Ultra wide band antenna assembly

Abstract

Example antenna assemblies are provided. In one example embodiment, the antenna assembly includes a substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface. The antenna assembly includes a ground plane. The antenna assembly includes a curved conical portion and a top portion. The top portion includes an undulating annular ring disposed on the curved conical portion.

Description

[0001] Priority declaration

[0002] This application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 336,442, filed on April 29, 2022, and entitled “ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNA ASSEMBLY,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to an antenna assembly, and more particularly to an ultra-wideband antenna assembly configured to provide more uniform gain and more uniform phase in multiple directions over a large frequency bandwidth (eg, from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz). Background Art

[0004] Antennas can be used to facilitate wireless communications between devices. It is desirable for antennas to operate over a wide frequency range, such as in an ultra-high frequency band (e.g., from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz). Frequencies in the ultra-high frequency band can span the S-band, C-band, and X-band. Antennas that can operate in these frequency bands can be used for a variety of applications, including satellite communications, radar, weather radar, navigation aids, ship identification and tracking, air traffic control, in-flight Wifi, spacecraft telemetry, and other applications. Summary of the invention

[0005] Various aspects and advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be learned from the description, or may be learned through practice of the embodiments.

[0006] An example embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to an antenna assembly. The antenna assembly includes a substrate having a first surface and an opposite second surface. The antenna assembly includes a ground plane. The antenna assembly includes a curved conical portion and a top portion. The top portion includes an undulating annular ring disposed on the curved conical portion.

[0007] These and other features, aspects and advantages of various embodiments will be better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims.The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the relevant principles. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] A detailed discussion of embodiments for those of ordinary skill in the art is set forth in this specification with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0009] Figure 1depicts a perspective view of an antenna assembly according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0010] Figure 2 depicts a side view of an antenna assembly according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0011] Figure 3 depicts a top view of an antenna assembly according to example aspects of the present disclosure;

[0012] Figure 4 An electronic device having an antenna assembly according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure is described;

[0013] Figure 5 An antenna assembly including an array of antenna elements according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure is described;

[0014] Figure 6 An antenna assembly including an array of antenna elements according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure is described;

[0015] Figure 7 Describes S11 parameters of an example antenna assembly according to example aspects of the present disclosure;

[0016] Figure 8 describes the efficiency of an example antenna assembly according to example aspects of the present disclosure;

[0017] Fig. 9A , Fig. 9B and Fig. 9C Describes example radiation patterns of example antenna assemblies according to example aspects of the present disclosure;

[0018] Fig. 10A , Fig. 10B and Fig. 10C Describes example radiation patterns of example antenna assemblies according to example aspects of the present disclosure; and

[0019] Fig.11A , Fig. 11B and Fig. 11C Example radiation patterns of example antenna assemblies according to example aspects of the present disclosure are described. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Each example is provided in a manner that explains the embodiments rather than limiting the disclosure. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. For example, a feature illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in conjunction with another embodiment to produce a further embodiment. Therefore, aspects of the disclosure are intended to encompass such modifications and variations.

[0021] Example aspects of the present disclosure relate to an antenna assembly. In some antenna applications, such as in applications where determining angle of arrival or time of flight is important, it may be useful to have an antenna or antenna array with antenna elements that can provide uniform gain and uniform phase in all or nearly all directions over a wide frequency range (e.g., frequencies ranging from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz).

[0022] For example, in one example, it may be useful to provide an ultra-wideband antenna array with antenna elements having more uniform phase and more uniform gain in all directions or nearly all directions to determine the angle of arrival over short distances (e.g., less than 100 meters, such as less than 50 meters). In some embodiments, it may be useful to provide an ultra-wideband antenna array with antenna elements having more uniform phase and gain in all directions or nearly all directions to determine the angle of arrival over short distances (e.g., less than 100 meters, such as less than 50 meters).

