Enhancement of WI-FI tone plan for dedicated resource units for time sensitive transmissions

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to resource unit tone allocation. The device may identify a space frequency of a bandwidth and a first DC tone, the bandwidth including a resource unit of the tone; generating a data tone for the 26-tone resource unit, a pilot frequency for the 26-tone resource unit, and a second direct current tone for the 26-tone resource unit using the space frequency to harmonic the first direct current tone; causing transmission of a first frame to the second wireless device, the first frame comprising an indication to allocate 26-tone resource units to the second wireless device; and identifying a second frame received from the second wireless device using the 26-tone resource unit.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for wireless communications, and more particularly to enhancements to Wi-Fi tone plans for dedicated resource units for time-sensitive transmissions. Background Art

[0002] Wireless devices are becoming more and more prevalent and are increasingly requesting access to wireless channels. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is developing one or more standards that utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in channel allocation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] Figure 1A is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for time-sensitive networking (TSN) according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0004] Figure 1B An illustrative diagram depicting multi-link device (MLD) communication between two logical entities according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure is depicted.

[0005] Figure 1C Depicted is an illustrative diagram of MLD communication between an access point (AP) MLD having a logical entity and a non-AP MLD having a logical entity, according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] Figure 2A An illustrative resource unit allocation for an 80 MHz bandwidth is depicted in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] Figure 2B An illustrative resource unit allocation for a 160 MHz bandwidth is depicted in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] Figure 2C An illustrative resource unit allocation for a 320 MHz bandwidth is depicted in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0009] Figure 3 A flow chart of a resource unit allocation process according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0010] Figure 4 A functional diagram of an exemplary communication station that may be suitable for use as user equipment according to one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0011] Figure 5 A block diagram of an example machine on which any of one or more techniques (eg, methodologies) may be performed is illustrated according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a radio architecture according to some examples.

[0013] Figure 7 The present invention illustrates one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Figure 6 Example front-end module circuit system used in a radio architecture.

[0014] Figure 8 The present invention illustrates one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Figure 6 Example radio IC circuit system used in a radio architecture of FIG.

[0015] Fig. 9 The present invention illustrates one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Figure 6 Example baseband processing circuit system for use in a radio architecture. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The following description and the accompanying drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, algorithmic and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in portions and features of other embodiments, or replace portions and features of other embodiments. The embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0017] The IEEE 802.11 technical standard defines wireless communications, including how Wi-Fi devices access wireless communication channels and transmit using specific frequency tones of wireless communication channels. Emerging time-sensitive (TS) applications represent a new market for Wi-Fi. Many time-sensitive applications involve transmitting packets with high reliability in very short periods.

[0018] In order to increase the total throughput of Wi-Fi devices, the concepts of transmission opportunity (TXOP) and frame aggregation were introduced into the IEEE802.11n technical standard and subsequent 802.11 standards. Frame aggregation increases the physical layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU) data payload, thus occupying a longer airtime.

[0019] Although frame aggregation improves throughput and reduces average latency for a pair of STAs, frame aggregation can cause higher worst-case latency for third-party STAs waiting for the wireless medium to be idle, because the long aggregated PPDU transmitted between the pair of STAs takes up much longer air time. Time-sensitive frames may experience longer latency if the channel is occupied by long PPDU transmissions from other devices in the same basic service set (BSS) or overlapping BSS (OBSS).

[0020] With the introduction of multi-link capability in the IEEE 802.11be technical standard, the TSN delay problem of the aggregated PPDU can be alleviated if the client device supports simultaneous transmission and reception (STR) and if there is at least one link idle. However, this problem still exists if both channels are occupied by any ongoing transmission from the same or overlapping BSS (OBSS). In particular, the IEEE 802.11 technical standard provides technology for multi-link devices (MLDs) with STR capabilities.

[0021] A station (STA) may refer to a logical entity that is a single addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to a wireless medium (WM). In the context of an IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) entity, a communication link (or simply "link") may refer to a physical path consisting of a single traversal of the wireless medium (WM) that may be used to transfer a MAC service data unit (MSDU) between two STAs.

[0022] In multi-link communication, a multi-link device (MLD), also known as a multi-link logical entity (MLLE), may refer to a device having multiple subordinate STAs and having a service access point (SAP) of a media access control (MAC) layer (e.g., a communication layer stack) to a logical link control (LLC), which may include a MAC data service. An AP MLD (A MLD) may refer to an AP device, where each STA subordinate to an STA MLD is an AP. A non-AP ML device (non-AP MLD) may be an A MLD, where each STA subordinate to an MLD is a non-AP STA. An MLD may be considered as a logical / virtual entity having multiple STAs (e.g., AP STAs or non-AP STAs), and each STA may simultaneously use a separate communication link with a corresponding STA of another MLD. In this way, an MLD may communicate on multiple communication links simultaneously without having to give up one communication link in order to establish another communication link.

[0023] Multi-link Operation (MLO) is an important 802.11be feature that allows a device to communicate with another device using multiple links on different channels / bands. A device that supports multi-link is an MLD.

[0024] Returning to using STR to mitigate the TSN latency issue of aggregated PPDUs, the MLD may have STR capabilities. However, if both of its communication channels are busy, the MLD may still experience significant latency with respect to TSN transmission, thereby violating the time-sensitive requirements of TSN transmission.

[0025] Some mitigation schemes may use dedicated resource units for time-sensitive packet transmissions. In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), 802.11 (e.g., Wi-Fi) STAs can transmit to or receive from the same access point (AP) at the same time using a shared bandwidth. OFDMA allows subcarriers (e.g., tones) defined in the channel bandwidth to be grouped into subcarrier portions called resource units (RUs). RUs can be allocated to STAs for transmission so that the STA can use a specific set of subcarriers to transmit or listen to that specific set of subcarriers. RUs dedicated to time-sensitive transmissions can use existing RUs defined by the 802.11 standard, or new RUs can be introduced, including data tones, space tones, and / or direct current (DC) tones.

[0026] For example, the IEEE 802.11 standard defines a frequency modulation plan with RU allocations for different bandwidths. An 80MHz bandwidth may include nine 26-frequency modulation RUs, followed by a zero subcarrier (e.g., a frequency modulation with no energy), followed by nine 26-frequency modulation RUs, followed by a DC subcarrier (e.g., at the center of the bandwidth), followed by nine 26-frequency modulation RUs, followed by a zero subcarrier, followed by nine 26-frequency modulation RUs. Guard frequencies may be at the beginning and end of the bandwidth. Other RU sizes are defined for 80MHz bandwidth, such as 52-frequency modulation RUs, 106-frequency modulation RUs, 242-frequency modulation RUs, 484-frequency modulation RUs, and 996-frequency modulation RUs. Similarly, 160MHz bandwidth and 320MHz bandwidth define the allocation of 26-frequency modulation RUs, 52-frequency modulation RUs, 106-frequency modulation RUs, 242-frequency modulation RUs, 484-frequency modulation RUs, and 996-frequency modulation RUs. The present disclosure enhances time sensitive transmissions by reusing null and DC tones of an existing tone plan to allow time sensitive transmissions to use some of these tones (eg, including data and pilot tones).

[0027] In one or more embodiments, Table 1 below illustrates a new RU based on null tone and DC tone to be used for time sensitive transmission based on an existing tone plan:

[0028] Table 1: New RUs for time-sensitive transmissions:

[0029]

[0030]

[0031] In one or more embodiments, for an 80 MHz bandwidth, if the transmission is OFDMA, there are a total of 23 DC tones, but 5 are required as DC null tones, which leaves 23-5=18 DC tones available for time-sensitive transmissions. In addition, there are five null tones on the lower 40 MHz and upper 40 MHz portions, respectively, which provides a total of another ten null tones for time-sensitive transmissions, resulting in a total of 28 null tones being utilized. In order to reuse the existing RU tone size with 26 tones, the present disclosure selects 26 tones from the 28 null tones available in the 80 MHz bandwidth to define a new RU (e.g., a single RU using null tones), which can be used for time-sensitive or other service transmissions, such as transmissions with high quality of service (QoS) requirements. The specific design may be as follows: Tone scheme (1): The 26-tone RU consists of 5 null tones on the lower 40 MHz and upper 40 MHz portions, respectively, and 16 null tones close to the DC tone, while retaining the middle 7 tones as DC tones. The middle tones on either side of the five empty tones can be used as pilot tones. Tone scheme (2): A 26-tone RU consists of four of the five empty tones at the lower 40 MHz and upper 40 MHz, respectively, and 18 empty tones close to the DC tone, while keeping the middle five tones as the DC tone. One of the tones selected on either side of the four empty tones can be used as a pilot tone. When the transmission is non-OFDMA, the available empty tones are zero.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, for a 160MHz bandwidth, if the transmission is OFDMA, the RU with 26 tones defined above may be used on the lower 80MHz and upper 80MHz portions of the 160MHz, respectively. These two RUs with 26 tones may also be used as one RU with 52 tones. In addition to these RUs, there is also an RU with 26 tones, which consists of 5 empty tones at the lower 80MHz and upper 80MHz, respectively, and 16 empty tones close to the DC tone, while retaining the 7 tones in the middle as DC tones. The middle tones on either side of the five empty tones may be used as pilot tones. This additional RU with 26 tones may also be composed of 4 of the 5 empty tones at the lower 80MHz and upper 80MHz, respectively, and 18 empty tones close to the DC tone, while retaining the 5 tones in the middle as DC tones. One of the tones selected on either side of the four empty tones may be used as a pilot tone. When the transmission is non-OFDMA, an additional RU with 26 tones defined for 80 MHz bandwidth may be used.

