The method for planting tomatoes and strawberries by using water storage and fertilizer preservation substrates in rotation

Abstract

The present application belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, and particularly relates to a planting technology method for antagonizing diseases and pests by using water storage and fertilizer preservation substrate to rotate tomatoes and strawberries. The present application innovatively adopts a tomato and strawberry rotation planting system, compost high-temperature sterilization and disinfection, comprehensive physical prevention and biological prevention, and a combined use mode in the process of disease and pest prevention of tomato and strawberry rotation, so that the abandoned substrate can also reach an environment suitable for the growth of strawberries and tomatoes, thereby being beneficial to improving the yield of strawberries and tomatoes and improving economic benefits, and also being capable of effectively reducing crop diseases. In addition, the organic microbial fertilizer obtained by the method of the present application can not only activate the nutrients of the abandoned substrate, promote plant growth, improve fruit quality, and increase yield, but also promote water absorption, improve the drought resistance of crops, decompose plant root residues, inhibit soil diseases and pests, and at the same time, the formula material cost is low, the process is simple, and the quality is stable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, and relates to soilless substrate cultivation technology, specifically to a planting technique and method for rotating tomatoes and strawberries with water-retaining and fertilizer-preserving substrates to resist pests and diseases. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, substrate cultivation in my country has entered a stage of rapid development, with unprecedented increases in both the area and technical level of substrate cultivation. The United States is one of the earliest countries to apply substrate cultivation and was also the first in the world to commercialize it, but its cultivation area is not large, and most of it is concentrated in arid and desert regions. However, substrate cultivation also has many problems. After multiple cropping, it leaves behind many rotten roots, pathogens or insect eggs, salt, and even nematodes. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of the substrate itself change, significantly affecting cultivation results. Crops are susceptible to diseases and pests such as gray mold, powdery mildew, anthracnose, bacterial wilt, blossom-end rot, spider mites, and thrips during their growth. With the widespread use of antibiotics and other agricultural products, the resistance of crop pathogens is increasing, causing obstacles to continuous cropping. Replacing the substrate annually increases planting costs, thereby reducing planting efficiency. How to extend the lifespan of the substrate, reduce diseases and pests, and lower input costs has become a crucial problem that substrate cultivation must solve. Therefore, there are many methods for preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles both domestically and internationally, such as optimizing planting systems, adopting biological control, or using crop rotation to eliminate these obstacles. However, crop rotation is not simply a matter of alternating between two crops; it requires consideration of different crops' adaptability to the substrate, such as the substrate's water retention capacity, porosity, and rhizosphere microorganisms. For example, strawberries have high requirements for the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, requiring good drainage and a loose structure, while tomatoes, due to their strong transpiration, require high water retention capacity. In Anhui Province, the growing season for strawberries is generally from April (seedling cultivation), early September (transplanting), to late April of the following year (harvesting), with a greenhouse idle period from May to August each year. Therefore, strawberry cultivation involves a relatively long period of greenhouse downtime. Furthermore, for continuously cropped strawberries, it is necessary to replace the substrate and replenish nutrients significantly after several crops; otherwise, the yield and quality of the subsequent strawberry crop may decline. On the other hand, excessive fertilization and irrigation in pursuit of yield wastes water and fertilizer resources and pollutes the water environment. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the problems of frequent substrate replacement required after multiple cropping cycles in current soilless cultivation of strawberries and the long idle period of strawberry greenhouses from May to August each year, this invention provides a cultivation technique for rotating tomatoes and strawberries using a water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining substrate to antagonize pests and diseases. This method employs a novel humic acid-modified water-absorbing and water-retaining agent with a semi-interpenetrating network structure, combined with waste substrate to create a slow-release compound fertilizer for strawberry-tomato rotation.

[0004] Because commonly used substrates often have poor water and fertilizer retention properties, leading to waste of water and fertilizer resources and agricultural non-point source pollution, this invention employs solution polymerization and semi-interpenetrating network technology to interweave linear polymer slow-release materials (phosphate rock, potassium humate, etc.) and microbial attachment carriers (biochar) into a three-dimensional network of water-absorbing and water-retaining polymers (polyacrylamide). This results in a novel humic acid-modified water-absorbing and water-retaining slow-release composite material with a semi-interpenetrating network structure. This composite material is then used in the composting process of organic microbial fertilizers to improve the quality of the cultivation substrate, thereby optimizing crop rotation methods and ensuring the effectiveness of tomato and strawberry crop rotation. Specifically, this invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0005] The planting method for antagonistic pests and diseases of tomatoes and strawberries using water-retaining and fertilizer-preserving substrate rotation, as described in this invention, includes the following steps:

[0006] (1) The strawberry waste substrate generated from strawberry planting is mixed with microbial fertilizer materials, biocontrol bacteria A, and biochar water-retaining agent and treated by aerobic composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer A. Then, organic microbial fertilizer A is mixed with cultivation substrate materials to obtain a substrate for tomato planting and tomato planting is carried out. The biocontrol bacteria A includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophyte and Paecilomyces lilacinus.

