A method for culturing pacific white shrimp (penaeus vannamei) and giant gourami (osphronemus goramy) in a cage
By using the polyculture of whiteleg shrimp and long-snout catfish, the problems of low feed utilization and severe disease in monoculture have been solved, achieving efficient aquatic product production and improved economic benefits.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SHANGHAI FISHERIES RES INST
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-23
AI Technical Summary
The existing monoculture model of Litopenaeus vannamei and catfish results in low feed utilization, water waste, and serious diseases, making it difficult to meet consumers' demand for high-quality aquatic products.
The farming model of polyculturing Pacific white shrimp and long-snout catfish was adopted. Two-year-old long-snout catfish fry were raised in the Pacific white shrimp farming pond. Through steps such as pond preparation, fry stocking, feed feeding, water quality management and daily management, the long-snout catfish's predatory habits were used to promptly remove diseased shrimp, and a multi-trophic ecosystem of fish and shrimp symbiosis was established.
It improved feed and water utilization rates, reduced the total feed conversion ratio, enhanced aquaculture efficiency, increased the growth rate and market price of Litopenaeus vannamei, reduced diseases, and achieved efficient aquatic product production.
Smart Images
Figure BDA0004271076790000051 
Figure BDA0004271076790000061 
Figure BDA0004271076790000062
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of aquaculture technology, specifically, to a method of farming with Litopenaeus vannamei as the main species and co-cultured with Catfish. Background Technology
[0002] The long-snout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris), belonging to the order Siluriformes and family Bagridae, is a unique and valuable economic fish species in my country, often referred to as the "fourth delicacy of the Yangtze River." It is distributed in the main stream and tributaries of the Yangtze River and large connected lakes. The long-snout catfish is prized for its tender flesh, lack of intramuscular bones, delicious flavor, and rich nutritional value. Its muscles are rich in various essential amino acids, and fat and meat content account for approximately 87% of its body weight. Regular consumption of long-snout catfish is believed to have blood-nourishing, spleen-regulating, and yang-boosting effects. Its swim bladder is particularly thick, accounting for about 5% of its body weight. When fresh, it is silvery-white and can be dried to make a prized fish maw, a renowned dish both domestically and internationally. Long-snout catfish live at the bottom of water bodies, live in groups, and grow rapidly. In natural waters, they feed on small fish and shrimp. Before the 1970s, they were entirely caught in rivers and lakes; artificial aquaculture began in the 1980s. Due to long-term overfishing, the ecological resources of the long-snout catfish have been severely depleted, and currently, the vast majority are artificially bred in ponds, cages, and industrialized facilities. As the natural resources of the long-snout catfish continue to decline, many consumers only know of it by name but have never seen it, indicating a huge potential market that will further promote the development of its aquaculture industry.
[0003] The Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is a fast-growing and high-yield shrimp species, making it an important economic shrimp species. Over the past decade, Pacific white shrimp farming in my country has developed rapidly. Besides coastal areas such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shandong, and Zhejiang, inland Pacific white shrimp farming has also emerged, with 27 inland provinces and municipalities, including Hubei and Sichuan, starting to cultivate the shrimp. In pursuit of higher profits, stocking densities have been continuously increased, leading to increasingly serious disease problems.
[0004] Currently, monoculture is the mainstream farming model for both Pacific white shrimp and longsnout catfish. Monoculture easily leads to waste of feed and water resources and outbreaks of disease. As people's demands for quality of life increase, their requirements for the quality of aquatic products are also rising. Therefore, exploring better farming models, such as appropriately reducing stocking density, reducing production volume, minimizing water changes, reducing or eliminating the use of medications, and fully utilizing water bodies for integrated polyculture, can establish a multi-species, multi-trophic-level pond ecosystem. This can improve feed conversion ratio, reduce the total feed conversion ratio, and enhance farming efficiency, thereby achieving pollution reduction while producing higher-quality aquatic products and obtaining better economic benefits. Summary of the Invention
[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a farming model in which Litopenaeus vannamei is the main cultured species and Catfish is the polyculture species.