[0033] In one or more embodiments, for 320MHz bandwidth, if the transmission is OFDMA, the three RUs with 26 tones defined above, or a combination of a RU with 52 tones and a RU with 26 tones, can be used on the lower 160MHz and the upper 160MHz, respectively. These two RUs with 52 tones and one more empty tone on each side can also be used as a RU with 106 tones. In addition, there is also a RU with 26 tones, which consists of 5 empty tones on the lower 160MHz and the upper 160MHz, respectively, and 16 empty tones close to the DC tone, while retaining the middle 7 tones as DC tones. The middle tones on both sides of the five empty tones can be used as pilot tones. This additional RU with 26 tones can also be composed of 4 empty tones out of the 5 empty tones on the lower 160MHz and the upper 160MHz, respectively, and 18 empty tones close to the DC tone, while retaining the middle 5 tones as DC tones. One of the selected tones on either side of the four empty tones can be used as a pilot tone. For an RU with 106 tones, four pilot tones can be selected from the 106 tones, one pilot tone for each RU of 26 tones. When the transmission is non-OFDMA, the RUs with 26 tones on the lower 160 MHz and upper 160 MHz, respectively, can be used for time-sensitive traffic transmission. The two RUs with 26 tones can also be used as one RU with 52 tones. The additional RUs with 26 tones defined above can be utilized.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, to signal new RUs, the number of different new RUs available for low-rate transmissions may be determined by the PPDU bandwidth and the transmission mode (e.g., OFDMA or non-OFDMA). These parameters may be indicated in the U-SIG field. This signaling will allow the receiver to identify which tones may carry or may be used for low-rate transmissions in the downlink and uplink directions.

[0035] The above description is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting. There may be many other examples, configurations, processes, algorithms, etc., some of which will be described in more detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0036] Figure 1A 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment 100 for a time sensitive network (TSN) according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. The wireless network 100 may include one or more user devices 120 and one or more access points (APs) 102, which may communicate according to the IEEE 802.11 communication standard. The user device(s) 120 may be a non-fixed (e.g., not having a fixed location) mobile device, or may be a fixed device.

[0037] In some embodiments, user equipment 120 and AP 102 may include a Figure 4 Functional diagrams and / or Figure 5 One or more computer systems of an example machine / system.

[0038] One or more exemplary user devices (one or more) 120 and / or AP (one or more) 102 may be operated by one or more users (one or more) 110. It should be noted that any addressable unit may be a station (STA). A STA may exhibit a variety of different characteristics, each of which determines its function. For example, a single addressable unit may be a portable STA, a quality of service (QoS) STA, a slave STA, and a hidden STA at the same time. One or more exemplary user devices (one or more) 120 and AP (one or more) 102 may be STAs. One or more exemplary user devices (one or more) 120 and / or AP (one or more) 102 may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point / access point (PCP / AP). User devices (one or more) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and / or AP (one or more) 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device, including but not limited to mobile devices or non-mobile devices, such as static devices.For example, the user equipment(s) 120 and / or the AP(s) 102 may include a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a software enable AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., a bracelet, a watch, glasses, a ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabook computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, a vehicle-mounted device, a non-vehicle-mounted device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionality with PDA device functionality), a consumer device, a vehicle device, a non-vehicle device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a PCS device, a PDA device combined with a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "carry small" computing device ... livelarge)" (CSLL) devices, ultra mobile devices (UMDs), ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), mobile Internet devices (MIDs), "origami" devices or computing devices, devices supporting dynamic composable computing (DCC), context-aware devices, video devices, audio devices, A / V devices, set-top boxes (STBs), Blu-ray Disc (BD) players, BD recorders, digital video disc (DVD) players, high-definition (HD) DVD players, DVD recorders, HD DVD recorders, personal video recorders (PVRs), broadcast HD receivers, video sources, audio source video receivers, audio receivers, stereo tuners, broadcast radio receivers, flat panel displays, personal media players (PMPs), digital video cameras (DVCs), digital audio players, speakers, audio receivers, audio amplifiers, gaming devices, data sources, data receivers, digital still cameras (DSCs), media players, smartphones, televisions, music players, and the like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lights, climate controls, automotive components, home components, appliances, and the like, may also be included in this list.

[0039] In one or more embodiments, a controller 108 (e.g., a wireless TSN controller) may facilitate enhanced coordination between multiple APs (e.g., AP 104 and AP 106). The controller 108 may be a central entity or another AP and may be responsible for configuring and scheduling time-sensitive control and data operations across APs. A wireless TSN (WTSN) management protocol may be used to facilitate enhanced coordination between APs, which in this case may be referred to as a WTSN management client. The controller 108 may implement device admission control (e.g., control of WTSN admitted devices), joint scheduling, network measurements, and other operations. Access points may be configured to comply with WTSN protocols.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, use of controller 108 may facilitate AP synchronization and alignment for control and data transmission to ensure high reliability latency for time-sensitive applications on shared time-sensitive data channels while enabling coexistence with non-time-sensitive traffic in the same network.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, controller 108 and its coordination may be employed in future Wi-Fi standards in new frequency bands (e.g., 6-7 GHz), where additional requirements for time synchronization and scheduled operation may be used. Such applications of controller 108 may be used in managed Wi-Fi deployments (e.g., enterprise, industrial, managed home networks, etc.), where time-sensitive traffic may be directed to dedicated channels in existing frequency bands as well as new frequency bands.

[0042] As used in the present disclosure, the term "Internet of Things (IoT) device" is used to refer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has an addressable interface (e.g., an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a Bluetooth identifier (ID), a near field communication (NFC) ID, etc.) and can transmit information to one or more other devices through a wired or wireless connection. IoT devices may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, etc., or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, etc. IoT devices may have a set of specific attributes (e.g., device status or condition, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, etc.), cooling or heating functions, environmental monitoring or recording functions, light emission functions, sound emission functions, etc.), which may be embedded in a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, an ASIC, etc. and / or controlled / monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, an ASIC, etc., and configured to be connected to an IoT network such as a local ad hoc network or the Internet. For example, IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwave ovens, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, washers, dryers, stoves, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, lamps, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electric meters, gas meters, etc., as long as these devices are equipped with an addressable communication interface for communicating with the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Therefore, in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet connections (e.g., dishwashers, etc.), IoT networks may include a combination of "traditional" Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.).

[0043] The user equipment(s) 120 and / or the AP(s) 102 may also include, for example, mesh stations in a mesh network in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards and / or 3GPP standards.

[0044] Any of the user devices (one or more) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP (one or more) 102 may be configured to communicate with each other wirelessly or by wire via one or more communication networks 130 and / or 135. The user devices (one or more) 120 may also communicate with each other peer-to-peer or directly with or without the AP (one or more) 102. Any communication network 130 and / or 135 may include, but is not limited to, any of a combination of different types of suitable communication networks, such as a broadcast network, a wired network, a public network (e.g., the Internet), a private network, a wireless network, a cellular network, or any other suitable private and / or public network. In addition, any communication network 130 and / or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith, and may include, for example, a global network (e.g., the Internet), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), or a personal area network (PAN). In addition, any communication networks 130 and / or 135 may include any type of media that can carry network traffic, including but not limited to coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical fiber, hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) media, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication media, white space communication media, ultra-high frequency communication media, satellite communication media, or any combination thereof.

[0045] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP(s) 102 may include one or more communication antennas. The one or more communication antennas may be any suitable type of antenna corresponding to the communication protocol used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, and 128) and the AP(s) 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communication antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard compliant antenna families, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, and the like. The one or more communication antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and / or receive signals, such as communication signals to and / or from the user device(s) 120 and / or the AP(s) 102.

