless communication network 100. UE 115 may also be a machine specifically configured for connected communications (including machine-type communication (MTC), enhanced MTC (eMTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), etc.). UE 115E-115L is an example of various machines configured for communication and accessing the wireless communication network 100. UE 115 can communicate with any type of BS (whether macro BS, small cell BS, etc.). Figure 1 In the diagram, the lightning bolt represents a communication link indicating radio transmissions between UE 115 and serving BS 105, or desired transmissions between BSs, as well as backhaul transmissions between BSs. Serving BS 105 is the BS designated to serve UE 115 on the downlink and uplink.

[0042] In operation, BS 105A-105C can use 3D beamforming and coordinated spatial technologies (such as Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) or multi-connectivity) to serve UE 115A and 115B. Macro BS 105D can perform backhaul communication with BS 105A-105C, as well as with BS 105F (which can be a small cell BS). Macro BS 105D can also deliver multicast services subscribed to and received by UE 115C and 115D. Such multicast services may include mobile TV or streaming video, or may include other services for providing community information (such as weather emergencies or alerts, such as Amber Alerts or Grey Alerts).

[0043] BS 105 can also communicate with the core network. The core network provides user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. At least some BS 105s (such as gNBs or Access Node Controllers (ANCs)) can interface with the core network via backhaul links (such as NG-C and NG-U) and can perform radio configuration and scheduling for communication with UE 115. In various examples, BS 105s can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (such as through the core network) on backhaul links (which can be wired or wireless communication links).

[0044] The wireless communication network 100 can also support mission-critical communication with highly reliable and redundant links for mission-critical devices such as UE 115E, which could be a drone. Redundant communication links with UE 115E may include links from macro BS 105D and 105E, and links from small cell BS 105F. Other machine-type devices (such as UE 115F and UE 115G (e.g., video cameras or smart lighting), UE 115H (e.g., smart meters), and UE 115I (e.g., wearable devices)) can communicate directly with BSs (e.g., small cell BS 105F and macro BS 105E) via the wireless communication network 100, or be in a multi-hop configuration by communicating with another user equipment that relays its information to the wireless communication network 100. For example, UE 115H can relay smart meter information to UE 115I (e.g., wearable devices or mobile phones), which UE 115I can then report to the wireless communication network 100 via small cell BS 105F. The wireless communication network 100 can also provide additional network efficiency through dynamic, low-latency TDD / FDD communication, such as in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication as shown by UEs 115J-115L. Furthermore, the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more access points (APs) 107, which are part of one or more wireless local area networks (WLANs). APs 107 (which may also be referred to as WLAN APs) can provide short-range wireless connectivity to each UE 115 in the wireless communication network 100.

[0045] In some implementations, the wireless communication network 100 may utilize OFDM-based waveforms for communication. OFDM-based systems can divide the system BW into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are often referred to as subcarriers, frequency modulation, frequency slots, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. In some instances, the subcarrier spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system BW. The system BW can also be divided into subbands. In other instances, the subcarrier spacing and / or the duration of the time interval (TTI) can be scalable.

[0046] BS 105 can assign or schedule (e.g., in the form of time-frequency resource blocks (RBs)) transmission resources for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions in the wireless communication network 100. DL refers to the transmission direction from BS 105 to UE 115, while UL refers to the transmission direction from UE 115 to BS 105. This communication can take the form of radio frames. Radio frames can be divided into multiple subframes or time slots. Each time slot can be further divided into mini-time slots. In FDD mode, simultaneous UL and DL transmissions can occur in different frequency bands. For example, each subframe includes UL subframes in the UL band and DL subframes in the DL band. In TDD mode, UL and DL transmissions occur using the same frequency band at different time periods. For example, a subset of subframes in a radio frame (such as DL subframes) can be used for DL ​​transmissions, and another subset of subframes in a radio frame (such as UL subframes) can be used for UL transmissions.

[0047] DL subframes and UL subframes can be further divided into several regions. For example, each DL or UL subframe may have a predefined region for the transmission of reference signals, control information, and data. Reference signals are predetermined signals that facilitate communication between BS 105 and UE 115. For example, reference signals may have a specific pilot pattern or structure, wherein the pilot frequencies may span the operating BW or frequency band, and each pilot frequency is positioned at a predefined time and predefined frequency. For example, BS 105 may transmit a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) to enable UE 115 to estimate the DL channel. Similarly, UE 115 may transmit a probe reference signal (SRS) to enable BS 105 to estimate the UL channel. Control information may include resource allocation and protocol control. Data may include protocol data and operational data. In some aspects, BS 105 and UE 115 may communicate using self-contained subframes. Self-contained subframes may include portions for DL ​​communication and portions for UL communication. Self-contained subframes can be DL-centered or UL-centered. DL-centered subframes can include a duration for DL ​​communication that is longer than the duration for UL communication. UL-centered subframes can include a duration for UL communication that is longer than the duration for DL ​​communication.

[0048] In some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be an NR network deployed on licensed spectrum or an NR network deployed on unlicensed spectrum (such as NR-U and NR-U lightweight networks). The BS 105 may transmit synchronization signals (including a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)) in the wireless communication network 100 to facilitate synchronization. The BS 105 may broadcast system information associated with the wireless communication network 100 (such as a primary information block (MIB), residual system information (RMSI), and other system information (OSI)) to facilitate initial network access. In some instances, the BS 105 may broadcast one or more of the PSS, SSS, and MIB in the form of a synchronization signal block (SSB) on the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), and one or more of the RMSI and OSI on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

[0049] In some respects, a UE 115 attempting to access the wireless communication network 100 can perform an initial cell search by detecting the PSS included in the SSB from BS 105. The PSS enables time-period timing synchronization and indicates a physical layer identity value. The UE 115 can then receive an SSS included in the SSB from BS 105. The SSS enables radio frame synchronization and provides a cell identity value, which can be combined with a physical layer identity value to identify the cell. The PSS and SSS can be located in the center portion of the carrier or at any suitable frequency within the carrier.

[0050] After receiving the PSS and SSS, UE 115 can receive the MIB. The MIB may include system information for initial network access and scheduling information for at least one of RMSI and OSI. After decoding the MIB, UE 115 can receive at least one of RMSI and OSI. RMSI and OSI may include radio resource control (RRC) information related to the Random Access Channel (RACH) procedure, paging, control resource set (CORESET) for monitoring the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), power control, and SRS.

[0051] After obtaining one or more of the MIB, RMSI, and OSI, UE 115 can execute a random access procedure to establish a connection with BS 105. In some examples, the random access procedure can be a four-step random access procedure. For example, UE 115 can transmit a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) (such as a PRACH preamble), and BS 105 can respond with a Random Access Response (RAR). The RAR may include one or more of the following: a detected random access preamble identifier (ID) corresponding to the PRACH preamble, timing advance (TA) information, UL grant, temporary cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), and backoff indicator. Upon receiving the RAR, UE 115 can transmit a connection request to BS 105, and BS 105 can respond with a connection response. The connection response may indicate a contention resolution. In some examples, PRACH, RAR, connection request, and connection response may be referred to as message 1 (MSG 1), message 2 (MSG 2), message 3 (MSG 3), and message 4 (MSG 4), respectively. In some examples, the random access procedure may be a two-step random access procedure, where UE 115 can transmit PRACH (including the PRACH preamble) and connection request in a single transmission, and BS 105 can respond by transmitting RAR and connection response in a single transmission.

[0052] After the connection is established, UE 115 and BS 105 can enter the normal operation phase, during which operational data can be exchanged. For example, BS 105 can schedule UE 115 for UL and DL communication. BS 105 can transmit UL and DL scheduling permission to UE 115 via PDCCH. BS 105 can transmit DL communication signals to UE 115 via PDSCH based on DL scheduling permission. UE 115 can transmit UL communication signals to BS 105 via PUSCH or PUCCH based on UL scheduling permission.

[0053] In some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 can operate on a system bandwidth (BW) or a component carrier bandwidth (BW). The wireless communication network 100 can divide the system BW into multiple bandwidth portions (BWPs). A BWP can be a portion of the system BW. For example, if the system BW is 100 MHz, each BWP can be 20 MHz or less. The BS 105 can dynamically assign the UE 115 to operate on a specific BWP. The assigned BWP can be referred to as the active BWP. The UE 115 can monitor the active BWP to look for signaling information from the BS 105. The BS 105 can schedule the UE 115 to perform UL or DL ​​communication within the active BWP. In some implementations, the BS 105 can configure the UE 115 with narrowband operation capabilities (such as being configured to transmit and receive within a BW limited to 20 MHz or less) to perform BWP hopping for channel monitoring and communication.

[0054] In some aspects, BS 105 can assign a pair of BWPs within a component carrier to UE 115 for UL and DL communication. For example, the BWP pair may include one BWP for UL communication and one BWP for DL ​​communication. BS 105 may additionally configure UE 115 to have one or more CORESETs among the BWPs. A CORESET may include a set of frequency resources spanning several symbols in time. BS 105 may configure UE 115 with one or more search spaces for PDCCH monitoring based on the CORESET. UE 115 can perform blind decoding in the search space to search for DL ​​control information (such as UL or DL ​​scheduling permission) from BS 105. For example, BS 105 may configure UE 115 with one or more of the BWPs, CORESETs, and PDCCH search spaces via RRC configuration.

[0055] In some respects, the wireless communication network 100 can operate on a shared frequency band or an unlicensed frequency band (e.g., at approximately 3.5 GHz, sub-6 GHz, or higher frequencies in the millimeter wave band). The wireless communication network 100 can divide the frequency band into multiple channels, for example, each occupying approximately 20 MHz. The BS 105 and UE 115 can be operated by multiple network operating entities sharing resources in the shared communication medium, and can utilize LBT procedures to capture the Channel Occupancy Time (COT) in the shared medium for communication. The COT can be discontinuous in time and can refer to the amount of time a wireless node can transmit frames when it wins contention for the wireless medium. Each COT can include multiple transmission slots. The COT can also be referred to as a Transmission Opportunity (TXOP). Prior to transmission in the frequency band, the BS 105 or UE 115 can perform LBT in that frequency band. LBT can be based on energy detection or signal detection. For energy detection, when the signal energy measured from the channel exceeds a specific signal energy threshold, BS 105 or UE 115 can determine that the channel is busy or occupied. For signal detection, when a reserved signal (such as a preamble signal sequence) is detected in the channel, BS 105 or UE 115 can determine that the channel is busy or occupied.

[0056] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of example 200 conceptually illustrating communication between BS 110 and UE 120. In some aspects, BS 110 and UE 120 can be respectively Figure 1 One of the BS and one of the UE in the wireless communication network 100. The BS 110 may be equipped with T antennas 234A to 234T, and the UE 120 may be equipped with R antennas 252A to 252R, wherein generally, T≥1 and R≥1.

[0057] At BS 110, transmit processor 220 can receive data destined for one or more UEs from data source 212, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on channel quality indicators (CQI) received from each UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data destined for each UE based at least in part on the MCS selected for each UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 220 can also process system information (e.g., semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper-layer signaling, etc.) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 220 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, or reference symbols where applicable, and can provide T output symbol streams to T modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs) 232A to 232T (which may also be referred to as modulator / demodulators or modems). Each MOD-DEMOD 232 can process the corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each MOD-DEMOD 232 can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The T downlink signals from MOD-DEMODs 232A to 232T can be transmitted via T antennas 234A to 234T respectively. According to the aspects described in more detail below, position coding can be used to generate synchronization signals to convey additional information.

[0058] At UE 120, antennas 252A to 252R can receive downlink signals from BS 110 or other BSs and can provide the received signals to modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs) 254A to 254R (which may also be referred to as modulators / demodulators or modems). Each MOD-DEMOD 254 can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signal to obtain an input sample. Each MOD-DEMOD 254 can further process the input sample (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 256 can obtain the received symbols from all R MOD-DEMODs 254A to 254R, perform MIMO detection on these received symbols where applicable, and provide detected symbols. The receiver processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) these detected symbols, provide the decoded data for UE 120 to the data sink 260, and provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller or processor (controller / processor) 280. The channel processor can determine the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc. In some aspects, one or more components of UE 120 may be included in a housing.