[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for polyculturing Pacific white shrimp with long-snout catfish, which involves polyculturing two-year-old long-snout catfish fry in Pacific white shrimp ponds. The method consists of production steps such as pond preparation, fry stocking, feed feeding, water quality management, daily management, and harvesting.
[0007] Furthermore, the aforementioned method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei with catfish specifically includes the following steps:
[0008] A) Pond preparation: The aquaculture pond is rectangular, with an area of 2-10 mu (approximately 0.33-0.67 hectares). The effective water depth of the aquaculture pond is 1.2-1.5m. One 1.5kW impeller aerator is provided for every 2-3 mu (approximately 0.33-0.67 hectares).
[0009] Furthermore, in step A), 10-15 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to submerge the bottom and soak it. Dissolve bleaching powder in water at a concentration of 20 mg / L and then sprinkle the supernatant throughout the pond for disinfection. After 3 days, drain the tail water and add fresh water filtered through a 60-mesh silk screen bag to submerge the bottom of the pond and soak it for 24 hours. Then drain the water and expose it to the sun for later use. 7-10 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to a level of 1-1.2m and prepare the water for stocking.
[0010] B) Stocking: When the water temperature remains stable at around 22℃, Pacific white shrimp larvae can be stocked at a density of 30,000-40,000 larvae / acre (after acclimation to a salinity below 2). 3-7 days after stocking the shrimp larvae, longsnout catfish fry can be stocked at a density of 80-150 two-year-old longsnout catfish fry / acre, with a size of approximately 70-100g. At least 2 hours before stocking, turn on the aerator to stir the water to prevent water temperature stratification, which could affect the survival rate of the fish and shrimp.
[0011] Furthermore, in step B), it is better to use slightly larger shrimp larvae to avoid being preyed upon by fish. To minimize the impact on shrimp survival rates caused by long-snout catfish using shrimp larvae as bait, if possible, a 10-20m wide nylon film fence can be erected around the shrimp pond. 2 In small bodies of water with a depth of 0.6-1.2m, shrimp larvae are desalinated and raised at a density of 0.8-1.2 million per cubic meter. Once the larvae grow to 1.2-2cm, they are released into the pond. This will effectively improve the survival rate of the shrimp. For those that have not been raised, it is best to release the long-snout catfish 3-7 days after stocking.
[0012] C) Feeding: Set up two 50cm×120cm feeding platforms for every 2-3 acres of pond for checking feeding. Feed the shrimp once in the morning and once in the evening (the shrimp feed is commercially available compound feed for whiteleg shrimp). Do not feed the long-snout catfish separately. The amount of feed should be based on whether it can be eaten in 2-3 hours. If it takes longer, reduce the amount. If it can be eaten in less than 2 hours, increase the amount appropriately. Adjust as needed.
[0013] D) Water quality management: In the early and middle stages, water is gradually added until the normal water level is reached. In the middle and later stages, water is changed in appropriate amounts according to the weather, water color and water quality monitoring results, with 15%-25% of the water changed each time.
[0014] E) Daily Management: Under normal circumstances, the aerator should be turned on from 8:00 to 10:00 pm every night and turned off around 7:00 am the next day. It should also be turned on for 1 hour at noon during the day. If there are continuous cloudy or rainy days, the operating time should be extended to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water.
[0015] F) Harvesting: Harvesting begins in late August to early September when the shrimp reach a size of 30-40 shrimp per pound. Shrimp are caught first, and fish are caught last. When catching shrimp, a 3.5cm x 3.5cm net is attached to the entrance of the trap to prevent fish from accidentally entering the trap and being injured. By early October, when the shrimp in the pond have been basically caught, the water is pumped out to collect the fish and shrimp and clear the pond.
[0016] Furthermore, the aforementioned method for co-culturing whiteleg shrimp with longsnout catfish also includes growth monitoring: the shrimp are sampled after each harvest, and the survival rate is calculated after weighting; the fish are measured in body length and weight before stocking, and after harvesting, at least 30 fish are randomly sampled to measure their body length and weight.
