Systems and techniques for authentication and security

Abstract

The present disclosure generally relates to wireless communications. Some aspects of the present disclosure include systems and techniques for device authentication. For example, an apparatus for wireless communication may receive an audio signal from a second device via a microphone. The apparatus may decode the audio signal to determine an encoded value. The apparatus may also determine, based on the encoded value, that the audio signal is associated with the second device. The apparatus may also establish a connection with the second device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001]

[0004] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications. Some aspects of the present disclosure include systems and techniques for device authentication. Background Art

[0002] Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices. Wireless connections can be used as an alternative to wired connections to exchange files between nearby portable devices and to connect cell phones and music players with wireless headphones. Some wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth, use a pairing process to bind a source device and a sink device. A specific request from the user can trigger the pairing process. The two devices establish a relationship during the pairing process by creating a shared secret called a link key. If two devices store the same link key, the two devices are said to be paired or bonded. Summary of the invention

[0003] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus for wireless communication. Generally, the apparatus includes at least one memory and one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, the one or more processors being configured to: receive an audio signal from a device via a microphone; decode the audio signal to determine a coding value; determine, based on the coding value, that the audio signal is associated with the device; and establish a connection with the device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the device.

[0004] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method for wireless communication of a first device. Generally, the method includes: receiving an audio signal from a second device via a microphone; decoding the audio signal to determine a coding value; determining, based on the coding value, that the audio signal is associated with the second device; and establishing a connection with the second device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device.

[0005] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the following operations: receiving an audio signal from a device via a microphone; decoding the audio signal to determine an encoding value; determining, based on the encoding value, that the audio signal is associated with the device; and establishing a connection with the device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the device.

[0006] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus for wireless communication of a first device, the apparatus comprising: a unit for receiving an audio signal from the device via a microphone; a unit for decoding the audio signal to determine a coding value; a unit for determining, based on the coding value, that the audio signal is associated with the device; and a unit for establishing a connection with the device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the device.

[0007] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus for wireless communication. Generally, the apparatus includes at least one memory and one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, the one or more processors being configured to: determine an audio signal; output the audio signal; and establish a connection with a second device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0008] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method for wireless communication of a first device. Generally, the method includes: determining an audio signal; outputting the audio signal; and establishing a connection with a second device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0009] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the following operations: determining an audio signal; outputting the audio signal; and establishing a connection with a second device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0010] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: means for determining an audio signal; means for outputting the audio signal; and means for establishing a connection with a second device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0011] In some aspects, one or more of the devices described above are, may be part of, or may include a vehicle or component or system of a vehicle, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone or so-called "smartphone" or other mobile device), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a wearable device, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a robotic device or system, an aviation system, or other device. In some aspects, one or more of these devices include an image sensor (e.g., a camera) or multiple image sensors (e.g., multiple cameras) for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, one or more of these devices include one or more displays for displaying one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, one or more of these devices include one or more speakers, one or more light emitting devices, and / or one or more microphones. In some aspects, one or more of the devices described above may include one or more sensors. For example, the one or more sensors may include at least one of a light-based sensor (e.g., a LIDAR sensor, a radar sensor, etc.), an audio sensor, a motion sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an image sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a pressure sensor, a touch sensor, and a magnetometer. In some cases, the one or more sensors may be used to determine the location of the device, the state of the device, and / or for other purposes.

[0012] This summary is neither intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter nor is it intended to be used alone to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0013] The foregoing, together with other features and embodiments, will become more fully apparent with reference to the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The illustrative embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0015] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example recording device according to some examples.

[0016] Figure 2 According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, example operations are shown for establishing a wireless connection using audio signals.

[0017] Figure 3According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, example techniques for connecting devices using audio signals are shown.

[0018] Figure 4 According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, example operations for device authentication are shown.

[0019] Figure 5 According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, example operations for device authentication using random numbers are shown.

[0020] Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for wireless communications in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for wireless communications in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 8 is a diagram of an example system for implementing certain aspects of the techniques of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Some aspects of the present disclosure are provided below. It is obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art that some of these aspects can be applied independently, and some of them can be applied in combination. In the following description, for ease of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present application. However, it is obvious that each embodiment can be practiced without these specific details. The drawings and description are not intended to be restrictive.

[0024] The following description provides only exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the present disclosure. On the contrary, the following description of the exemplary embodiments will provide an enabling description for implementing the exemplary embodiments to those of ordinary skill in the art. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the functions and arrangements of the constituent elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0025] Systems, apparatus, processes (also referred to as methods), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as "systems and techniques") for wireless device connection and authentication are described herein. The various aspects described herein can be applied to any wireless technology in which a source device and a host device are paired and establish a wireless connection for communication, including Bluetooth (BT) technology. Transferring a peripheral device from one already paired host device to another host device can be complicated for a user. For example, a user may have to turn off a connection technology feature (e.g., a BT feature) of an already paired host to transfer the connection from the paired host to another host. In addition, any attacker who has physical access to a peripheral device may force the peripheral device to pair with a host of the attacker's choice, thereby allowing the attacker to use the device without the owner's consent, thereby causing security issues.