[0007] (2) The waste substrate from tomato planting is mixed with microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria B, and biochar water-retaining agent and treated with aerobic composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer B. Then, organic microbial fertilizer B is mixed with cultivation substrate materials to obtain a substrate for strawberry planting and strawberry planting is carried out. The biocontrol bacteria B includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophyte and Trichoderma harzianum.

[0008] The microbial fertilizer materials include waste rice husks, sheep manure, and rapeseed cake; the biochar water-retaining agent is prepared by aqueous solution polymerization of biochar with phosphate rock powder, fly ash, polyacrylamide, potassium humate, ammonium persulfate, and N,N'-methyleneacrylamide.

[0009] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the volume ratio of the strawberry waste substrate to the microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria A, and biochar water-retaining agent in step (1) is 100:400-500:3-5:0.2-0.5; and the volume ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophagus, and Paecilomyces lilacinus in biocontrol bacteria A is 1-2:1-2:1-2:1-2.

[0010] In the above-mentioned planting method, preferably, the preparation process of the organic microbial fertilizer A in step (1) is an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting process, which includes the following steps: adding azotobacter chrysophyll and biochar water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage of composting; adding Bacillus subtilis when the composting temperature reaches 40-50℃; adding strawberry waste substrate when the composting temperature reaches above 60℃; adding Bacillus megaterium when the composting temperature drops to 40-50℃; adding Paecilomyces lilacinus when the composting temperature drops to ambient temperature, and continuing natural composting for 20-40 days.

[0011] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the volume ratio of the tomato waste substrate to the microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria B, and biochar water-retaining agent in step (2) is 100:400-500:3-5:0.2-0.5; and the volume ratio of Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: Azotobacter chrysophyte: Trichoderma harzianum in Bacillus subtilis is 1-2:1-2:1-2:1-2.

[0012] In the above-mentioned planting method, preferably, the preparation process of the organic microbial fertilizer B in step (2) is an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting process, which includes the following steps: mixing the microbial fertilizer material B into compost, adding azotobacter chrysophyll and biochar water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage of composting; adding Bacillus subtilis when the composting temperature reaches 40-50℃; adding strawberry waste substrate when the composting temperature reaches above 60℃; adding Bacillus megaterium when the composting temperature drops to 40-50℃; adding Trichoderma harzianum when the composting temperature drops to ambient temperature, and allowing it to naturally decompose for 20-40 days.

[0013] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the volume ratio of waste rice husks, sheep manure, and rapeseed cake in the microbial fertilizer material is 100:60-70:25-35.

[0014] In the above-described planting method, the preferred method for preparing the biochar water-retaining agent is as follows: Take 1-2 parts by weight of phosphate rock powder, 1-2 parts of fly ash, 9-10 parts of polyacrylamide, 1-2 parts of potassium humate, 4-5 parts of biochar, 0.3-0.5 parts of ammonium persulfate, and 0.01-0.03 parts of N,N'-methyleneacrylamide, add water according to the aqueous solution polymerization method, stir at 80-85℃ for 1-1.5 hours, dry, pulverize, and sieve to obtain the product.

[0015] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the fresh substrate for tomato cultivation in step (1) includes peat moss, coconut coir, and earthworm castings, with the following volume ratio: 3-4 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, and 1-2 parts earthworm castings; the fresh substrate for tomato cultivation is a substrate that has not been used to cultivate any crops; the volume ratio of the fresh substrate for tomato cultivation to organic microbial fertilizer A is: 3-4 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 1-2 parts earthworm castings, and 4-5 parts organic microbial fertilizer A.

[0016] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the fresh substrate for strawberry cultivation in step (2) includes peat moss, coconut coir, and earthworm castings, with the following volume ratio: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, and 1-2 parts perlite; the volume ratio of the fresh substrate for strawberry cultivation to organic microbial fertilizer B is: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, 1-2 parts perlite, and 3-4 parts organic microbial fertilizer B.