[0017] At harvest time, the survival rate of shrimp in the polyculture ponds is about 45%, with a size of 20-30 shrimp / jin (approximately 0.5 catties), and a selling price of 24-26 yuan / jin (approximately 16-17 yuan / catties). The yield is about 400 jin (approximately 200 catties) per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). The relative growth rate of fish body weight is 400%, and the size of fish fry increases from less than 100g to about 450g, with a survival rate of over 95%. The total feed conversion ratio for fish and shrimp is about 1.5. In comparison, in monoculture ponds for whiteleg shrimp, the survival rate of shrimp is about 70%, with a size of 35-45 shrimp / jin (approximately 0.5 catties), and a selling price of 20-22 yuan / jin (approximately 10-12 yuan / catties). The yield is about 450 jin (approximately 225 catties) per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares), and the feed conversion ratio for shrimp is about 1.3. The polyculture model has a significant effect, increasing income by about 2000 yuan per mu (approximately 1000 yuan / mu).
[0018] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of this invention are:
[0019] 1. This invention addresses the current monoculture methods of *Catfish simonii* and *Litopenaeus vannamei*. Monoculture, such as fish farming, suffers from low feed utilization, increased feed conversion ratio due to debris loss, and water pollution. Furthermore, *Litopenaeus vannamei* is highly susceptible to viral diseases. This invention utilizes the feeding habits of *Catfish simonii* to promptly kill diseased shrimp, reducing disease spread and improving shrimp farming success rates. It establishes a multi-trophic level fish-shrimp symbiosis farming model. Its key advantages over existing technologies include: fully utilizing the water space of *Litopenaeus vannamei* ponds, improving water utilization and production efficiency; utilizing the predatory behavior of *Catfish simonii* to promptly remove diseased and dead shrimp, achieving a comprehensive ecological disease prevention effect; and utilizing the shrimp's behavior to crawl and stir the bottom mud, increasing aerobic decomposition and improving the fish's growth environment. Although the survival rate of shrimp decreases due to fish preying on some shrimp in polyculture ponds, the shrimp's growth rate increases, their size is significantly larger, and their selling price also increases significantly, resulting in a significant overall effect.
[0020] 2. Without significantly reducing the farming benefits of whiteleg shrimp, this invention improves feed utilization and achieves a survival rate of over 95% when co-cultured with long-snout catfish fry. The relative growth rate of body weight reaches about 400% within four months, reducing the total feed conversion ratio, reducing wastewater discharge, improving the energy efficiency of aquaculture, and increasing income by about 2,000 yuan per mu.
[0021] 3. This invention is simple to operate and easy to promote. Detailed Implementation
[0022] The specific implementation methods provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.
[0023] Example 1:
[0024] The method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei with Catfish of the present invention specifically includes the following steps:
[0025] 1) Pond preparation: Select a rectangular earthen pond with a gentle bottom, covering an area of 2-10 mu (approximately 0.33-0.67 hectares), with an effective water depth of 1.2-1.5m. Equip each 2-3 mu with a 1.5kW impeller aerator. 10-15 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to submerge the bottom and soak it. Dissolve bleaching powder in water at a concentration of 20mg / L and then sprinkle the supernatant throughout the pond for disinfection. After 3 days, drain the tail water and add fresh water filtered through a 60-mesh silk screen bag to submerge the bottom of the pond and soak it for 24 hours. Then drain the pond and expose it to the sun for later use. 7-10 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to a level of 1-1.2m and prepare the water for stocking.
[0026] 2) Stocking of seedlings: In the Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai areas, Pacific white shrimp seedlings can generally be stocked when the water temperature stabilizes at 22℃ in mid-to-late May. The stocking density is 30,000-40,000 shrimp per mu (approximately 667 square meters). It is better for the shrimp seedlings to be slightly larger to avoid being preyed upon by fish. If possible, a 10-20 square meter area can be enclosed around the shrimp pond with nylon film. 2In small bodies of water with a depth of 0.8-1.2m, shrimp larvae should be raised at a density of 0.8-1.2 million per cubic meter. After the shrimp larvae reach a height of 1.5-2cm, they can be released into the pond. This will effectively improve the survival rate of the shrimp. For shrimp larvae that have not been raised, it is best to release long-snout catfish 5-7 days after stocking. The stocking density of long-snout catfish is 80-150 per acre, with a size of 70-100g. At least 2 hours before stocking, turn on the aerator to stir the water to avoid affecting the survival rate of fish and shrimp due to water temperature stratification.
