A method for green strip planting of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method for green strip planting of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa, belonging to the technical field of Chinese medicinal material planting. The strip planting method of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa includes the following steps: (1) land preparation and fertilization; (2) field structure layout; (3) transplantation of Astragalus membranaceus; (4) sowing of Vicia sativa; (5) during the full flowering stage of Vicia sativa, cutting and withering Vicia sativa, and covering the Vicia sativa strip with the whole stalk to achieve green coverage and water conservation, etc. The present invention adopts the method of green strip planting of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa, realizes the intensive and sustainable utilization of limited precipitation, reduces the amount of plastic film, alleviates the continuous cropping obstacle of Chinese medicinal materials and produces green and high-quality Astragalus membranaceus, and changes the practical problem of continuous cropping obstacle caused by the continuous and single planting of traditional plastic film-covered Astragalus membranaceus, which in turn affects the quality and yield of medicinal materials.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of Chinese herbal medicine planting, and is particularly applicable to regions and plots with serious continuous cropping obstacles of Chinese herbal medicines. Background Art

[0002] Chinese herbal medicines are characteristic crops in central Gansu. For underground rhizome Chinese herbal medicines such as Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula, due to continuous planting, continuous cropping obstacles generally occur in the soil, resulting in reduced yields, deteriorated quality, and affecting the income of medicinal farmers. Drought is one of the main factors restricting the growth of crops in this area. The plastic film mulching planting technology is a new cultivation mode, which has the effects of increasing temperature and retaining soil moisture, collecting rainwater and increasing soil moisture, intercepting and storing water, reducing evaporation, inhibiting weeds, and increasing production and income. At present, in order to increase the yield of Astragalus membranaceus, medicinal farmers continuously increase the input of chemical fertilizers, and the phenomenon of excessive nitrogen application is very common. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers not only reduces the nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefits, but also affects the improvement of the yield potential and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. Long-term and large-scale application of nitrogen fertilizers has led to continuous deterioration of the ecological environment and environmental problems such as nitrogen leaching and increased greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, continuous cropping obstacles are another factor restricting the high-quality and high-yield of local Chinese herbal medicines in the region. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a green strip planting method for Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art. By using the method of the present invention, the high-intensity consumption of plastic film, chemical fertilizer, and water in regional agricultural production can be alleviated, a new diversified and efficient green production mode for local Chinese herbal medicines can be created, and it has an obvious effect of increasing production and efficiency on Astragalus membranaceus.

[0004] On the basis of giving full play to the role of plastic film in increasing temperature and retaining soil moisture, the present invention integrates drought-resistant soil moisture conservation measures.

[0005] The present invention innovatively incorporates green manure (Vicia sativa) with the function of biological soil cultivation into Chinese herbal medicine planting to form an intercropping strip planting system. The purpose is to reduce soil continuous cropping obstacles through the biological nitrogen fixation of leguminous green manure, ensure the stable production of Astragalus membranaceus and improve its quality. It has great popularization and utilization value in arid and semi-arid regions, and has great practical significance for the high-quality and sustainable production of dryland rhizome Chinese herbal medicines and the alleviation of continuous cropping obstacles of local Chinese herbal medicines.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following solution: A green strip planting method for Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa, comprising the following steps:

[0007] (1) Land preparation and fertilization: In late March or early April, evenly spread organic fertilizer and 300 - 375 kg / hm of urea 2 and 450 - 600 kg / hm of superphosphate 2 , and use a vertical deep rotary tillage machine or a moldboard plow to plow and prepare the land (tillage depth 20 - 45 cm);

[0008] The organic fertilizer includes well-rotted high-quality farmyard manure or special organic fertilizer for Astragalus membranaceus; the dosage of the well-rotted high-quality farmyard manure is 45000 kg / hm 2 , and the dosage of the special organic fertilizer for Astragalus membranaceus is 6000 kg / hm 2 .

[0009] (2) Field structure layout: Divide the planting area into several natural planting belts, each including 1 Astragalus membranaceus belt (90 cm) and 1 Vicia sativa subsp. sativa belt (20 cm). Transplant 3 rows of Astragalus membranaceus in the Astragalus membranaceus belt and drill 2 rows of Vicia sativa subsp. sativa in the Vicia sativa subsp. sativa belt;

[0010] Green manure is a kind of biological fertilizer using green plant bodies. It is not only a clean organic fertilizer source, but also can improve soil fertility, soil environmental quality and prevent soil erosion while improving soil fertility. Intercropping (strip planting) different green manures can increase soil water content and surface coverage, reduce soil bulk density, and have good soil and water conservation effects. Annual leguminous green manure Vicia sativa subsp. sativa is a soil-improving crop with a short growth cycle, adapting to arid environments and barren cultivated lands, and has strong functions such as nitrogen fixation and carbon increase, and improving soil structure.

