oscillating device

Abstract

An oscillation device includes a first quartz crystal resonator, a driving circuit, a first buffer, an attenuator, a second quartz crystal resonator and a second buffer. The first and second quartz crystal resonators have first and second resonant frequencies, respectively. The driving circuit drives the first quartz crystal resonator to generate a first oscillation signal having the first resonant frequency. The first buffer generates a first clock signal using the first oscillation signal. The attenuator reduces a waveform swing of the first clock signal to generate an attenuated signal. The second quartz crystal resonator rectifies the attenuated signal to generate a second oscillation signal having the second resonant frequency. The second buffer generates a second clock signal using the second oscillation signal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an oscillation device, and more particularly to an oscillation device for reducing acceleration-related sensitivity and phase noise. Background Technology

[0002] Electronic devices typically include an oscillator to provide an oscillating signal that serves as a frequency source. The oscillating signal can be controlled by a resonator, which requires some form of excitation signal to maintain the oscillation.

[0003] The operation of a resonator-controlled oscillator can be affected by aging and certain environmental conditions, such as temperature and, of particular interest, acceleration. When an oscillator is accelerated, the frequency of the oscillation signal it produces may change. This frequency change is proportional to the magnitude of the acceleration and depends on its direction, resulting in a vector of acceleration-dependent sensitivity. Time-varying accelerations, such as vibrations, can cause frequency modulation of the oscillator. Therefore, to generate a stable and clean frequency output from the oscillator, it is necessary to reduce this sensitivity of the oscillator to frequency changes caused by acceleration.

[0004] Therefore, in order to address the aforementioned problems, the present invention proposes an oscillation device to solve the problems caused by the prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention provides an oscillation device for reducing acceleration-related sensitivity and phase noise.

[0006] In one embodiment of the present invention, an oscillation device is provided, comprising a first quartz crystal resonator, a driving circuit, a first buffer, an attenuator, a second quartz crystal resonator, and a second buffer. The first quartz crystal resonator has a first resonant frequency, and the driving circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator. The driving circuit drives the first quartz crystal resonator to generate a first oscillation signal having the first resonant frequency. The first buffer is coupled to the driving circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator, wherein the first buffer receives the first oscillation signal and isolates the first quartz crystal resonator from load changes other than those of the driving circuit, so as to generate a first clock signal using the first oscillation signal. The attenuator is coupled to the first buffer, wherein the attenuator receives the first clock signal and reduces the waveform oscillation amplitude of the first clock signal to generate an attenuated signal. The second quartz crystal resonator has a second resonant frequency, and the second quartz crystal resonator is coupled to the attenuator, wherein the second quartz crystal resonator receives and rectifies the attenuated signal to generate a second oscillation signal having the second resonant frequency. The second buffer is coupled to the second quartz crystal resonator, wherein the second buffer is used to receive the second oscillation signal and isolate the load changes other than the first quartz crystal resonator, the drive circuit, the attenuator and the second quartz crystal resonator, so as to generate a second clock signal using the second oscillation signal.

[0007] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit and the first buffer are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0008] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, and the second buffer are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator in a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0009] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit is an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator in a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0010] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit and the second buffer are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0011] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, and the attenuator are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, the second buffer and the attenuator are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator in a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, the oscillation device further includes an electronic switch, one end of which is coupled to a first buffer, and the other end of which is coupled to an attenuator or an output terminal.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, the second buffer, the attenuator and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0015] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, the attenuator and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the driving circuit, the first buffer, and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO).

[0017] Based on the above, the oscillation device filters the oscillation signal to generate a frequency signal using two quartz crystal resonators, thereby reducing the sensitivity and phase noise related to acceleration. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a circuit block diagram of the oscillation device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a graph showing the sensitivity to acceleration and vibration frequency according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a graph showing the phase noise and vibration frequency according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a block diagram of an oscillation device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 5 This is a block diagram of an oscillation device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 6 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 7 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 8 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 9 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 10 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 11 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 12 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 13This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 1-Oscillating device; 10-Integrated circuit; 100-First quartz crystal resonator; 101-Drive circuit; 102-First buffer; 103-Attenuator; 104-Second quartz crystal resonator; 105-Second buffer; 106-Electronic switch; 107-Output terminal; O1-First oscillation signal; C1-First clock signal; A-Attenuation signal; O2-Second oscillation signal; C2-Second clock signal. Detailed Implementation

[0032] Embodiments of the present invention will be further explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals represent the same or similar components in the drawings and description. In the drawings, shapes and thicknesses may be exaggerated for simplicity and convenience. It is understood that elements not specifically shown in the drawings or described in the description are forms known to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications based on the content of this invention.