[0026] In some aspects of the present disclosure, an audio signal can be used as a data signal between a host and a peripheral device, thereby simplifying the connection process and providing an authentication process to improve security. For example, an audio channel different from a wireless channel (e.g., a BT channel) can be formed between the host and the peripheral device. The user can choose to completely disable pairing on the peripheral device so that the peripheral device is only associated with a host device that sends an appropriate audio signal for authentication. The audio signal can be encrypted. Each time the audio signal is used for authentication, the audio signal can be different while still being unique to the host / peripheral pair. For example, a time-based change in a random seed used to generate the audio signal or a "challenge-response protocol" can be used to implement the audio signal, as described in more detail herein.

[0027] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example computing device 100 according to some examples. In the example shown, computing device 100 may include a storage device 108 and a processor 110.

[0028] The storage device 108 may include any storage device for storing data. The storage device 108 may store data from any component of the computing device 100. In some embodiments, the processor 110 may include a central processing unit (CPU) 112, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 114, a digital signal processor (DSP) 116, and / or an image signal processor (ISP) 118. In some aspects, the computing device 100 includes a Bluetooth (BT) management system 138. In some aspects, the BT management system 138 may be implemented as part of the processor 110. The BT management system 138 may include a decoding component 102 and an encoding component 104. The encoding component 104 may encode a value in an audio signal, which may be output (e.g., played) using a speaker 170 of the computing device 100. The audio signal may help establish a connection with a device. In some aspects, the management system 138 includes a random number generator 106. The random number generator 106 may generate a random number, and the encoding component 104 may encode the random number in an audio signal. In some aspects, the management system 138 may include a decoding component 102. The decoding component may receive audio signals via microphone 160, which may be used to establish a connection with the device.

[0029] In some aspects, the computing device may include a communication interface 140. The communication interface 140 may be used to communicate with the device using an established connection. For example, the communication interface may be a transceiver coupled to an antenna 150 for communication.

[0030] There are many wireless devices (e.g., BT devices) on the market, such as earbuds, headphones, XR, smart glasses, BT wearables, laptops, and tablet devices. New use cases are becoming more and more popular, resulting in each user having multiple devices that are interconnected, forming a complex connection topology. This complex connection topology creates a poor user experience in terms of device pairing and subsequent reconnection. Some aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for improving user experience and addressing security issues.

[0031] Sink devices (e.g., also called peripheral devices) typically connect to the last connected source device by default, which is not user-friendly because the user may want the sink device to connect to other source devices. The user may turn off the central / source device to allow other paired devices to connect to the peripheral / sink device, resulting in a poor user experience. In some cases, the device must enter pairing mode before connecting to a new device. To address this issue, some devices on the market either have physical buttons to select between two paired devices to connect to, or support up to 2 device connections and allow one of the devices to actively play music or make calls. In both types of peripheral devices, the connection may be limited to 1 or 2 devices, and beyond this point, there is no scalable solution to handle multi-device connection scenarios to seamlessly switch between devices.

[0032] Currently, there is a lack of a seamless user authorization process for pairing (e.g., BT pairing). Anyone can pair a device by putting the current peripheral into pairing mode (even if the device is not owned by them), which may also lead to unauthorized use of personal devices. These devices may be expensive, and to prevent unauthorized use (e.g., accidental or malicious), users may want to protect and personalize these devices to prevent others from using these devices without the owner's knowledge. Certain aspects provide technologies for improving the user experience when connecting devices and improving device security.

[0033] To improve the user experience when connecting devices, the device's microphone can be used to communicate with the host device. When a user turns on any type of device such as headphones, smart glasses devices, or smart watch devices, the device can use the existing always-on voice (AoV) subsystem of the device itself (or turn on the microphone if the host device does not support AoV) to listen to the encrypted audio signal. The audio signal can be in the form of a unique tone (e.g., a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tone), or any audio of a specific frequency, such as audio within a frequency range that a person cannot hear but a microphone can hear. In some cases, when the source device and the host device are paired, the user can pre-configure the tone or audio to allow a secure pairing process. The user can use DTMF tones or audio to send an audio signal from the source device (e.g., by pressing a button on the source device) to the host device so that the source device is connected to the specific host device that the user wants.

[0034] Figure 2According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, an example operation of establishing a connection using an audio signal is shown. As shown, at box 202, a source device and a sink device may perform a pairing process. After the pairing process, the device may be disconnected. In some aspects of the present disclosure, an audio signal may be used to reconnect the above-mentioned connection. For example, the sink device may enable the microphone of the sink device. Once the sink device (e.g., a wireless headset or smart glasses device) microphone is turned on, at box 206, the source device may receive user input. For example, a user may click an icon on a source device (e.g., a smart phone), and the source device may output (e.g., play) an audio signal (e.g., any audio signal such as a unique encrypted tone).