[0059] On the uplink, at UE 120, transmit processor 264 can receive and process data from data source 262 and control information from controller / processor 280 (e.g., reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). Transmit processor 264 can also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. Symbols from transmit processor 264 can be pre-encoded by TX MIMO processor 266 where applicable, further processed by MOD-DEMOD 254A to 254R (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to BS 110. At BS 110, uplink signals from UE 120 and other UEs can be received by antenna 234, processed by MOD-DEMOD 232, detected by MIMO detector 236 where applicable, and further processed by receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 120. The receiver processor 238 can provide decoded data to the data trap 239 and decoded control information to the controller or processor (i.e., controller / processor) 240. BS 110 may include a communication unit 244 and can communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. The network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller or processor (i.e., controller / processor) 290, and a memory 292.

[0060] BS 110 controller / processor 240, UE 120 controller / processor 280, or Figure 2 Any other component may perform one or more techniques associated with the limited handover between the RAT, as described elsewhere in this document. For example, the controller / processor 240 of BS 110, the controller / processor 280 of UE 120, or... Figure 2 Any other component (or combination of components) may execute or instruct, for example, by Figure 9 The process depicted in Flowchart 900 is by Figure 10 The process depicted in flowchart 1000, or other processes as described herein (such as...) Figure 3-9 The operation of the process described herein. Memory 242 and 282 can store data and program code for use by BS 110 and UE 120, respectively. Scheduler 246 can schedule the UE to perform data transmission on downlink or uplink or a combination thereof.

[0061] The stored program code, when executed by the controller / processor 280 or other processors and modules at UE 120, enables UE 120 to perform actions related to... Figure 9 The process depicted in Flowchart 900 is by Figure 10 The process depicted in flowchart 1000, or other processes as described herein (such as...) Figure 3-9 The stored program code, when executed by the controller / processor 240 or other processors and modules at UE 110, enables UE 110 to perform operations related to the process described herein. Figure 9 The process depicted in Flowchart 900 is by Figure 10 The process depicted in flowchart 1000, or other processes as described herein (such as...) Figure 3-9 The scheduler 246 can schedule the UE to perform data transmission on the downlink, uplink, or a combination thereof.

[0062] In some aspects, UE 120 may include functions for performing operations by Figure 9 The process depicted in Flowchart 900 is by Figure 10 The process depicted in flowchart 1000, or other processes as described herein (such as...) Figure 3-9 The apparatus for the process described herein. In some aspects, such an apparatus may include a combination of Figure 2 One or more components of the described UE120.

[0063] In some respects, BS 110 may include functions for performing tasks assigned by... Figure 9 The process depicted in Flowchart 900 is by Figure 10The process depicted in flowchart 1000, or other processes as described herein (such as...) Figure 3-9 The apparatus for the process described herein. In some aspects, such an apparatus may include a combination of Figure 2 One or more components of the BS110 as described.

[0064] although Figure 2 The boxes in the diagram are interpreted as different components, but the functions described above with respect to these boxes can be implemented by a single hardware component, software component, or combination of components or various combinations thereof. For example, the functions described with respect to transmit processor 264, receive processor 258, TX MIMO processor 266, or another processor can be performed by controller / processor 280 or performed under the control of controller / processor 280.

[0065] Figure 3 A system diagram of an example wireless communication network including UE 120 is shown, which is configured to limit the number of handovers between cellular networks. Figure 3 The wireless communication network 300 shown is based on Figure 1 The example wireless communication network 100 described herein. Wireless communication network 300 may include UE 120, BS 310 of a 5G NR network, BS 312 of a 5G NR network, BS 311 of an LTE network, BS 313 of an LTE network, and AP 307 of a WLAN. UE 120 may be... Figure 1 The UE 115 shown and Figure 2 The example implementation of UE120 is shown below. BS 310, BS 311, BS 312, and BS 313 can each be... Figure 1 The BS 105 shown is Figure 2An example implementation of BS 110 is shown. Although not shown for simplicity, the wireless communication network 300 may include one or more additional BSs, one or more additional APs, and one or more additional UEs. In some implementations, BS 310 and BS 312 may be gNBs that implement the 5G NR Radio Access Technology (RAT) described in this disclosure to manage communications in the 5G NR network. In some implementations, BS 311 and BS 313 may be eNBs that implement the LTE AT described in this disclosure to manage communications in the LTE network. In some implementations, BS 310 and BS 312 may implement a first RAT supporting any of 5G NR, LTE, and 3G communications, and BS 311 and BS 313 may implement a second RAT supporting any of 5G NR, LTE, and 3G communications. In some implementations, AP 307 may implement a third RAT supporting WLAN communications. In some implementations, BS 310 and BS 312 can implement a 5G NR RAT with an autonomous (SA) 5G architecture or an LTE RAT with an SA 4G architecture, while BS 311 and BS 313 can implement a 5G NR RAT or an LTE RAT with a non-autonomous (NSA) 5G architecture.

[0066] In some implementations, UE 120 may include a handover management unit 322 and a context-aware unit 324. The handover management unit 322 can manage handover-related operations, including handover-related operations and reselection-related operations. The handover management unit 322 can also monitor, count, or otherwise determine the number of handovers performed within a time period and determine whether to reduce the UE's handover rate. Furthermore, the handover management unit 322 can determine which RAT to camp on when the handover rate is reduced. The UE context-aware unit 324 can collect context-aware information associated with the UE's user, such as the user's typical daily and weekly schedules, typical user locations at different times, typical user driving routes, and typical applications used by the user at different times. The context-aware unit 324 can determine historical context-aware information (including historical user patterns and user behavior) based on the collected context-aware information. The context-aware unit 324 can also determine real-time context-aware information, such as real-time location information, real-time mobility information, and real-time UE usage information. Real-time context-aware information and historical context-aware information can be used by the context-aware unit 324 and the handover management unit 322 to determine which RAT to select after reducing the handover rate.

[0067] In some implementations, BS 310 may include a reference signal unit 316 and a handover processing unit 318. Although not shown for simplicity, BS 311, BS 312, and BS 313 may also include a reference signal unit and a handover processing unit. The reference signal unit 316 may generate one or more reference signals and transmit them to the UE (such as UE 120) of the wireless communication network 300. The handover processing unit 318 may exchange handover-related messages with the UE (such as UE 120) of the wireless communication network 300 to determine whether to perform a handover operation (such as a handover operation and a reselection operation). In some implementations, the handover management unit 322 and the context-aware unit 324 may be used by UE 120. Figure 2 One or more of the components shown for UE 120 (such as controller / processor 280 and memory 282) are used to implement it. In some implementations, reference signal unit 316 and handover processing unit 318 may be implemented by Figure 3 The BS shown uses Figure 2 It is implemented by one or more of the components shown for BS 110 (such as controller / processor 240, communication unit 244 and memory 242).

[0068] In some implementations, UE 120 can establish a radio connection (such as a 5G NR connection) with BS 310 to perform wireless communication. For example, when UE 120 is in a first location (such as... Figure 1At location A) shown, UE 120 can establish a radio connection. UE 120 can exchange wireless communication signals with BS 310 via the radio connection to perform voice calls or present streaming video. UE 120 can periodically determine the quality of the radio connection with BS 310. For example, UE 120 can perform signal quality measurements based on reference signals received from BS 310 to determine the signal quality (such as signal strength) associated with the radio connection. For example, the signal quality measurement can be a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement, a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) measurement, or a Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) measurement. The reference signal may include a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal, a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) signal, or other types of reference signals. The signal quality measurement can be used to determine whether to maintain the radio connection with BS 310 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT) or to perform a handover (e.g., handover or reselection) to an adjacent BS associated with a second RAT (such as BS 311 associated with an LTE RAT). In some implementations, UE 120 can also determine whether a third RAT (such as a WLAN RAT) is available in the wireless communication network 300. If the WLAN RAT is available, UE 120 can determine the signal quality associated with the WLAN RAT to determine whether to maintain the wireless connection with the first RAT or to perform a handover to the WLAN RAT (such as AP 307 associated with the WLAN RAT).

[0069] In some implementations, UE 120 may also receive reference signals from one or more adjacent BSs (such as BS 311). For example, when a user of UE 120 moves from a first location (such as location A) (as indicated by arrow 345) to a second location (such as location B), the user of UE 120 may be within the coverage area of ​​both BS 310 and BS 311, and UE 120 may receive reference signals from both BS 310 and BS 311. As a supplement to performing signal quality measurements based on the reference signals received from BS 310 to determine the signal quality associated with BS 310, UE 120 may perform signal quality measurements based on the reference signals received from BS 311 to determine the signal quality associated with BS 311. The signal quality measurements may be used to determine whether to maintain the radio connection with BS 310 or to perform a handover (such as handover or reselection) from BS 310 to BS 311. The second location (location B) may be near or at the edge of the coverage areas of BS 310 and BS 311. For example, during the initial deployment of a 5G NR network, 5G NR coverage may not be ubiquitous. Therefore, UE 102 may have LTE coverage in most locations but 5G NR coverage in limited areas (such as downtown areas or major highways). Even in areas with significant 5G NR deployment, coverage gaps may exist between 5G NR coverage areas. UE 120 may move between two cellular networks (such as a 5G NR network and an LTE network) multiple times within a short period, in locations at the edge of these networks or in locations with coverage gaps. Frequent handovers between two cellular networks within a short period can lead to throughput degradation and service interruptions at the UE. For example, when a user of UE 120 moves from a second location (such as location B) (as shown by arrow 346) to a third location (such as location C), the user may continue to move in areas at the edge of the coverage areas of both BS 310 and BS 311. Frequent handovers between two or more cellular networks (such as 5G NR RATs and LTE RATs) and WLANs (such as WLAN RATs) within a short period of time can also lead to throughput degradation and service interruptions at the UE. For example, UE 120 may experience frequent handovers between one or more 5G NR RATs, one or more LTE RATs, and one or more WLAN RATs. For example, UE 120 may experience frequent handovers between BS 310 associated with a 5G NR RAT, BS 311 associated with an LTE RAT, and AP 307 associated with a WLAN RAT. In some implementations, when UE 120 experiences handovers between three or more RATs, these handovers may be performed in a ring topology rather than a peer-to-peer topology.For example, a handover performed in a ring topology may include a handover of UE 120 from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT, and subsequently a handover of UE 120 from the LTE RAT to the WLAN RAT. After the handover to the WLAN RAT, a handover of UE 120 to either the 5G NR RAT or the LTE RAT may be performed. A handover performed in a peer-to-peer topology may include a handover of UE 120 from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT, and subsequently a handover of UE 120 from the LTE RAT back to the 5G NR RAT.

[0070] As another example, when a user is stationary near a second location (location B), the user may remain at the edge of the coverage areas of both BS 310 and BS 311. Whether the user moves or stays stationary at the edge of these two cellular networks, multiple handovers may occur within a short period of time between BS 310 associated with the first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT) and BS 311 associated with the second RAT (such as an LTE RAT). Furthermore, multiple handovers may occur between BS 310 and BS 311 when the user of UE 120 moves into and out of coverage holes. Frequent handovers between two or more cellular networks of a BS within a short period of time can also lead to throughput degradation and service interruptions at the UE. For example, multiple handovers may occur between the first cell (such as location B) and the second cell (such as location C) of BS 310 when the user moves into and out of the coverage area of ​​the first cell (such as location B) and the coverage area of ​​the second cell (such as location C) of BS 310. As another example, multiple handovers can be performed between the first cell of BS 310, the second cell of BS 310, and the third cell of BS 310. As another example, multiple handovers can be performed between the first cell of BS 310, the second cell of BS 310, and the first cell of BS 312.

[0071] In some implementations, as a user moves from a second location (such as location B) to a third location (such as location C), multiple handovers can be performed between BS 310 and BS 312 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT) and BS 311 and BS 313 associated with a second RAT (such as an LTERAT). For example, when the user moves closer to the second location (location B), multiple handovers can be performed between BS 310 and BS 311, and when the user moves closer to the third location (location C), multiple handovers can be performed between at least two of BS 312, BS 313, and AP 307. For example, when the user moves closer to the third location (location C) and the third location is at the edge of the coverage area of ​​BS 312 and BS 313, multiple handovers can be performed between BS 312 and BS 313. As another example, when a user moves into and out of the coverage area of ​​a first cell of a BS (such as location B) and the coverage area of ​​a second cell of the BS (such as location C), multiple handovers can be performed between the first cell and the second cell.