[0046] Any one of the user devices (one or more) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP (one or more) 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and / or directional reception in conjunction with wireless communications in a wireless network. Any one of the user devices (one or more) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP (one or more) 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and / or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays, etc.). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and / or reception in a specific corresponding direction or range of directions. Any one of the user devices (one or more) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission to one or more defined transmission sectors. Any one of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP (one or more) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined reception sectors.

[0047] MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be implemented using RF beamforming and / or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, when performing a given MIMO transmission, user equipment 120 and / or AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform MIMO beamforming using all or a subset of its one or more communication antennas.

[0048] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and the AP(s) 102 may include any suitable radio and / or transceiver for transmitting and / or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in a bandwidth and / or channel corresponding to the communication protocol used by any of the user devices (one or more) 120 and the AP(s) 102 to communicate with each other. The radio component may include hardware and / or software to modulate and / or demodulate communication signals according to a pre-established transmission protocol. The radio component may also have hardware and / or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and / or Wi-Fi Direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component cooperating with the communication antenna may be configured to communicate via a 2.4 GHz channel (e.g., 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ax), a 5 GHz channel (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax,), a 6 GHz channel, and a Wi-Fi channel defined in 802.11ax (e.g., Wi-Fi 6E) or 60 GHZ (802.11ad, 802.11ay), an 800 MHz channel (e.g., 802.11ah). The communication antenna may operate at 28 GHz and 40 GHz. It should be understood that the list of communication channels according to certain 802.11 standards is only a partial list, and other 802.11 standards (e.g., next generation Wi-Fi or other standards) may be used. In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communication between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short range communication (DSRC), ultra-high frequency (UHF) (e.g., IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.22), white band frequencies (e.g., white space), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communication protocol. The radio component may also include a low noise amplifier (LNA), an additional signal amplifier, an analog-to-digital (A / D) converter, one or more buffers, and a digital baseband.

[0049] As used in the present disclosure, the term "Internet of Things (IoT) device" is used to refer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has an addressable interface (e.g., an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a Bluetooth identifier (ID), a near field communication (NFC) ID, etc.) and can transmit information to one or more other devices through a wired or wireless connection. IoT devices may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, etc., or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, etc. IoT devices may have a set of specific attributes (e.g., device status or condition, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, etc.), cooling or heating functions, environmental monitoring or recording functions, light emission functions, sound emission functions, etc.), which may be embedded in a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, an ASIC, etc. and / or controlled / monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, an ASIC, etc., and configured to be connected to an IoT network such as a local ad hoc network or the Internet. For example, IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwave ovens, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, washers, dryers, stoves, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, lamps, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electric meters, gas meters, etc., as long as these devices are equipped with an addressable communication interface for communicating with the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Therefore, in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet connections (e.g., dishwashers, etc.), IoT networks may include a combination of "traditional" Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.).

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the AP 102 and the user device 120 may exchange frames 140 over a bandwidth 141. The bandwidth 141 may be divided into resource units (RUs) that may be used to transmit frames, and null tones and DC tones that have no energy. For example, the bandwidth 141 may include one or more RUs 142, null tones 144 between one or more RUs 142 and one or more RUs 146, DC tones 148 at the center of the bandwidth 141, one or more RUs 150, and null tones 152 between one or more RUs 150 and one or more RUs 154. One or more RUs 142, 146, 150, and 154 may be used to send a frame 160, which may include an aggregated PPDU. To allow for additional transmissions, such as frame 140, at least some of the null tones 144, DC tones 148, and null tones 152 may be reused as data and pilot tones for transmitting frame 140 (e.g., in place of zero energy null tones and DC tones).

[0051] It is to be understood that the above description is for the purpose of illustration, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0052] Figure 1B An illustrative diagram 170 showing MLD communication between two logical entities according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0053] refer to Figure 1B , shows two MLDs communicating with each other. MLD 171 may include multiple STAs (e.g., STA 172, STA 173, STA 174, etc.), and MLD 175 may include multiple STAs (e.g., STA 176, STA 177, STA 178, etc.). The STAs of MLD 171 and the STAs of MLD 175 may establish links with each other (e.g., link 180 for a first frequency band used by STA 172 and STA 176, link 181 for a second frequency band used by STA 173 and STA 177, link 182 for a second frequency band used by STA 174 and STA 178). Figure 1B In this example, the two MLDs may be two independent physical devices, each of which includes multiple virtual or logical devices (eg, STAs).

[0054] Figure 1C An illustrative diagram 186 showing MLD communication between an AP MLD having a logical entity and a non-AP MLD having a logical entity according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0055] refer to Figure 1C, showing two MLDs on either side, each MLD including multiple STAs that can establish links with each other. For an infrastructure framework, MLD 187 may be an A-MLD with logical APs (e.g., AP 188, AP 189, and AP 190) on one side, while MLD 191 may be a non-AP MLD including non-AP logical entities (non-AP STA 192, non-AP STA 193, and non-AP STA 194) on the other side. The detailed definitions are as follows. It should be noted that the terms MLLE and MLD are interchangeable and represent the same type of entity. Throughout the disclosure, MLLE may be used, but wherever the term MLLE is used, it may be replaced by MLD. Multi-link non-AP logical entity (non-AP MLLE, also referred to as non-AP MLD): a multi-link logical entity in which each STA within the multi-link logical entity is a non-AP EHT STA. It should be noted that this framework is a natural extension of a link operation between two STAs, which are an AP and a non-AP STA under an infrastructure framework (eg, when an AP is used as a communication medium between STAs).

[0056] exist Figure 1C In the example of , MLD 187 and MLD 191 may be two independent physical devices, each of which includes multiple virtual or logical devices. For example, the multi-link AP logical entity may include three APs, AP 188 operating on 2.4 GHz (e.g., link 195), AP 189 operating on 5 GHz (e.g., link 196), and AP 190 operating on 6 GHz (e.g., link 197). In addition, the multi-link non-AP logical entity may include three non-AP STAs, non-AP STA 192 communicating with AP 188 on link 195, non-AP STA 193 communicating with AP 189 on link 196, and non-AP STA 194 communicating with AP 190 on link 197.

[0057] Figure 1C The MLD 187 shown in FIG. 1 may access a distribution system (DS) that is used to interconnect a group of BSSs to create an extended service set (ESS). Figure 1C It is also illustrated that MLD 187 can access the distributed system medium (DSM), which is the medium used by DS to interconnect BSSs. In short, DS and DSM allow APs to communicate with different BSSs.

[0058] It should be understood that although this example illustrates three logical entities within MLD 187 and three logical entities within MLD 191, this is for illustration purposes only and other numbers of logical entities per MLD are contemplated.

[0059] Figure 2A An illustrative resource unit allocation 200 for an 80 MHz bandwidth is depicted in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0060] refer to Figure 2A , the 80 MHz bandwidth 201 is shown to have RUs of 26 tones, 52 tones, 242 tones, 484 tones, and 996 tones, as well as guard tones, null tones, and DC tones. To add to an existing RU in the 80 MHz bandwidth, the null tones and DC tones may be reallocated to generate another RU of 26 tones. As shown, RU 202 may be a 26-tone RU generated using a combination of null tones and DC tones from the 80 MHz bandwidth 201. Specifically, portion 204 having five tones (e.g., four data tones represented as "D" and one pilot tone represented as "P") may be combined with portion 206 (e.g., eight data tones on either side of seven DC tones) and portion 208 (e.g., four data tones and one pilot tone). Portions 204, 206, and 208 may include discontinuous tones, as shown in the various null tones and DC tones of the 80 MHz bandwidth 201. Alternatively, RU 210 may be generated as a 26-tone RU, where portion 212 (e.g., three data tones and one pilot tone) is combined with portion 214 (e.g., nine data tones flanked by five DC tones) and portion 216 (e.g., three data tones and one pilot tone). Portions 212, 214, and 216 may include discontinuous tones, as shown by the various null tones and DC tone of the 80 MHz bandwidth 201.

[0061] Figure 2B An illustrative resource unit allocation 230 for a 160 MHz bandwidth is depicted in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0062] refer to Figure 2B , the 160 MHz bandwidth 231 is shown as being separated by the DC frequency modulation Figure 2AThe 160 MHz bandwidth 231 may be a combination of two 80 MHz bandwidths 201. In the 160 MHz bandwidth 231, each of the 80 MHz bandwidths 231 may have null tones (e.g., null tone 232 and null tone 234), and at least some of the null tones may be used in combination with the DC tones shown to generate additional RUs. For example, null tone 232 may be used to generate a 26-tone RU. The 26-tone RU generated by null tone 232 may include RU 238 having portion 240 (e.g., four data tones and one pilot tone) combined with portion 242 (e.g., eight data tones on either side of seven DC tones) and portion 248 (e.g., having four data tones and one pilot tone). Portions 240, 242, and 248 may include non-contiguous tones in the 160 MHz bandwidth 231. Alternatively, the null tone 232 may be used to generate a RU 250 having a portion 252 (e.g., three data tones and one pilot tone) combined with a portion 254 (e.g., nine DC tones on either side of five DC tones) and a portion 256 (e.g., having three data tones and one pilot tone). Portions 252, 254, and 256 may include non-contiguous tones in the 160 MHz bandwidth 231.