[0011] (3) Transplanting of Astragalus membranaceus: Adopt the method of film mulching and exposing the head;

[0012] (4) Sowing of Vicia sativa subsp. sativa: In the first ten days of April, depending on the soil moisture, sow Vicia sativa subsp. sativa. Apply 75 kg / hm of leguminous rhizobium fertilizer before sowing 2 , and then use a rolling hill-drop planter to sow closely to the exposed end of the third row of Astragalus membranaceus;

[0013] (5) At the full flowering stage of Vicia sativa subsp. sativa, cut and wilt Vicia sativa subsp. sativa, and cover the whole stalk on the Vicia sativa subsp. sativa belt to achieve green coverage and water conservation.

[0014] (6) Manually control diseases, insects and weeds during the growth period, and carry out routine field management;

[0015] (7) In the middle and late October, mechanically dig Astragalus membranaceus, complete the operation of turning under Vicia sativa subsp. sativa and returning it to the field, level the cultivated land, and harrow and conserve soil moisture.

[0016] Apply leguminous rhizobium fertilizer to Vicia sativa subsp. sativa to ensure nitrogen fixation by rhizobia and play a role in nitrogen saving, and improve the quality of cultivated land through farmyard manure (organic fertilizer).

[0017] Furthermore, the seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus are kept at 525,000 - 675,000 plants / hm 2 , and the seeding density of Vicia sativa subsp. sativa is 37.5 kg / hm 2 .

[0018] Further, the method of cultivating with film mulching and exposed seedlings specifically operates as follows: Shovel a gentle slope with a width of 30 cm and a height of 10 cm along the outermost row, place the heads of Astragalus membranaceus seedlings obliquely along the slope surface, with a plant spacing of 4 - 6 cm. After placing the Astragalus membranaceus seedlings, cover them with soil and then cover with a 30-cm black plastic film, ensuring that the heads of the Astragalus membranaceus seedlings protrude about 1 - 2 cm from the plastic film. Then, form slopes, place seedlings, and cover with film in sequence.

[0019] Further, the variety of the Astragalus membranaceus seedlings is Xiqi No. 1, with a root head thickness > 5 mm and a length of 15 - 20 cm; the variety of the Vicia sativa is Lan Jian No. 2.

[0020] Further, the pesticides used for manual prevention and control of diseases, insects, and weeds include one or more of 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate, 4.5% lambda-cyhalothrin, 50% pirimicarb wettable powder, 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder (for controlling aphids), and 15% pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate (for controlling spider mites).

[0021] Furthermore, using 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate, 4.5% lambda-cyhalothrin, 50% pirimicarb wettable powder, or 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate to control the main pests in the Astragalus membranaceus field, such as blister beetles, weevils, aphids, and spider mites; using 10% imidacloprid wettable powder to control aphids; using 15% pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate to control spider mites;

[0022] The dosage of the 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate is 30 mL / hm 2 , mixed with 600 - 750 kg / hm 2 of water for spraying to control pests; the dosage of the 4.5% lambda-cyhalothrin is 375 mL / hm 2 , mixed with 600 - 750 kg / hm 2 of water for spraying to control pests; the dosage of the 50% pirimicarb wettable powder is 90 - 20 g / hm 2 , mixed with 600 - 750 kg / hm 2 of water for spraying to control pests; the dosage of the 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate is 300 - 600 ml / hm 2 , mixed with 600 - 750 kg / hm 2 of water for spraying to control pests; the 10% imidacloprid wettable powder is diluted 2000 - 2500 times and then sprayed to control aphids; the 15% pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate is diluted 2000 - 3000 times and then sprayed to control spider mites.

[0023] The present invention discloses the following technical effects:

[0024] (1) By adopting the planting method of the present invention, the yield, quality, and water use efficiency of Astragalus membranaceus can be improved.

[0025] (2) The present invention adopts the method of green strip planting of membranous astragalus and vetch, utilizes the biological water requirements of the two crops and the function of green manure mowing and covering to return to the field to inhibit water evaporation and improve soil fertility, couples the functions of efficient water use of dry-farmed membranous astragalus and intercropping to increase production and efficiency, realizes the intensive and sustainable use of limited precipitation, functions such as reducing the amount of plastic film and producing high-quality astragalus, changes the problem that the single planting of traditional membranous astragalus affects farmers' income increase due to high input and high output, alleviates continuous cropping obstacles, and is conducive to solving the problem of the gradual decline of cultivated land quality through the return of vetch to the field.