[0072] In some implementations, the handover process can be a reselection process or a handover process. A reselection can be performed when UE 120 is in idle mode (e.g., when the user is not actively using UE 120 and one or more background processes or applications are running on UE 120). A handover can be performed when UE 120 is in connected mode (e.g., when the user is actively using UE 120 and one or more foreground applications are being executed by UE 120). In some implementations, if UE 120 is in idle mode when the user is at the edge of two cellular networks or when the user moves into or out of a coverage hole, UE 120 can initiate a reselection to move from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, based on signal quality measurements (such as signal strength measurements), UE 120 can send one or more messages to BS 311 to perform a reselection to move UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, UE 120 can send a RACH request to BS 311 to request access and establish a radio connection with BS 311. Once UE 120 moves to BS 311, another reselection procedure can be triggered to move UE 120 from BS 311 to BS 310. Multiple reselection procedures can be triggered and executed over a short period when the user is at the edge of two cellular networks (such as 5G NR and LTE networks) or when the user moves into or out of a coverage hole. As another example, multiple reselection procedures can be executed between BS 310 and BS 311 when the user moves closer to a second location (location B), and between BS 312 and BS 313 when the user moves closer to a third location (location C). As yet another example, multiple reselection procedures can be executed between the first cell and the second cell when the user moves into and out of the coverage area of ​​a first cell of a BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311) (such as location B) and the coverage area of ​​a second cell of that BS (such as location C). In some implementations, UE120 may determine whether to perform one or more of the reselection processes based on context-aware information determined by UE120, such as reference Figure 5 Further description.

[0073] In some implementations, if UE 120 is in connected mode when the user is at the edge of two cellular networks or when the user moves into or out of a coverage hole, UE 120 can cause BS 310 to initiate a handover to move UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, based on signal quality measurements (such as signal strength measurements), UE 120 can send one or more messages to BS 310 to trigger a handover procedure to move UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, UE 120 can send a handover measurement report to BS 310 to cause BS 310 to initiate a handover procedure to establish a radio connection with BS 311. Once UE 120 has moved to BS 311, another handover procedure can be triggered to move UE 120 from BS 311 to BS 310. When the user is at the edge of two cellular networks (such as 5G NR and LTE networks) or when the user moves into or out of a coverage hole, multiple handover procedures can be triggered and executed over a short period of time. As another example, multiple handover procedures can be performed between BS 310 and BS 311 when the user is closer to the second location (location B), and multiple handover procedures can be performed between BS 312 and BS 313 when the user is closer to the third location (location C). As another example, multiple handover procedures can be performed between the first cell and the second cell when the user moves into and out of the coverage area of ​​a first cell of a BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311) (such as location B) and the coverage area of ​​a second cell of that BS (such as location C). In some implementations, UE 120 may determine whether to perform one or more handover procedures based on context-aware information determined by UE 120, as referenced. Figure 5 Further description.

[0074] In some implementations, UE 120 can limit the handover rate when the number of handovers between two or more RATs exceeds a handover threshold within a time period. For example, UE 120 can monitor, count, or otherwise determine the number of handovers between BS 310 and BS 312 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT) and BS 311 and BS 313 associated with a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT). As another example, UE 120 can monitor, count, or otherwise determine the number of handovers between BS 310 and BS 312 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT), BS 311 and BS 313 associated with a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT), and AP 307 associated with a third RAT (such as a WLAN RAT). As yet another example, UE 120 can determine the number of handovers between a first RAT with an SA 5G architecture and a second RAT with an NSA 5G architecture (which may be referred to as inter-system handover). The handover quantity may also include handovers between a first cell of a BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311) associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT or an LTE RAT) and a second cell of that BS. The handover quantity may include reselection quantities and handover quantities. For example, the handover quantity may include reselection only, handover only, or both reselection and handover. UE 120 may determine whether the handover quantity exceeds a handover threshold within the time period. In some implementations, UE 120 may implement a counter to track the handover quantity within the time period and may implement a timer for the time period. For example, the counter may be incremented by 1 each time a handover occurs in either direction between BS 310 and BS 311. As another example, a counter can be incremented by 1 each time a handover occurs, which may include a handover in any direction between BS 310 and BS 311, a handover in any direction between BS 310 and BS 313, a handover in any direction between BS 311 and BS 312, a handover in any direction between BS 312 and BS 313, and a handover in any direction between individual cells of a BS (such as BS 310, BS 311, BS 312, or BS 313). Furthermore, the counter can be incremented by one (1) each time a handover occurs between any party in the cellular network and the WLAN. UE 120 can use the counter and timer to determine whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold before the expiration of the time period, as referenced. Figure 4Further described. The counter and timer are reset when the time period expires and the number of handovers has not exceeded the handover threshold. When the counter and timer are reset, the timer restarts after the first handover is detected (e.g., when the counter is updated to have a value of 1). In some implementations, the handover threshold and time period can be pre-configured and configurable. For example, the handover threshold and time period can be pre-configured and configurable by the user, wireless communication network provider, or UE manufacturer. The handover threshold and time period can be configured with various values. For example, the handover threshold can be set to 10 handovers and the time period can be set to 1 minute. As another example, the handover threshold can be set to 12 handovers and the time period can be set to 2 minutes. As another example, the handover threshold can be set to 7 handovers and the time period can be set to 1 minute.

[0075] In some implementations, after determining that the number of handovers between two or more RATs exceeds a handover threshold, UE 120 can use various techniques to reduce the handover rate. For example, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate by decreasing the frequency of sending handover-related messages to the BS, by not sending handover-related messages to the BS, by ignoring handover-related messages received from the BS, or by changing the information in the handover-related messages sent to the BS. In some implementations, if UE 120 is in idle mode, UE 120 can reduce the reselection rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending RACH requests (or similar messages) to the BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311). UE 120 can also reduce the reselection rate by ignoring or reducing the frequency of responding to RARs (or similar messages) received from BS 310 or BS 311. In some implementations, if UE 120 is in connected mode, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending handover measurement reports (or similar messages) to the BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311). UE 120 can also reduce the handover rate by changing the information in the handover measurement reports. Furthermore, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate by ignoring or reducing the frequency of responding to handover commands (or similar messages) received from the BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311).

[0076] In some implementations, UE 120 can choose to camp on a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT) or a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT) after determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold within a certain time period. For example, choosing to camp on the first or second RAT may include UE 120 selecting BS 310 or BS 311 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. As another example, choosing to camp on the first or second RAT may include UE 120 selecting BS 312 or BS 313 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. As yet another example, choosing to camp on the first or second RAT may include UE 120 selecting a first RAT with an SA 5G architecture or a second RAT with an NSA 5G architecture to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT that received the most handsets out of the given number of handsets during the time period, or it can select the RAT that UE 120 spent the most time on during the given time period. In some implementations, after UE 120 determines that the number of handsets exceeds the handet threshold during the time period, UE 120 can determine how many handsets were to the first RAT (associated with BS 310 and BS 312) and how many handsets were to the second RAT (associated with BS 311 and BS 313). UE 120 can select the cellular network with the most handsets out of the given number of handsets, as shown in the reference. Figure 4 Further description. For example, if 6 out of 11 handovers are to the first RAT, UE 120 can choose to camp on either BS 310 or BS 312 associated with the first RAT. For example, after determining to reduce the handover rate and after determining that the majority of handovers during that period are to BS 310 associated with the first RAT, UE 120 can choose BS 310 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120.

[0077] In some implementations, after UE 120 determines that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold within a given time period, UE 120 can determine the amount of time UE 120 spent connecting with the first RAT during that time period (which may be referred to as total connection time) and the amount of time UE 120 spent connecting with the second RAT during that time period. For example, UE 120 can use a timer or clock to determine and store a timestamp indicating the moment each handover is initiated. UE 120 can select the cellular network with which UE 120 spends the most time during that time period, as referenced. Figure 4Further description. For example, if the time period is 1 minute, UE 120 can determine, based on the timestamp, that UE 120 spends 40 seconds connecting with the second RAT and 20 seconds connecting with the first RAT. After determining that UE 120 spends 40 seconds connecting with the second RAT within the 1-minute time period, UE 120 can choose to camp on either BS 311 or BS 313 associated with the second RAT. For example, after determining to reduce the handover rate and after determining that UE 120 spends the most time connecting with BS 311 associated with the second RAT, UE 120 can choose BS 311 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120.

[0078] In some implementations, UE 120 may use context-aware information to determine which cellular network to camp on after determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold within a given time period. For example, choosing to camp on a first RAT or a second RAT may include UE 120 selecting BS 310 or BS 311 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. As another example, choosing to camp on a first RAT or a second RAT may include UE 120 selecting BS 312 or BS 313 to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. UE 120 may collect context-aware information associated with UE 120 over a period of time. UE 120 may select to camp on a first RAT or a second RAT based on the collected context-aware information. Context-aware information may include the daily schedule of UE 120's users, such as the user's typical location, mobility information, travel patterns, and UE usage during different times of the day of the week. For example, a user's location can be a Global Positioning System (GPS) location, the user's mobility information can indicate the user's speed and direction of travel, and the user's UE usage can indicate the active foreground and background applications and other processes of the UE 120. Mobility information can also indicate the type of transportation, such as car, subway, bicycle, train, elevator, etc. In some implementations, the UE 120 can determine historical context-aware information based on context-aware information collected over a time period. For example, historical context-aware information can indicate historical user patterns and user behavior, such as typical user location, typical mobility information, and typical UE usage at different times during a user's typical daily schedule. This time period can be pre-configured and configurable. For example, the time period can be pre-configured and configurable by the user, wireless communication network provider, or UE manufacturer. For example, the configured time period can be one month, three months, one year, or a period starting from the activation of the UE 120, etc. In some implementations, UE 120 may include a context-aware engine, which may be a machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) engine of UE 120, used to analyze collected context-aware information and determine historical context-aware information (including historical user patterns and user behaviors). For example, UE 120 may implement a context-aware engine in the application processor of UE 120, in the modem of UE 120, or distributed across both the application processor and the modem, such as... Figure 8As described in [the document]. The context-aware engine of UE 120 can also be used to predict the location, mobility information, and usage of UE 120 at certain times during a user's daily schedule based on historical context-aware information. Because the context-aware engine is implemented at UE 120, it can perform UE-assisted operations to determine how to reduce the handover rate and select a RAT to camp on. UE-assisted operations may include collecting and analyzing context-aware information and making dynamic decisions about reducing the handover rate and selecting a RAT to camp on based on real-time and historical context-aware information. Unlike network-assisted techniques, which are typically slower and may not adapt to dynamic changes, UE-assisted techniques allow UE 120 to make rapid decisions based on each dynamic situation encountered by UE 120 and adapt to changes in the environment.

[0079] In some implementations, UE 120 can also determine real-time context-aware information. For example, real-time context-aware information may include real-time location information, real-time mobility information, and real-time UE usage information. UE 120 can use various UE components (such as a GPS module, one or more sensors (such as an accelerometer), and the operating system) to determine real-time context-aware information. In some implementations, UE 120 can select whether to occupy a first RAT or a second RAT based on historical context-aware information and real-time context-aware information. For example, based on historical context-aware information (such as historical user patterns and user behavior), UE 120 can predict that from 8:00 AM to 8:20 AM, the user will commute to work in a car using a specific route on a highway, UE 120 will be in connected mode during the commute, the average speed will be 60 mph, and UE 120 will traverse areas located at the edges of the coverage areas of the first and second RATs between 8:11 AM and 8:13 AM. Historical context-aware information can also indicate that between 8:14 AM and 8:20 AM, the user is traveling within an area of ​​the second RAT's coverage area. Between 8:00 AM and 8:05 AM, UE 120 can acquire and analyze real-time context-aware information to confirm that the user of UE 120 is traveling on a typical route on a highway during their commute to work. UE 120 can also predict that multiple handovers will be performed between 8:11 AM and 8:13 AM when the UE 120 is at the edge of the coverage area of ​​the first and second RATs. UE 120 can determine whether the multiple handovers exceed a handover threshold. If the multiple handovers exceed the handover threshold, UE 120 can determine that historical context-aware information indicates that at 8:14 AM, the user was typically traveling within the coverage area of ​​the second RAT until the user arrived at their workplace.