[0063] Still reference Figure 2B , the DC frequency modulation 236 can be used to generate a 26-frequency modulation RU 258, which has a portion 259 (e.g., having four data frequencies and one pilot frequency modulation) combined with a portion 260 (e.g., having eight data frequencies on both sides of seven DC frequencies) and a portion 262 combined with a portion 261 (e.g., having four data frequencies and one pilot frequency modulation), or has a portion 263 (e.g., having nine data frequencies on both sides of five DC frequencies) and a portion 264 (e.g., three data frequencies and one pilot frequency modulation). Portions 259, 260 and 261 may include non-contiguous frequency modulations from the 160 MHz bandwidth 231, and portions 262, 263 and 264 may include non-contiguous frequency modulations from the 160 MHz bandwidth 231.

[0064] Still reference Figure 2B, the empty frequency tone 234 may be used to generate a 26-frequency tone RU (e.g., which may be combined with the 26-frequency tone RU 238 or 250 to form a 52-frequency tone RU). The 26-frequency tone RU 265 generated by the empty frequency tone 234 may include the portion 266 (e.g., four data frequency tones and one pilot frequency tone) combined with the portion 267 (e.g., eight data frequency tones on either side of seven DC frequency tones) and the portion 268 (e.g., four data frequency tones and one pilot frequency tone). Alternatively, the 26-frequency tone RU 269 generated by the empty frequency tone 234 may include the portion 270 (e.g., three data frequency tones and one pilot frequency tone) combined with the portion 271 (e.g., nine data frequency tones on either side of five DC frequency tones) and the portion 272 (e.g., three data frequency tones and one pilot frequency tone). Portions 266, 267, and 268 may include non-contiguous tones from the 160 MHz bandwidth 231, and portions 270, 271, and 272 may include non-contiguous tones from the 160 MHz bandwidth 231. RU 238 and RU 265 may be combined to form a 52-tone RU, and RU 250 and RU 269 may be combined to form a 52-tone RU.

[0065] Figure 2C An illustrative resource unit allocation 280 for a 320 MHz bandwidth is shown according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0066] refer to Figure 2C , 320MHz bandwidth 280 is shown as Figure 2A A combination of four 80 MHz bandwidths 201 separated by a null tone 237 between each MHz bandwidth 201 on the left and right sides and a DC tone 236 at the center of the 320 MHz bandwidth 280. In the 320 MHz bandwidth 280, each 80 MHz bandwidth 231 may have a null tone (e.g., null tone 232, null tone 237, and null tone 234), and at least some of the null tones may be used in conjunction with the DC tone shown to generate additional RUs. For example, null tone 232, DC tone 236, null tone 237, and null tone 234 may be used to generate one or more 26-tone RUs. The 26-tone RU generated by null tone 232, DC tone 236, null tone 237, and null tone 234 may include Figure 2B RU 238 or RU 250.

[0067] Still reference Figure 2C , DC frequency modulation 236 can be used to generate Figure 2B 26-tone RU 258.

[0068] Still reference Figure 2C , the null frequency modulation 232, the DC frequency modulation 236 and the null frequency modulation 234 can be used to generate Figure 2B26-tone RU 265 or 269 (e.g., which can be combined with 26-tone RU 238 or 250 to form a 52-tone RU). The empty tones from each 80 MHz bandwidth 201 portion of 320 MHz bandwidth 280 can be recombined to generate a 26-tone RU. Thus, there may be two RU 238, two RU 250, two RU 265, and two RU 269.

[0069] refer to Figures 2A-2C , some of the null tones from various bandwidths and the DC tone (eg, zero energy tone) may be used as a signal for transmission (eg, Figure 1A Therefore, even when the frame 140) contains data and pilot tones (e.g., non-zero energy tones). Figure 2A The 80MHz bandwidth 201 is shown in the RU (and corresponds to Figure 2B 160MHz bandwidth 231 and Figure 2C 320MHz bandwidth 280 RUs) are being used for transmission (e.g. Figure 1A Frame 160), due to Figures 2A-2C The newly generated RU shown in the figure can even transmit other frames simultaneously. The newly generated RU still allows the use of DC and space frequency tones between each RU, because all space frequency tones and DC frequency tones may not be required to generate the new RU, and the new RU itself may include DC frequency tones as shown in the figure. In this way, bandwidth can provide additional RUs for transmission without eliminating all space frequency tones and DC frequency tones.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the signaling of the new RU may be indicated by a U-SIG field (e.g., a U-SIG field of an extremely high throughput frame). For example, the 802.11be technical standard defines a frame format according to the fields in Table 2 below:

[0071] Table 2: 802.11be very high throughput frame format:

[0072]

[0073] Figure 3 A flow chart of a process 300 for resource unit allocation according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0074] At block 302, a device (e.g., Figure 1A AP 102 Figure 1B MLD 171 Figure 1C MLD 187 Figure 5 The enhanced RU device 519) can identify the empty frequency modulation of the bandwidth and the first DC frequency modulation. For example, Figure 2AAn 80 MHz bandwidth 201 is shown with the currently defined RUs, null tones and a first DC tone. Figure 2B and 2C The bandwidth is extended to 160 MHz and 320 MHz respectively by using multiple 80 MHz sections, resulting in more currently defined RUs, null tones, and DC tones. The tones of the bandwidth may correspond to a tone map.

[0075] At block 304, the device may use the null tone of the bandwidth and the first DC tone to generate one or more RUs of 26 and / or 52 tones, such as Figures 2A-2C As shown in the combination of. In an 80MHz bandwidth, a single 26-tone RU can be generated using OFDMA. In a 160MHz or 320MHz bandwidth, multiple 26-tone RUs can be generated using null tones and a first DC tone, and / or two 26-tone RUs can be combined to form a 52-tone RU. Some of the null tones and the DC tone can be reused as data and pilot tones for one or more RUs, and some of the null tones and / or the DC tone are used as DC tones for one or more RUs. Depending on the location of the null tones and the DC tone used to generate one or more RUs within the bandwidth, one or more RUs may include multiple portions of non-contiguous tones.

[0076] At block 306, the device may generate and send a first frame that may include the RU allocation (e.g., using the format of Table 2). The first frame may include an indication of the null tone and the DC tone used in the one or more RUs generated at block 304 so that a receiving device may identify the one or more RUs as allocated for communication with the device.

[0077] At block 308, the device may identify one or more additional frames received from the one or more devices receiving the first frame. The one or more additional frames may be received using data and pilot frequency tones of one or more RUs assigned to the one or more devices receiving the first frame. In this manner, one or more additional frames may be sent while one or more frames are being sent using the currently defined RUs (e.g., when a portion of the channel is determined to be busy), thereby allowing more transmissions in the bandwidth (e.g., TSN transmissions do not have to wait for the channel to be idle), or one or more additional frames may be sent using the one or more RUs generated at block 304 as an alternative to using the currently defined RUs.

[0078] It is to be understood that the above description is for the purpose of illustration, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0079] Figure 4 4 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 400 according to one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, Figure 4A functional block diagram of a communication station suitable for use as AP 102 (FIG. 1) or user equipment 120 (FIG. 1) according to some embodiments is illustrated. Communication station 400 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, mobile device, cellular phone, smart phone, tablet computer, netbook, wireless terminal, laptop computer, wearable computer device, femtocell base station, high data rate (HDR) user station, access point, access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[0080] The communication station 400 may include a communication circuit system 402 and a transceiver 410 for transmitting signals to other communication stations and receiving signals from other communication stations using one or more antennas 401. The communication circuit system 402 may include a circuit system that can operate physical layer (PHY) communication and / or media access control (MAC) communication to control access to the wireless medium, and / or any other communication layer for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 400 may also include a processing circuit system 406 and a memory 408 for performing the operations described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the communication circuit system 402 and the processing circuit system 406 may be configured to perform the operations described in detail in the above figures, diagrams, and processes.

[0081] According to some embodiments, the communication circuit system 402 may be arranged to compete for a wireless medium and configure a frame or packet for communication on the wireless medium. The communication circuit system 402 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communication circuit system 402 may also include circuit systems for modulation / demodulation, up-conversion / down-conversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuit system 406 of the communication station 400 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 401 may be coupled to the communication circuit system 402 arranged for transmitting and receiving signals. The memory 408 may store information for configuring the processing circuit system 406 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing various operations described in the present disclosure. The memory 408 may include any type of memory, including non-temporary memory, for storing information in a machine (e.g., computer) readable form. For example, the memory 408 may include a computer-readable storage device, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a disk storage medium, an optical storage medium, a flash memory device, and other storage devices and media.