[0033] Unless otherwise specified, certain conditional clauses or words, such as "can," "could," "might," or "may," are generally intended to express features, elements, or steps that are present in the embodiments of this invention, but may also be interpreted as features, elements, or steps that may not be necessary. In other embodiments, these features, elements, or steps may not be necessary.

[0034] In the following description of "one embodiment" or "an embodiment," the reference refers to a specific element, structure, or feature associated with at least one embodiment. Therefore, the multiple descriptions of "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" appearing in various places below do not refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, specific components, structures, and features in one or more embodiments may be combined in a suitable manner.

[0035] Certain terms are used in the specification and claims to refer to specific elements. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the same element may be referred to by different names. The specification and claims do not distinguish elements by differences in name, but by differences in function. The word "comprising" in the specification and claims is an open-ended term and should be interpreted as "comprising but not limited to". Furthermore, "coupled" here includes any direct and indirect connection means. Therefore, if the text describes a first element coupled to a second element, it means that the first element can be directly connected to the second element through electrical connection or signal connection methods such as wireless transmission or optical transmission, or indirectly electrically or signalally connected to the second element through other elements or connection means.

[0036] The invention is described in particular by way of the following examples, which are merely illustrative. Various modifications and refinements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the scope of protection of this disclosure is determined by the claims. Throughout the specification and claims, unless explicitly specified, the words “a” and “described” include a description comprising “a or at least one” of the stated elements or components. Furthermore, as used herein, the singular article also includes a description of multiple elements or components unless clearly excluded from the specific context. Moreover, when applied in this description and throughout the claims, unless explicitly specified, “in which” can mean both “in which” and “therein.” The terms used throughout the specification and claims, unless otherwise specified, generally have their ordinary meaning in the art, in the context of the invention, and in the specific context. Certain terms used to describe the invention will be discussed below or elsewhere in this specification to provide additional guidance to practitioners in describing the invention. Examples found anywhere in this specification, including examples of any terminology used herein, are for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the scope or meaning of the invention or any of the illustrative terms. Similarly, the invention is not limited to the various embodiments set forth in this specification.

[0037] In the following description, an oscillation device will be provided. The oscillation device filters the oscillation signal to generate a frequency signal using two quartz crystal resonators, thereby reducing the sensitivity and phase noise related to acceleration.

[0038] Figure 1 This is a circuit block diagram of the oscillation device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1The oscillation device 1 includes a first quartz crystal resonator 100, a drive circuit 101, a first buffer 102, an attenuator 103, a second quartz crystal resonator 104, and a second buffer 105. The first quartz crystal resonator 100 has a first resonant frequency, and the second quartz crystal resonator 104 has a second resonant frequency. The first resonant frequency may be different from the second resonant frequency. Preferably, the first resonant frequency is similar to the second resonant frequency. Alternatively, the first quartz crystal resonator 100 and the second quartz crystal resonator 104 may have the same resonant frequency without using any feedback circuitry. The drive circuit 101 is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator 100. The first buffer 102 is coupled to the drive circuit 101 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100. The attenuator 103 is coupled to the first buffer 102. The second quartz crystal resonator 104 is coupled to the attenuator 103, and the second buffer 105 is coupled to the second quartz crystal resonator 104.

[0039] In the operation of the oscillation device 1, the drive circuit 101 drives the first quartz crystal resonator 100 to generate a first oscillation signal O1 with a first resonant frequency. The first buffer 102 receives the first oscillation signal O1 and isolates the first quartz crystal resonator 100 from load changes other than the drive circuit 101, so as to generate a first clock signal C1 using the first oscillation signal O1. The attenuator 103 receives the first clock signal C1 and reduces the waveform oscillation amplitude of the first clock signal C1 to generate an attenuation signal A. The second quartz crystal resonator 104 receives and rectifies the attenuation signal A to generate a second oscillation signal O2 with a second resonant frequency. The second buffer 105 receives the second oscillation signal O2 and isolates the first quartz crystal resonator 100, the drive circuit 101, the attenuator 103, and the second quartz crystal resonator 104 from load changes, so as to generate a second clock signal C2 using the second oscillation signal O2.

[0040] Figure 2 This is a graph showing the sensitivity to acceleration and vibration frequency according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a graph showing the phase noise and vibration frequency according to an embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 The parameters are defined in formulas (1) and (2).

[0041]

[0042]

[0043] i represents the position of oscillator 1, Γ i Γ represents the acceleration-related sensitivity at location i.x Indicates Γ i Sensitivity related to acceleration in the x-direction, Γ y Indicates Γ i Sensitivity related to acceleration in the y-direction, Γ z Indicates Γ i Sensitivity to acceleration in the z-direction, f v I represents the vibration frequency of oscillating device 1. i (f v ) represents the power ratio of the vibration frequency, a i v represents the acceleration at position i. o This indicates the frequency of the second clock signal C2. For example... Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the acceleration-related sensitivity and phase noise of the oscillation device 1 with the second quartz crystal resonator 104 are lower than those of the oscillation device 1 without the second quartz crystal resonator 104.