[0027] 3) Feeding: Set up two 50cm×120cm feeding platforms for every 2-3 mu of pond for checking feeding. Feed the shrimp once in the morning and once in the evening (the shrimp feed used is Minghui brand feed, produced by Zhejiang Minghui Feed Co., Ltd., models 9131 and 9132). Long-snout catfish do not need to be fed separately. The amount of feed should be based on whether it can be eaten in 2-3 hours. If it takes longer, reduce the amount. If it can be eaten in less than 2 hours, increase the amount appropriately. Adjust as needed.
[0028] 4) Water quality management: In the early and middle stages, water is gradually added until the normal water level is reached. In the middle and later stages, water is changed in appropriate amounts according to the weather, water color and water quality monitoring results, with 15%-25% of the water changed each time.
[0029] 5) Daily Management: Under normal circumstances, the aerator should be turned on from 8:00 to 10:00 pm every night and turned off around 7:00 am the next morning. It should also be turned on for 1 hour at noon during the day. If there are continuous cloudy or rainy days, the operating time should be extended to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water. The pond should be inspected at least once in the morning and once in the evening every day. In addition to checking the feeding of the fish and shrimp, the fish and shrimp behavior and water quality changes should be observed frequently. The pond card records should be kept for easy summary and analysis.
[0030] 6) Growth monitoring: If conditions permit, shrimp growth is measured every two weeks by netting to monitor the farming effect. However, samples are taken and recorded each time they are caught to facilitate the final weighted calculation of the survival rate. For fish, the initial stocking length and weight and the final catch length and weight are measured, with a sample size of no less than 30 fish.
[0031] 7) Harvesting: Harvesting begins in late August to early September when the shrimp reach a size of 30-40 shrimp per pound. Shrimp are caught first, followed by fish. When catching shrimp, a 3.5cm x 3.5cm net is attached to the entrance of the trap to prevent fish from accidentally entering and being injured. By early October, when the shrimp in the pond have been mostly caught, the pond is drained to collect the fish and shrimp and clear the pond.
[0032] After four months of aquaculture, the survival rate of the fish fry raised in polyculture is over 95%, and the size of the whiteleg shrimp is 20-30 per kilogram, with a yield of over 400 kilograms per mu.
[0033] Example 2:
[0034] The method of this invention was applied in 2022 at five ponds (each with an area of 3 mu, rectangular in the north-south direction, with an effective water depth of 2.5 m, each equipped with a 1.5 kW impeller aerator and a 2.2 kW submersible pump for drainage) at the Qingpu Research Base of the Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute. Among them, ponds #2, #4, and #8 were polyculture ponds, while ponds #3 and #9 were monoculture ponds of Litopenaeus vannamei for comparison. The shrimp larvae were all acclimated to a salinity of below 2, with a size of 1 cm, and 30,000 shrimp per mu. In the polyculture ponds, 100 two-year-old catfish fry with a size of 91.87 g per mu were added. The stocking time for fish and shrimp was June 6. The stocking details are shown in Table 1. The first batch of shrimp was harvested in mid-August, followed by the second batch in mid-to-late September. The fish were harvested in early October. In the polyculture model, the average yield of shrimp was 486 jin (approximately 243 catties), with a size of 20-30 fish / jin (approximately 10-15 catties). The fish fry increased in weight from 91.87g to 450g, representing a relative increase in body weight of nearly 400%, with a survival rate of 98%. The feed conversion ratio for the fish and shrimp was 1.3-1.5. In the monoculture model, the average yield of shrimp was 534 jin (approximately 262 catties), with a size of 35-45 fish / jin (approximately 15-20 catties). The feed conversion ratio was 1.2-1.3. The survival rates of shrimp in the two models were 45.4% and 69.4%, respectively. The harvest results are shown in Table 2. Benefit Analysis: Fish fry are priced at 8 yuan / fish, and the selling price is 35 yuan / jin. Feed, specifically Zhejiang Minghui white shrimp feed, costs 10,300 yuan / ton. Electricity costs an average of 400 yuan / mu. Shrimp fry are priced at 350 yuan / 10,000 fry. Shrimp are sold at actual prices: less than 30 shrimp / jin: 25 yuan / jin; 40 shrimp / jin: 22 yuan / jin. Due to the larger size of the shrimp, the yield is slightly lower, but the selling price keeps the shrimp income at the same level. With almost no additional input of other manpower and resources, a good aquaculture effect of longsnout catfish was achieved, resulting in an additional income of 2078 yuan / mu. The input-output comparison is shown in Table 3.