[0082] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may be a component of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capabilities, a web-based tablet, a wireless telephone, a smart phone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that can wirelessly receive and / or transmit information.

[0083] In some embodiments, communication station 400 may include one or more antennas 401. Antenna 401 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmitting RF signals. In some embodiments, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used instead of two or more antennas. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and different channel characteristics that may be generated between each antenna and the antenna of the transmission station.

[0084] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, a speaker, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0085] Although the communication station 400 is illustrated as having several independent functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by a combination of software-configured elements, such as a processing element including a digital signal processor (DSP) and / or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), and combinations of various hardware and logic circuit systems for performing at least the functions described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 400 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0086] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described in the present disclosure. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory storage mechanism for storing information in a machine (e.g., computer) readable form. For example, a computer-readable storage device may include a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a disk storage medium, an optical storage medium, a flash memory device, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

[0087] Figure 5 A block diagram of an example of a machine 500 or system is illustrated, on which any one or more techniques (e.g., methods) discussed in the present disclosure can be executed. In other embodiments, the machine 500 can operate as a standalone device, or can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 500 can operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in a server-client network environment. In one example, the machine 500 can act as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 500 can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a wearable computer device, a network device, a network router, a switch or a bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) specifying the actions to be taken by the machine, such as a base station. In addition, although only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" should also be understood to include any machine collection that executes a set (or multiple sets) of instructions individually or jointly to perform any one or more methods discussed in the present disclosure, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS) or other computer cluster configurations.

[0088] As described in the present disclosure, examples may include or may operate on logic or multiple components, modules or mechanisms. A module is a tangible entity (e.g., hardware) that can perform a specified operation when in operation. A module includes hardware. In one example, the hardware may be specifically configured to perform a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include a configurable execution unit (e.g., a transistor, a circuit, etc.) and a computer-readable medium containing instructions, wherein the instructions configure the execution unit to perform a specific operation when in operation. The configuration may occur under the guidance of the execution unit or a loading mechanism. Therefore, when the device is operating, the execution unit is communicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium. In this example, the execution unit may be a member of more than one module. For example, in operation, the execution unit may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at a point in time, and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[0089] The machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor 502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 504, and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interconnect (e.g., a bus) 508. The machine 500 may also include a power management device 532, a graphics display device 510, an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 514 (e.g., a mouse). In one example, the graphics display device 510, the alphanumeric input device 512, and the UI navigation device 514 may be a touch screen display. The machine 500 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., a drive unit) 516, a signal generating device 518 (e.g., a speaker), an enhanced RU device 519, a network interface device / transceiver 520 coupled to an antenna (one or more) 530, and one or more sensors 528, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensors. The machine 500 may include an output controller 534, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., printer, card reader, etc.). Operations according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed by a baseband processor. The baseband processor may be configured to generate corresponding baseband signals. The baseband processor may additionally include a physical layer (PHY) and a media access control layer (MAC) circuit system, and may additionally interface with the hardware processor 502 for baseband signal generation and processing and for controlling the operation of the main memory 504, the storage device 516 and / or the enhanced RU device 519. The baseband processor may be provided on a single radio card, a single chip, or an integrated circuit (IC).

[0090] The storage device 516 may include a machine-readable medium 522 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524 (e.g., software) that embody or are utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described in this disclosure. The instructions 524 may also reside, in whole or in part, within the main memory 504, within the static memory 506, or within the hardware processor 502 during execution of the instructions 524 by the machine 500. In one example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 502, the main memory 504, the static memory 506, or the storage device 516 may constitute a machine-readable medium.

[0091] The enhanced RU device 519 may implement or perform any of the operations and processes described and illustrated above (eg, process 300 ).

[0092] It should be understood that the above is only a subset of the functions that the enhanced RU device 519 may be configured to perform, and other functions included in the present disclosure may also be performed by the enhanced RU device 519.

[0093] Although machine-readable medium 522 is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (eg, a centralized or distributed database, and / or associated caches and servers) configured to store one or more instructions 524 .

[0094] Various embodiments may be implemented in whole or in part in software and / or firmware. The software and / or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. These instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to achieve the performance of the operations described in the present disclosure. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as, but not limited to, source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, etc. Such computer-readable media may include any tangible, non-transitory media for storing information in one or more computer-readable forms, such as, but not limited to, read-only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory, etc.

[0095] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions executed by the machine 500 and causing the machine 500 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or any medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting examples of machine-readable media may include solid-state memory and optical and magnetic media. In one example, a large-capacity machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium having a plurality of particles having a rest mass. Specific examples of large-capacity machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

[0096] The instructions 524 may also be transmitted or received via the network interface device / transceiver 520 over a communication network 526 using a transmission medium using any of a variety of transmission protocols (e.g., frame relay, Internet Protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), a mobile telephone network (e.g., a cellular network), a plain old telephone (POTS) network, a wireless data network (e.g., a wireless network known as a wireless network), a wireless ...), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network), a wireless network (e. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards, known as The IEEE 802.16 family of standards, the IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, etc., of the network interface device / transceiver 520 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or telephone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communication network 526. In one example, the network interface device / transceiver 520 may include multiple antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) technology. The term "transmission medium" should be understood to include any intangible medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions executed by the machine 500, and includes digital or analog communication signals or other intangible media to facilitate the communication of such software.

[0097] The operations and processes described and shown above may be implemented or performed in any suitable order desired in various embodiments. In addition, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the operations may be performed in parallel. In addition, in some embodiments, less than or more than the described operations may be performed.

[0098] Figure 6 1 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 105A, 105B according to some embodiments, which may be implemented in any of the example APs 102 and / or example STAs 120 of FIG. 1 . The radio architecture 105A, 105B may include a radio front end module (FEM) circuit system 604a-b, a radio IC circuit system 606a-b, and a baseband processing circuit system 608a-b. The illustrated radio architecture 105A, 105B includes a wireless local area network (WLAN) function and a Bluetooth (BT) function, although the embodiments are not limited thereto. In the present disclosure, "WLAN" and "Wi-Fi" may be used interchangeably.

[0099] The FEM circuitry 604a-b may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 604a and a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 604b. The WLAN FEM circuitry 604a may include a receive signal path including circuitry configured to operate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 601, amplify the received signals, and provide an amplified version of the received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 606a for further processing. The BT FEM circuitry 604b may include a receive signal path including circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signals received from one or more antennas 601, amplify the received signals, and provide an amplified version of the received signals to the BT radio IC circuitry 606b for further processing. The FEM circuitry 604a may also include a transmit signal path including circuitry configured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 606a for wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 601. Additionally, the FEM circuitry 604b may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided by the radio IC circuitry 606b for wireless transmission via one or more of the antennas. Figure 6 In the embodiment of the present invention, although FEM 604a and FEM 604b are shown as being different from each other, the embodiments are not limited thereto and include within their scope the use of a FEM (not shown) that includes transmit paths and / or receive paths for WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more FEM circuit systems, wherein at least some of the FEM circuit systems share transmit and / or receive signal paths for WLAN and BT signals.

[0100] The illustrated radio IC circuitry 606a-b may include a WLAN radio IC circuitry 606a and a BT radio IC circuitry 606b. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 606a may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry for down-converting WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 604a and providing baseband signals to the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608a. The BT radio IC circuitry 606b may in turn include a receive signal path that may include circuitry for down-converting BT RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 604b and providing baseband signals to the BT baseband processing circuitry 608b. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 606a may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry for up-converting WLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608a and providing WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 604a for subsequent wireless transmission by one or more antennas 601. The BT radio IC circuitry 606b may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry for up-converting the BT baseband signal provided by the BT baseband processing circuitry 608b and providing a BT RF output signal to the FEM circuitry 604b for subsequent wireless transmission to the one or more antennas 601. Figure 6 In the embodiments, although the radio IC circuit systems 606a and 606b are shown as being different from each other, the embodiments are not limited to this and include within their scope the use of a radio IC circuit system (not shown) that includes a transmit signal path and / or receive signal path for WLAN and BT signals, or the use of one or more radio IC circuit systems, at least some of which share transmit and / or receive signal paths for WLAN and BT signals.

[0101] The baseband processing circuits 608a-b may include WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608a and BT baseband processing circuitry 608b. The WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608a may include a memory, such as a set of RAM arrays in a fast Fourier transform or inverse fast Fourier transform block (not shown) of the WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608a. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 608a and the BT baseband circuitry 608b may also include one or more processors and control logic, and also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signals for the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 606a-b. Each of the baseband processing circuitry 608a and 608b may also include physical layer (PHY) and media access control layer (MAC) circuitry, and may also interface with devices for generating and processing baseband signals and for controlling the operation of the radio IC circuitry 606a-b.