[0080] Therefore, after UE 120 determines that multiple handovers have exceeded the handover threshold, UE 120 can proactively select to camp on the second RAT using real-time and historical context-aware information. For example, if UE 120 is in idle mode, UE 120 can proactively send a RACH request to BS 311 of the second RAT and exchange other messages to camp on the second RAT. As another example, if UE 120 is in connected mode, UE 120 can proactively modify the handover measurement report to switch UE 120 from the first RAT to the second RAT, or to maintain the connection with the second RAT. Modifying the handover measurement report allows UE 120 to trigger a handover to the most advantageous RAT faster and more efficiently. For example, if UE 120 is connected to BS 310 of the first RAT, UE 120 can proactively modify the handover measurement report to indicate that the signal quality of the first RAT is weak while the signal quality of the second RAT is strong, in order to trigger a handover of UE 120 from the first RAT to the second RAT. For example, UE 120 can change a first RSRP measurement associated with a first RAT to a first power value indicating weak signal quality, and can change a second RSRP measurement associated with a second RAT to a second power value indicating strong signal quality. As another example, if UE 120 is connected to BS 311 of the second RAT, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to indicate that the signal quality of the first RAT is weak and the signal quality of the second RAT is strong, so that UE 120 remains connected to the second RAT. As another example, if UE 120 is connected to BS 311 of the second RAT, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to remove any information associated with the first RAT (such as removing any signal quality measurements associated with BS 310 of the first RAT), so that UE 120 remains connected to the second RAT. As another example, if UE 120 is connected to BS 310 of the first RAT, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to remove any information associated with the first RAT (such as removing any signal quality measurements associated with BS 310 of the first RAT) in order to trigger UE 120 to handover from the first RAT to the second RAT.

[0081] Figure 4 Example UE 120 is shown, configured to collect and analyze handover-related information to determine whether to reduce the handover rate and select the RAT to occupy. Figure 3 As described herein, UE 120 may include a handover management unit 322. In some implementations, the handover management unit 322 may implement a counter 434 and a timer / clock 444.

[0082] like Figure 3As described, UE 120 can implement counter 434 to track the number of handovers within a time period and can implement timer / clock 444 to monitor the time period. For example, the counter can be incremented by 1 each time a handover occurs in either direction between the first RAT and the second RAT. In some implementations, UE 120 can maintain a first table 450 to track the number of handovers. For example, the first table 450 may include a count 455 tracking the number of handovers during the time period and an action 457 indicating an action that UE 120 will perform based on that handover count. In the first handover set 451 shown in the first table 450, counter 434 has a count of 5 after the time period expires. If the handover threshold is 10, UE 120 can determine that the first handover set 451 has not exceeded the handover threshold. The counter and timer are reset when the time period expires and the number of handovers has not exceeded the handover threshold. Therefore, the action 457 after the first handover set 451 is to reset counter 434 and timer / clock 444. When counter 434 and timer / clock 444 are reset, timer / clock 444 restarts after detecting the first handover (such as when counter 455 is updated to have a value of 1). In the second handover set 452 shown in the first table 452, counter 434 has a count of 8 after the time period expires. If the handover threshold is 10, UE 120 can determine that the second handover set 452 has not exceeded the handover threshold. Therefore, the action 457 after the second handover set 452 is to reset counter 434 and timer / clock 444. In the third handover set 453 shown in the first table 453, counter 434 has a count of 11 after the time period expires. If the handover threshold is 10, UE 120 can determine that the third handover set 453 has exceeded the handover threshold. Therefore, the action 457 after the third handover set 453 is to reduce the handover rate. UE 120 can use Figure 3 One or more of the techniques described herein are used to reduce the transfer rate.

[0083] In some implementations, UE 120 may maintain a second table 470 to track handover timestamps. For example, the second table 470 may include a handover direction 475, indicating whether the handover is from a first RAT to a second RAT (such as from a 5G NR RAT to an LTE RAT) or from a second RAT to a first RAT (such as from an LTE RAT to a 5G NR RAT). As another example, the handover direction 475 may also indicate whether the handover is from a first RAT with an SA 5G architecture to a second RAT with an NSA 5G architecture. The second table 470 may also include a timestamp 477, indicating the moment each handover is initiated. The timestamp 477 may be determined using a timer / clock 444. The second table 470 may show the handover direction 475 and timestamp 477 of the third handover set 453 shown in the first table 450. As shown in Table 470, the first handover was at 8:00:00 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT; the second handover was at 8:00:05 AM from the LTE RAT to the 5G NR RAT; the third handover was at 8:00:12 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT; the fourth handover was at 8:00:16 AM from the LTE RAT to the 5G NR RAT; the fifth handover was at 8:00:22 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT; the sixth handover was at 8:00:26 AM from the LTE RAT to the 5G NR RAT; the seventh handover was at 8:00:34 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT; the eighth handover was at 8:00:38 AM from the LTE RAT to the 5G NR RAT; and the ninth handover was at 8:00:45 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT. The tenth handover occurred at 8:00:49 AM from the LTE RAT to the 5G NR RAT, and the eleventh handover occurred at 8:00:56 AM from the 5G NR RAT to the LTE RAT.

[0084] For example, if the handover threshold is 10 and the time period is 1 minute, then when the eleventh handover is performed at 8:00:56 AM (within this time period), the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold. UE 120 can reduce the handover rate and select the RAT to camp on in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold within this time period. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT with which it spends the most time during this time period; this time may be referred to as the total connection time. Based on the timestamp 477 associated with each handover, UE 120 can determine that it spends 21 seconds connecting with the LTE RAT and 35 seconds connecting with the 5G NR RAT. Therefore, UE 120 can select the 5G NR RAT because the total connection time associated with the LTE RAT (21 seconds) is less than the total connection time associated with the 5G NR RAT (35 seconds). In some implementations, UE 120 can store the total connection time 495 in a third table 490. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT with the most transfers out of the given number of transfers. Based on the transfer direction 475 associated with each transfer, UE 120 can determine that 6 transfers are from 5G NR RAT to LTE RAT, and 5 transfers are from LTE RAT to 5G NR RAT. Therefore, UE 120 can select the LTE RAT because the most transfers out of the given number of transfers are from 5G NR RAT to LTE RAT. In some implementations, UE 120 can store the RAT count 497 in a third table 490.

[0085] Figure 5 Example UE 120 is shown, configured to collect and analyze context-aware information to determine which RAT to camp on when the handover rate is reduced. Figure 3 As described herein, UE 120 may include a handover management unit 322 and a context-aware unit 324. In some implementations, the context-aware unit 324 may include a context-aware engine 523. In some implementations, UE 120 may implement the context-aware unit 324 (including the context-aware engine 523) in the application processor of UE 120, in the modem of UE 120, or distributed across both the application processor and the modem, such as... Figure 8 As described in [the document]. In some implementations, UE 120 may also include sensors 525, such as accelerometers and GPS modules.

[0086] like Figure 3As described, after determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold and that the handover rate needs to be reduced, UE 120 can use historical and real-time context-aware information to select a RAT to occupy. For example, selecting the RAT to occupy may include UE 120 selecting either a first RAT or a second RAT to establish and maintain a radio connection with UE 120 when the handover rate is reduced. In some implementations, UE 120 may collect context-aware information about the daily schedule of UE 120's users. For example, UE 120 may determine and store typical user location, mobility information, and UE usage for different times of day each week. For example, UE 120's context-aware unit 324 may use sensors 525 (such as an accelerometer, GPS module, and other sensors) to determine the user's location, speed, and direction of travel. UE 120's context-aware unit 324 may also determine UE 120's operating mode (such as idle mode or connected mode) and active foreground and background applications. Based on context-aware information collected over a period of time, the context-aware engine 523 of the context-aware unit 324 can determine historical context-aware information. For example, historical context-aware information can indicate historical user patterns and behaviors, such as typical user location, typical mobility information, and typical UE usage at different times during a user's typical daily schedule. The context-aware unit 324 and the context-aware engine 523 can also use real-time and historical context-aware information to predict or infer other context-aware information, such as whether the user of UE 120 is in a car, on a subway, on an airplane, driving, running, walking, or sitting. The context-aware unit 324 and the context-aware engine 523 can also predict or infer network usage patterns when the user is in a specific location at a specific time. For example, the context-aware engine 523 can predict whether UE 120 is moving towards or away from a specific coverage area (such as an mmWave small cell coverage area), whether the user is moving towards or away from the user's workplace or home, whether the user is moving towards or away from a city center area, and whether the user is about to enter or leave an elevator, etc.

[0087] Table 550 first illustrates an example of a user's typical Monday schedule, including corresponding historical context-aware information. The historical context-aware information shown in Table 550 may indicate time 555, location information 556, UE usage information 557, and multiple handover information 558. Time 555 may indicate a time range for a specific day in a user's typical schedule, in this case, a time range for a typical Monday. Location information 556 may indicate the user's location, which may also indicate mobility information. UE usage information 557 may indicate the UE 120's operating mode (such as idle mode or connected mode) and active foreground and background applications. As shown in time range 551 (between 8:00 AM and 8:30 AM), location information 556 may indicate that the user typically commutes to work by car using route A on Highway A. Mobility information (not shown) may also indicate that the user is moving at a relatively high speed. UE usage information 557 may indicate that the user typically uses voice call applications during their commute, and that the UE 120 is typically in connected mode. Multiple handover information 558 may indicate that a user typically crosses the edge of two RATs between 8:11 AM and 8:13 AM, resulting in multiple handovers that typically exceed the handover threshold. In some implementations, between 8:00 AM and 8:05 AM, UE 120 may obtain and analyze real-time context-aware information to confirm that the user of UE 120 is commuting to work on Highway A using Route A. Based on real-time context-aware information and historical context-aware information, UE 120 may predict (e.g., using context-aware engine 523) that multiple handovers will be performed between 8:11 AM and 8:13 AM when UE 120 is at the edge of the coverage area of ​​the first RAT (e.g., 5G NR RAT) and the second RAT (e.g., LTE RAT). Between 8:11 AM and 8:13 AM, UE 120 may determine whether this multiple handover exceeds the handover threshold. If the multiple handover exceeds the handover threshold, UE 120 may reduce the handover rate and may select one of the RATs to camp. UE 120 can determine that historical context-aware information indicates that, starting at 8:14 AM, the user typically travels within an area covered by the second RAT until arriving at their workplace. For example, historical sensor information collected using sensor 525 can be used to determine location and mobility information indicating that, starting at 8:14 AM, the user typically travels within an area covered by the second RAT until arriving at their workplace. Furthermore, real-time sensor information collected using sensor 525 can be used to confirm the user's real-time location, including confirming the route the user is traveling. Therefore, UE 120 can proactively choose to camp on the second RAT using both real-time and historical context-aware information when the handover rate is reduced.In some implementations, UE 120 can also access additional real-time context-aware information to determine if the voice call application is active and if UE 120 is in connected mode. Since the user is making a voice call, UE 120 can determine that reducing the handover rate and choosing to camp on a second RAT will reduce service interruptions and improve the user experience.

[0088] In some implementations, the second table 570 shows that UE 120 determines context-aware information 575 (which includes real-time context-aware information 571 and historical context-aware information 572) for use when selecting one of the RATs. The selected RAT information 577 can indicate the RAT selected by UE 120. For example, as described herein with respect to time range 551, UE 120 can use the real-time context-aware information 571 and historical context-aware information 572 to determine which RAT to camp on when the handover rate is reduced.

[0089] As another example, during time range 552 (between 6:30 PM and 7:00 PM), location information 556 may indicate that the user typically commutes home by car using route A on highway A. Mobility information (not shown) may also indicate that the user is moving at a relatively fast speed. UE usage information 557 may indicate that UE 120 is typically in idle mode, where only background applications are running on UE 120. Multiple handover information 558 may indicate that the user typically crosses the edge of two RATs between 6:37 PM and 6:39 PM, and this results in multiple handovers that typically exceed the handover threshold. Between 6:37 PM and 6:39 PM, UE 120 may determine that multiple handovers exceed the handover threshold and may also confirm that UE 120 is in idle mode (where only background applications are active). In some implementations, since UE 120 is in idle mode, UE 120 can determine to reduce the handover rate, but can also determine to maintain the connection with the first RAT, even if the service quality is not as good as the second RAT, because service interruption does not affect background applications. Therefore, in some implementations, UE 120 can determine whether to perform a handover based on context-aware information determined by UE 120.