[0035] Table 1 Summary of stocking in each pond under the two stocking models
[0036]
[0037]
[0038] Table 2 Summary of harvests from each pond under both modes
[0039]
[0040] Table 3 Input-output ratio (yuan / mu)
[0041]
[0042] The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described. Those skilled in the art can make various equivalent modifications or substitutions without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and these equivalent modifications or substitutions are all included within the scope defined by the claims of this application.
Claims
1. A method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei with Catfish, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A) Pond preparation: The aquaculture pond is rectangular, with an area of 2-10 mu (approximately 0.33-0.67 hectares). The effective water depth of the aquaculture pond is 1.2-1.5 m. One 1.5 kW impeller aerator is provided for every 2-3 mu (approximately 0.33-0.67 hectares). B) Stocking: When the water temperature remains stable at around 22℃, Pacific white shrimp larvae can be stocked at a density of 30,000-40,000 larvae per acre. 3-7 days after stocking, longsnout catfish fry can be stocked at a density of 80-150 two-year-old longsnout catfish fry per acre, with a size of 70-100 g. At least 2 hours before stocking, turn on the aerator to stir the water to prevent water temperature stratification, which would affect the survival rate of the fish and shrimp. C) Feeding: Set up two 50 cm × 120 cm feeding platforms for every 2-3 mu of pond for checking feeding. Feed commercial shrimp feed once in the morning and once in the evening. Long-snout catfish do not need to be fed separately. The amount of feed should be based on whether it can be eaten in 2-3 hours. If it takes longer, reduce the amount. If it can be eaten in less than 2 hours, increase the amount appropriately. Adjust as needed. D) Water quality management: In the early and middle stages, water is gradually added until the normal water level is reached. In the middle and later stages, water is changed in appropriate amounts according to the weather, water color and water quality monitoring results, with 15%-25% of the water being changed each time. E) Daily Management: Under normal circumstances, the aerator should be turned on from 8:00 to 10:00 pm every night and turned off around 7:00 am the next morning. It should also be turned on for 1 hour at noon during the day. If there are continuous cloudy or rainy days, the operating time should be extended to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water. F) Harvesting: Harvesting begins in late August to early September when the shrimp reach a size of 30-40 shrimp per pound. Shrimp are caught first, followed by fish. When catching shrimp, a 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm net is attached to the entrance of the trap to prevent fish from accidentally entering and being injured. By early October, when the shrimp in the pond have been mostly caught, the pond is drained to collect the fish and shrimp and clear the pond.
2. The method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei with Catfish according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step A), 10-15 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to submerge the bottom and soak it. Dissolve bleaching powder in water at a concentration of 20 mg / L and then sprinkle the supernatant throughout the pond for disinfection. After 3 days, drain the tail water and add fresh water filtered through a 60-mesh silk screen bag to submerge the bottom of the pond and soak it for 24 hours. Then drain the water and expose it to the sun for later use. 7-10 days before stocking, fill the pond with water to a level of 1-1.2 m and prepare the water for stocking.
3. The method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei and Catfish according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step B), a 10-20 m wide strip of nylon film is used to enclose the edge of the shrimp pond. 2 In small bodies of water with a depth of 0.6-1.2 m, shrimp larvae are desalinated and raised at a density of 0.8-1.2 million per cubic meter. Once the larvae grow to 1.2-2 cm, they are released into ponds. For those that have not been raised, long-snout catfish are introduced 3-7 days after stocking.
4. The method for polyculturing Litopenaeus vannamei and Catfish according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes growth monitoring: for shrimp, the survival rate is calculated after each catch and sampling, and for fish, the body length and weight are measured before stocking, and after the catch, at least 30 fish are randomly sampled to measure their body length and weight.