[0102] Still reference Figure 6 According to the illustrated embodiment, the WLAN-BT coexistence circuitry 613 may include logic to provide an interface between the WLAN baseband circuitry 608a and the BT baseband circuitry 608b to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. In addition, a switch 603 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry 604a and the BT FEM circuitry 604b to allow switching between the WLAN and BT radios as required by the application. Furthermore, while the antennas 601 are depicted as being connected to the WLAN FEM circuitry 604a and the BT FEM circuitry 604b, respectively, embodiments include within their scope sharing one or more antennas between the WLAN and BT FEMs, or providing more than one antenna connected to each of the FEMs 604a or 604b.

[0103] In some embodiments, the front end module circuitry 604a-b, the radio IC circuitry 606a-b, and the baseband processing circuitry 608a-b may be provided on a single radio card, such as radio card 602. In some other embodiments, one or more antennas 601, the FEM circuitry 604a-b, and the radio IC circuitry 606a-b may be provided on a single radio card. In some other embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 606a-b and the baseband processing circuitry 608a-b may be provided on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 612.

[0104] In some embodiments, radio card 602 may include a WLAN radio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication signals over a multi-carrier communication channel. OFDM or OFDMA signals may include multiple orthogonal subcarriers.

[0105] In some of these multi-carrier embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be a component of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA), such as a wireless access point (AP), a base station, or a mobile device including a Wi-Fi device. In some of these embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configured to transmit and receive signals according to a specific communication standard and / or protocol, such as any one of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards, including 802.11n-2009, IEEE802.11-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016, 802.11n-2009, 802.11ac, 802.11ah, 802.11ad, 802.11ay and / or 802.11ax standards and / or proposals for WLAN recommendations. The radio architecture 105A, 105B may also be adapted to transmit and / or receive communications according to other technologies and standards.

[0106] In some embodiments, the radio architectures 105A, 105B may be configured for high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with the IEEE 802.11ax standard. In these embodiments, the radio architectures 105A, 105B may be configured to communicate in accordance with OFDMA technology, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0107] In some other embodiments, the radio architectures 105A, 105B may be configured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or more other modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and / or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, and / or frequency division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0108] In some embodiments, Figure 6 As further shown in FIG. 6 , the BT baseband circuitry 608 b may conform to a Bluetooth (BT) connection standard, such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 8.0, or Bluetooth 6.0, or any other iteration of the Bluetooth standard.

[0109] In some embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may include other radio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular (e.g., 5GPP such as LTE, LTE-Evolved, or 7G communications).

[0110] In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architectures 105A, 105B may be configured to communicate over a variety of channel bandwidths, including bandwidths having center frequencies of approximately 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and bandwidths of approximately 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 6 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with continuous bandwidth), or 80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidth). In some embodiments, a channel bandwidth of 920 MHz may be used. However, the scope of the embodiments is not limited to the above center frequencies.

[0111] Figure 7 WLAN FEM circuitry 604a is illustrated in accordance with some embodiments. Although described in conjunction with WLAN FEM circuitry 604a, Figure 7 , but may be combined with the example BT FEM circuit system 604b ( Figure 6 )describe Figure 7 , although other circuit system configurations may also be suitable.

[0112] In some embodiments, the FEM circuit system 604a may include a TX / RX switch 702 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuit system 604a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuit system 604a may include a low noise amplifier (LNA) 706 to amplify the received RF signal 703 and provide an amplified received RF signal 707 as an output (e.g., to the radio IC circuit system 606a-b ( Figure 6 )). The transmit signal path of the circuit system 604a may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify an input RF signal 709 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuit systems 606a-b), and one or more filters 712, such as a bandpass filter (BPF), a lowpass filter (LPF), or other type of filter, to generate an RF signal 715 for subsequent transmission via an example duplexer 714 (e.g., through one or more of the antennas 601 ( Figure 6 )).

[0113] In some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communications, the FEM circuit system 604a may be configured to operate in the 2.4 GHz spectrum or the 5 GHz spectrum. In these embodiments, the receive signal path of the FEM circuit system 604a may include a receive signal path duplexer 704 to separate the signals from each spectrum and provide a separate LNA 706 for each spectrum, as shown. In these embodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuit system 604a may also include a power amplifier 710 and a filter 712, such as a BPF, LPF, or another type of filter for each spectrum, and a transmit signal path duplexer 704 to provide a signal from one of the different spectrums onto a single transmit path for reception by one or more antennas 601 ( Figure 6 ) for subsequent transmission. In some embodiments, BT communications may utilize a 2.4 GHz signal path and may utilize the same FEM circuitry 604a as that used for WLAN communications.

[0114] Figure 8 The radio IC circuit system 606a is illustrated according to some embodiments. The radio IC circuit system 606a is suitable for use as a WLAN or BT radio IC circuit system 606a / 606b ( Figure 6 ) is an example of a circuit system, although other circuit system configurations may also be suitable. Alternatively, the circuit system 606b may be described in conjunction with the example BT radio IC circuit system Figure 8 .

[0115] In some embodiments, the radio IC circuit system 606a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the radio IC circuit system 606a may include at least a mixer circuit system 802, such as a down-conversion mixer circuit system, an amplifier circuit system 806, and a filter circuit system 808. The transmit signal path of the radio IC circuit system 606a may include at least a filter circuit system 812 and a mixer circuit system 814, such as an up-conversion mixer circuit system. The radio IC circuit system 606a may also include a synthesizer circuit system 804 for synthesizing a frequency 805 used by the mixer circuit system 802 and the mixer circuit system 814. According to some embodiments, the mixer circuit system 802 and / or 814 may each be configured to provide a direct conversion function. Compared to the standard superheterodyne mixer circuit system, the latter type of circuit system presents a much simpler architecture, and any flicker noise caused by the circuit system can be mitigated, for example, by using OFDM modulation. Figure 8Only a simplified version of the radio IC circuitry is illustrated, and although not shown, embodiments may be included in which each of the illustrated circuitry may include more than one component. For example, mixer circuitry 814 may each include one or more mixers, and filter circuitry 808 and / or 812 may each include one or more filters, such as one or more BPFs and / or LPFs, as required by the application. For example, when the mixer circuitry is of the direct conversion type, they may each include two or more mixers.

[0116] In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 may be configured to generate a synthesized frequency 805 from FEM circuitry 604a-b based on the synthesized frequency 805 provided by synthesizer circuitry 804. Figure 6 ) down-converts the received RF signal 707. Amplifier circuitry 806 may be configured to amplify the down-converted signal, and filter circuitry 808 may include an LPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signal to generate an output baseband signal 807. Output baseband signal 807 may be provided to baseband processing circuitry 608a-b ( Figure 6 ) for additional processing. In some embodiments, output baseband signal 807 may be a zero frequency baseband signal, although this is not required. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 may include a passive mixer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0117] In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 814 may be configured to up-convert input baseband signal 811 based on synthesized frequency 805 provided by synthesizer circuitry 804 to generate RF output signal 709 for FEM circuitry 604a-b. Baseband signal 811 may be provided by baseband processing circuitry 608a-b and may be filtered by filter circuitry 812. Filter circuitry 812 may include an LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0118] In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 and mixer circuitry 814 may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and / or up-conversion, respectively, with the aid of synthesizer 804. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 and mixer circuitry 814 may each include two or more mixers, each mixer being configured for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 and mixer circuitry 814 may each be configured for direct down-conversion and / or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 and mixer circuitry 814 may be configured for superheterodyne operation, although this is not required.

[0119] According to one embodiment, mixer circuitry 802 may include: quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) paths). In such embodiments, Figure 8 The RF input signal 707 may be downconverted to provide I and Q baseband output signals which are sent to a baseband processor.

[0120] The quadrature passive mixers may be driven by 0 degree and 90 degree time varying LO switch signals provided by quadrature circuitry, which may be configured to receive the LO frequency (fLO) from a local oscillator or synthesizer, such as synthesizer 804 ( Figure 8 ) 805. In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the carrier frequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the zero-degree and ninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by a synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0121] In some embodiments, the LO signal may differ in duty cycle (the percentage of a period that the LO signal is high) and / or offset (the difference between the start points of the periods). In some embodiments, the LO signal may have an 85% duty cycle and an 80% offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g., the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) paths) may operate at an 80% duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction in power consumption.

[0122] RF input signal 707 ( Figure 7 ) may include balanced signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to a low noise amplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 806 ( Figure 8 ) or filter circuit system 808 ( Figure 8 ).