[0090] As another example, during time range 553 (between 7:00 PM and 7:30 PM), when a user is typically walking or running in a nearby park, they are often listening to podcasts on a podcast app. UE 120 can determine that between 7:05 PM and 7:09 PM, during the user's running or walking, the user typically traverses areas with coverage holes that usually lead to multiple handovers. Between 7:00 PM and 7:05 PM, UE 120 can confirm that the user is at a location corresponding to the park. UE 120 can also confirm that between 7:05 PM and 7:09 PM, multiple handovers exceeded the handover threshold. UE 120 can reduce the handover rate and can select one of the RATs to occupy. UE 120 can determine that historical context-aware information indicates that starting at 7:10 PM, the user typically traversed coverage holes and began walking or running in an area within the coverage area of ​​the first RAT. Therefore, UE 120 can proactively select to occupy the first RAT using real-time and historical context-aware information when the handover rate is reduced.

[0091] In some implementations, when monitoring multiple handovers to determine if the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold, UE 120 may determine whether to perform one or more handovers based on context-aware information determined by UE 120. UE 120 may determine real-time and historical context-aware information to determine whether to perform one or more handovers. For example, during time range 553 (between 7:00 PM and 7:30 PM), if UE usage information indicates that UE 120 is in idle mode, UE 120 may determine not to perform one or more handovers. As another example, if location information and mobility information indicate that a user is moving at a moderate or high speed (such as cycling), and the coverage hole at that location (such as a park) affects a relatively small area, UE 120 may determine not to perform a handover because the user will likely traverse the coverage hole with minimal service interruption in a relatively short amount of time. As another example, if location information and mobility information indicate that a user is moving at a moderate or high speed (such as by bicycle), and the coverage hole at that location affects a relatively large area, then UE 120 may determine to perform one or more handovers because the user will likely spend a significant amount of time traversing the coverage hole, which could result in significant service disruptions.

[0092] Figure 6 An example message flow is shown, illustrating a UE configured to reduce the reselection rate and select either a first BS associated with a first RAT or a second BS associated with a second RAT. Message flow diagram 600 includes... Figure 3The UE 120 described herein, the BS 310 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT), and the BS 311 associated with a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT) are also described. In some implementations, the first RAT may have an SA 5G architecture or an SA 4G architecture, and the second RAT may have an NSA 5G architecture.

[0093] In 605, UE 120 and BS 310 can establish a wireless connection and exchange various types of messages (including data signals). For example, UE 120 and BS 310 can perform operations associated with web browsing, voice calls, or streaming video.

[0094] In 610, UE 120 can change from connected mode to idle mode. For example, when the user of UE 120 stops using the application of UE 120 (such as a foreground application) and only background applications are running, UE 120 can change to idle mode.

[0095] In 615, UE 120 can perform multiple handover procedures between BS 310 associated with the first RAT and BS 311 associated with the second RAT. Since UE 120 is in idle mode, the type of handover procedure performed can be a handover procedure.

[0096] In 620, UE 120 can determine whether the number of reselections performed during a time period exceeds a handover threshold (also known as a reselection threshold). For example, as Figure 3 and Figure 4 As described, UE 120 can use counter 434 and timer / clock 444 to determine whether the number of reselections exceeds a handover threshold (such as a handover threshold of 10 reselections) during a given time period (such as a 1-minute time period). If the number of reselections exceeds the handover threshold, UE 120 can reduce the reselection rate, such as... Figure 3 and Figure 4 As described in [the document]. In some implementations, if UE 120 is in idle mode, UE 120 can reduce the reselection rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending RACH requests (or similar messages) to BSs (such as BS 310 or BS 311). UE 120 can also reduce the reselection rate by ignoring or reducing the frequency of responding to RARs (or similar messages) received from BS 310 or BS 311.

[0097] In 625, UE 120 can select one of the RATs to camp on when the reselection rate is reduced. For example, UE 120 can determine whether to camp on BS 310 associated with a first RAT or BS 311 associated with a second RAT. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT with the most reselections in that number of handovers, or UE 120 can select the RAT with which UE 120 spends the most time connected during that time period, such as... Figure 3 and 4 As described in [the document]. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT based on real-time context-aware information and historical context-aware information, such as [example information]. Figure 3 and 5 As described in [the text]. Figure 6 As shown, UE 120 can choose to reside on BS 311 associated with the second RAT when the reselection rate is reduced.

[0098] At 630, UE 120 can transmit a RACH request to BS 311 associated with the second RAT to initiate a session with BS 311 and request access.

[0099] In 635, BS 311 can respond to a RACH request by sending a RAR granting access request to UE 120.

[0100] At 640, UE 120 and BS 311 can exchange RRC-related messages to establish a radio connection. For example, UE 120 can transmit an RRC connection request, BS 311 can respond with an RRC connection setup message, and UE 120 can respond with an RRC connection setup complete message. When UE 120 chooses to camp on BS 310, it can utilize BS 310 to perform similar operations as shown in 630-640.

[0101] Figure 7 An example message flow is shown, illustrating a UE configured to reduce the handover rate and select either a first BS associated with a first RAT or a second BS associated with a second RAT. Message flow diagram 700 includes... Figure 3 The UE 120 described herein, the BS 310 associated with a first RAT (such as a 5G NR RAT), and the BS 311 associated with a second RAT (such as an LTE RAT) are also described. In some implementations, the first RAT may have an SA 5G architecture or an SA 4G architecture, and the second RAT may have an NSA 5G architecture.

[0102] In 705, UE 120 and BS 310 can establish a wireless connection and exchange various types of messages (including data signals). For example, UE 120 and BS 310 can perform operations associated with web browsing, voice calls, or streaming video.

[0103] In 710, when UE 120 is in connectivity mode, UE 120 can cause BS 310 associated with the first RAT and BS 311 associated with the second RAT to perform multiple handovers. For example, UE 120 can trigger BS 310 and BS 311 to perform multiple handovers by sending multiple handover measurement reports. Since UE 120 is in connectivity mode, the type of handover procedure performed can be a handover procedure.

[0104] In 715, UE 120 can determine whether the number of handovers performed during a time period exceeds a handover threshold (also known as a handover threshold). For example, as Figure 3 and Figure 4 As described, UE 120 can use counter 434 and timer / clock 444 to determine whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold (such as a handover threshold of 10 handovers) during a given time period (such as a 1-minute time period). If the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate, such as... Figure 3 and Figure 4 As described in [the document / section], in some implementations, if UE 120 is in connected mode, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate by stopping or reducing the frequency of sending handover measurement reports (or similar messages) to the BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311). UE 120 can also reduce the handover rate by changing the information in the handover measurement report. For example, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to indicate (after the handover rate is reduced) that the signal quality of the RAT occupied by UE 120 is strong, while the signal quality of other RATs is weak. As another example, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to remove signal quality measurement information associated with RATs not occupied by UE 120. Furthermore, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate by ignoring or reducing the frequency of responding to handover commands (or similar messages) received from the BS (such as BS 310 or BS 311).

[0105] In 720, UE 120 can select one of the RATs to camp on when the handover rate is reduced. For example, UE 120 can determine whether to camp on BS 310 associated with a first RAT or BS 311 associated with a second RAT. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT with the most handovers from that number of handovers, or UE 120 can select the RAT with which UE 120 spends the most time connected during that time period, such as... Figure 3 and 4 As described in [the document]. In some implementations, UE 120 can select the RAT based on real-time context-aware information and historical context-aware information, such as [example information]. Figure 3 and 5 As described in [the text]. Figure 7 As shown, UE 120 can choose to camp on BS 311 associated with the second RAT when the handover rate is reduced.

[0106] At 725, after selecting BS 311 associated with the second RAT, UE 120 can transmit a handover measurement report to BS 310 to cause BS 310 to initiate a handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. In some implementations, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to ensure that the handover measurement report triggers a handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to indicate that the signal quality of BS 311 associated with the second RAT is strong, while the signal quality of BS 310 associated with the first RAT is weak, to trigger a handover. As another example, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to remove the signal quality measurement information associated with BS 310 associated with the first RAT to trigger a handover.

[0107] At 730, BS 310 can receive handover measurement reports from UE 120 and can initiate a handover for UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, BS 310 can receive modified handover measurement reports, which can trigger a handover.

[0108] At 735, after determining that the handover should continue, BS 310 and BS 311 exchange handover-related messages and allocate resources to perform the handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. BS 310 and BS 311 can also exchange handover-related messages with UE 120, such as network handover commands and responses.

[0109] At 740, UE 120 and BS 311 can exchange messages to complete the handover and establish a radio connection.

[0110] Figure 8 An example message flow is shown, illustrating a UE configured to monitor the number of handovers between the first, second, and third RATs to determine whether to reduce the handover rate. Message flow diagram 800 includes... Figure 3The description includes UE 120, BS 310 associated with a first RAT (such as 5G NR RAT), BS 311 associated with a second RAT (such as LTE RAT), and AP 307 associated with a third RAT (such as WLAN RAT).

[0111] In 805, UE 120 and BS 310 can establish a wireless connection and exchange various types of messages (including data signals). For example, UE 120 and BS 310 can perform operations associated with web browsing, voice calls, or streaming video.

[0112] In 810, multiple handovers of UE 120 can be performed between BS 310, BS 311 and AP 307.

[0113] In 815, UE 120 can determine whether the number of handovers performed during a given time period exceeds a handover threshold. For example, as Figure 4 As described, UE 120 can use counter 434 and timer / clock 444 to determine whether the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold during the time period.

[0114] In 820, if UE 120 determines that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold, UE 120 can reduce the handover rate, such as... Figure 3-4 As described in the description.

[0115] In 825, UE 120 can select one of the RATs to camp on when the handover rate is reduced. For example, UE 120 can determine whether to camp on BS 310 associated with the first RAT or BS 311 associated with the second RAT, such as... Figure 3-5 As described in the description. Figure 8 As shown, UE 120 can choose to camp on BS311 associated with the second RAT when the handover rate is reduced.

[0116] At 830, after selecting BS 311 associated with the second RAT, UE 120 can transmit a handover measurement report to BS 310, causing BS 310 to initiate a handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. In some implementations, UE 120 can modify the handover measurement report to ensure that the handover measurement report triggers a handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311.

[0117] In 835, BS 310 can receive handover measurement reports from UE 120 and can initiate handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. For example, BS 310 can receive modified handover measurement reports, which can trigger handover.

[0118] At 840, after determining that the handover should continue, BS 310 and BS 311 exchange handover-related messages and allocate resources to perform the handover of UE 120 from BS 310 to BS 311. BS 310 and BS 311 may also exchange handover-related messages with UE 120, such as network handover commands and responses.

[0119] In 845, UE 120 and BS 311 can exchange messages to complete the handover and establish a radio connection.

[0120] Figure 9 An example UE configured to collect and analyze context-aware information to determine whether to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on. In some implementations, UE 120 may include an application processor 928 and a modem 929. UE 120 may include a modem control interface 926 between the application processor 928 and the modem 929. The modem control interface 926 may be a communication interface between the application processor 928 and the modem 929. In some implementations, the application processor 928 may include... Figure 3-8 The context-aware unit 324 described herein. The context-aware unit 324 may include the context-aware engine 523, such as... Figure 5 As described in [the document]. In some implementations, UE 120 may include a context-aware unit 324 located in modem 929 (not shown) or distributed across both application processor 928 and modem 929.

[0121] like Figure 3-8 As described, the context-aware unit 324 can collect and analyze context-aware information. For example, the context-aware unit 324 can determine historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information, and it can also determine real-time context-aware information. Figure 3-8 As described, UE 120 can use historical and real-time context-aware information to determine whether to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on. In some examples, based on the historical and real-time context-aware information determined by context-aware unit 324, application processor 928 can provide modem control commands 981 to modem 929 via modem control interface 926 to enable modem 929 to use Figure 3-8 The process described herein is used to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on. For example, based on the location of UE 120 and historical context-aware information associated with that location, application processor 928 can provide modem control command 981 to modem 929 to cause modem 929 to reduce the handover rate and select which RAT to camp on (e.g., ...). Figure 3-8(As described in [the document]). In some implementations, the context-aware unit 324 may collect at least a portion of the context-aware information from the modem 929 via the modem control interface 926. For example, the modem 929 may periodically provide the application processor 928 with modem feedback messages 982 indicating context-aware information via the modem control interface 926. For example, the modem feedback message 982 may indicate the location of the UE 120 and whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold during that time period. As described in [the document] Figure 3-8 As described, the context-aware unit 324 can use the collected context-aware information to determine historical context-aware information, which can be used to determine when to reduce the handover rate and which RAT to occupy. Figure 3-8 As described, historical context-aware information can also be used to predict in advance when to reduce handover rates and to select which RAT to occupy in order to reduce or avoid mobility.