[0026] (3) The method of the present invention is applicable to rain-fed agricultural areas with an average annual precipitation of 350 - 500 mm or irrigation areas with guaranteed irrigation water, especially applicable to areas where continuous cropping obstacles occur in the continuous planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The width of each natural sowing belt is 110 cm, and this width is designed according to the vertical deep rotary tillage machinery that is beneficial to the yield increase of underground roots and rhizomes, reflecting the characteristics of agronomy adapting to agricultural machinery. The width of each astragalus belt is 90 cm, and 3 rows of astragalus seedlings are transplanted. The width of the vetch belt is 20 cm, and 2 rows of vetch are sown. This row ratio configuration creates a three-dimensional structure with good ventilation and light transmission in the field, ensures the stable yield and high-quality production of astragalus, and realizes the combination of utilization and maintenance of cultivated land. Detailed implementation mode

[0027] Now, various exemplary implementation modes of the present invention will be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, characteristics, and implementation modes of the present invention.

[0028] It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing specific implementation modes and are not used to limit the present invention. Additionally, for the numerical ranges in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Each intermediate value within any stated value or stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0029] Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains. Although the present invention only describes preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. In this specification, the methods and / or materials used to disclose and describe the relevant literature shall prevail over the content of any incorporated literature in case of conflict.

[0030] Without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention, various improvements and changes can be made to the specific embodiments of the description of the present invention, which are obvious to those skilled in the art. Other embodiments obtained from the description of the present invention are obvious to those skilled in the art. The description and examples of this application are merely exemplary.

[0031] Regarding the use of "comprising", "including", "having", "containing", etc. in this article, they are all open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0032] The test sites and times of the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention are as follows: In 2021, the test was carried out in Jiangjiashan Village, Fuxing Town, Longxi County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province. This test site is located between the edge of the Loess Plateau in the northwest and the hilly area of the Qinling branch. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountainous, with an altitude of 2610 m; it belongs to an arid and semi-arid area, with an average temperature of -9°C in January, an average temperature of 22°C in July, an average annual growth period of 220 d, an average annual frost-free period of 140 d, 2478.2 h of annual sunshine hours, an annual precipitation of 400 mm, and an annual evaporation of 1441 mm.

[0033] The astragalus seedlings used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention are: 1-year-old astragalus variety Xiqi No. 1 seedlings dug in the spring of 2021, with a root head thickness of more than 5 mm and a length of 15-20 cm, and uniform size.

[0034] The green manure varieties used in the following examples of the present invention are vetch (Lanjian No. 2), broad bean (Qinghai No. 3, provided by Linxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences), and hairy vetch (Turkmen smooth hairy vetch).

[0035] The plastic films used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention are black polyethylene plastic films with a thickness of 0.01 mm, meeting the requirements of GB13735-2017.

[0036] Example 1

[0037] A method for green strip planting of astragalus and vetch:

[0038] (1) Field structure layout: After the soil thaws, divide the planting land into natural planting belts with a width of 110 cm. Each natural belt is divided into an astragalus belt with a width of 90 cm and a vetch belt with a width of 20 cm. The astragalus belt and the vetch belt are arranged alternately. Transplant 3 rows of astragalus in the astragalus belt and plant 2 rows of vetch (green manure) in the vetch belt, with no space left between the astragalus and green manure belts.

[0039] (2) In the planting plot, evenly spread 45000 kg / hm of well-rotted high-quality farmyard manure 2 , 300 kg / hm of urea 2 , 450 kg / hm of superphosphate2 , use a vertical deep tillage machine to plow and prepare the land (tillage depth about 20 cm). Apply legume rhizobia fertilizer to vetch to ensure nitrogen fixation by rhizobia and play a role in nitrogen conservation. Improve the quality of cultivated land through farmyard manure (organic fertilizer).

[0040] (3) In late March, in the astragalus belt, shovel a gentle slope 30 cm wide and 10 cm high along the outermost row. Place the seedlings of astragalus obliquely along the slope (plant spacing 5 cm). After covering the seedlings with soil, cover with 30 cm of black plastic film, ensuring that about 2 cm of the astragalus seedlings protrude from the plastic film. Slope, place seedlings, and cover with film in sequence. Around April 5th, depending on the soil moisture, sow vetch. Apply 75 kg / hm of legume rhizobia fertilizer before sowing 2 , and then closely adjacent to the exposed end of the third row of astragalus, use a rolling hill-drop planter to sow, and the seeding density is 37.5 kg / hm 2 .