[0017] As a preferred planting method, the present invention may include the following steps:

[0018] S1, using fresh strawberry cultivation substrate for strawberry planting:

[0019] The fresh substrate is a substrate that has not been planted with any crops, and its volume composition ratio is: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, and 1-2 parts perlite.

[0020] S2 uses the waste substrate from strawberry cultivation in S1 for tomato cultivation:

[0021] The strawberry waste substrate is pretreated by watering it thoroughly every 10 days to leach away excess salt, covering it with a film, and composting it for 20-30 days. Then, it is mixed with microbial fertilizer and biocontrol bacteria A and processed using an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting and fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer A. Organic microbial fertilizer A is then mixed with fresh tomato cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate for tomato cultivation. When adding the strawberry waste substrate, it is added in 2-4 batches.

[0022] S3 uses the waste substrate from tomatoes grown in S2 for strawberry cultivation:

[0023] Pre-treat the waste tomato substrate: water it thoroughly every 10 days to leach away excess salt, cover it with film, and compost it for 20-30 days; then mix it with microbial fertilizer materials and biocontrol bacteria B and process it according to the aerobic step-by-step inoculation composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer B. Then mix the organic microbial fertilizer B with fresh strawberry cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate for strawberry planting.

[0024] The waste tomato substrate is treated with a biocontrol agent or biocontrol fertilizer (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: Azotobacter chrysophagus: Trichoderma harzianum = 1:1:1:1) through an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting process. At the same time, 0.2-0.3% of the volume of biochar water-retaining agent is added during the heating stage. The waste substrate: organic fertilizer material = 1:4-5 (volume ratio). The waste substrate is added in three times during the high-temperature stage of the aerobic fermentation process.

[0025] S4, Repeat step S2 to plant tomatoes;

[0026] S5, Repeat step S3 to plant strawberries.

[0027] In the above-described planting method, preferably, the preparation process of the organic microbial fertilizer A in step S2 may include: 1) Pretreatment process: thoroughly watering the strawberry waste substrate every 10 days (so that excess salt can be leached away), covering it with film, and composting for 20-30 days; 2) Composting process: mixing 100 parts of agricultural waste rice husks (by volume), 65 parts of sheep manure, and 30 parts of rapeseed cake into compost; 3) Aerobic stepwise inoculation process: adding nitrogen-fixing bacteria and biochar water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage of composting. Add 0.2-0.5 parts of the organic fertilizer B to the composting process, turning and mixing to adjust the moisture content to 60-65%. When the compost temperature reaches 40-50℃, add Bacillus subtilis. When the compost temperature reaches above 60℃, add waste substrate in 3-4 batches, turning and mixing until the temperature drops below 60℃. At 40-50℃, add Bacillus megaterium. When the compost temperature drops to ambient temperature, add Paecilomyces lilacinus and allow it to decompose naturally for about one month (20-40 days). Alternatively, the preparation process of organic fertilizer B described in step S3 can be similar to that of organic fertilizer A, except that Trichoderma harzianum is added when the compost temperature drops to ambient temperature, followed by natural decomposition.

[0028] This invention preferably uses phosphate rock powder, fly ash, and potassium humate as raw materials, ammonium persulfate as an initiator, N,N'-methyleneacrylamide as a photosensitive material and biochar as a carrier, and employs an aqueous solution polymerization method to produce a water-retaining agent. This agent is then added to the heating stage of organic microbial composting, along with waste substrate, and preferably a mixture of peat moss, coconut coir, and earthworm castings. Specifically, the preparation method of the biochar water-retaining agent is as follows: Take 1-2 parts by weight of phosphate rock powder, 1-2 parts of fly ash, 9-10 parts of acrylamide, 1-2 parts of potassium humate, 4-5 parts of biochar, 0.3-0.5 parts of ammonium persulfate, and 0.01-0.03 parts of N,N'-methyleneacrylamide. Add water according to the aqueous solution polymerization method, stir at 80-85℃ for 1-1.5 hours, dry, pulverize, and sieve to obtain the final product.