[0123] In some embodiments, output baseband signal 807 and input baseband signal 811 may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternative embodiments, output baseband signal 807 and input baseband signal 811 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative embodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

[0124] In some dual-mode embodiments, separate radio IC circuitry may be provided to process signals for each spectrum, or signals for other spectrums not mentioned in this disclosure, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0125] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 804 may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N / N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 804 may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer including a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According to some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 804 may include digital synthesizer circuitry. One advantage of using digital synthesizer circuitry is that, while it may still include some analog components, its size may be much smaller than that of analog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, the frequency input to synthesizer circuitry 804 may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although this is not required. Depending on the desired output frequency 805, the divider control input may additionally be provided by baseband processing circuitry 608a-b ( Figure 6 ) is provided. In some embodiments, the divider control input (e.g., N) can be determined from a lookup table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on the channel number and channel center frequency determined or indicated by the example application processor 610. The application processor 610 can include or otherwise be connected to one of the example secure signal converter 101 or the example receive signal converter 103 (e.g., depending on which device the example radio architecture is implemented in).

[0126] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit system 804 can be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 805, while in other embodiments, the output frequency 805 can be a fraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., half of the carrier frequency, one third of the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 805 can be the LO frequency (fLO).

[0127] Fig. 9 1 is a functional block diagram of a baseband processing circuit system 608a according to some embodiments. The baseband processing circuit system 608a is suitable for use as a baseband processing circuit system 608a ( Figure 6 ) is an example of a circuit system, although other circuit system configurations may also be suitable. Alternatively, Figure 8 The examples can be used to implement Figure 6 Example BT baseband processing circuitry 608b.

[0128] Baseband processing circuitry 608a may include circuitry for processing the baseband information received from radio IC circuitry 606a-b. Figure 6) and a transmit baseband processor (TX BBP) 904 for generating a transmit baseband signal 811 for the radio IC circuit systems 606a-b. The baseband processing circuit system 608a may also include control logic 906 for coordinating the operation of the baseband processing circuit system 608a.

[0129] In some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchanged between baseband processing circuitry 608a-b and radio IC circuitry 606a-b), baseband processing circuitry 608a may include ADC 910 to convert analog baseband signals 909 received from radio IC circuitry 606a-b into digital baseband signals for processing by RX BBP 902. In these embodiments, baseband processing circuitry 608a may also include DAC 912 to convert digital baseband signals from TX BBP 904 into analog baseband signals 911.

[0130] In some embodiments, such as transmitting an OFDM signal or an OFDMA signal via the baseband processor 608a, the transmit baseband processor 904 may be configured to generate an OFDM or OFDMA signal suitable for transmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). The receive baseband processor 902 may be configured to process the received OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing an FFT. In some embodiments, the receive baseband processor 902 may be configured to detect the presence of an OFDM signal or an OFDMA signal by performing an autocorrelation to detect a preamble such as a short preamble and by performing a cross-correlation to detect a long preamble. The preamble may be a component of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communications.

[0131] Return to reference Figure 6 In some embodiments, antenna 601 ( Figure 6 ) may each include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmitting RF signals. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result. Antennas 601 may each include a set of phased array antennas, although embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0132] Although the radio architectures 105A, 105B are illustrated as having several independent functional elements, one or more functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by a combination of software-configured elements, such as a processing element including a digital signal processor (DSP) and / or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), and combinations of various hardware and logic circuit systems for performing at least the functions described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a functional element may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0133] The term "exemplary" as used in this disclosure means "used as an example, instance or illustration". Any embodiment described as "exemplary" in this disclosure is not necessarily to be construed as being preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms "computing device", "user device", "communication station", "station", "handheld device", "mobile device", "wireless device" and "user equipment" (UE) used in this disclosure refer to wireless communication devices such as cellular phones, smart phones, tablet computers, netbooks, wireless terminals, laptop computers, femtocell base stations, high data rate (HDR) user stations, access points, printers, point of sale devices, access terminals or other personal communication system (PCS) devices. The device may be mobile or fixed.

[0134] As used in this disclosure, the term "communicate" is intended to include sending, or receiving, or both sending and receiving. This may be particularly useful in a claim when describing the organization of data transmitted by one device and received by another device, but requiring only the functionality of one of these devices infringes the claim. Similarly, a two-way data exchange between two devices (during the exchange, both devices send and receive) may be described as "communication", where only the functionality of one of these devices is required. The term "communicate" used in this disclosure for wireless communication signals includes sending wireless communication signals and / or receiving wireless communication signals. For example, a wireless communication unit capable of sending wireless communication signals may include a wireless transmitter that transmits wireless communication signals to at least one other wireless communication unit, and / or a wireless communication receiver that receives wireless communication signals from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[0135] As used in this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the use of ordinal adjectives "first," "second," "third," etc. to describe common objects merely indicates that different instances of similar objects are referred to, and does not mean that the objects so described must be in a given order in time, space, order, or in any other manner.

[0136] The term "access point (AP)" (AP) used in the present disclosure may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved Node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terms known in the art. An access terminal may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terms known in the art. Some embodiments may relate to a wireless network operating according to one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[0137] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, such as a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, a vehicle-mounted device, a non-vehicle-mounted device, a hybrid device, a vehicle device, a non-vehicle device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A / V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[0138] Some embodiments may be used with one-way and / or two-way radio communication systems, cellular wireless telephone communication systems, mobile phones, cellular phones, wireless phones, personal communication system (PCS) devices, PDA devices combined with wireless communication devices, mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) devices, devices combined with GPS receivers or transceivers or chips, devices combined with RFID elements or chips, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceivers or devices, single-input multiple-output (SIMO) transceivers or devices, multiple-input single-output (MISO) transceivers or devices, devices with one or more internal antennas and / or external antennas, digital video broadcasting (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, wired or wireless handheld devices such as smart phones, wireless application protocol (WAP) devices, etc.

[0139] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and / or systems that follow one or more wireless communication protocols, such as radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), time division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Advanced LTE, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), etc. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems and / or networks.

[0140] The following embodiments refer to further embodiments.

[0141] Embodiments of the present disclosure are particularly disclosed in the accompanying claims for methods, storage media, devices, and computer program products, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category (e.g., method) may also be claimed in another claim category (e.g., system). Dependencies or references in the accompanying claims are selected for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from an intentional reference to any previous claim (in particular, multiple dependencies) may also be claimed in order to disclose any combination of claims and their features, and may be claimed regardless of the dependencies selected in the accompanying claims. The subject matter that may be claimed includes not only the feature combinations listed in the accompanying claims, but also any other feature combinations in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in a claim may be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. In addition, any embodiment and feature described or depicted herein may be claimed in a separate claim and / or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or any feature of the accompanying claims.

[0142] The foregoing description of one or more embodiments provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

[0143] Various examples of the present disclosure are provided below.

[0144] Example 1 may be an apparatus of a wireless device, the apparatus comprising a processing circuit system coupled to a memory, the processing circuit system being configured to: identify a space frequency tone and a first DC frequency tone of a bandwidth, the bandwidth comprising a frequency-tuned resource unit; generate a data frequency tone for a 26-frequency-tuned resource unit, a pilot frequency tone for the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit, and a second DC frequency tone for the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit using the space frequency tone and the first DC frequency tone; enable a first frame to be transmitted to a second wireless device, the first frame comprising an indication that the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit is allocated to the second wireless device; and identify a second frame received from the second wireless device using the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit.

[0145] Example 2 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

[0146] Example 3 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

[0147] Example 4 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

[0148] Example 5 may include an apparatus of Example 4 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using a space frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation, and wherein the first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

[0149] Example 6 may include an apparatus of Example 5 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency resource unit using the 26-frequency resource unit and the second 26-frequency resource unit, and wherein the first frame also indicates the 52-frequency resource unit.

[0150] Example 7 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

[0151] Example 8 may include an apparatus of Example 7 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using a space frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation, and wherein the first frame also indicates a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

[0152] Example 9 may include an apparatus of Example 8 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency resource unit using the 26-frequency resource unit and the second 26-frequency resource unit, and wherein the first frame also indicates the 52-frequency resource unit.

[0153] Example 10 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

[0154] Example 11 may include an apparatus of Example 10 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using a space frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation, and wherein the first frame also indicates a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

[0155] Example 12 may include an apparatus of Example 11 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency resource unit using the 26-frequency resource unit and the second 26-frequency resource unit, and wherein the first frame also indicates the 52-frequency resource unit.

[0156] Example 13 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

[0157] Example 14 may include an apparatus of Example 13 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using a space frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation, and wherein the first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

[0158] Example 15 may include an apparatus of Example 14 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency resource unit using the 26-frequency resource unit and the second 26-frequency resource unit, and wherein the first frame also indicates the 52-frequency resource unit.