[0023] According to example aspects of the present disclosure, an antenna assembly may include a substrate (e.g., a circuit board) having a first surface and an opposite second surface. The antenna assembly may include a ground plane. The antenna assembly may include an antenna having a curved conical portion and a top portion. The top portion may include an undulating annular ring disposed on a base portion. In some embodiments, the top portion may be integral with the base portion.

[0024] In some embodiments, the antenna may include a base portion. The curved conical portion may extend from the base portion. The base portion may be integral with the curved conical portion or may be a separate structure coupled to the curved conical portion. The base portion may be used to secure the antenna to a substrate. The feed of the antenna may be directly coupled to the curved conical portion and / or the base portion.

[0025] In some embodiments, the undulating annular ring may include a plurality of curved peaks and a plurality of curved valleys. The height of the curved peaks may be greater than the height of the curved valleys. In some embodiments, the undulating annular ring may include three curved peaks and three curved valleys. In some embodiments, the plurality of curved peaks may appear at regular intervals around the annular ring. In some embodiments, the undulating annular ring includes a sinusoidal structure.

[0026] In some embodiments, the combined height of the curved conical structure and the top portion can range from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter of the undulating annular ring can range from about 8.5 mm to about 12.5 mm. As used herein, the term "about" used in conjunction with a numerical value refers to a value that falls within 15% of the stated numerical value.

[0027] In some embodiments, a substrate (e.g., a circuit board) may have a first surface and an opposite second surface. A ground plane may be disposed on the first surface. The antenna may extend from the second surface in a direction substantially perpendicular to the second surface. As used herein, the term "substantially perpendicular" means within 15 degrees of perpendicular.

[0028] In some embodiments, the antenna can be configured to provide an S11 parameter of about -3dB or less at a frequency in the range of about 5GHz to about 14.5GHz. In some embodiments, the antenna can be configured to provide an omnidirectional radiation pattern at a frequency in the range of about 3GHz to about 10GHz. As used herein, the term "omnidirectional radiation pattern" means a radiation pattern with uniform gain (e.g., a gain within 5% of a specified gain amplitude) at at least 345 degrees about the antenna in at least one plane. In some embodiments, the antenna can be configured to provide -5dB or higher efficiency at a frequency in the range of about 6GHz to about 10GHz.

[0029] Another example aspect of the present disclosure may include an antenna array that includes a plurality of antenna elements (e.g., at least two antenna elements, such as at least three antenna elements). For example, each antenna element may include a curved conical portion and a top portion. The top portion may be integral with the curved conical portion. The top portion may include an undulating sinusoidal annular ring. In some embodiments, each antenna element may include one or more aspects of any of the antennas described in the present disclosure.

[0030] In some embodiments, the antenna array may include antenna elements extending in different directions. For example, the antenna array may include a first antenna element extending in a first direction. The antenna array may include a second antenna element extending in a second direction. The antenna array may include a third antenna element extending in a third direction. Each of the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction may be a different direction. In some embodiments, each of the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction may be substantially perpendicular to each other.

[0031] Another example aspect of the present disclosure relates to an electronic device including an antenna assembly according to an example aspect of the present disclosure. The antenna assembly may include one or more aspects of any of the antenna assemblies described herein. In some embodiments, the antenna assembly may be an antenna array. Without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, the electronic device may be used for various purposes and applications. The antenna assembly may be used to facilitate wireless communication between the electronic device and one or more remote devices on various frequency bands, such as frequency bands including frequencies in the range from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz.

[0032] One or more antenna assemblies according to example aspects of the present disclosure may provide many technical effects and benefits. For example, an antenna assembly according to example aspects of the present disclosure may provide increased uniformity in gain and phase in an omnidirectional radiation pattern over a wide frequency range (e.g., frequencies in a range from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz).