[0029] This invention prepares a humic acid-modified water-absorbing and water-retaining slow-release compound fertilizer with a semi-interpenetrating network structure. Specifically, this invention preferably uses phosphate rock powder, fly ash, and potassium humate as raw materials, ammonium persulfate as an initiator, N,N'-methyleneacrylamide as a photosensitive material as a crosslinking agent, and biochar slag as a carrier, employing an aqueous solution polymerization method to prepare a water-retaining agent. This agent is then added to the heating stage of organic microbial composting. During the high-temperature stage, waste substrate is added, and a mixture of peat moss, coconut coir, perlite, and earthworm castings is preferably prepared. Adding 0.2-0.5 parts of this water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage serves both to fix nitrogen and to protect the biocontrol bacteria from high-temperature damage. Because the water-retaining agent contains biochar, it also protects the composting bacteria from inactivation or deactivation due to high temperatures.

[0030] The organic microbial fertilizer of this invention is made by mixing agricultural waste rice husks, sheep manure, rapeseed cake, and biochar water-retaining agent, and then adding biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Trichoderma harzianum). This invention incorporates these biocontrol agents at different stages of the composting process based on their heat resistance and function. Figure 1 As shown in the diagram, the preferred nitrogen-fixing bacteria are added to the composting process along with the biochar water-retaining agent during the heating stage. This not only reduces ammonia loss during composting but also provides a suitable carrier for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria by utilizing the heat-insulating function of the biochar. The moisture content is adjusted to approximately 60-65%. The compost is piled into a cone shape, 2m long and 1.2m high. The pile is mechanically turned once a day, with water replenished as needed. The composting temperature is measured daily. When the temperature reaches above 60℃, 5-8% of the total volume of waste substrate is added each time, for a total of 3 times, according to the total volume of the pile, until the temperature drops below 60℃.

[0031] In this invention, the tomato planting substrate is prepared by mixing 3-4 parts of organic microbial fertilizer (by weight), 3-4 parts of peat moss, 1-2 parts of coconut coir, and 1-2 parts of earthworm castings. Directly mixing untreated waste substrate after planting can infect plants with pests and diseases. This invention uses biocontrol bacteria and composting to obtain organic microbial fertilizer, but this organic microbial fertilizer cannot be used directly for planting as it will burn seedlings and cause economic losses. Therefore, it needs to be mixed with commonly used cultivation substrates to obtain a substrate that can be directly used for planting. The strawberry planting substrate is prepared by aerobic composting of waste tomato substrate, rice husks, sheep manure, and rapeseed cake, maintaining a moisture content of 60-65% and a pH of 7-8. The temperature of the compost pile is measured daily at the same time to observe the degree of decomposition. Based on factors such as water retention, aeration, and nutrient content, the decomposed organic microbial fertilizer is mixed with different proportions of earthworm castings, coconut coir, and peat moss to prepare the strawberry planting substrate. A small amount of biochar and humic acid can also be added as needed.

[0032] When planting strawberries, water, fertilizer, temperature management, and other agricultural management should be carried out according to the commonly used methods for strawberry substrate cultivation or with reference to the Anhui Province Strawberry Planting Standards. When planting tomatoes, water, fertilizer, temperature management, and other agricultural management should be carried out according to the commonly used methods for tomato substrate cultivation or with reference to the Anhui Province Tomato Planting Standards.

[0033] This invention innovates the combined use of integrated cropping systems (tomato and strawberry rotation), integrated physical control (composting and high-temperature sterilization), and biological control (Azotobacter chrysotile, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Trichoderma harzianum) in the tomato and strawberry rotation process for pest and disease control. This invention employs a water-retaining and fertilizer-conserving substrate rotation technique for tomato and strawberry rotation, enabling waste substrate to achieve an environment suitable for strawberry and tomato growth, thereby increasing strawberry and tomato yields and economic benefits, while also effectively reducing crop diseases. The organic microbial fertilizer obtained by this method not only activates nutrients in waste substrate, promoting plant growth, improving fruit quality, and increasing yield, but also promotes water absorption, enhances crop drought resistance, decomposes plant root residues, and inhibits soil-borne pests and diseases. Furthermore, its formula has low material costs, simple processing, and stable quality. Attached Figure Description

[0034] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a step-by-step inoculation process for aerobic composting. Detailed Implementation

[0035] The following embodiments are further illustrations of the present invention and serve as explanations of the technical content of the present invention. However, the essence of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below. Those skilled in the art can and should know that any simple changes or substitutions based on the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope claimed by the present invention.

