A design method for phased array antennas

Abstract

The application provides a design method for a phased array antenna, which adopts a phase shifter preposition, a plurality of units form a subarray, and only one transceiving channel is connected to each subarray; the method comprises the following steps: step 1, antenna feed source design, step 2, antenna array design, step 3, beam control board design, step 4, beam search tracking algorithm design and the like; the design method for the phased array antenna adopts a phased electromagnetic surface antenna technology integrating the functions of 'phasing' and 'radiation', and avoids a high-power-consumption, high-cost phase-shifting network and a control circuit. The 5G electromagnetic surface phased array antenna breaks through the traditional mechanism design relying on an advanced electromagnetic field phased system and a unique mechanism, integrates the functions of an electromagnetic surface control, an FPGA control module and a beam search tracking algorithm, and is endowed with superior performances such as high gain, low delay, large bandwidth, long distance, anti-interference and mobility.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of antennas, and in particular to a design method for phased array antennas. Background Technology

[0002] Electromagnetic surfaces study the boundary conditions of electromagnetics, and through the analysis, design, and fabrication of various novel electromagnetic surface devices, effective control of electromagnetic waves can be achieved. Compared to controlling the electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional materials, changing electromagnetic boundary conditions only requires two-dimensional design of the electromagnetic surface, making it easier to achieve low profile and light weight, easier to manufacture, and more cost-effective, thus possessing greater engineering application value.

[0003] The relative reflector antenna uses a parabolic metal surface to control the ray path length to form an equiphase surface. The electromagnetic surface does not control the ray reflection direction, but rather directly utilizes its phase control characteristics to regulate the distribution shape of the generated phase surface. If the unit and array structure parameters are designed and adjusted so that the scattering phase of each unit compensates for the path delay phase difference from the feed to the beam direction, then all units will have the same phase along the beam direction. The stimulated secondary radiation will produce coherent superposition, forming a high-gain beam, thus realizing a novel high-gain array antenna with efficient planar focusing capabilities.

[0004] By integrating electronic control devices into the design of electromagnetic surface units, the phase response to incident electromagnetic waves can be controlled in real time by changing the unit's loading capacitance, resonant characteristics, physical dimensions, or rotation angle, thus achieving phase control functionality. An electromagnetic surface composed of units with phase control functionality is called a digital phase-controlled electromagnetic surface. Its key feature is that while its constituent units radiate secondarily, the phase characteristics of each unit can be controlled in real time, achieving integrated "radiation" and "phase control" functions.

[0005] Therefore, in order to significantly reduce the number of RF channels, lower hardware costs and power consumption, and reduce the complexity of RF transceiver channels, this application proposes a phased array antenna design method. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the above problems, this invention provides a phased array antenna design method.

[0007] The technical solution adopted in this invention is as follows:

[0008] A design method for phased array antennas, which employs a pre-positioned phase shifter, with multiple elements forming a subarray, requiring only one transmit / receive channel to be connected to each subarray; includes the following steps:

[0009] Step 1 Antenna feed design: The array antenna consists of two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards of the same thickness. Several microstrip array antennas are mounted on the Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards as feeds. The Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards are isolated from the feed network and radiating patch by a metal ground in the middle. Air dielectric is used to broaden the operating bandwidth. SMA connectors are installed at the ends of the two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards.

[0010] Step 2: Antenna array design. Antenna array design includes antenna array aperture amplitude calculation and antenna array aperture phase distribution.

[0011] Step 3: Beam control board design. The beam control board uses an FPGA-based control circuit board to digitally control the PIN diodes integrated on the reflective electromagnetic surface unit, thereby changing the phase distribution of the array and realizing beam focusing and scanning in a two-dimensional ±60° space.