[0122] Figure 10 A flowchart 1000 depicts an example operation performed by a device of a UE to reduce the handover rate between wireless networks.

[0123] In box 1010, the UE's apparatus can monitor the number of handovers between multiple RATs during a time period. The multiple WANRATs may include a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT. In some implementations, the first RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT; the second RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT; and the third RAT may be a WLAN RAT. In some implementations, the first RAT may be a 5G NR RAT with a standalone (SA) 5G architecture or an LTE RAT with an SA 4G architecture, while the second RAT may be a 5G NR RAT or an LTE RAT with a non-standalone (NSA) 5G architecture. The UE's apparatus can monitor, count, or otherwise determine the number of handovers between at least two of the first RAT, the second RAT, and the third RAT during the time period. For example, the UE's apparatus can determine the number of handovers between a first BS associated with the first RAT, a second BS associated with the second RAT, and an AP associated with the third RAT during the time period. The number of handovers can include reselection, switching, or both reselection and switching.

[0124] In box 1020, the UE's apparatus may, in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period, reduce the handover rate associated with the UE and select one of the plurality of RATs to maintain the radio connection with the UE. For example, the UE's apparatus may reduce the handover rate, as referenced Figure 3 and Figure 4As described.

[0125] In some implementations, in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold within a certain time period and determining that the handover rate should be reduced, the UE's apparatus can select one of a plurality of WAN RATs. For example, the UE's apparatus can select a first BS associated with a first WAN RAT or a second BS associated with a second WAN RAT. For example, the UE's apparatus can select one of the plurality of WAN RATs, as referenced... Figure 3 and Figure 5 As described.

[0126] In some implementations, the UE's device may select one of the plurality of RATs in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold within a certain time period. The UE's device may prioritize one of the plurality of RATs for selection based on the number of handovers associated with each RAT or based on the total connection time associated with each RAT. In some implementations, the UE's device may determine that a first portion of the handover number is a handover to a first RAT among the plurality of RATs, and may determine that a second portion of the handover number is a handover to a second RAT among the plurality of RATs. The UE's device may determine that the first portion is greater than the second portion, and may select the first RAT in response to determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion. In some implementations, the UE's device may determine the timestamp information at the time of each handover initiating the handover number of handovers, may determine that the first portion of the handover number is a handover to the first RAT among the plurality of RATs, and may determine a first total connection time associated with the first portion of the handover number to the first RAT based on the timestamp information. The UE's device can determine that the second portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a second RAT among a plurality of RATs, can determine a second total connection time associated with the second portion of the handover quantity to the second RAT based on timestamp information, and can determine that the first total connection time associated with the first RAT is greater than the second total connection time associated with the second RAT. The UE's device can select a first RAT in response to determining that the first total connection time is greater than the second total connection time.

[0127] Figure 11 A flowchart 1100 is depicted showing an example operation performed by a device of a UE to reduce the handover rate between wireless networks and select one of multiple RATs to camp.

[0128] In box 1110, the UE's device can monitor the number of handovers between multiple RATs during a time period. The multiple RATs may include a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT. In some implementations, the first RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT; the second RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT; and the third RAT may be a WLAN RAT. In some implementations, the first RAT may be a 5G NR RAT with an SA 5G architecture or an LTE RAT with an SA 4G architecture, while the second RAT may be a 5G NR RAT or an LTE RAT with a non-SA 5G architecture. The UE's device can monitor, count, or otherwise determine the number of handovers between at least two of the first RAT, the second RAT, and the third RAT during the time period. For example, the UE's device can determine the number of handovers between a first BS associated with the first RAT, a second BS associated with the second RAT, and an AP of the third RAT during the time period.

[0129] In box 1120, the UE's device may select one of the multiple RATs and reduce the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period. For example, the UE's device may reduce the handover rate, as referenced... Figure 3 and Figure 4 As described, and one of the multiple RATs can be selected, as referenced. Figure 3 and Figure 5 As described.

[0130] In block 1130, the UE's apparatus can modify the handover measurement report to maintain a radio connection with a selected RAT among a plurality of RATs. For example, the UE's apparatus can modify the measurement information in the handover measurement report based on context-aware information, and can transmit the modified handover measurement report to maintain a radio connection with a selected RAT among a plurality of RATs. In some implementations, the transmission of the modified handover measurement report may result in a faster establishment of a radio connection than the transmission of the unchanged handover measurement report.

[0131] In some implementations, the UE's device can collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time, determine historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information, and modify the measurement information in the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information. In some implementations, the UE's device can use machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze the collected context-aware information to determine historical context-aware information. In some implementations, the UE's device can reduce the handover rate by modifying the measurement information in the handover measurement report based on historical context-aware information. In some implementations, the UE's device can reduce the handover rate by reducing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report based on historical context-aware information.

[0132] Figure 12 A block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1200 is shown. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1200 may be provided to a UE (such as those mentioned above). Figure 3 Examples of devices used in the described UE 120. In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1200 may be provided for use in a BS (such as those described above). Figure 3 Examples of devices used in BS 310 or BS 311 described herein. Wireless communication device 1200 is capable of transmitting (or outputting for transmission) and receiving wireless communications.

[0133] Wireless communication device 1200 may be or may include a chip, system-on-a-chip (SoC), chipset, package, or device. The term "system-on-a-chip" (SoC) is used herein to refer to a set of interconnected electronic circuits, typically but not exclusively including one or more processors, memory, and communication interfaces. An SoC may include various types of processors and processor cores, such as general-purpose processors, central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics processing units (GPUs), accelerated processing units (APUs), subsystem processors, auxiliary processors, single-core processors, and multi-core processors. An SoC may further include other hardware and hardware combinations, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), configuration and status registers (CSRs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), other programmable logic devices, discrete gate logic, transistor logic, registers, performance monitoring hardware, watchdog hardware, counters, and time references. An SoC may be an integrated circuit (IC) configured such that the components of the IC reside on the same substrate, such as a monolithic semiconductor material (e.g., silicon, for example).

[0134] The term "System-in-Package" (SIP) is used herein to refer to a single module or package that may contain multiple resources, computing units, cores and / or processors on two or more IC chips, a substrate, or a System-on-a-Chip (SoC). For example, a SIP may comprise a single substrate on which multiple IC chips or semiconductor dies are stacked in a vertical configuration. Similarly, a SIP may comprise one or more multi-chip modules (MCMs) on which multiple ICs or semiconductor dies are packaged into a unified substrate. A SIP may also comprise multiple independent SoCs coupled together and packaged adjacently (e.g., on a single motherboard or in a single mobile communication device) via high-speed communication circuitry. The proximity of the SoCs facilitates high-speed communication and the sharing of memory and resources.

[0135] The term "multi-core processor" is used herein to refer to a single IC chip or chip package containing two or more independent processing cores (e.g., CPU cores, IP cores, GPU cores, etc.) configured to read and execute program instructions. A System-on-a-Chip (SoC) may include multiple multi-core processors, and each processor in the SoC may be referred to as a core. The term "multi-processor" may also be used herein to refer to a system or device comprising two or more processing units configured to read and execute program instructions.

[0136] The wireless communication device 1200 may include one or more modems 1202. In some implementations, the one or more modems 1202 (collectively referred to as "modem 1202") may include a WWAN modem (e.g., a 3GPP 4GLTE or 5G compatible modem). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1200 may also include one or more radios 1204 (collectively referred to as "radio 1204"). In some implementations, the wireless communication device 1200 may further include one or more processors, processing blocks or processing elements 1206 (collectively referred to as "processor 1206") and one or more memory blocks or elements 1208 (collectively referred to as "memory 1208").

[0137] Modem 1202 may include intelligent hardware blocks or devices (e.g., application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)). Modem 1202 is generally configured to implement a PHY layer. For example, modem 1202 is configured to modulate packets and output modulated packets to radio 1204 for transmission over a wireless medium. Similarly, modem 1202 is configured to acquire modulated packets received by radio 1204 and demodulate these packets to provide demodulated packets. In addition to modulators and demodulators, modem 1202 may further include digital signal processing (DSP) circuitry, automatic gain control (AGC), decoders, decoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers. For example, when in transmission mode, data acquired from processor 1206 is provided to a decoder, which encodes the data to provide encoded bits. The encoded bits are then mapped to points in a modulation constellation (using a selected MCS) to provide modulated symbols. The modulated symbols can then be mapped to a number of NSS spatial streams or a number of NSSTS space-time streams. Subsequently, the modulated symbols in the corresponding spatial or space-time stream can be multiplexed, transformed via an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block, and then provided to the DSP circuitry for Tx windowing and filtering. The digital signal can then be provided to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The resulting analog signal can then be provided to an up-converter and ultimately to Radio 1204. In beamforming implementations, the modulated symbols in the corresponding spatial stream are pre-coded via a guiding matrix before being provided to the IFFT block.

[0138] In receive mode, the digital signal received from radio 1204 is provided to a DSP circuitry system configured to acquire the received signal, for example, by detecting the presence of the signal and estimating the initial timing and frequency offset. The DSP circuitry system is further configured to digitally condition the digital signal, for example, using channel (narrowband) filtering, analog impairment conditioning (such as correcting I / Q imbalance), and applying digital gain to ultimately obtain a narrowband signal. The output of the DSP circuitry system can then be fed to an AGC, configured to use information extracted from the digital signal (e.g., in one or more received training fields) to determine an appropriate gain. The output of the DSP circuitry system is also coupled to a demodulator configured to extract modulated symbols from the signal and, for example, calculate the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) for each bit position of each subcarrier in each spatial stream. The demodulator is coupled to a decoder configured to process the LLR to provide decoded bits. The decoded bits from all spatial streams are then fed to a demultiplexer for demultiplexing. The demultiplexed bits can then be descrambled and provided to the MAC layer (processor 1206) for processing, evaluation, or interpretation.

[0139] Radio 1204 generally includes at least one radio frequency (RF) transmitter (or “transmitter chain”) and at least one RF receiver (or “receiver chain”), which may be combined into one or more transceivers. For example, the RF transmitter and receiver may include various DSP circuitry systems, each including at least one power amplifier (PA) and at least one low-noise amplifier (LNA). The RF transmitter and receiver may further be coupled to one or more antennas. For example, in some implementations, wireless communication device 1200 may include or be coupled to multiple transmit antennas (each with a corresponding transmit chain) and multiple receive antennas (each with a corresponding receive chain). Symbols output from modem 1202 are provided to radio 1204, which then transmits these symbols via the coupled antennas. Similarly, symbols received via the antennas are acquired by radio 1204, which then provides these symbols to modem 1202.

[0140] Processor 1206 may include intelligent hardware blocks or devices designed to perform the functions described herein, such as, for example, processing cores, processing blocks, central processing units (CPUs), microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof. Processor 1206 processes information received via radio 1204 and modem 1202, and processes information to be output via modem 1202 and radio 1204 for transmission over a wireless medium. In some implementations, processor 1206 may generally control modem 1202 to cause the modem to perform the various operations described above.

[0141] Memory 1208 may include tangible storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM), or combinations thereof. Memory 1208 may also store non-transient processor or computer-executable software (SW) code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 1206, cause the processor to perform various operations described herein for wireless communication, including the generation, transmission, reception, and interpretation of MPDUs, frames, or packets. For example, the various functions of the components disclosed herein, or the various blocks or steps of the methods, operations, processes, or algorithms disclosed herein, may be implemented as one or more modules of one or more computer programs.

[0142] Figure 13 A block diagram of an example mobile communication device 1304 is shown. For example, mobile communication device 1304 may be an example implementation of the UE 120 described herein. Mobile communication device 1304 includes a wireless communication device (WCA) 1315. For example, WCA 1315 may be a reference... Figure 12 An example implementation of the described wireless communication device 1200. The mobile communication device 1304 also includes one or more antennas 1325 coupled to the WCA 1315 for transmitting and receiving wireless communications. The mobile communication device 1304 additionally includes an application processor 1335 coupled to the WCA 1315, and a memory 1345 coupled to the application processor 1335. In some implementations, the mobile communication device 1304 further includes a UI 1355 (such as a touchscreen or keypad) and a display 1365, which can be integrated with the UI 1355 to form a touchscreen display. In some implementations, the mobile communication device 1304 may further include one or more sensors 1375, such as, for example, one or more inertial sensors, accelerometers, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, or altitude sensors. Components among the foregoing components can communicate directly or indirectly with other components among these components on at least one bus. The mobile communication device 1304 further includes a housing that encloses at least portions of the WCA 1315, application processor 1335, memory 1345, antenna 1325, UI 1355, and display 1365.