[0035] At box 204, the source device may generate an audio signal 205. At box 208, the sink device may monitor and receive the audio signal. At box 210, the sink device may decrypt the audio signal. For example, the sink device may capture an encrypted tone and decrypt the tone to determine that the received tone is from the source device. At box 211, the sink device may verify the source device based on a decrypted value associated with the audio signal. For example, the sink device may determine that the source device is a smartphone associated with the sink device (e.g., the owner of the sink device). The audio driver of the sink device may require a direct connection to the smartphone, allowing the device to be authenticated and connected at box 212.

[0036] The various aspects described herein allow a first device to be connected to a second device, even if the device has been paired with a third device. For example, in some scenarios, a sink device (e.g., a wireless headset) may have been connected to a source device (e.g., a smart watch or a laptop computer), and the sink device may be in sniffing mode. A user may wish to use the same (connected) sink device with a smartphone. A user may click on an icon of a source device to output (e.g., play) a pre-configured encrypted DTMF tone or audio of a specific frequency. The sniffing mode of a device refers to an energy-saving mode in which a device is not very active and can only monitor transmissions at set time intervals. The tone or audio can be captured by a microphone of the sink device. The sink device identifies the DTMF tone or audio as belonging to the source device, thereby facilitating the connection between devices during authentication.

[0037] This unique DTMF tone may start with a header tone to avoid false alarms when using an Always-On Voice (AoV) hardware module for detection, where the AoV hardware module implements the Wake-Up Word Engine (WWE) functionality. For example, when a BT sink device is turned on and in authentication mode, WWE may monitor for a configured DTMF header followed by a cryptographic random number (e.g., a random number tone) that may be used for authentication. When a user turns on a sink device, the sink device's microphone may be active for the WWE functionality.

[0038] Figure 3 According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, an example technique 300 for connecting devices using audio signals is shown. As shown, at box 302, the sink device can be turned on and configured to be in a sniffing mode of operation. At box 303, the microphone of the sink device can be turned on. For example, the microphone can be turned on as part of the AoV process. At box 304, the sink device can wait for an audio signal. If at box 308, a certain time expires and no audio signal is received, the sink device can go to box 310 and be configured to be in a discoverable mode. If at box 306, an audio signal is received from a source device 328 (e.g., a configured header tone of the audio signal is detected), the sink device can decrypt the audio signal at box 318 (as described in more detail herein, decrypting a random number tone for authentication), and at box 316, determine whether the audio signal is associated with a source device for establishing a connection.

[0039] In some aspects, to output (e.g., play) the encrypted audio signal, the user may click an icon on the source device 328 to connect and output the encrypted audio signal at block 326. If no response is received and the sink device is not found, a message may be indicated to the user on the source device 328 at block 324 indicating that the sink device was not found.

[0040] As described above, at block 316, the sink device may determine whether the audio signal is associated with a source device. If not, authentication may fail at block 320; if so, authentication is considered successful at block 330. The sink device may notify the sink device subsystem to connect to a matching source device, and at block 322, the sink device may connect to the source device. In some aspects, if after generating the audio signal, the source device 328 does not receive a response from the sink device within a period of time, a pop-up box appears on the source device indicating that the sink device was not found.

[0041] In some aspects, once the sink device is placed in discoverable mode at box 310, at box 312, the sink device can determine whether an authenticated source device is available. If so, at box 314, the sink device can actively initiate an authentication process with the source device. For example, the sink device (e.g., a wireless headset) may be turned on by a user and may not be receiving a configured audio signal, and a configured timer may expire. The sink device can then fall back to discoverable mode to discover the source device. If the sink device only finds one available configured and authenticated source device (e.g., a smart phone or laptop), the sink device can actively initiate an authentication process with the source device. For example, the sink device can send an instruction to the source device to output (e.g., play) an audio signal, thereby initiating authentication and connection (e.g., without user intervention in authentication). For example, if Figure 2 As shown in , instead of receiving user input, the source device may receive an authentication request 207 from the sink device requesting the source device to initiate an authentication process, including the source device outputting (eg, playing) an audio signal, as described above.

[0042] When a user pairs a sink device with a source device (e.g., a source device such as a smartphone) for the first time, the user may have the option of disabling the pairing mode of the sink device. Pairing mode may be enabled only in response to authentication of the source device (e.g., using a configured audio signal) so that only the owner of the sink device can use the device. If the source device is not available for enabling the pairing mode of the sink device, the authentication information for generating the audio signal may be stored in the cloud, allowing the user to download the authentication information using any other device to generate the audio signal. For example, a user may want to use a sink device (e.g., headphones) with a new source device (e.g., a TV) that can be used via an Internet connection. In this case, the user can log in to a profile (e.g., a user profile on the cloud or on a source device) to download the authentication information and authenticate the sink device by outputting (e.g., playing) an encrypted audio signal at the source device.