[0012] Step 4: Beam Search and Tracking Algorithm Design. After acquiring position information at both ends, the beam search and tracking algorithm is established in the antenna system. First, a fixed wide beam is generated at the phased electromagnetic surface antenna end. By manually adjusting the azimuth and elevation of the target antenna required for communication by the phased array, the RSSI value of the received signal at the phased array end is observed. Once the connection is established at both ends, the phased array antenna end can acquire the GPS position information of the target end. Combined with its own inertial navigation attitude, the pointing angle of the phased array antenna is calculated, and the beam control board selects the corresponding narrow beam, thereby establishing a high-gain communication link.

[0013] Furthermore, in the amplitude calculation of the antenna array aperture, based on the known amplitude and phase distribution of the array elements, the array method is used to calculate the antenna radiation pattern, thereby analyzing the antenna performance.

[0014] Furthermore, the illumination of the array elements by the reflector feed varies with the feed beam, and all array elements adopt E(θ) = cos q The θ form characterizes the radiation electric field pattern of the antenna. By balancing the leakage efficiency and illumination efficiency of the aperture, the edge level of the aperture is optimized to maximize the gain and aperture efficiency of the reflective array antenna. The amplitude distribution of the antenna aperture is calculated by optimizing the height of the feed source.

[0015] Furthermore, the array elements adopt E(θ) = cos q The θ form characterizes the radiation electric field pattern of an antenna, where θ is the direction angle and q is a constant;

[0016] For the case q = 0, E(θ) = cos q When θ degenerates to a constant, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity is equal in all directions, it is called an omnidirectional antenna; for the case q = 1, E(θ) = cos qθ degenerates into cosθ, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity exhibits a cosine distribution as the azimuth angle changes; this is called a directional antenna. For the case q>1, E(θ)=cosθ. q The radiation pattern of θ shows a narrower and sharper main lobe and stronger side lobes, meaning that the antenna's directivity is more pronounced.

[0017] Furthermore, calculating the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture requires first determining the electric field distribution of the antenna, and then calculating the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture based on the electric field distribution.

[0018] For specific antenna structures and operating frequencies, antenna simulation software is used to simulate and calculate the electric field distribution. During the simulation process, it is necessary to set the radiation electric field pattern of the antenna and optimize the height of the feed source to achieve the best radiation effect.

[0019] After the electric field distribution simulation is completed, it can be processed in the simulation software to obtain the electric field amplitude distribution on the antenna aperture.

[0020] If the power density distribution at the antenna aperture is required, it can be obtained by squaring the electric field amplitude.

[0021] Furthermore, the normalized amplitude distribution on the antenna aperture can be obtained by normalizing the electric field amplitude distribution, thereby evaluating the antenna's radiation performance.

[0022] Furthermore, the required phase distribution characteristics of each component of the phased electromagnetic surface antenna are determined by aperture field analysis. A coordinate system as shown in the figure below is established, using the formula:

[0023]

[0024] Calculate the compensation phase required for each unit;

[0025] The compensation phase required for each unit It consists of the following three parts:

[0026] (1) Part of it is calculated based on the geometry of the antenna array, where, This represents the position vector of the nth antenna element. K represents the position vector pointing towards the reference direction of the antenna array, where K is a constant;

[0027] The calculation results in this part represent the phase that the nth antenna element needs to achieve so that the electromagnetic waves it emits can be coherently superimposed with the electromagnetic waves emitted by other elements to form the required beam direction.

[0028] (2) ΔΦ is used to fine-tune the transmit phase of the nth antenna element so that the beam direction of the entire array is optimal; ΔΦ can be obtained through optimization algorithms;

[0029] (3) This is because when the angle between the position vector of the antenna element and the direction vector of the beam is different, a certain phase difference will be generated, which needs to be corrected by phase compensation. It represents the angle between the position vector of the nth antenna element and the beam pointing direction vector, and the negative sign indicates a difference of 180 degrees.