[0041] (4) After the astragalus seedlings emerge neatly, conduct weeding according to the field situation. Weed 3 times during the growth period. Use 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate (30 mL / hm 2 , diluted with 750 kg / hm of water 2 ) to spray and control the main pests in the astragalus field, such as blister beetles, weevils, aphids, spider mites, etc.; use 10% imidacloprid wettable powder to control aphids (spray after diluting 2500 times); use 15% pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate to control spider mites (spray after diluting 3000 times).

[0042] (5) During the full-bloom stage of vetch, cut and wilt vetch, and cover the vetch strip with the whole stalk to achieve green coverage and water conservation.

[0043] (6) In mid-late October, mechanically harvest astragalus, complete the operation of turning under vetch and returning it to the field, level the cultivated land, and harrow and crush to conserve soil moisture.

[0044] Control Example 1

[0045] Same as Example 1, the difference is only that when planting astragalus, no plastic film is covered, and the intercropped astragalus is cultivated in the open field.

[0046] Control Example 2

[0047] Same as Example 1, the difference is only that after cutting during the full-bloom stage of vetch, it is removed from the farmland and not covered.

[0048] Control Example 3

[0049] Same as Example 1, the difference is only that vetch is replaced with hairy vetch, and the seeding density of hairy vetch is 37.5 kg / hm 2 .

[0050] Control Example 4

[0051] Same as Example 1, with the only difference being that the bandwidth of Astragalus membranaceus is 70 cm, two rows of Astragalus membranaceus are transplanted with a row spacing of 35 cm, the bandwidth of Vicia sativa is 40 cm, a spacing of 10 cm is left between Vicia sativa and Astragalus membranaceus, and the row spacing of Vicia sativa is 20 cm;

[0052] Control Example 5

[0053] Traditional cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus, with the seedling-retaining density of Astragalus membranaceus being 525,000 plants / hm 2 It is planted by monoculture (clean cultivation, without planting green manure), with a row spacing of 35 cm and a plant spacing of 15 cm; Astragalus membranaceus is not covered with film, and the sowing period, harvesting period and field management are the same as those in Example 1.

[0054] Control Example 6

[0055] Same as Example 1, with the only difference being that leguminous rhizobia fertilizer is not applied to the Vicia sativa belt.

[0056] Effect Example 1

[0057] Measure and calculate the yield, main root length, root diameter and water use efficiency of Astragalus membranaceus in the examples and control examples, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0058] Measurement methods and calculation methods for relevant indicators.

[0059] Measurement of yield: At the harvesting stage of Astragalus membranaceus, dig out the underground part of Astragalus membranaceus in a 3 m × 3 m quadrat for yield measurement and convert it to the yield per hectare.

[0060] Measurement of the main root length and root diameter of Astragalus membranaceus: Randomly dig out 10 plants of Astragalus membranaceus at the mature stage of Astragalus membranaceus, measure the main root length of Astragalus membranaceus with a ruler, and measure the root diameter at the middle part of the main root of Astragalus membranaceus with a vernier caliper.

[0061] Measurement of soil moisture: The soil moisture is measured by the oven-drying method: Measure the soil water content before and after transplanting Astragalus membranaceus in each plot, and the measurement layers are 0 - 10, 10 - 30, 30 - 50, 50 - 80, 80 - 110 cm, a total of five layers.

[0062] The calculation formula for the oven-drying method of soil measurement is:

[0063] W(%) = [(W1 - W2) / W2] × 100% (1);

[0064] In the formula, W1 is the fresh weight of the soil (g), and W2 is the dry weight of the soil (g).

[0065] The calculation formula for soil water storage is:

[0066] W = w × ρ × h × 10 (2);

[0067] In the formula: W is the soil water storage (mm); h is the soil layer depth (cm); ρ is the soil bulk density (g·cm-3 ); w is the soil water content (%).

[0068] Crop water consumption: Crop water consumption is calculated by the farmland water balance method. Since the test plots are leveled and there is no deep percolation and groundwater recharge in the test area. Therefore, the calculation equation for crop water consumption applicable to this test is:

[0069] ET = P - ΔW (3);

[0070] Where: ET is the water consumption of Astragalus membranaceus during the growth season (mm); P is the precipitation during the growth season (mm); ΔW is the difference in soil water storage between after harvesting and before transplanting of Astragalus membranaceus (mm).