[0043] As in many sink devices (e.g., headphones or gadgets), there may be a microphone, and the microphone is enabled for voice commands. Therefore, the microphone can be used to capture audio signals and perform authentication as described herein. The audio signal may be captured and re-output (e.g., replayed) by the attacker's computing device, resulting in security issues. In order to address security issues, a random signal can be used, which can be configured in a manner that makes the random signal only understood by a transmitter and a receiver (e.g., a source device and a sink device). In some aspects, a transmitter can output a DTMF tone, and a receiver can capture the DTMF tone to verify whether the DTMF tone is generated using a specific random number. In security applications where random numbers are required for encryption or specific purposes, a pseudo-random number generator can be used. For example, a transmitter and a receiver can be configured to have the same seed and the same function to generate a random number. For example, a sink device and a source device can generate a random number using the following formula: Seed current =(a*seed previous )mod m; random=seed current / m; Wherein, a and m are positive integers preconfigured at the source device and the sink device. current ) to generate random numbers. The seed used to generate random numbers can be recalculated so that a new seed is used when generating subsequent random numbers. For example, a new seed can be used based on a previous seed (e.g., seed previous) to calculate the current seed current ). The transmitter may generate a random number and encode the random number as a DTMF tone. The transmitter may include a DTMF generator or may have locally stored tones for random numbers to choose from.

[0044] The microphone of receiver captures DTMF tones, and processing unit runs DTMF detection algorithm to decode the associated random number. Once the random number associated with the DTMF tones received has been decoded, processing unit can run random number generator (e.g., similar to the random number generator of transmitter to realize), to generate the random number that should be generated with transmitter and the random number encoded in the DTMF tones that matches. Receiver can compare the random number of decoding with the local random number generated, and if the random number matches, then receiver authentication DTMF tones and is connected to transmitter. In addition, if the random number matches, then seed is updated at receiver, as described herein.

[0045] Figure 4 According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, an example operation 400 for device authentication is shown. At box 402, a source device generates a random number A, and at box 404, the random number A is encoded onto an audio signal 205 (e.g., a DTMF tone). Then, via a speaker, the audio signal 205 is sent to a sink device. As shown, at box 406, the sink device monitors and receives an audio signal, and at box 408, the audio signal is decrypted to determine the random number A. For example, the sink device can monitor the unique DTMF tone generated by the source device so that the sink device identifies the source device to be connected. At box 410, the sink device generates a random number B using the same seed as the source device used to generate the random number A. Therefore, the random number A and the random number B should match. At box 412, the sink device compares the random number A and the random number B, and if the random numbers match, the sink device performs a connection and authentication process at box 414.

[0046] The transmitter and receiver may not be synchronized, generating different random numbers, thereby preventing proper authentication. For example, if the transmitter keeps outputting a tone for each random number generation, but the receiver cannot detect the tone, the current random number will be different for the transmitter and the receiver. In some aspects, to prevent the devices from being out of sync and to improve security, the random numbers can be exchanged over an encrypted link after the devices establish a connection. The exchanged random numbers can be used for subsequent connection attempts. In other words, when attempting to establish a connection, the source device generates an audio signal using the random numbers previously exchanged for authentication.

[0047] Figure 5According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, an example operation 500 for device authentication is shown. A sink device may monitor a unique DTMF tone generated by a source device so that the sink device identifies the source device to be connected. For example, the source device may send an audio signal 205 to the sink device, wherein a random number A is encoded onto the audio signal. At box 504, the source device identifies the source device, and at box 506, a connection between the source device and the sink device is established. The sink device may then generate a random number B and use the established connection to send the random number B to the source device. At box 510, the source device may calculate a response (response A) using a hash function of a secret key, random number A, and random number B. Similarly, at box 512, the sink device may calculate a response (response B) using a hash function of a secret key, random number A, and random number B. The secret key may be any value exchanged between devices during the pairing process. At box 516, the source device may verify response B using the secret key. For example, the source device may verify that response B matches response A calculated at box 510. Similarly, the source device may send a response A to the sink device, and at block 520, the sink device may verify response A (e.g., verify that response A matches response B calculated at block 512). Thus, by exchanging random number B over the encrypted link, a mutual authentication process may occur. If authentication is successful, communication may continue over the established connection. If unsuccessful, the connection may be disconnected.

[0048] Figure 6 6 is a flow chart illustrating an example process 600 for wireless communication according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 1 The operations of process 600 are performed by a first device (eg, a sink device) such as computing device 100.

[0049] At block 602, the first device may receive an audio signal from a second BT device via a microphone. The audio signal may be a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tone including a coded value or a number. At block 604, the first device may decode the audio signal (e.g., audio signal 205) to determine the coded value. For example, decoding the audio signal may involve decrypting the audio signal to determine the coded value.

[0050] At block 606, the first device may determine (or verify) that the audio signal is associated with a second device (e.g., a source device) based on the coded value. In some aspects, the first device may generate a first random number and compare the coded value to the first random number. Determining or verifying that the audio signal is associated with the second device may be based on the comparison. The coded value may include a second random number. The first random number and the second random number may be generated using the same seed.