[0036] Preparation of biochar water-retaining agent: Take 1-2 parts of phosphate rock powder (by mass), 1-2 parts of fly ash, 9-10 parts of polyacrylamide, 1-2 parts of potassium humate, 4-5 parts of biochar, 0.3-0.5 parts of ammonium persulfate, and 0.01-0.03 parts of N,N'-methyleneacrylamide. Put them into a beaker and mix well. Add water according to the aqueous solution polymerization method. Place the beaker in a water bath at 80-85℃ and heat and stir continuously for 1-1.5 hours. Remove the beaker, dry it at 80℃, crush it, and sieve it to make a water-retaining agent.

[0037] Organic microbial fertilizer production process: 100 parts rice husks, 65 parts sheep manure, 30 parts rapeseed cake, 0.2-0.5 parts biochar water-retaining agent, and 1-2 parts biocontrol bacteria (a mixture of four types of bacteria: Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Paecilomyces lilacinus / Trichoderma harzianum = 1:1:1:1). This invention adds various microbial agents to the composting process at different stages based on their heat resistance and function. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium are added at the beginning of composting. Preferably, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are added along with the biochar water-retaining agent during the heating stage. This not only reduces ammonia loss during composting but also utilizes the heat-insulating function of biochar to provide a suitable carrier for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The moisture content is adjusted to approximately 60-65%. The mixture is piled into a cone 2m long and 1.2m high. The compost pile is mechanically turned over once a day, and water is added as needed. The compost temperature is measured daily. When the temperature reaches above 60℃, 5-8% of the total volume of waste substrate is added each time, in three batches, until the temperature drops below 60℃ and the compost is fully decomposed.

[0038] Because strawberries have high economic value, and their entire growing cycle is from September to April of the following year, this invention proposes a strawberry-tomato rotation model to improve greenhouse productivity. The rotation model in the following embodiment is as follows: the first crop of strawberries is planted from September 2021 to April 2022; the first crop of tomatoes (“Wanza 20” and “Jinying”) is planted from April to June 2022; the second crop of strawberries is planted from September 2022 to April 2023; and the second crop of tomatoes (“Meicheng”, “Huangli”, and “Lübaoshi”) is planted from April to June 2023. Planting can be carried out using the elevated cultivation device (authorization announcement number CN219577908U) developed by the inventor for strawberry planting, seedling raising, and tomato intercropping.

[0039] Tomatoes are grown using a suspended substrate bag planting method (polyethylene plastic bags with built-in drainage outlets), with each substrate bag serving as a planting unit. Holes are made at the top of the substrate bag, and three tomato plants are planted in each bag. The same number of substrate bags are used for each formulation.

[0040] Table 1. Experiment on water-retaining agent and organic microbial fertilizer substrate

[0041]

[0042]

[0043] Table 2. Crop Rotation and Continuous Crop Experiments

[0044] time Planting methods Crop cultivation matrix 2021.9 Individual planting strawberry fresh substrate 2022.4 Individual planting tomato fresh substrate 2022.4 Crop rotation tomato Strawberry waste substrate 2022.9 Crop rotation strawberry Waste substrate for tomatoes 2022..9 continuous strawberry Strawberry waste substrate 2023.4 continuous tomato Waste substrate for tomatoes

[0045] Example 1

[0046] In September 2021, strawberry cultivation was carried out at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Fresh substrate (without any crops planted) was used, and the substrate formula (by volume) was 4 parts peat moss, 3 parts earthworm castings, 2 parts coconut coir, and 1 part perlite.

[0047] Strawberry planting methods:

[0048] Strawberry planting began in mid-to-late September 2021, with 4 plants per pot, arranged in two rows with a row spacing of 0.1m; or 2 plants per row with a plant spacing of 0.2m. When planting, the curved, convex side of the rhizome should face the edge of the pot, ensuring the roots are not exposed and the central stem is not buried. The arched rhizome should be level with the surface of the substrate. The strawberry plants are oriented with the arched side facing the aisle, facilitating the fruit clusters to the sides and improving ventilation, management, and harvesting. The standard transplanting depth is such that after watering and settling, the crown of the seedling is still slightly above the substrate surface; that is, the crown should not be buried too deep, and the roots should not be exposed. The crown should be 0.5–1cm above the substrate surface. Water thoroughly on the day of planting until the substrate is completely saturated.

[0049] In late November 2021, when the number of strawberry buds was ≥50%, a low-density polyethylene silver-gray mulch film (silver side up, black side down) 20-25cm wide was used to cover the greenhouse to reduce humidity and reduce the outbreak of gray mold on rainy days in winter.