[0030] Furthermore, the specific process for calculating the pointing angle of the phased array antenna in step 4 is as follows:

[0031] To obtain the GPS location information of the target, the phased array antenna can obtain its location information by receiving the GPS signal transmitted by the target; based on the propagation time and speed of the GPS signal, the distance and direction between the target and the phased array antenna can be calculated.

[0032] To obtain its own inertial navigation attitude, the phased array antenna obtains its own pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle attitude information through the inertial measurement unit installed on it.

[0033] Calculate the target direction vector. Based on the obtained target distance and direction, obtain the direction vector from the phased array antenna to the target.

[0034] Calculate the relative direction vector, combine the calculated target direction vector with the acquired self-attitude information to obtain the relative direction vector; rotate the target direction vector to its own coordinate system, and then subtract its own position vector to obtain the relative direction vector.

[0035] Calculate the pointing angle and convert the calculated relative direction vector into a pointing angle; use inverse trigonometric functions to calculate the pitch and yaw angles of the direction vector, and then convert them into a pointing angle relative to a reference direction, thus obtaining the pointing angle of the phased array antenna.

[0036] Furthermore, the beam control board integrates a variety of peripheral interfaces: supporting 100Mbps and 1Gbps Ethernet interfaces, serial ports, SPI, IIC, USB, and CAN bus mainstream protocol interfaces, and can communicate with the host computer in real time.

[0037] Furthermore, the phased array antenna designed based on this design method for phased array antennas can be used in power transmission areas within the power grid's jurisdiction that lack 4G / 5G network coverage. It can extend network coverage using a 5G phased array communication system, supporting the power supply bureau's daily inspections, power operation monitoring, and subsequent smart grid construction.

[0038] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0039] Traditional large-scale phased array antennas primarily employ circuit processing methods for phase control. While offering advantages such as high array gain and flexible radiation, this approach requires hundreds or even thousands of phase shifters and complex feeding networks, resulting in high cost and power consumption. To address this bottleneck, this phased array antenna design method is based on interface electromagnetics theory, proposing an electromagnetic field modulation method for phase control. It utilizes a phased electromagnetic surface antenna technology that integrates phase control and radiation functions, avoiding the high power consumption and cost of the phase shifting network and control circuits. Furthermore, the unit structure design of the phased electromagnetic surface antenna is simple, and even at the terahertz frequency band, the corresponding control devices and material processes are relatively mature. This novel phased electromagnetic surface antenna technology provides a new solution for low-cost, low-power, high-frequency, high-density radio frequency front-ends.

[0040] This phased array antenna breaks with tradition by integrating electromagnetic surface control, FPGA control module and beam search and tracking algorithm with advanced electromagnetic field phased control system and unique mechanism design. It is endowed with superior performance such as high gain, low delay, large bandwidth, long distance, anti-interference and mobility. Attached Figure Description

[0041] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the following description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0042] in:

[0043] Figure 1 This is a block diagram of a traditional phased array antenna;

[0044] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of the phased array antenna of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the phased array antenna of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 4 This is a phase distribution diagram of the antenna array aperture of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the installation of the phased array antenna of the present invention in a power grid;

[0048] In the diagram, 1—phase shifter, 2—subarray, 3—transceiver channel, 4—microstrip array antenna, 5—dielectric board, 6—SMA connector, 7—main tower, 8—4G / 5G dialing module, 9—phased array antenna, 10—blind tower, 11—high-definition camera, 12—command center. Detailed Implementation

[0049] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0050] Traditional phased array antenna designs require a phase shifter and a corresponding amplification channel after each antenna, resulting in a large number of RF channels and system complexity. Figure 1 As shown. To significantly reduce the number of RF channels, lower hardware costs and power consumption, and reduce the complexity of RF transceiver channels, this application proposes a phased array antenna design method. This design method for phased array antennas uses a phase shifter 1 as a pre-position, with multiple elements forming a subarray 2. Each subarray 2 only needs to be connected to one transceiver channel 3, as shown. Figure 2 As shown, the phase shifter 1 at the rear end of each antenna is moved to the front end of the antenna, and the "phase shifting" function is achieved by replacing the "circuit control" method with the "electromagnetic field control" method. Since the phase shifter 1 is moved forward, the large phase shifter circuit is no longer integrated in the RF transceiver channel, which can reduce the complexity of the RF transceiver channel.