[0051] At block 608, the first device may connect to the second device based on determining / verifying that the audio signal is associated with the second device. In some aspects, the first device generates a first random number (e.g., Figure 5 The first device may receive a first response from the second device, the first response being associated with the first random number, and verify the second device based on the first response. The encoded value may be a second random number (e.g., Figure 5 The first device may generate a second response based on the first random number and the second random number (e.g., Figure 5 Response B shown in ). Verifying the second device may include: comparing the first response and the second response. In some aspects, the first device may generate the second response by performing a hash function based on the secret key, the first random number, and the second random number.

[0052] In some aspects, the first device sends or transmits an indication (e.g., authentication request 207) to the second device to output (e.g., play) an audio signal, wherein the audio signal is received in response to sending the indication. The first device may perform a search for paired devices. The indication may be sent to the second device based on the second device being the only device found when performing the search.

[0053] Figure 7 7 is a flow chart illustrating an example process 700 for wireless communication according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 1 The operations of process 700 are performed by a first device (eg, source device) such as computing device 100.

[0054] At block 702, the first device determines an audio signal (e.g., a DTMF tone) to output (e.g., play with a speaker). In some aspects, at block 704, the first device outputs (e.g., plays) the audio signal to connect with the second Bluetooth device. In some aspects, the first device receives user input (e.g., such as regarding Figure 2 The audio signal may be output in response to a user input. In some aspects, the first device may generate a random number. Determining the audio signal may include encoding the random number onto the audio signal.

[0055] At box 706, the first device establishes a connection with a second Bluetooth device in response to outputting (e.g., playing) an audio signal. In some aspects, the first device may receive an indication of a first random number from a second device via the established connection, and generate a first response to the second device based on the first random number. The first device may send a first response to the second device. In some aspects, determining the audio signal may include encoding the second random number in the audio signal, wherein the first response is generated based on the first random number and the second random number. In some aspects, generating the first response may include performing a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number and the second random number. After outputting (e.g., playing) the audio signal, the first device may receive a second response from the second device. The first device may verify that the second response is from the second device by comparing the first response with the second response.

[0056] In some aspects, the first device receives an instruction (eg, authentication request 207) from the second device to output (eg, play) an audio signal. The audio signal is output in response to the sending of the instruction.

[0057] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example system for implementing certain aspects of the proposed technology. Specifically, Figure 8 An example of a computing system 800 is shown, which can be, for example, any computing device that makes up an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any components thereof, where the components of the system communicate with each other using connection 805. Connection 805 can be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor 810 (e.g., in a chipset architecture). Connection 805 can also be a virtual connection, a networked connection, or a logical connection.

[0058] In some aspects, computing system 800 is a distributed system in which the functionality described in the present disclosure can be distributed in one data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the distributed system components represent a plurality of such components, each of which performs some or all of the functionality described for that component. In some aspects, these components can be physical devices or virtual devices.

[0059] The example system 800 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 810, and connections 805 that couple various system components including system memory 815 (e.g., read only memory (ROM) 820 and random access memory (RAM) 825) to the processor 810. The computing system 800 may include a cache 812 of high-speed memory that is directly connected to, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor 810.

[0060] The processor 810 may include any general purpose processor and hardware services or software services. In some aspects, the code stored in the storage device 830 may be configured to control the processor 810 to perform the operations described herein. In some aspects, the processor 810 may be a special purpose processor that incorporates instructions or circuits into the actual processor design to perform the operations described herein. The processor 810 may be a completely self-contained computing system in nature, which includes multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, and the like. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric. The processor 810 may include: a circuit 860 for receiving / sending, a circuit 862 for decoding, a circuit 864 for establishing, a circuit 866 for generating, a circuit 868 for verifying, and a circuit 869 for determining.

[0061] The storage device 830 may store code that, when executed by the processor 810, performs the operations described herein. For example, the storage device 830 may include code 870 for receiving / sending, code 872 for decoding, code 874 for establishing, code 876 for generating, code 878 for generating, and code 880 for determining.

[0062] To enable user interaction, the computing system 800 includes an input device 845, which can represent any number of input means, such as a microphone for voice, a camera for generating images or video, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphic input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice, and the like. The computing system 800 can also include an output device 835, which can be one or more of a number of output means. In some instances, a multimodal system can enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with the computing system 800. The computing system 800 may include a communication interface 840, which can generally manage and control user input and system output. The communication interface can use wired and / or wireless transceivers to perform or facilitate the reception and / or transmission of wired or wireless communications, including those using the following devices: audio jacks / plugs, microphone jacks / plugs, universal serial bus (USB) ports / plugs, Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, Fiber optic ports / plugs, Proprietary wired ports / plugs, Wireless signal transmission, Low energy (BLE) wireless signal transmission, Wireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), infrared communication (IR) wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, 3G / 4G / 5G / LTE cellular data network wireless signal transmission, ad hoc network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. The communication interface 840 may also include one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers or transceivers for determining the location of the computing system 800 based on one or more signals received from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and Europe's Galileo GNSS. There are no restrictions on operation with any particular hardware arrangement, so the basic features herein may be easily replaced with improved hardware or firmware arrangements developed.