[0033] In one example, the antenna assembly can be used for angle of arrival and / or time of flight applications in short-range applications, such as a distance less than about 100 meters, such as a distance less than about 75 meters, such as a distance less than about 50 meters, such as a distance less than about 25 meters. For example, according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure, the antenna assembly may include a plurality of antenna elements. Each of these antenna elements may have uniform gain and / or phase in an omnidirectional pattern. For example, by processing the timing and phase information of the received signals on different antenna elements (e.g., measuring the difference in the received time or the difference in the received phase at each antenna element), the signals incident on the different antenna elements may be processed to determine the time of flight and / or angle of arrival. The difference in the received phase may be used to determine the angle of arrival of the received signal at the array. The difference in the received time may be used to determine the time of flight of the received signal at the array. Providing antenna elements with omnidirectional uniformity in phase and gain may improve the accuracy of angle of arrival measurements and time of flight measurements.

[0034] Determining the angle of arrival and time of flight over short distances may be particularly useful. For example, in keyless entry applications, determination of the angle of arrival and / or time of flight may be used to determine whether signals are being received by legitimate entry devices, or whether they are coming from devices whose security is compromised (e.g., a device that is not located where it should be). For example, this is particularly useful in preventing unauthorized or keyless entry information from being collected by devices that are not located near equipment (e.g., a motor vehicle) or premises (e.g., a building).

[0035] Referring now to the drawings, example embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described.

[0036] Figures 1 to 3 An example antenna assembly 100 is described according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. The antenna assembly 100 includes an antenna 102 having a curved conical portion 110 and a top portion 120. In particular, Figure 2 As shown in , the antenna assembly 100 may include a substrate 140 (e.g., a circuit board). The antenna 102 may extend from the substrate 140 in a generally vertical direction. The substrate 140 may have a first surface 142 and an opposite second surface 144 separated by a thickness 145. The substrate 140 may be made of any suitable material, such as any suitable dielectric material. The substrate 140 may include various components in addition to the antenna 102, such as one or more traces, surface mount devices, transmission lines, antenna feeds, or other components.

[0037] The antenna 102 includes a curved conical portion 110. The curved conical portion 110 may include curved edges. Figure 3 As shown, a portion of the curved conical portion 110 can be removed at a first end of the curved conical structure 110 to provide an opening 117. The first end of the curved conical structure 110 can extend from the base portion 130. The second end of the curved conical portion 110 can be coupled to the top portion 120 such that the curved conical portion 110 extends between the base portion 130 and the top portion 120.

[0038] The top portion 120 can be an undulating annular ring. The undulating annular ring can be a sinusoidal structure. For example, the undulating ring can have a shape that, if extended along a straight line, resembles a sine curve (e.g., a curve having a sine wave form). In some embodiments, the undulating annular ring can have a plurality of curved peaks 122 and a plurality of curved valleys 124, such as three curved peaks 122 and three curved valleys 124. The height of the curved peaks 122 can be greater than the height of the curved valleys 124. Although Figures 1 to 3The annular ring has three curved peaks 122 and three curved valleys 124, but the annular ring may include more or fewer curved peaks and curved valleys without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the curved peaks 122 and curved valleys 124 may appear at regular intervals around the annular ring.

[0039] In some embodiments, the combined height 155 of the curved conical portion 110 and the top portion 120 ranges from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter 160 of the undulating annular ring ranges from about 8.5 mm to about 12.5 mm.

[0040] In some embodiments, the curved conical portion 110 and the top portion 120 may be formed entirely of a conductive material such as a metal. In some embodiments, the curved conical portion 110 and the top portion 120 may be formed as a metal surface on a dielectric material (e.g., using a laser direct sintering technique). For example, in one example embodiment, the curved conical portion 110 and the top portion 120 may include a dielectric material. The metal layer may be formed on one or more surfaces of the dielectric material, such as only on the outer surface of the dielectric material (and not on the inner surface of the dielectric material).