[0051] The design method for phased array antennas specifically includes the following steps:

[0052] Step 1: Antenna Feed Design: As part of a reflector array antenna, the feed must possess characteristics such as small aperture, high efficiency, light weight, and consistent beamwidth in both the H-plane and E-plane. Considering the antenna's operating frequency band and application scenario, a 2×2 microstrip array antenna 4 is used as the feed. The microstrip array antenna 4 has a low profile, high gain, light weight, and is easy to install. The feed antenna is as follows... Figure 3 As shown, the antenna array has a size of 80mm×80mm and adopts a two-layer dielectric substrate design with a spacing of 3mm between the substrates.

[0053] The dielectric board 5 consists of two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards with a thickness of 1.58mm. The power supply network and the radiating patch are isolated by a metal ground in the middle, and the working bandwidth is widened by air dielectric. SMA connectors 6 are installed at the ends of the two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards.

[0054] Step 2 Antenna Array Design: Antenna array design includes antenna array aperture amplitude calculation and antenna array aperture phase distribution;

[0055] Array aperture amplitude calculation:

[0056] For reflective array antenna systems, the antenna radiation pattern can be calculated using the array method to analyze the antenna performance. However, the array method requires knowledge of the amplitude and phase distributions of the array elements.

[0057] The illumination of the array elements by the feed source of the reflector array varies with the feed beam. For ease of approximation, the array elements are all represented by E(θ) = cos q The θ form characterizes the radiation electric field pattern of an antenna;

[0058] In the formula: θ is the direction angle, and q is a constant.

[0059] E(θ)=cos q The radiation electric field pattern in the form of θ has the following characteristics:

[0060] For the case q = 0, E(θ) = cos q When θ degenerates to a constant, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity is equal in all directions, it is called an omnidirectional antenna; for the case q = 1, E(θ) = cos q θ degenerates into cosθ, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity exhibits a cosine distribution as the azimuth angle changes; this is called a directional antenna. For the case q>1, E(θ)=cosθ. q The radiation pattern of θ shows a narrower and sharper main lobe and stronger side lobes, meaning that the antenna's directivity is more pronounced.

[0061] By balancing the leakage efficiency and illumination efficiency of the aperture and optimizing the edge level of the aperture, the gain of the reflective array antenna can be maximized and the aperture efficiency can be highest. The amplitude distribution of the antenna aperture is calculated by optimizing the height of the feed source.

[0062] Calculating the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture requires first determining the electric field distribution of the antenna, and then calculating the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture based on the electric field distribution.

[0063] For specific antenna structures and operating frequencies, antenna simulation software (such as Ansys HFSS, CST, etc.) can be used to simulate and calculate the electric field distribution. During the simulation, it is necessary to set the radiated electric field pattern of the antenna and optimize the height of the feed source to achieve the best radiation effect.

[0064] After simulating the electric field distribution, post-processing can be performed in the simulation software to obtain the electric field amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture. If the power density distribution at the antenna aperture is required, it can be obtained by squaring the electric field amplitude. Furthermore, the normalized amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture can be obtained by normalizing the electric field amplitude distribution, which can then be used to evaluate the antenna's radiation performance.

[0065] It is important to note that the electric field distribution and aperture amplitude distribution of an antenna are influenced by a variety of factors, such as the antenna's structure, materials, operating frequency, and environment. Therefore, these factors must be comprehensively considered during simulation calculations and optimization design to obtain the best antenna performance.