[0071] Calculation of water use efficiency: The calculation formula for water use efficiency is as follows:

[0072]

[0073] Where, WUE is the water use efficiency (kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 ); Y is the yield of Astragalus membranaceus (roots) (kg·hm -2 ).

[0074] Table 1 Yield, quality and water use efficiency of Astragalus membranaceus in the examples and comparative examples

[0075]

[0076] As can be seen from Table 1, the yield, main root length, root diameter and water use efficiency of the intercropping pattern of film - mulched Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa (Example 1) are increased by 18.2%, 14.0%, 10.9% and 28.6% respectively compared with the open - field Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa (Comparative Example 1); increased by 7.6%, 9.6%, 18.8% and 17.8% respectively compared with the film - mulched Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa without covering Vicia sativa (Comparative Example 2); increased by 9.3%, 11.7%, 1.7% and 24.6% respectively compared with Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia villosa (Comparative Example 3); increased by 18.5%, 28.5%, 13.0% and 19.0% respectively compared with Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa 70cm:40cm (Comparative Example 4); increased by 25.6%, 32.4%, 28.9% and 9.2% respectively compared with monoculture Astragalus membranaceus (Comparative Example 5); increased by 8.0%, 9.9%, 13.0% and 16.1% respectively compared with Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa without applying rhizobia to the Vicia sativa strip (Comparative Example 6).

[0077] The suitable green - yield - increasing pattern for Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with green manure in the planting pattern of the present invention is: film - mulched Astragalus membranaceus intercropped with Vicia sativa.

[0078] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit of the present invention's design, various deformations and improvements made by those of ordinary skill in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for green strip planting of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa, characterized in that, The following steps are involved: (1) Land preparation and fertilization: In late March or early April, evenly spread organic fertilizer, urea, and superphosphate, and use a vertical deep rotary tiller or a plow to till the land; The organic fertilizer includes decomposed high-quality farmyard manure; (2) Field structure layout: The planting site was divided into a natural planting belt consisting of a 90-cm Astragalus band and a 20-cm Vetch band. Three rows of Astragalus were transplanted in the Astragalus band, and two rows of Vetch were sown in the Vetch band. (3) Transplantation of Astragalus: using the method of film-covered outcropping cultivation; (4) Sowing of Vicia sativa: In early April, depending on the soil moisture, sow Vicia sativa. Before sowing, apply 75 kg / hm of leguminous rhizobia fertilizer 2 , and then, close to the emerging end of the third row of Astragalus membranaceus, sow with a rolling hill-drop planter; (5) During the flowering period of the pea, cut the green pea and cover the whole stalk with pea strips to achieve green coverage and water conservation; (6) Manually control pests and diseases during the growth period and carry out routine field management; (7) In mid-to-late October, mechanically harvest astragalus, complete the operation of turning over and returning the arrowroot pea to the field, level the cultivated land, and harrow and harvest the moisture; Step (1) is specifically as follows: In late March or early April, evenly spread organic fertilizer and 300 - 375 kg / hm of urea 2 , 450 - 600 kg / hm of superphosphate 2 , and use a vertical deep rotary tillage machine or a moldboard plow to plow and prepare the land, with a tillage depth of 20 - 45 cm; The organic fertilizer includes well-rotted high-quality farmyard manure; the dosage of the well-rotted high-quality farmyard manure is 37,500 - 45,000 kg / hm 2 ; The sowing rate of Astragalus membranaceus is 525,000 - 675,000 plants / hm 2 , and the seeding rate of Vicia sativa is 37.5 kg / hm 2 ; The method of using film-covered exposed cultivation is specifically operated as follows: shovel a gentle slope of 30 cm wide and 10 cm high along the edge row, place the heads of the astragalus seedlings along the slope with an inclination of 4 to 6 cm between the plants, cover the astragalus seedlings with soil after placing them, and cover with 30 cm of black film to ensure that the heads of the astragalus seedlings are exposed from the film by 1 to 2 cm, and then gradually raise the slope, place the seedlings and cover them with film; The variety of the astragalus seedlings is Xiqi No. 1, with a root head thickness of more than 5mm and a length of 15 to 20cm; the variety of the arrow-shaped pea is Lanjian No.

2.

2. The method for green strip planting of Astragalus membranaceus and Vicia sativa according to claim 1, characterized in that, The medicaments used for artificial pest control include one or more of 20% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, 50% pirimicarb wettable powder, 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 15% pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate.

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