[0041] The base portion 130 may be a rectangular structure, such as a three-dimensional rectangular structure in which at least one surface is rectangular (e.g., square). The base portion 130 may be used to secure or mount the antenna 102 to the substrate 140. In some embodiments, the antenna feed 115 may be coupled to the base portion 130 and / or the curved conical portion 110 of the antenna 102. The base portion 130 may be a conductive structure or a non-conductive structure (e.g., used only to provide support for the antenna 102). In some embodiments, the antenna 102 may not include the base portion 130, and may include only the conical portion 110 and the top portion 120.

[0042] like Figure 2 As shown, a substrate 140 (e.g., a circuit board) may have a first surface 142 and a second surface 144 separated by a thickness 145 of the substrate 140. A ground plane 150 (e.g., a conductive ground plane) may be disposed on the second surface 144 of the substrate 140. The antenna 102 may extend from the first surface 142 of the substrate 140 in a generally vertical direction. The ground plane 150 may have an area that is much larger than an area associated with a footprint of the antenna 102 on the substrate 140. For example, the ground plane 150 may have an area that is at least three times larger (e.g., five times larger, e.g., ten times larger, e.g., twenty times larger, or more) than an area associated with a footprint of the antenna 102 on the substrate 140.

[0043] Figure 4An example electronic device 200 is described according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. The electronic device 200 can be any suitable electronic device configured to wirelessly communicate with one or more remote devices. For example, the electronic device can be a computing device (e.g., a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a display with one or more processors), a mobile device (e.g., a phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device (e.g., a watch)), a vehicle, a marine vehicle, an aircraft, a satellite, a keyless entry device, or other electronic device. Using the disclosure provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any of the antenna assemblies described herein can be used for various applications and devices without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0044] like Figure 4 The electronic device 200 includes an antenna assembly 100. The antenna assembly 100 may have any of the antenna assemblies described herein (e.g., Figures 1 to 3 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 or one or more aspects of the antenna assembly described in any other part of this disclosure).

[0045] The electronic device 200 may include one or more processors 202 and one or more memory devices 204. The one or more processors 202 may be any suitable processing device, including but not limited to one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more integrated circuits, one or more logic devices, or one or more other suitable processing devices. The one or more memory devices 204 may be any suitable memory device, including but not limited to non-transient computer-readable media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard drive, flash drive, or other memory device. The one or more memory devices 204 may store data 206 and computer-readable instructions 208. The computer-readable instructions 206 may enable the one or more processors 202 to perform operations when executed by the one or more processors 202. The computer-readable instructions 206 may be implemented as software, hardware, and / or a combination of software and hardware. When the computer-readable instructions 206 are implemented as software, these computer-readable instructions may be in any suitable language.

[0046] The electronic device 200 may include one or more communication circuits 214 to facilitate the transmission of information by the antenna assembly 100. The one or more communication circuits may include one or more receivers, one or more transmitters, one or more transceivers, one or more front-end modules, one or more baseband circuits, one or more matching circuits, one or more tuning circuits, one or more control circuits, one or more transmission lines, or other elements to facilitate the transmission of radio frequency signals (e.g., radio frequency signals in a frequency band associated with frequencies ranging from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz) by the antenna assembly.

[0047] As shown, instructions 206 may include, for example, time of flight instructions 210 and angle of arrival instructions 212. Time of flight instructions 210 may be used to determine time of flight information associated with signals received by antenna assembly 100. For example, differences in receive timing of signals received by one or more antennas or antenna elements in antenna assembly 100 may be processed using time of flight instructions 210 to determine time of flight information. Differences in phases of signals received by one or more antennas or antenna elements in antenna assembly 100 may be processed using angle of arrival instructions 212 to determine angle of arrival information.

[0048] The antenna assembly 100 according to example aspects of the present disclosure can provide more uniform gain and phase in an omnidirectional pattern in a frequency range from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz. In this regard, the antenna assembly 100 according to example aspects of the present disclosure can, for example, be suitable for determining the angle of arrival and / or time of flight over a short distance (e.g., less than 100 meters, such as less than 50 meters).