[0066] Phase distribution of the antenna array aperture:

[0067] The required phase distribution characteristics of each component unit of a phased electromagnetic surface antenna are typically determined by aperture field analysis. This is achieved by establishing the following... Figure 4 The coordinate system shown can be used to calculate the compensation phase required for each element using the following formula:

[0068]

[0069] The compensation phase required for each unit It consists of the following three parts:

[0070] (1) Part of it is calculated based on the geometry of the antenna array, where, This represents the position vector of the nth antenna element. This represents the position vector pointing towards the reference direction of the antenna array, where K is a constant. The calculation result in this part represents the phase that the nth antenna element needs to achieve so that the electromagnetic waves it emits can coherently superimpose with the electromagnetic waves emitted by other elements to form the desired beam direction.

[0071] (2) ΔΦ is used to fine-tune the transmit phase of the nth antenna element to optimize the beam direction of the entire array. ΔΦ can be obtained through optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization.

[0072] (3) This is because when the angle between the position vector of the antenna element and the direction vector of the beam is different, a certain phase difference will be generated, which needs to be corrected by phase compensation. It represents the angle between the position vector of the nth antenna element and the beam pointing direction vector, and the negative sign indicates a difference of 180 degrees.

[0073] Step 3: Beam control board design: The beam control board is the core control part of the phased electromagnetic surface antenna. Combining embedded technology, a control circuit board with FPGA as the main control chip is used to digitally control the PIN diodes integrated on the reflective electromagnetic surface unit, thereby changing the phase distribution of the array and realizing beam focusing and scanning in a two-dimensional ±60° space.

[0074] To meet the requirements of functions such as fast beam switching, real-time target tracking, and dynamic beam scanning, the wave control board is designed to integrate a variety of peripheral interfaces: supporting 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps Ethernet interfaces, serial ports, SPI, IIC, USB, CAN bus and other mainstream protocol interfaces, and can communicate with the host computer in real time, facilitating online debugging and testing.

[0075] Step 4: Beam Search and Tracking Algorithm Design: Beam search and tracking is established after obtaining position information at both ends; therefore, in the antenna system;

[0076] First, a fixed wide beam needs to be generated at the phased electromagnetic surface antenna end (array full 0 state). By manually adjusting the azimuth and elevation of the target antenna required for communication by the phased array, the RSSI value of the signal received at the phased array end is observed.

[0077] Once the connection is established at both ends, the phased array antenna can obtain the GPS position information of the target end. Combined with its own inertial navigation attitude, it calculates the pointing angle of the phased array antenna and selects the corresponding narrow beam by the wave control board, thereby establishing a high-gain communication link.

[0078] The specific process for calculating the pointing angle of a phased array antenna is as follows:

[0079] Obtain the GPS location information of the target. The phased array antenna can obtain the location information of the target by receiving the GPS signal transmitted by the target. Based on the propagation time and speed of the GPS signal, the distance and direction between the target and the phased array antenna can be calculated.

[0080] Acquire its own inertial navigation attitude. A phased array antenna can acquire its own attitude information, such as pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle, through an inertial measurement unit (IMU) mounted on it.

[0081] Calculate the target direction vector. Based on the obtained target distance and direction, the direction vector from the phased array antenna to the target can be obtained.

[0082] Calculate the relative direction vector. The relative direction vector is obtained by combining the calculated target direction vector with the acquired self-attitude information. Specifically, the target direction vector can be rotated to its own coordinate system, and then the self-position vector can be subtracted to obtain the relative direction vector.

[0083] Calculate the pointing angle. The calculated relative direction vector can be converted into a pointing angle. Specifically, the pitch and yaw angles of the direction vector can be calculated using inverse trigonometric functions, and then converted into a pointing angle relative to a reference direction to obtain the pointing angle of the phased array antenna.

[0084] Specific applications of this phased array antenna design methodology:

[0085] The phased array antenna designed using this design method can provide long-distance, high-throughput, and mobile wireless data transmission capabilities for power grid areas that cannot be covered by 4G / 5G networks, using a 5.8G centimeter-wave phased array antenna wireless transmission system, achieving full "aerial fiber optic" coverage along the power grid.