[0143] Figure 1-13 The operations described herein are examples intended to aid in understanding the exemplary implementations and should not be used to limit potential implementations or the scope of the claims. Some implementations may perform additional operations, perform fewer operations, perform operations in parallel or in a different order, or perform some operations differently.

[0144] The foregoing disclosure provides explanations and descriptions, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the foregoing disclosure or may be obtained through practice of the aspects. While aspects of this disclosure have been described by way of various examples, any combination of aspects from any of these examples is also within the scope of this disclosure. The examples in this disclosure are provided for illustrative purposes. As a replacement or supplement to the other examples described herein, the examples include any combination of the following implementation options.

[0145] Clause 1. An inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a device of a UE. The method may include: determining the number of handovers among multiple WAN RATs during a time period; determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold during the time period; and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold during the time period.

[0146] Clause 2. As in Clause 1, wherein the plurality of WAN RATs may include a first WAN RAT and a second WAN RAT. The first WAN RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT, and the second WAN RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT.

[0147] Clause 3. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-2, wherein the plurality of WAN RATs may include a first WAN RAT and a second WAN RAT. The first WAN RAT may be a 5G NR RAT with SA 5G architecture or an LTE RAT with SA 4G architecture, and the second WAN RAT may be a 5G NR RAT or an LTE RAT with NSA 5G architecture.

[0148] Clause 4. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-3, wherein the number of handovers may include one or more switching between the plurality of WAN RATs, one or more reselection between the plurality of WAN RATs, or one or more switching and reselection between the plurality of WAN RATs.

[0149] Clause 5. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-4 further includes: restarting the time period and resetting the transfer quantity in response to determining that the transfer quantity has not exceeded the transfer threshold during the time period.

[0150] Clause 6. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-5, wherein determining the number of handovers between the plurality of WAN RATs during the time period may include determining the number of handovers and reselections between the plurality of WAN RATs during the time period. Methods for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may include reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE.

[0151] Clause 7. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-6, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may include reducing the handover rate associated with the UE. This method may include reducing the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports to reduce the handover rate.

[0152] Clause 8. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-7, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may include reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE. The method may include ignoring a subset of handover-related messages and reselection-related messages received by the UE from the plurality of WAN RATs to reduce the handover rate and reselection rate.

[0153] Clause 9. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-8 further includes: selecting one of the plurality of WAN RATs in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold during the time period.

[0154] Clause 10. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-9 further includes: selecting one of the plurality of WAN RATs to establish and maintain a radio connection with the UE when the handover rate is reduced.

[0155] Clause 11. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-10 further includes: determining that a first portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a first WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs; determining that a second portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a second WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs; determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion; and selecting a first WAN RAT in response to determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion.

[0156] Clause 12. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-11 further includes: determining timestamp information at the time of initiating each handover in the handover quantity; determining that a first portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a first WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs; determining, based on the timestamp information, a first total connection time associated with the first portion of the handover quantity to the first WAN RAT; determining that a second portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a second WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs; determining, based on the timestamp information, a second total connection time associated with the second portion of the handover quantity to the second WAN RAT; determining that the first total connection time associated with the first WAN RAT is greater than the second total connection time associated with the second WAN RAT; and selecting a first WAN RAT in response to determining that the first total connection time is greater than the second total connection time.

[0157] Clause 13. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-12 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; and selecting one of the plurality of WAN RATs based at least in part on the collected context-aware information.

[0158] Clause 14. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-13 further includes: determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; determining real-time context-aware information associated with the UE; and selecting one of the plurality of WAN RATs based on the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information.

[0159] Clause 15. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-14, wherein the historical context-aware information may include historical user patterns and user behavior.

[0160] Clause 16. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-15, wherein reducing the handover rate may include reducing the handover rate. This method may include reducing the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate; or modifying the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate.

[0161] Clause 17. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-16 further includes: modifying the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to facilitate the establishment of a wireless connection with a selected WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs; and transmitting the modified handover measurement report to enable the establishment of a wireless connection with the selected WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs.

[0162] Clause 18. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-17, wherein transmitting an altered handover measurement report enables the establishment of a wireless connection faster than transmitting an unchanged handover measurement report.

[0163] Clause 19. The methods of any or more of Clauses 1-18 further include: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time. Methods for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may be based at least in part on the context-aware information.

[0164] Clause 20. The methods of any or more of Clauses 1-19 further include: determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and determining real-time context-aware information associated with the UE. Methods for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may be based at least in part on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

[0165] Clause 21. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-20, wherein determining the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information can be performed by the application processor of the UE. The method for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE can be performed by the modem of the UE in response to receiving a command from the application processor. The command provided by the application processor to the modem can be based on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

[0166] Clause 22. The method of any or more of Clauses 1-21, wherein the number of handovers may include at least one of the following: one or more handovers between a first BS associated with a first WAN RAT in the plurality of WAN RATs and a second BS associated with a second WAN RAT in the plurality of WAN RATs; one or more handovers between cells of the first BS associated with the first WAN RAT; and one or more handovers between cells of the second BS associated with the second WAN RAT.

[0167] Clause 23. Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a device of a UE. The method may include: determining the number of handovers among a plurality of WAN RATs during a time period; determining whether the number of handovers exceeds a handover threshold during the time period; selecting one of the plurality of WAN RATs and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE in response to determining that the number of handovers exceeds the handover threshold during the time period; and modifying a handover measurement report to establish a wireless connection with the selected WAN RAT among the plurality of WAN RATs.

[0168] Clause 24. The method of Clause 23 further includes: modifying the measurement information of the handover measurement report; and transmitting the modified handover measurement report to establish a wireless connection with one of the plurality of WAN RATs selected.

[0169] Clause 25. The method of any or more of Clauses 23-24 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and modifying the measurement information of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0170] Clause 26. The methods of any or more of Clauses 23-25 ​​further include: using ML and AI to analyze the collected context-aware information to determine the historical context-aware information.

[0171] Clause 27. The method of any or more of Clauses 23-26, wherein transmitting an altered handover measurement report enables the establishment of a wireless connection to be faster than transmitting an unaltered handover measurement report.

[0172] Clause 28. The methods of any or more of Clauses 23-27 further include: reducing the handover rate by changing the measurement information in the handover measurement report.

[0173] Clause 29. The method of any or more of Clauses 23-28 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and reducing the handover rate by modifying the measurement information of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0174] Clause 30. The methods of any or more of Clauses 23-29 further include: reducing the handover rate by decreasing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report.

[0175] Clause 31. The method of any or more of Clauses 23-30 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and reducing the handover rate by reducing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0176] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus comprising one or more processors and one or more interfaces. The one or more processors and the one or more interfaces can be configured to perform any of the methods described above as in Clauses 1-31.

[0177] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a wireless communication device (such as a BS or UE) that includes the aforementioned means configured to perform any of the methods described in Clauses 1-31.

[0178] The various aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus, software program, system or other means for performing any of the methods described above, such as those in Clauses 1-31.

[0179] Clause 32. Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a device of a UE. The method may include monitoring the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period. The method may include reducing the handover rate associated with the UE, and selecting one of the plurality of RATs to maintain a wireless connection with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period.

[0180] Clause 33. The method of Clause 32, wherein the plurality of RATs includes two or more of a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT. The first RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT, the second RAT may be a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT, and the third RAT may be a WLAN RAT.

[0181] Clause 34. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-33, wherein monitoring the number of handovers between the plurality of RATs during the time period may include monitoring the number of handovers and reselections between the plurality of RATs during the time period, and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE includes reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE.

[0182] Clause 35. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-34, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may include reducing the handover rate associated with the UE. The method may further include reducing the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports to reduce the handover rate.

[0183] Clause 36. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-35, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may include reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE. The method may further include ignoring a subset of handover-related messages and reselection-related messages received by the UE from the plurality of RATs to reduce the handover rate and reselection rate.

[0184] Clause 37. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-36, wherein selecting one of the plurality of RATs to maintain radio connectivity with the UE in response to the handover quantity exceeding the handover threshold during the time period may further include: prioritizing one of the plurality of RATs and selecting that one of the plurality of RATs to maintain radio connectivity with the UE when the handover rate is reduced.

[0185] Clause 38. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-37, wherein selecting one of the plurality of RATs may further include: determining that a first portion of the transfer quantity is a transfer to a first RAT among the plurality of RATs; determining that a second portion of the transfer quantity is a transfer to a second RAT among the plurality of RATs; determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion; and selecting the first RAT in response to determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion.

[0186] Clause 39. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-38, wherein selecting one of the plurality of RATs may further include: determining timestamp information at the time of initiating each handover in the handover quantity; determining that a first portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a first RAT among the plurality of RATs; determining, based on the timestamp information, a first total connection time associated with the first portion of the handover quantity to the first RAT; determining that a second portion of the handover quantity is a handover to a second RAT among the plurality of RATs; determining, based on the timestamp information, a second total connection time associated with the second portion of the handover quantity to the second RAT; determining that the first total connection time associated with the first RAT is greater than the second total connection time associated with the second RAT; and selecting the first RAT in response to determining that the first total connection time is greater than the second total connection time.

[0187] Clause 40. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-39, wherein selecting one of the plurality of RATs may further include: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; and selecting the one of the plurality of RATs based at least in part on the collected context-aware information.

[0188] Clause 41. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-40 further includes: determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; determining real-time context-aware information associated with the UE; and selecting one of the plurality of RATs based on the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information.

[0189] Clause 42. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-41, wherein reducing the handover rate may include reducing the handover rate. The method may further include reducing the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate; or modifying the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate.

[0190] Clause 43. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-42 further includes: modifying the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information for maintaining a wireless connection with a selected RAT among the plurality of RATs; and transmitting the modified handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0191] Clause 44. The methods of any or more of Clauses 32-43 further include: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period. Methods for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may be based at least in part on the context-aware information.

[0192] Clause 45. The methods of any or more of Clauses 32-44 further include: determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and determining real-time context-aware information associated with the UE. Methods for reducing the handover rate associated with the UE may be based at least in part on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

[0193] Clause 46. The method of any or more of Clauses 32-45, wherein determining the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information can be performed by the application processor of the UE, and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE can be performed by the modem of the UE in response to receiving a command from the application processor. The command provided by the application processor to the modem can be based on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

[0194] Clause 47. Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication performed by a device of a UE. The method may include monitoring the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period. The method may include selecting one of the plurality of RATs and reducing the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period. The method may include modifying the handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0195] Clause 48. The method of Clause 47, wherein modifying the handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with a selected RAT among a plurality of RATs may further include: modifying the measurement information of the handover measurement report; and transmitting the modified handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with a selected RAT among a plurality of RATs.

[0196] Clause 49. The method of any or more of Clauses 47-48, wherein changing the measurement information of the handover measurement report may further include: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and changing the measurement information of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0197] Clause 50. The methods of any one or more of Clauses 47-49 further include: reducing the handover rate by changing the measurement information of the handover measurement report or by reducing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report.

[0198] Clause 51. The method of any or more of Clauses 47-50 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and reducing the handover rate by modifying the measurement information of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0199] Clause 52. The method of any or more of Clauses 47-51 further includes: collecting context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determining historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and reducing the handover rate by reducing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0200] Clause 53. Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for a UE for wireless communication. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more interfaces for communicating via a wireless communication network. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more processors configured to: monitor the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period; and, in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period, reduce the handover rate associated with the UE and select one of the plurality of RATs for maintaining a wireless connection with the UE.

[0201] Clause 54. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 32-46 and 53, wherein the handover rate may include the switching rate, and the one or more processors may be configured to reduce the frequency of transmission of switching measurement reports to reduce the switching rate.

[0202] Clause 55. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 32-46 and 53-54, wherein the one or more processors are configured to select one of the plurality of RATs for maintaining a radio connection with the UE in response to the handover number exceeding a handover threshold during the time period, may further include: the one or more processors being configured to prioritize the one of the plurality of RATs and select the one of the plurality of RATs for maintaining a radio connection with the UE when the handover rate is reduced.