[0050] In mid-December 2021, about 10 days after the strawberry bloom, bees were placed in the greenhouse. The beehive outlet was placed under the strawberry rack in the center of the greenhouse, ensuring good ventilation. The bees were fed a sugar-to-water ratio of 2:1, with the sugar syrup being added again when it was almost dry.

[0051] For water, fertilizer, temperature management, and other agricultural management of strawberries, follow the common methods for strawberry substrate cultivation or refer to the Anhui Province Strawberry Planting Standards.

[0052] Example 2

[0053] Tomatoes were planted in April 2022 at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province (117°27'E, 31°96'N). Fresh substrate (without any other crops planted) was used, with a substrate formula of 4 parts peat moss, 3 parts earthworm castings, and 1 part coconut coir. At the same time, strawberries were in the late stages of harvest, and strawberry planting ended in May 2022.

[0054] Tomato planting methods:

[0055] Tomato cultivation utilizes a suspended substrate bag planting method (polyethylene plastic bags with built-in drainage outlets), with each substrate bag constituting a planting unit. The substrate bags are 110cm long x 20cm wide, with a hole at the top, and three tomato plants are planted in each bag. The same number of substrate bags are used for each formula. Transplanting of tomatoes was completed on April 13, 2022. When removing seedlings from the seedling trays, avoid pinching the base of the stem; instead, lift the seedling by the area below the growing point. The transplanting depth should be such that after watering and settling, the crown of the seedling is still slightly above the substrate surface—not burying the crown, not exposing the roots—with the crown 0.5-1cm above the substrate surface. Water thoroughly on the day of transplanting until the substrate is completely saturated. If possible, provide shade for 2-3 days to prevent dehydration of the tomatoes.

[0056] Place bees during the tomato flowering period, with the hive outlet located under the elevated structure in the center of the greenhouse. Ensure proper ventilation in the greenhouse. Feed the bees a sugar-to-water ratio of 2:1, adding more sugar syrup when the syrup is nearly dry.

[0057] For water, fertilizer, temperature management and other agricultural management of tomatoes, follow the common methods of tomato substrate cultivation or refer to the Anhui Province tomato planting specifications.

[0058] Example 3-1

[0059] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was carried out at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province, using untreated tomato waste substrate. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0060] Example 3-2

[0061] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was conducted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste tomato substrate was used, which underwent aerobic composting with biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Trichoderma harzianum = 1:1:1:1). The waste substrate and organic microbial fertilizer were added in a 1:4 volume ratio during the high-temperature stage of the aerobic fermentation process, in three separate additions. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0062] Example 3-3

[0063] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was conducted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste tomato substrate was used, with 0.25% biochar water-retaining agent added by volume. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0064] Examples 3-4

[0065] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was conducted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste tomato substrate was used, which underwent aerobic composting with biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Trichoderma harzianum = 1:1:1:1). The waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio was 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added during the high-temperature stage of the aerobic fermentation process, in three separate additions, along with 0.25% (by volume) of biochar water-retaining agent. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0066] Example 4-1

[0067] Tomatoes were planted in April 2023 at the CAS Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province (117°27'E, 31°96'N), using untreated strawberry waste substrate from 2022. Tomato planting management: same as in Example 2.

[0068] Example 4-2

[0069] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste substrate from the 2022 strawberry harvest was used. This substrate was treated using an aerobic composting process with biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Paecilomyces lilacinus = 1:1:1:1), with a waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio of 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added in three stages during the high-temperature phase of the aerobic fermentation process. Simultaneously, the strawberry harvest was nearing its end, and strawberry planting concluded in May 2023. Tomato planting and management methods were the same as in Example 2.

[0070] Example 4-3

[0071] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the CAS Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. The substrate was made from waste strawberry substrate from 2022, with 0.25% biochar water-retaining agent added by volume.

[0072] The tomato planting method is the same as in Example 2.

[0073] Example 4-4

[0074] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste substrate from strawberry production in 2022 was used. This substrate was treated using an aerobic composting process with biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Paecilomyces lilacinus = 1:1:1:1), with a waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio of 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added during the high-temperature stage of the aerobic fermentation process, in three separate additions, along with 0.25% (by volume) of biochar water-retaining agent. The tomato planting method was the same as in Example 2.