[0086] Yunnan Province has a large mountainous area and complex environments along power grid transmission lines, making fiber optic cable laying and base station construction difficult and costly, thus preventing wired communication links to the core network. Utilizing a 5G phased array communication system, an aerial fiber optic communication link can be established between areas without network coverage and fixed stations connected to the core network, enabling interconnection and wireless data transmission.

[0087] like Figure 5 As shown, a 4G / 5G dial-up module 8 and a 5.8G phased array antenna 9 connected to the 4G / 5G dial-up module 8 are installed on the main tower 7. The directional beam emitted by the antenna achieves wireless network coverage within a line-of-sight range of 20 kilometers. A 5.8G phased array antenna 9 and high-definition cameras 11, sensors, gateways, automatic control equipment, etc., connected to the 5.8G phased array antenna 9 are installed on the blind tower 10. Monitoring images and data from the high-definition cameras 11, sensors, gateways, automatic control equipment, etc., on the blind tower 10 are transmitted to the main tower 7 through each channel of the 5.8G phased array antenna 9, and then from the main tower 7 to the command center 12, thus achieving real-time data transmission. In a 20-kilometer unobstructed environment, the transmission rate of each channel of the 5.8G phased array antenna 9 can reach 10-200Mbps depending on the distance, and the number of channels can be customized.

[0088] This addresses the problem of complex environments along power grid transmission lines, difficulties and high costs in laying optical fibers and setting up base stations, and the inability to access the core network via wired communication links.

[0089] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A design method for phased array antennas, characterized in that: This design method for phased array antennas employs a pre-positioned phase shifter, with multiple elements forming a subarray, requiring only one transmit / receive channel to be connected to each subarray; it includes the following steps: Step 1 Antenna feed design: The array antenna consists of two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards of the same thickness. Several microstrip array antennas are mounted on the Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards as feeds. The Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards are isolated from the feed network and radiating patch by a metal ground in the middle. Air dielectric is used to broaden the operating bandwidth. SMA connectors are installed at the ends of the two Taconic TLX-8 circuit boards. Step 2: Antenna array design. Antenna array design includes antenna array aperture amplitude calculation and antenna array aperture phase distribution. Step 3: Beam control board design. The beam control board uses an FPGA-based control circuit board to digitally control the PIN diodes integrated on the reflective electromagnetic surface unit, thereby changing the phase distribution of the array and realizing beam focusing and scanning in a two-dimensional ±60° space. Step 4: Beam Search and Tracking Algorithm Design. After the two ends acquire position information, in the antenna system, the phased electromagnetic surface antenna first generates a fixed wide beam. By manually adjusting the azimuth and elevation of the target antenna required for communication by the phased array, the RSSI value of the received signal at the phased array end is observed. Once the connection is established at both ends, the phased array antenna end can acquire the GPS position information of the target end. Combined with its own inertial navigation attitude, the pointing angle of the phased array antenna is calculated, and the corresponding narrow beam is selected by the wave control board, thereby establishing a high-gain communication link. In the calculation of antenna array aperture amplitude, the antenna radiation pattern is calculated using the array method based on the known amplitude and phase distribution of array elements, thereby analyzing the antenna performance. The illumination of the array elements by the reflector feed varies with the feed beam. All array elements employ... The formal characterization of the antenna's radiated electric field pattern is achieved by balancing the leakage efficiency and illumination efficiency of the aperture, optimizing the edge level of the aperture to maximize the gain and aperture efficiency of the reflector array antenna. The amplitude distribution of the antenna aperture is calculated by optimizing the height of the feed source. In the formula, θ is the directional angle and q is a constant.