[0063] The storage device 830 may be a non-volatile and / or non-temporary and / or computer-readable storage device and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium that stores computer-accessible data, such as a magnetic cassette, a flash memory card, a solid-state storage device, a digital versatile disk, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic stripe / strip, any other magnetic storage medium, a flash memory, a memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a rewritable compact disc (CD) optical disc, a digital video disc (DVD) optical disc, a Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disc, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, card, a smart card chip, an EMV chip, a subscriber identification module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, a random access memory (RAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash EPROM (FLASHEPROM), a cache memory (L1 / L2 / L3 / L4 / L5 / L#), a resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), a phase change memory (PCM), a spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cartridge, and / or a combination thereof.

[0064] Storage device 830 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which cause the system to perform functions when the code defining such software is executed by processor 810. In some aspects, hardware services that perform a particular function may include software components stored in a computer-readable medium in combination with hardware components (e.g., processor 810, connection 805, output device 835, etc.) required to perform the function.

[0065] The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-temporary media that can store data, but does not include carrier waves and / or temporary electronic signals that are transmitted wirelessly or through a wired connection. Examples of non-temporary media may include, but are not limited to: disks or tapes, optical storage media (such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs)), flash memory, memory, or storage devices. Computer-readable media may store code and / or machine-executable instructions that may represent any combination of procedures, functions, subroutines, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, or instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, independent variables, parameters, or memory contents. Information, independent variables, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted in any suitable manner, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

[0066] In some embodiments, computer readable storage devices, media, and memories may include cables or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer readable storage media explicitly excludes media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals themselves.

[0067] Specific details are provided in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and examples provided herein. However, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that these embodiments can be implemented without these specific details. For ease of clarity, in some cases, the technology proposed herein may be presented as including separate functional blocks, which include functional blocks containing devices, device components, steps or routines in methods embodied in software, or a combination of hardware and software. In addition to the components shown in the accompanying drawings and / or described herein, other components may also be used. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be displayed as components in block diagram form to avoid confusing embodiments with unnecessary details. In other examples, in order to avoid confusing embodiments, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be displayed without unnecessary details.

[0068] The above embodiments can be described as a process or method described using a flowchart, a flow chart, a data flow chart, a structure diagram or a block diagram. Although the operation is described as a sequential process using a flow chart, many operations can be performed in parallel or simultaneously. In addition, the order of these operations can be adjusted. When these operations are completed, the process also terminates, but it may have other steps not included in the accompanying drawings. The process may correspond to a method, a function, a process, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When the process corresponds to a function, the termination of the process corresponds to the return from the function to its calling function or main function.

[0069] The processing and method according to the above-mentioned examples can be implemented using computer executable instructions stored in or available from computer readable media. For example, such instructions may include instructions and data that cause or configure a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a specific function or functional group. The computer resource part used can be accessed through a network. Computer executable instructions can be, for example, binary, intermediate format instructions (e.g., assembly language), firmware, source code, etc. Examples of computer readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during the method according to the described examples include disks or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0070] The equipment implementing the processing and methods according to these disclosures may include hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or a combination thereof, and may take any of a variety of forms. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing the necessary tasks may be stored in a computer-readable medium or a machine-readable medium. The processor may perform the necessary tasks. Typical examples of form factors include laptop computers, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small-sized personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, stand-alone devices, etc. The functions described herein may also be embodied in peripheral devices or add-on cards. As a further example, this function may also be implemented on a circuit board between different chips or different processes executed in a single device.

[0071] Instructions, media for transmitting such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are exemplary means for providing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0072] In the foregoing description, various aspects of the present application are described with reference to the specific embodiments of the present application, but those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present application is not limited thereto. Therefore, although the illustrative embodiments of the present application have been described in detail herein, it should be understood that the concept of the present invention can be embodied and adopted differently in other ways, and the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including such variations, unless limited by the prior art. The various features and aspects of the above-mentioned application can be used individually or in combination. In addition, without departing from the broader spirit and scope of protection of this specification, embodiments can be used in any number of environments and applications outside of those described herein. Therefore, the description and the accompanying drawings should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. For illustration purposes, the method is described in a specific order. It should be understood that in an alternative embodiment, the method can be performed in an order different from the described order.

[0073] It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the less than ("<") and greater than (">") symbols or terms used in this document may be replaced with less than or equal to ("≤") and greater than or equal to ("≥") symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this specification.

[0074] When a component is described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming a programmable electronic circuit (e.g., a microprocessor or other appropriate electronic circuit) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.

[0075] The phrase "coupled to" refers to any component that is physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or any component that communicates directly or indirectly with another component (eg, via a wired or wireless connection to another component and / or other appropriate communication interface).