[0075] Comparative Example 1

[0076] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was carried out at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Strawberry waste substrate from 2021 was used for continuous cropping, and the strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0077] Comparative Example 2

[0078] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was conducted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Strawberry plants were continuously grown using waste substrate from the 2021 strawberry crop. This substrate was treated with aerobic composting using biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria = 1:1:1), with a waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio of 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added in three stages during the high-temperature phase of the aerobic fermentation process. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0079] Comparative Example 3

[0080] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was carried out at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Strawberry waste substrate from 2021 was used for continuous cropping, with 0.25% biochar water-retaining agent added to the substrate by volume. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0081] Comparative Example 4

[0082] In September 2022, strawberry cultivation was conducted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Strawberry cultivation was carried out using waste substrate from the 2021 strawberry crop. This substrate was treated with aerobic composting using biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria = 1:1:1). The waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio was 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added in three stages during the high-temperature phase of the aerobic fermentation process, along with 0.25% (by volume) of biochar water-retaining agent. The strawberry cultivation method was the same as in Example 1.

[0083] Comparative Example 5

[0084] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the CAS Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Tomatoes were continuously planted using waste substrate from the 2022 tomato crop, and the tomato planting method was the same as in Example 2.

[0085] Comparative Example 6

[0086] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Waste substrate from the 2022 tomato harvest was used for continuous cropping. This substrate was treated with aerobic composting using biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria = 1:1:1), with a waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio of 1:4 (volume ratio). The waste substrate was added in three stages during the high-temperature phase of the aerobic fermentation process. The tomato planting method was the same as in Example 2.

[0087] Comparative Example 7

[0088] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Tomatoes were grown using waste substrate from the 2022 tomato crop, with 0.25% biochar water-retaining agent added by volume to the substrate. The tomato planting method was the same as in Example 2.

[0089] Comparative Example 8

[0090] In April 2023, tomatoes were planted at the Zhongke Smart Agriculture Collaborative Innovation Research Institute (117°27'E, 31°96'N) in Changfeng County, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Tomatoes were continuously grown using waste substrate from the 2022 tomato crop. This substrate was treated with aerobic composting using biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: nitrogen-fixing bacteria = 1:1:1). The waste substrate to organic microbial fertilizer ratio was 1:4 (by volume). The waste substrate was added in three stages during the high-temperature phase of the aerobic fermentation process, along with 0.25% (by volume) of biochar water-retaining agent. The tomato planting method was the same as in Example 2.

[0091] The yield, disease incidence, and water retention (bulk density and porosity) of strawberries and tomatoes grown in the above examples and comparative examples from 2021 to 2023 were statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in the table below:

[0092] Table 3. Effect Test

[0093]

[0094]

[0095] As can be seen from the above embodiments and comparative examples, the planting method of rotating tomatoes and strawberries with water-retaining and fertilizer-preserving substrates in this invention, which antagonizes pests and diseases, ensures that the substrate bulk density and total porosity are suitable for the growth of strawberries and tomatoes, resulting in higher yields for both strawberries and tomatoes, thereby improving economic benefits, while also effectively reducing diseases.

[0096] It should be noted that the above-described technical content of this invention is merely an explanation and clarification to enable those skilled in the art to understand the technical essence of this invention, and therefore is not intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention. The scope of protection of this invention should be determined by the claims. Those skilled in the art should understand that any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made based on the essential spirit of this invention should be within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A planting method for antagonistic pest and disease control of tomatoes and strawberries using a water-retaining and fertilizer-conserving substrate rotation system, characterized in that... Including the following steps: (1) The strawberry waste substrate generated from strawberry planting is mixed with microbial fertilizer material, biocontrol bacteria A, and biochar water-retaining agent and treated by aerobic composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer A. Then, organic microbial fertilizer A is mixed with cultivation substrate material to obtain substrate for tomato planting and tomato planting is carried out. The biocontrol bacteria A includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophyte and Paecilomyces lilacinus. The volume ratio of the strawberry waste substrate to the microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria A, and biochar water-retaining agent is 100:400-500:3-5:0.2-0.5; the volume ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophagus, and Paecilomyces lilacinus in biocontrol bacteria A is 1-2:1-2:1-2:1-2; The preparation process of the organic microbial fertilizer A is an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting process, which includes the following steps: adding Azotobacter chrysophagus and biochar water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage of composting, turning and turning, and adjusting the moisture content to 60-65%; adding Bacillus subtilis when the composting temperature reaches 40-50℃; adding strawberry waste substrate when the composting temperature reaches above 60℃; adding Bacillus megaterium when the composting temperature drops to 40-50℃; adding Paecilomyces lilacinus when the composting temperature drops to ambient temperature, and continuing natural composting for 20-40 days; (2) The waste substrate from tomato planting is mixed with microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria B, and biochar water-retaining agent and treated with aerobic composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer B. Then, organic microbial fertilizer B is mixed with cultivation substrate materials to obtain a substrate for strawberry planting and strawberry planting is carried out. The biocontrol bacteria B includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chrysophyte and Trichoderma harzianum. The volume ratio of the tomato waste substrate to the microbial fertilizer, biocontrol bacteria B, and biochar water-retaining agent is 100:400-500:3-5:0.2-0.5; the volume ratio of Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus megaterium: Azotobacter chrysophyte: Trichoderma harzianum in Bacillus subtilis is 1-2:1-2:1-2:1-2; The microbial fertilizer materials include waste rice husks, sheep manure, and rapeseed cake; the biochar water-retaining agent is prepared by aqueous solution polymerization of biochar with phosphate rock powder, fly ash, polyacrylamide, potassium humate, ammonium persulfate, and N,N'-methyleneacrylamide. The preparation process of the organic microbial fertilizer B is an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting process, which includes the following steps: adding Azotobacter chrysophagus and biochar water-retaining agent during the initial heating stage of composting, turning and turning, and adjusting the moisture content to 60-65%; adding Bacillus subtilis when the composting temperature rises to 40-50℃; adding tomato waste substrate when the composting temperature reaches above 60℃; adding Bacillus megaterium when the composting temperature drops to 40-50℃; adding Trichoderma harzianum when the composting temperature drops to ambient temperature, and allowing it to naturally decompose for 20-40 days.