2. The design method for phased array antennas according to claim 1, characterized in that: Array elements adopt The formal characterization of the antenna's radiated electric field pattern; For the case where q=0 Degenerates to a constant, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity is equal in all directions, and is called an omnidirectional antenna; for the case q=1, It degenerates into cosθ, meaning the antenna's radiation intensity exhibits a cosine distribution as the azimuth angle changes; this is called a directional antenna. For the case q>1, The radiation pattern shows a narrower, sharper main lobe and stronger side lobes, meaning the antenna's directivity is more pronounced.

3. The design method for phased array antennas according to claim 1, characterized in that: To calculate the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture, it is necessary to first determine the electric field distribution of the antenna, and then calculate the amplitude distribution at the antenna aperture using the electric field distribution. For specific antenna structures and operating frequencies, antenna simulation software is used to simulate and calculate the electric field distribution. During the simulation process, it is necessary to set the radiation electric field pattern of the antenna and optimize the height of the feed source to achieve the best radiation effect. After the electric field distribution simulation is completed, it can be processed in the simulation software to obtain the electric field amplitude distribution on the antenna aperture. If the power density distribution at the antenna aperture is required, it can be obtained by squaring the electric field amplitude. Furthermore, the normalized amplitude distribution on the antenna aperture can be obtained by normalizing the electric field amplitude distribution, thereby evaluating the antenna's radiation performance.

4. The design method for phased array antennas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The required phase distribution characteristics of each component of a phased electromagnetic surface antenna are determined by aperture field analysis. A coordinate system is established as shown in the figure below, and the formula is used: ； Calculate the compensation phase required for each unit; The compensation phase required for each unit It consists of the following three parts: (1) Part of it is calculated based on the geometry of the antenna array, where, This represents the position vector of the nth antenna element. K represents the position vector pointing towards the reference direction of the antenna array, where K is a constant; The calculation results in this part represent the phase that the nth antenna element needs to achieve so that the electromagnetic waves it emits can be coherently superimposed with the electromagnetic waves emitted by other elements to form the required beam direction. (2) This part is used to fine-tune the transmit phase of the nth antenna element so that the beam direction of the entire array is optimal. It is obtained through algorithm optimization; (3) This is because when the angle between the position vector of the antenna element and the direction vector of the beam is different, a phase difference will occur, which needs to be corrected by phase compensation. It represents the angle between the position vector of the nth antenna element and the beam pointing direction vector, and the negative sign indicates a difference of 180 degrees.

5. The design method for a phased array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific process for calculating the pointing angle of the phased array antenna in step 4 is as follows: The phased array antenna obtains the GPS location information of the target by receiving the GPS signal transmitted by the target; based on the propagation time and speed of the GPS signal, the distance and direction between the target and the phased array antenna are calculated. To obtain its own inertial navigation attitude, the phased array antenna obtains its own pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle attitude information through the inertial measurement unit installed on it. Calculate the target direction vector. Based on the obtained target distance and direction, obtain the direction vector from the phased array antenna to the target. Calculate the relative direction vector, combine the calculated target direction vector with the acquired self-attitude information to obtain the relative direction vector; rotate the target direction vector to its own coordinate system, and then subtract its own position vector to obtain the relative direction vector. Calculate the pointing angle and convert the calculated relative direction vector into a pointing angle; use inverse trigonometric functions to calculate the pitch and yaw angles of the direction vector, and then convert them into a pointing angle relative to a reference direction, thus obtaining the pointing angle of the phased array antenna.

6. The design method for a phased array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The beam control board integrates a variety of peripheral interfaces: supporting 100Mbps and 1Gbps Ethernet interfaces, serial ports, SPI, IIC, USB, and CAN bus mainstream protocol interfaces, and can communicate with the host computer in real time.

7. The design method for a phased array antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: The phased array antenna designed based on this design method can be used in power transmission areas within the power grid's jurisdiction that lack 4G / 5G network coverage. It can extend network coverage using a 5G phased array communication system, supporting the power supply bureau's daily inspections, power operation monitoring, and subsequent smart grid construction.

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