[0203] Clause 56. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 32-46 and 53-55, wherein the one or more processors may be further configured to: collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determine historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; determine real-time context-aware information associated with the UE; and select one of the plurality of RATs based on the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information.

[0204] Clause 57. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 32-46 and 53-56, wherein the handover rate may include a switching rate, and the one or more processors may be further configured to reduce the transmission frequency of the switching measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the switching rate; or to modify the switching measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the switching rate.

[0205] Clause 58. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 32-46 and 53-57, wherein the handover rate may include a handover rate, and the one or more processors may be further configured to modify a handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to maintain a wireless connection with a selected RAT among the plurality of RATs, and the one or more interfaces may be further configured to transmit the modified handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with a selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0206] Clause 59. Another inventive aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for a UE for wireless communication. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more interfaces for communicating via a wireless communication network. The apparatus of the UE may include one or more processors configured to: monitor the number of handovers among a plurality of RATs during a time period; select one of the plurality of RATs and reduce the handover rate associated with the UE in response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold during the time period; and modify the handover measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected RAT among the plurality of RATs.

[0207] Clause 60. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 47-52 and 59, wherein the one or more processors may be further configured to: collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a time period; determine historical context-aware information based on the collected context-aware information; and modify the measurement information of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

[0208] Clause 61. An apparatus of any or more of Clauses 47-52 and 59-60, wherein the one or more processors may be further configured to reduce the handover rate by altering the measurement information of the handover measurement report or by reducing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report.

[0209] The various aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus, software program, system or other means for performing any of the methods described above, such as those in Clauses 32-61.

[0210] As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be interpreted broadly as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, a processor is implemented using hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, the phrase "based on" is intended to be interpreted broadly as "at least partially based on".

[0211] This article describes several aspects in conjunction with thresholds. As used in this article, satisfying a threshold can mean: a value greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, etc.

[0212] As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” or “one or more of” referring to a list of items means any combination of these items, including a single member. For example, “at least one of a, b, or c” is intended to cover the following possibilities: only a, only b, only c, a combination of a and b, a combination of a and c, a combination of b and c, and a combination of a, b, and c.

[0213] The various illustrative components, logic, logic blocks, modules, circuits, operations, and algorithmic processes described in conjunction with the implementations disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or a combination of hardware, firmware, or software, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents. This interchangeability of hardware, firmware, and software has been generally described in terms of its functionality and is illustrated in the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware, or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0214] Hardware and data processing means for implementing the various illustrative components, logic, logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or executed using a general-purpose single-chip or multi-chip processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). In some implementations, specific processes, operations, and methods may be performed by a circuit system dedicated to a given function.

[0215] As described above, in some aspects, implementations of the subject matter described herein can be implemented as software. For example, the functions of the various components disclosed herein, or the blocks or steps of the methods, operations, processes, or algorithms disclosed herein, can be implemented as one or more modules of one or more computer programs. Such computer programs may include non-transient processor or computer-executable instructions encoded on one or more tangible processors or computer-readable storage media for execution by or control of the operation of a data processing apparatus including components of the devices described herein. By way of example and not limitation, such storage media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store program code in the form of instructions or data structures. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of storage media.

[0216] Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but are to be granted the broadest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles disclosed herein, and the novel features.

[0217] Furthermore, the various features described in this specification in the context of separate implementations may also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, the various features described in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented separately or in any suitable sub-combination in multiple implementations. Thus, although features may be described above as operating in a particular combination and even initially claimed in this way, one or more features from the claimed combination may be removed from that combination in some cases, and the claimed combination may be for sub-combinations or variations thereof.

[0218] Similarly, although the operations are depicted in a specific order in the accompanying drawings, this should not be construed as requiring such operations to be performed in the specific order shown or sequentially, or requiring the execution of all explained operations to achieve the desired result. Furthermore, the drawings may schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of flowcharts or flow diagrams. However, other operations not depicted may be incorporated into the schematically explained example processes. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously with, or between any explained operation. In some environments, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of the various system components in the implementations described above should not be construed as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, other implementations also fall within the scope of the appended claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve the desired result.

Claims

1. A method for performing wireless communication by a device of a user equipment (UE), comprising: Monitor the number of handovers between multiple different types of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) over a given period of time; Prioritize one type of RAT among the multiple different types of RATs; as well as In response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold within the time period, the handover rate associated with the UE is reduced, and one type of RAT among the plurality of different types is selected to occupy for maintaining the wireless connection with the UE, the selection being based on the number of handovers associated with each type of RAT within the time period or based on the total connection time associated with each type of RAT within the time period.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of different types of RATs include two or more of a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT, wherein the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) RAT, or a 3G RAT, the second RAT is a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT, and the third RAT is a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) RAT.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein: Monitoring the number of handovers between the plurality of different types of RATs during the time period includes monitoring the number of switches and reselections between the plurality of different types of RATs during the time period, and Reducing the handover rate associated with the UE includes reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE includes reducing the handover rate associated with the UE, the method further comprising: Reduce the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports to decrease the handover rate.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the handover rate associated with the UE includes reducing the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE, the method further comprising: A subset of handover-related messages and reselection-related messages received by the UE from the plurality of different types of RATs are ignored to reduce the handover rate and the reselection rate.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the one type of RAT from the plurality of different types further comprises: The first part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a first type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The second part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a second type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; It is determined that the first part is greater than the second part; as well as In response to determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion, the first type of RAT is selected.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the one type of RAT from the plurality of different types further comprises: Determine the timestamp information at the moment of each handover in the number of handovers initiated; The first part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a first type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The first total connection time associated with the first portion of the transfer quantity to the first type of RAT is determined based on the timestamp information; The second part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a second type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The second total connection time associated with the second portion of the handover quantity to the second type of RAT is determined based on the timestamp information; The first total connection time associated with the first type of RAT is determined to be greater than the second total connection time associated with the second type of RAT; as well as The first type of RAT is selected in response to determining that the first total connection time is greater than the second total connection time.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the one type of RAT from the plurality of different types further comprises: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; as well as The selection of one of the multiple different types of RATs is based at least in part on the collected context-aware information.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; Determine the real-time context-aware information associated with the UE; as well as The RAT of one type is selected from the plurality of different types of RATs based on the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein reducing the handover rate includes reducing the switching rate, the method further comprising: The frequency of handover measurement report transmission is reduced based on the historical context-aware information to lower the handover rate; or The handover measurement report is modified based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: The handover measurement report is modified based on the historical context-aware information to maintain the wireless connection with one of the selected RATs among the plurality of RATs; as well as Transmit a modified switching measurement report to maintain the wireless connection with one of the selected RAT types from the plurality of different RAT types.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time. The reduction of the handover rate associated with the UE is based at least in part on the context-aware information.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; as well as Determine the real-time context-aware information associated with the UE. The reduction of the handover rate associated with the UE is based at least in part on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein: The historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information are determined to be executed by the application processor of the UE, and The reduction of the handover rate associated with the UE is performed by the UE's modem in response to receiving a command from the application processor, the command provided by the application processor to the modem being based on the historical context-aware information, the real-time context-aware information, or both.

15. A method for performing wireless communication by a device of a user equipment (UE), comprising: Monitor the number of handovers between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) over a given period of time; Prioritize one type of RAT among the multiple different types of RATs; In response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold within the time period, the system selects one type of RAT from the plurality of different types of RATs to occupy and reduces the handover rate associated with the UE. The selection is based on the number of handovers associated with each type of RAT within the time period or based on the total connection time associated with each type of RAT within the time period. as well as Change the switching measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected type of RAT.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein modifying the switching measurement report to maintain the wireless connection with a selected type of RAT further comprises: Change the measurement information in the switching measurement report; as well as Transmit a modified switching measurement report to maintain the wireless connection with the selected type of RAT.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein changing the measurement information in the switching measurement report further comprises: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; as well as The measurement information in the switching measurement report is changed based on the historical context-aware information.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: The handover rate can be reduced by altering the measurement information in the handover measurement report or by decreasing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; as well as The handover rate is reduced by modifying the measurement information in the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; as well as The handover rate is reduced by decreasing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information.

21. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: One or more interfaces used for communication via a wireless communication network; as well as One or more processors, said one or more processors being configured to: Monitor the number of handovers between multiple different types of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) over a given period of time; Prioritize one type of RAT among the multiple different types of RATs; as well as In response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold within the time period, the handover rate associated with the UE is reduced, and one type of RAT among the plurality of different types is selected to occupy for maintaining the wireless connection with the UE, the selection being based on the number of handovers associated with each type of RAT within the time period or based on the total connection time associated with each type of RAT within the time period.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the plurality of RATs includes two or more of a first RAT, a second RAT, and a third RAT, wherein the first RAT is a 5G New Radio (NR) RAT, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) RAT, or a 3G RAT, the second RAT is a 5G NR RAT, an LTE RAT, or a 3G RAT, and the third RAT is a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) RAT.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein: The one or more processors configured to monitor the number of handovers between the plurality of different types of RATs during the said time period further include the one or more processors configured to monitor the number of switching and reselection between the plurality of different types of RATs during the said time period, and The one or more processors configured to reduce the handover rate associated with the UE further include the one or more processors configured to reduce the handover rate and reselection rate associated with the UE.

24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the handover rate includes a switching rate, further comprising: The one or more processors are configured to reduce the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports to decrease the handover rate.

25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the handover rate includes switching rate and reselection rate, the apparatus further comprising: One or more processors configured to ignore a subset of handover-related messages and reselection-related messages received by the UE from the plurality of different types of RATs in order to reduce the handover rate and the reselection rate.

26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors configured to select said one type of RAT from the plurality of different types of RATs further comprises said one or more processors configured to perform the following operations: The first part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a first type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The second part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a second type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; It is determined that the first part is greater than the second part; as well as In response to determining that the first portion is greater than the second portion, the first type of RAT is selected.

27. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors configured to select said one type of RAT from the plurality of different types of RATs further comprises said one or more processors configured to perform the following operations: Determine the timestamp information at the moment of each handover in the number of handovers initiated; The first part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a first type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The first total connection time associated with the first portion of the transfer quantity to the first type of RAT is determined based on the timestamp information; The second part of determining the number of transfers is the transfer to a second type of RAT among the plurality of different types of RATs; The second total connection time associated with the second portion of the handover quantity to the second type of RAT is determined based on the timestamp information; The first total connection time associated with the first type of RAT is determined to be greater than the second total connection time associated with the second type of RAT; as well as The first type of RAT is selected in response to determining that the first total connection time is greater than the second total connection time.

28. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising the one or more processors configured to: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; Determine the real-time context-aware information associated with the UE; as well as The RAT of one type is selected from the plurality of different types of RATs based on the historical context-aware information and the real-time context-aware information.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the handover rate includes a switching rate, further comprising that the one or more processors are configured to: The handover rate is reduced by decreasing the transmission frequency of handover measurement reports based on the historical context-aware information; or The handover measurement report is modified based on the historical context-aware information to reduce the handover rate.

30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the handover rate includes a switching rate, further comprising: The one or more processors are configured to modify the handover measurement report based on the historical context-aware information to maintain the wireless connection with a selected type of RAT; and The one or more interfaces are configured to transmit modified handover measurement reports to maintain the wireless connection with a selected type of RAT.

31. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: One or more interfaces used for communication via a wireless communication network; as well as One or more processors, said one or more processors being configured to: Monitor the number of handovers between multiple different types of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) over a given period of time; Prioritize one type of RAT among the multiple different types of RATs; In response to the number of handovers exceeding a handover threshold within the time period, the system selects one type of RAT from the plurality of different types of RATs to occupy and reduces the handover rate associated with the UE. The selection is based on the number of handovers associated with each type of RAT within the time period or based on the total connection time associated with each type of RAT within the time period. as well as Change the switching measurement report to maintain a wireless connection with the selected type of RAT.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising the one or more processors configured to: Collect context-aware information associated with the UE over a period of time; Historical context-aware information is determined based on the collected context-aware information; and The measurement information in the switching measurement report is changed based on the historical context-aware information.

33. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising the one or more processors configured to: The handover rate can be reduced by altering the measurement information in the handover measurement report or by decreasing the transmission frequency of the handover measurement report.

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