2. The planting method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In the microbial fertilizer material, the volume ratio of waste rice husks, sheep manure, and rapeseed cake is 100:60-70:25-35.

3. The planting method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation method of the biochar water-retaining agent is as follows: Take 1-2 parts by weight of phosphate rock powder, 1-2 parts by weight of fly ash, 9-10 parts by weight of polyacrylamide, 1-2 parts by weight of potassium humate, 4-5 parts by weight of biochar, 0.3-0.5 parts by weight of ammonium persulfate, and 0.01-0.03 parts by weight of N,N'-methyleneacrylamide. Add water according to the aqueous solution polymerization method, stir at 80-85℃ for 1-1.5 hours, dry, pulverize and sieve to obtain the product.

4. The planting method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, using fresh strawberry cultivation substrate for strawberry planting: The volumetric composition of the fresh substrate is as follows: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, and 1-2 parts perlite. S2 uses the waste substrate from strawberry cultivation in S1 for tomato cultivation: The waste strawberry substrate is first pretreated by watering it thoroughly every 10 days to leach away excess salt, covering it with a film, and composting it for 20-30 days. Then it is mixed with microbial fertilizer and biocontrol bacteria A and treated with an aerobic stepwise inoculation composting and fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer A. Then organic microbial fertilizer A is mixed with fresh tomato cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate for tomato cultivation. Tomatoes are then planted. When adding strawberry waste substrate, add it in 2-4 batches. S3 uses the waste substrate from tomatoes grown in S2 for strawberry cultivation: Pre-treat the waste tomato substrate: water it thoroughly every 10 days to leach away excess salt, cover it with film, and compost it for 20-30 days; then mix it with microbial fertilizer materials and biocontrol bacteria B and process it according to the aerobic step-by-step inoculation composting fermentation process to obtain organic microbial fertilizer B. Then mix the organic microbial fertilizer B with fresh strawberry cultivation substrate to obtain a substrate for strawberry planting. S4, Repeat step S2 to plant tomatoes; S5, Repeat step S3 to plant strawberries.

5. The planting method as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The fresh substrate for tomato cultivation in step (S1) includes peat moss, coconut coir, and earthworm castings, with a volume ratio of 3-4 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, and 1-2 parts earthworm castings. The fresh substrate for tomato cultivation is a substrate that has not been used to cultivate any crops. The volume ratio of the cultivation substrate materials to organic microbial fertilizer A is 3-4 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 1-2 parts earthworm castings, and 4-5 parts organic microbial fertilizer A.

6. The planting method as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The fresh substrate for strawberry cultivation in step (S2) includes peat moss, coconut coir, and earthworm castings, with the following volume ratio: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, and 1-2 parts perlite; the volume ratio of the cultivation substrate material to organic microbial fertilizer B is: 3-5 parts peat moss, 1-2 parts coconut coir, 2-4 parts earthworm castings, 1-2 parts perlite, and 3-4 parts organic microbial fertilizer B.

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