[0076] Declaration language or other language that refers to "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfies the claim. For example, declaration language that refers to "at least one of A and B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, declaration language that refers to "at least one of A, B, and C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. Language such as "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, declaration language that refers to "at least one of A and B" means A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0077] Various exemplary logic boxes, modules, engines, circuits and algorithm steps described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can all be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware or a combination thereof. In order to clearly represent this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, boxes, modules, circuits and steps are generally described above around their functions. Whether this function is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the entire system. A skilled person can implement the described functions in an alternative manner for each specific application, but this implementation decision should not be interpreted as departing from the scope of protection of the present disclosure.

[0078] The techniques described herein may also be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. This technique may be implemented using any of a variety of devices such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses (including applications in wireless communication device handsets and other devices), etc. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device, or may be implemented separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, these techniques may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium, the computer-readable data storage medium including program code, the program code including instructions for executing one or more of the methods described above when executed. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may include a memory or data storage medium, for example, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash memory, a magnetic or optical data storage medium, and the like, such as a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM). Additionally or alternatively, these techniques may be implemented at least in part through a computer-readable communication medium that carries or transmits program code in the form of instructions or data structures (e.g., a propagated signal or wave) and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0079] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated logic circuits or discrete logic circuits. Such a processor can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but the processor can also be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, several microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, the term "processor" used herein can refer to any of the aforementioned structures, any combination of the aforementioned structures, or any other structure or device suitable for implementing the technology described herein.

[0080] Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:

[0081] Aspect 1: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, the one or more processors being configured to: receive an audio signal from a device via a microphone; decode the audio signal to determine a coding value; determine, based on the coding value, that the audio signal is associated with the device; and establish a connection with the device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the device.

[0082] Aspect 2. The apparatus of aspect 1, wherein the audio signal comprises dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

[0083] Aspect 3. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1-2, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: generate a first random number; compare the encoded value with the first random number, wherein verifying that the audio signal is associated with the device is based on the comparison.

[0084] Aspect 4. The apparatus according to aspect 3, wherein the value comprises a second random number, and wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using the same seed.

[0085] Aspect 5. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 3-4, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: exchange random numbers with the device for future wireless connection attempts.

[0086] Aspect 6. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1-5, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: generate a first random number; send an indication of the first random number to the device via the established connection with the device; receive a first response from the device, the first response being associated with the first random number; and verify the device based on the first response.

[0087] Aspect 7. An apparatus according to Aspect 6, wherein: the encoded value includes a second random number; the one or more processors are further configured to generate a second response based on the first random number and the second random number; and in order to verify the device, the one or more processors are configured to compare the first response and the second response.

[0088] Aspect 8. An apparatus according to aspect 7, wherein, to generate the second response, the one or more processors are configured to perform a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number, and the second random number.

[0089] Aspect 9. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1-8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to send an indication to the device to output the audio signal, wherein the audio signal is received in response to sending the indication.

[0090] Aspect 10. An apparatus according to aspect 9, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to perform a search for paired devices, wherein the indication is sent to the device based on the device being the only device discovered when performing the search.

[0091] Aspect 11. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the apparatus is configured as a sink device, and wherein the device is configured as a source device.

[0092] Aspect 12. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 1-11, wherein the audio signal is received when the apparatus is connected to a third device.

[0093] Aspect 13. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 1-12, wherein the audio signal is received when pairing is disabled for the apparatus.

[0094] Aspect 14. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1-13, wherein, in order to establish the connection, the one or more processors are configured to establish a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

[0095] Aspect 15. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, and the one or more processors are configured to: determine an audio signal; output the audio signal; and establish a connection with a device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0096] Aspect 16. The apparatus of aspect 15, wherein the audio signal comprises dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

[0097] Aspect 17. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 15-16, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a user input, wherein the audio signal is output in response to the user input.

[0098] Aspect 18. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 15-17, wherein: the one or more processors are further configured to generate a random number; and in order to determine the audio signal, the one or more processors are configured to encode the random number onto the audio signal.

[0099] Aspect 19. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 15-18, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive an indication of a first random number from the device via the established connection; generate a first response to the device based on the first random number; and send the first response to the device.

[0100] Aspect 20. An apparatus according to aspect 19, wherein, in order to determine the audio signal, the one or more processors are configured to encode a second random number in the audio signal, wherein the first response is generated based on the first random number and the second random number.

[0101] Aspect 21. An apparatus according to aspect 20, wherein, to generate the first response, the one or more processors are configured to perform a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number, and the second random number.

[0102] Aspect 22. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 20-21, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive a second response from the device after outputting the audio signal; and determine that the second response is from the device by comparing the first response and the second response.

[0103] Aspect 23. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 15-22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive an instruction from the device to output the audio signal, wherein the audio signal is output in response to receiving the instruction.

[0104] Aspect 24. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 15-23, wherein, in order to establish the connection, the one or more processors are configured to establish a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

[0105] Aspect 25. A method for wireless communication for a first device, comprising: receiving an audio signal from a second device via a microphone; decoding the audio signal to determine a coding value; based on the coding value, determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device; and establishing a connection with the second device based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device.