[0044] Figure 4 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 4 The driving circuit 101 and the first buffer 102 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0045] Figure 5 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the third embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 5 The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102 and the second buffer 105 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0046] Figure 6 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 6The driving circuit 101 can be implemented by integrated circuit 10. Integrated circuit 10 is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator 100 in a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0047] Figure 7 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 7 The driving circuit 101 and the second buffer 105 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0048] Figure 8 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 8 The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102 and the attenuator 103 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0049] Figure 9 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 9 The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102, the second buffer 105 and the attenuator 103 can be integrated into an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0050] Figure 10 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 10The eighth embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that it further includes an electronic switch 106, one end of which is coupled to the first buffer 102, and the other end of which is coupled to the attenuator 103 or an output terminal 107. A second buffer 105 is coupled to the output terminal 107. When the electronic switch 106 connects the first buffer 102 to the attenuator 103 and disconnects the first buffer 102 from the output terminal 107, the attenuator 103 receives a first clock signal C1 via the electronic switch 106, causing the second buffer 105 to generate a second clock signal C2 received by the output terminal 107. When the electronic switch 106 disconnects the first buffer 102 from the attenuator 103 and connects the first buffer 102 to the output terminal 107, the first buffer 102 transmits the first clock signal C1 to the output terminal 107 via the electronic switch 106.

[0051] Figure 11 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 11 The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102, the second buffer 105, the attenuator 103 and the electronic switch 106 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0052] Figure 12 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 12 The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102, the attenuator 103 and the electronic switch 106 can be integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0053] Figure 13 This is a block diagram of the oscillation device according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention. Please refer to... Figure 1 and Figure 13The driving circuit 101, the first buffer 102 and the electronic switch 106 are integrated into an integrated circuit 10. The integrated circuit 10 and the first quartz crystal resonator 100 are coupled to a crystal oscillator (XO), a temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) or a voltage-controlled temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VCTCXO), but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0054] According to the above embodiment, the oscillation device filters the oscillation signal to generate a frequency signal using two quartz crystal resonators, thereby reducing the sensitivity and phase noise related to acceleration.

[0055] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the shape, structure, features and spirit described in the scope of the present invention should be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An oscillation device, characterized in that, include: A first quartz crystal resonator, having a first resonant frequency; A driving circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator, wherein the driving circuit is used to drive the first quartz crystal resonator to generate a first oscillation signal having the first resonant frequency. A first buffer is coupled to the drive circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator, wherein the first buffer is used to receive the first oscillation signal and isolate the first quartz crystal resonator from load changes other than the drive circuit, so as to generate a first clock signal using the first oscillation signal. An attenuator is coupled to the first buffer, wherein the attenuator is used to receive the first clock signal and reduce the waveform oscillation amplitude of the first clock signal to generate an attenuated signal. A second quartz crystal resonator having a second resonant frequency, the second quartz crystal resonator being coupled to the attenuator, wherein the second quartz crystal resonator is used to receive and rectify the attenuated signal to generate a second oscillation signal having the second resonant frequency; as well as A second buffer is coupled to the second quartz crystal resonator, wherein the second buffer is used to receive the second oscillation signal and isolate the first quartz crystal resonator, the drive circuit, the attenuator and load changes other than the second quartz crystal resonator, so as to generate a second clock signal using the second oscillation signal.

2. The oscillation device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit is integrated with the first buffer in an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator in a crystal oscillator.

3. The oscillation device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, and the second buffer are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in the crystal oscillator.

4. The oscillation device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit is an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit is coupled to the first quartz crystal resonator in the crystal oscillator.

5. The oscillation device as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit and the second buffer are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in a crystal oscillator.

6. The oscillation device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, and the attenuator are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in the crystal oscillator.

7. The oscillation device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, the second buffer, and the attenuator are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in the crystal oscillator.

8. The oscillation device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes an electronic switch, one end of which is coupled to the first buffer, and the other end of which is coupled to the attenuator or an output terminal.

9. The oscillation device as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, the second buffer, the attenuator, and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in the crystal oscillator.

10. The oscillation device as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, the attenuator, and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in a crystal oscillator.

11. The oscillation device as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that, The driving circuit, the first buffer, and the electronic switch are integrated into an integrated circuit, and the integrated circuit and the first quartz crystal resonator are coupled in a crystal oscillator.

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