[0159] Example 16 may include an apparatus of Example 1 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the second frame is a time-sensitive frame received at a certain time, and wherein the processing circuit system is also configured to use one of the frequency-modulated resource units to identify a third frame received from a third wireless device at that time.

[0160] Example 17 may include the apparatus of any of Examples 1-16 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the wireless device is a first multi-link device (MLD), and wherein the second wireless device is a second MLD.

[0161] Example 18 may include a computer-readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed by a processing circuit system, cause the processing circuit system of a wireless device to: identify a space frequency tone and a first DC frequency tone of a bandwidth, the bandwidth including a frequency tone resource unit; use the space frequency tone and the first DC frequency tone to generate a data frequency tone for a 26-frequency tone resource unit, a pilot frequency tone for the 26-frequency tone resource unit, and a second DC frequency tone for the 26-frequency tone resource unit; cause a first frame to be transmitted to a second wireless device, the first frame including an indication that the 26-frequency tone resource unit is allocated to the second wireless device; and use the 26-frequency tone resource unit to identify a second frame received from the second wireless device.

[0162] Example 19 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

[0163] Example 20 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

[0164] Example 21 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

[0165] Example 22 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

[0166] Example 23 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

[0167] Example 24 may include a computer-readable medium of Example 18 and / or some other examples of the present disclosure, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

[0168] Example 25 may include a method for allocating frequency-modulated resource units, the method comprising: identifying, by a processing circuit system of a first device, a space frequency tone and a first DC frequency tone of a bandwidth that includes the frequency-modulated resource unit; generating, by the processing circuit system, a data frequency tone for a 26-frequency-modulated resource unit, a pilot frequency tone for the 26-frequency-modulated resource unit, and a second DC frequency tone for the 26-frequency-modulated resource unit using the space frequency tone and the first DC frequency tone; transmitting, by the processing circuit system, a first frame to a second wireless device, the first frame including an indication that the 26-frequency-modulated resource unit is allocated to the second wireless device; and identifying, by the processing circuit system, a second frame received from the second wireless device using the 26-frequency-modulated resource unit.

[0169] Example 26 may include an apparatus comprising a module for: identifying a space frequency tone and a first DC frequency tone of a bandwidth including a frequency-tuned resource unit; generating a data frequency tone for a 26-frequency-tuned resource unit, a pilot frequency tone for the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit, and a second DC frequency tone for the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit using the space frequency tone and the first DC frequency tone; causing a first frame to be transmitted to a wireless device, the first frame including an indication that the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit is allocated to a second wireless device; and identifying a second frame received from the wireless device using the 26-frequency-tuned resource unit.

[0170] Example 27 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media that include instructions that cause an electronic device to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of Examples 1-26, or any other method or process described in the present disclosure, when the instructions are executed by one or more processors of the electronic device.

[0171] Example 28 may include a device comprising logic, modules, and / or circuit systems for performing one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of Examples 1-26 or any other method or process described in the present disclosure.

[0172] Example 29 may include methods, techniques, or processes as described or related to any of Examples 1-26, or portions or components thereof.

[0173] Example 30 may include a device comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media, the computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform methods, techniques, or processes described in or related to any one of Examples 1-26 or portions thereof.

[0174] Example 31 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described in the present disclosure.

[0175] Example 32 may include a system for providing wireless communications as shown and described in the present disclosure.

[0176] Example 33 may include an apparatus for providing wireless communications as shown and described in the present disclosure.

[0177] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are described above with reference to block diagrams and flow charts of systems, methods, devices and / or computer program products according to various embodiments. It should be understood that one or more blocks in the block diagrams and flow charts and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow charts may be implemented by computer executable program instructions, respectively. Likewise, according to some embodiments, some blocks in the block diagrams and flow charts may not necessarily need to be executed in the order presented, or may not need to be executed at all.

[0178] These computer executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special purpose computer or other specific machine, processor or other programmable data processing device to produce a specific machine, so that the instructions executed on the computer, processor or other programmable data processing device create a device for implementing one or more functions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium or memory, which may instruct a computer or other programmable data processing device to operate in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer readable storage medium produce a product of an instruction device including one or more functions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart. As an example, some embodiments may provide a computer program product, including a computer readable storage medium in which a computer readable program code or program instruction is implemented, and the computer readable program code is suitable for being executed to implement one or more functions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing device to cause a series of operating elements or steps to be executed on a computer or other programmable device, thereby generating a computer-implemented process, so that the instructions executed on the computer or other programmable device provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in one or more boxes of the flowchart.

[0179] Therefore, the blocks of the block diagrams and flow charts support a combination of equipment for performing the specified functions, a combination of elements or steps for performing the specified functions, and program instruction equipment for performing the specified functions. It should also be understood that each block in the block diagrams and flow charts and the combination of blocks in the block diagrams and flow charts can be implemented by a dedicated, hardware-based computer system that performs the specified functions, elements or steps, or a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0180] Conditional language, such as "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise or understood otherwise in the context of use, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments may include certain features, elements, and / or operations while other embodiments do not. Thus, such conditional language is generally not intended to imply that features, elements, and / or operations are in any way required for one or more embodiments, or that one or more embodiments must include logic for determining whether such features, elements, and / or operations are included in any particular embodiment or will be performed, with or without user input or prompting.

[0181] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure described herein will be apparent with the aid of the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the associated drawings. Therefore, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the specific implementations disclosed, and modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although the disclosure uses specific terms, they are used only in a general and descriptive sense and not for limiting purposes.

Claims

1. An apparatus of a wireless device, the apparatus comprising a processing circuit system coupled to a memory, the processing circuit system being configured to: identifying a null frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation of a bandwidth, the bandwidth comprising a resource unit of the frequency modulation; Generate a data frequency modulation for a 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a pilot frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a second DC frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation; causing transmission of a first frame to a second wireless device, the first frame comprising an indication of allocating a 26-tone resource unit to the second wireless device; and A second frame received from the second wireless device is identified using the 26-tone resource unit.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first part of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second part of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third part of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first part, the second part, and the third part are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generating a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation, and The first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a 52-frequency modulation resource unit using the 26-frequency modulation resource unit and the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and The first frame also indicates the 52-frequency modulation resource unit.

7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: generating a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation, and The first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generate a 52-frequency modulation resource unit using the 26-frequency modulation resource unit and the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and The first frame also indicates the 52-frequency modulation resource unit.

10. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that The bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: generating a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation, and The first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency modulation resource unit using the 26-frequency modulation resource unit and the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and The first frame also indicates the 52-frequency modulation resource unit.

13. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit comprises a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: generating a second data frequency modulation for a second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a second pilot frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a third DC frequency modulation for the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation, and The first frame also indicates the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to generate a 52-frequency modulation resource unit using the 26-frequency modulation resource unit and the second 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and The first frame also indicates the 52-frequency modulation resource unit.

16. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second frame is a time-sensitive frame received at a certain time, and wherein the processing circuit system is further configured to: use one of the frequency-modulated resource units to identify a third frame received from a third wireless device at the time.

17. The apparatus of any of claims 1-16, wherein the wireless device is a first multi-link device (MLD), and wherein the second wireless device is a second MLD.

18. A computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause processing circuitry of a wireless device to: identifying a null frequency modulation and a first DC frequency modulation of a bandwidth, the bandwidth comprising a resource unit of the frequency modulation; Generate a data frequency modulation for a 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a pilot frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a second DC frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation; causing transmission of a first frame to a second wireless device, the first frame comprising an indication of an allocation of a 26-tone resource unit to the second wireless device; and A second frame received from the second wireless device is identified using the 26-tone resource unit.

19. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

20. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 80 MHz bandwidth.

21. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

22. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 160 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 160 MHz bandwidth.

23. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of sixteen data tones and seven DC tones, and a third portion of four data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

24. A computer-readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the bandwidth is 320 MHz, wherein the 26-tone resource unit includes a first portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, a second portion of eighteen data tones and five DC tones, and a third portion of three data tones and one pilot tone, and wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are discontinuous in the 320 MHz bandwidth.

25. A method for allocating frequency-modulated resource units, the method comprising: identifying, by processing circuitry of the first device, a null tone and a first DC tone of a bandwidth, the bandwidth comprising a resource unit of the tone; The processing circuit system generates a data frequency modulation for a 26-frequency modulation resource unit, a pilot frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit, and a second DC frequency modulation for the 26-frequency modulation resource unit using the space frequency modulation and the first DC frequency modulation; transmitting, by the processing circuitry, to a second wireless device, a first frame including an indication of allocating a 26-tone resource unit to the second wireless device; and A second frame received from the second wireless device using the 26-tone resource unit is identified by the processing circuitry.

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