[0049] Figure 5 An antenna assembly 300 including an antenna array is described. The antenna array may have a plurality of antenna elements 310 (eg, at least three antenna elements 310) disposed on a substrate 302. Each of these antenna elements 310 may have a reference Figure 1 Each of the antenna elements 310 may extend from the first surface of the substrate 302 (eg, in a generally vertical direction). Figure 5 In the example of FIG. 3 , all antenna elements 310 extend in the same direction from substrate 302. A spacing 315 between each of the antenna elements may be in a range of about 1 mm to about 6 mm.

[0050] The ground plane 305 may be disposed on an opposing second surface of the substrate 302. The ground plane 305 may have an area at least three times larger (e.g., five times larger, e.g., ten times larger, e.g., twenty times larger, or more) than an area associated with a footprint of each antenna element 310 on the substrate 302.

[0051] Figure 5 An antenna assembly 300 is depicted having nine antenna elements 310 arranged in a grid pattern with equal spacing 315 between all antenna elements 310. Figure 5 As indicated by the ellipsis extending in different directions in the figure, more or fewer antenna elements 310 may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the antenna elements 310 may be arranged in different patterns at regular or irregular intervals. For example, the antenna elements 310 may be arranged in a circular pattern, a geometric pattern, or an irregular random pattern.

[0052] Figure 6 An example antenna assembly 350 having an antenna array according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure is described. The antenna array may have a plurality of elements 352, 354, 356 extending from a support structure 360 ​​(e.g., a structure having a plurality of support surfaces, a substrate, etc.). Each of the antenna elements 352, 354, 356 may have a reference Figure 1 The configuration of antenna 102 is described. Figure 6 In the example of FIG. 3 , each of antenna elements 352, 354, 356 can extend in different directions. For example, first antenna element 352 can extend from support structure 360 ​​in a first direction 372. Second antenna element 354 can extend from support structure 360 ​​in a second direction 374. Third antenna element 356 can extend from support structure in a third direction 376.

[0053] exist Figure 6 In the example of , each of the first direction 372, the second direction 374, and the third direction 376 is substantially perpendicular to each other. However, any suitable direction, or combination of a direction and an angle relative to the direction, may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, more or fewer antenna elements may be included in the antenna array of the antenna assembly 350 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0054] Figure 7 Described are exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure in accordance with an antenna (eg, Figure 1 402 is a graph of the S11 parameter associated with the antenna 102). Figure 7 The frequency in GHz along the x-axis and the magnitude of the S11 parameter (e.g., return loss) in dB along the y-axis are plotted. As shown, the antenna assembly according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure can provide an S11 parameter of about -3 dB or less at frequencies ranging from about 5 GHz to about 14.5 GHz.

[0055] Figure 8 Described are example embodiments according to the present disclosure and antennas (eg, Figure 1 A graph 404 of antenna efficiency associated with antenna 102 ). Figure 8 The antenna efficiency in GHz along the x-axis and in dB along the y-axis are plotted. As shown, antenna assemblies according to example embodiments of the present disclosure may provide antenna efficiencies of -4 dB or greater at frequencies ranging from about 5 GHz to about 10 GHz.

[0056] Fig. 9A , Fig. 9B and Fig. 9C Described in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure at 3 GHz with respect to an antenna (eg, Figure 1 The antenna radiation pattern is associated with a far-field achieved gain of approximately -8 dB for antenna 102). Fig. 9A Describes the plane with θ = 90° Relationship with dBi. Fig. 9B Describes The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi. Fig. 9C Describes The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi.

[0057] Fig. 10A , Fig. 10B and Fig. 10C Described in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure at 6 GHz with respect to an antenna (e.g., Figure 1 The antenna radiation pattern is associated with a far-field achieved gain of approximately 3.6 dB for antenna 102). Fig. 10A Describes the plane with θ = 90° Relationship with dBi. Fig. 10B Describes The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi. Fig. 10C Describes the corresponding The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi.

[0058] Fig.11A , Fig. 11B and Fig. 11C Described in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure at 10 GHz with respect to an antenna (eg, Figure 1 The antenna radiation pattern is associated with a far-field achieved gain of approximately 3.6 dB for antenna 102). Fig.11A Describes the plane with θ = 90° Relationship with dBi. Fig. 11B Describes The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi. Fig. 11C Describes The relationship between θ / degree of the plane and dBi.

[0059] like Fig. 9A , Fig. 9B , Fig. 9C , Fig. 10A , Fig. 10B , Fig. 10C , Fig.11A , Fig. 11B 11V, an antenna assembly according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure can provide an omnidirectional radiation pattern in at least one plane at a frequency ranging from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz. An omnidirectional radiation pattern refers to a radiation pattern that provides uniform gain (e.g., a gain that remains within 5% of a specified value) at 345° about the antenna in at least one plane.

[0060] Although the subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific example embodiments of the subject matter, it should be understood that those skilled in the art, after understanding the above, can easily make changes, modifications and equivalents to these embodiments. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure adopts an exemplary rather than a limiting manner, and the subject disclosure does not exclude such modifications, modifications and / or additions to the subject matter that are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Claims

1. An antenna assembly, comprising: a substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface; Ground plane; An antenna includes a curved conical portion and a top portion including an undulating annular ring disposed on the curved conical portion.

2. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The undulating annular ring includes a plurality of curved peaks and a plurality of curved valleys, wherein the height of the curved peaks is greater than the height of the curved valleys.

3. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The antenna also includes a base portion from which the curved conical portion extends, the base portion including a rectangular structure.

4. The antenna assembly according to claim 2, wherein: The plurality of curved peaks occur at regular intervals around the annular ring.

5. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The undulating annular ring comprises a sinusoidal structure.

6. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The combined height of the curved conical portion and the top portion ranges from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

7. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The substrate has a first surface and an opposite second surface, wherein the ground plane is disposed on the first surface, and wherein the antenna extends from the second surface in a direction generally perpendicular to the second surface.

8. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The diameter of the undulating annular ring ranges from about 8.5 mm to about 12.5 mm.

9. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The curved conical portion and the top portion are integral.

10. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The antenna is configured to provide an S11 parameter of approximately -3 dB or less at frequencies ranging from approximately 5 GHz to approximately 14.5 GHz.

11. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The antenna is configured to provide an omnidirectional radiation pattern at frequencies in a range from about 3 GHz to about 10 GHz.

12. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: The antenna is configured to provide an efficiency of -4 dB or greater at frequencies ranging from about 5 GHz to about 10 GHz.

13. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein: An antenna feed is coupled to the curved conical portion of the antenna.

14. An antenna array, the antenna array comprising a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element comprising: a curved conical section; A top portion is integral with the curved conical portion, the top portion comprising an undulating sinusoidal annular ring.

15. The antenna array according to claim 14, wherein: The sinusoidal annular ring includes three curved peaks and three curved valleys.

16. The antenna array according to claim 14, wherein: Each antenna element has a height ranging from about 1 mm to about 10 mm, and a diameter of the undulating sinusoidal annular ring ranges from about 8.5 mm to about 12.5 mm.

17. The antenna array according to claim 14, wherein: The antenna array includes at least three antenna elements, each antenna element extending in a different direction.

18. An electronic device, comprising: Communication circuits; An antenna assembly, the antenna assembly comprising: a circuit board having a first surface and an opposing second surface; Ground plane; An antenna having a curved conical portion and a top portion including an undulating annular ring disposed on the curved conical portion.

19. The electronic device according to claim 18, wherein: The circuit board has a first surface and an opposite second surface, wherein the ground plane is disposed on the first surface, and wherein the antenna extends in a direction generally perpendicular to the second surface.

20. The electronic device according to claim 18, wherein: The undulating annular ring comprises a sinusoidal structure.

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