[0106] Aspect 26. The method of aspect 25, wherein the audio signal comprises dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

[0107] Aspect 27. The method according to any one of aspects 25-26 further includes: generating a first random number; and comparing the encoded value with the first random number, wherein verifying that the audio signal is associated with the second device is based on the comparison.

[0108] Aspect 28. The method according to aspect 27, wherein the value comprises a second random number, and wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using the same seed.

[0109] Aspect 29. The method according to any one of aspects 27-28 further comprises: exchanging random numbers with the second device for use in future wireless connection attempts.

[0110] Aspect 30. The method according to any one of Aspects 25-29 further includes: generating a first random number; sending an indication of the first random number to a second BT device via the established connection with the second BT device; receiving a first response from the second BT device, the first response being associated with the first random number; and verifying the second BT device based on the first response.

[0111] Aspect 31. A method according to aspect 30, wherein: the coded value includes a second random number; and the method further includes: generating a second response based on the first random number and the second random number; and comparing the first response and the second response to authenticate the second BT device.

[0112] Aspect 32. The method according to aspect 31, wherein generating the second response comprises: performing a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number and the second random number.

[0113] Aspect 33. The method according to any one of aspects 25-32 further comprises: sending an indication to the second device to output the audio signal, wherein the audio signal is received in response to sending the indication.

[0114] Aspect 34. The method according to aspect 33 further includes: performing a search for paired devices, wherein the indication is sent to the second device based on the second device being the only device discovered when performing the search.

[0115] Aspect 35. A method according to any one of aspects 25-34, wherein the first device is configured as a sink device, and wherein the second device is configured as a source device.

[0116] Clause 36. The method according to any one of clauses 25-35, wherein the audio signal is received when the first device is connected to a third device.

[0117] Aspect 37. The method according to any one of aspects 25-36, wherein the audio signal is received when pairing is disabled for the first device.

[0118] Aspect 38. A method according to any one of aspects 25-37, wherein establishing the connection comprises: establishing a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

[0119] Aspect 39. A method for wireless communication for a first device, comprising: determining an audio signal; outputting the audio signal; and establishing a connection with a second device in response to outputting the audio signal.

[0120] Clause 40. The method of clause 39, wherein the audio signal comprises dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

[0121] Aspect 41. The method according to any one of aspects 39-40 further comprises: receiving a user input, wherein the audio signal is output in response to the user input.

[0122] Aspect 42. A method according to any one of aspects 39-41, wherein: the method further comprises generating a random number; and determining the audio signal comprises encoding the random number onto the audio signal.

[0123] Aspect 43. The method according to any one of Aspects 39-42 further includes: receiving an indication of a first random number from the second device via the established connection; generating a first response to the second device based on the first random number; and sending the first response to the second device.

[0124] Aspect 44. The method according to aspect 43, wherein determining the audio signal comprises encoding a second random number in the audio signal, wherein the first response is generated based on the first random number and the second random number.

[0125] Aspect 45. The method according to aspect 44, wherein generating the first response includes: performing a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number and the second random number.

[0126] Aspect 46. The method according to any one of Aspects 44-45 further includes: after outputting the audio signal, receiving a second response from the second device; and determining that the second response comes from the second device by comparing the first response and the second response.

[0127] Aspect 47. The method according to any one of aspects 39-46 further includes: receiving an instruction to output the audio signal from the second device, wherein the audio signal is output in response to receiving the instruction.

[0128] Aspect 48. A method according to any one of aspects 39-47, wherein establishing the connection comprises: establishing a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

[0129] Aspect 49: A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to perform the operations according to any one of Aspects 1 to 48.

[0130] Aspect 50: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising one or more means for performing the operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 48.

Claims

1. A device for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; as well as one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, the one or more processors configured to: receiving an audio signal from the device via a microphone; decoding the audio signal to determine a coding value; Based on the code value, determining that the audio signal is associated with the device; as well as Based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the device, a connection is established with the device.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The audio signal includes dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

3. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to: generating a first random number; and The encoded value is compared to the first random number, wherein verifying that the audio signal is associated with the device is based on the comparison.

4. The device according to claim 3, wherein: The value comprises a second random number, and wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using a same seed.

5. The device according to claim 3, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to exchange random numbers with the device for use in future wireless connection attempts.

6. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to: generating a first random number; sending an indication of the first random number to the device via the established connection with the device; receiving a first response from the device, the first response being associated with the first random number; as well as The device is authenticated based on the first response.

7. The device according to claim 6, wherein: The coded value includes a second random number; The one or more processors are further configured to generate a second response based on the first random number and the second random number; as well as To authenticate the device, the one or more processors are configured to compare the first response and the second response.

8. The device according to claim 7, wherein: To generate the second response, the one or more processors are configured to perform a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number, and the second random number.

9. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to send an indication to the device to output the audio signal, wherein the audio signal is received in response to sending the indication.

10. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to perform a search for paired devices, wherein the indication to the device is sent based on the device being the only device discovered when performing the search.

11. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The apparatus is configured as a sink device, and wherein the device is configured as a source device.

12. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The audio signal is received when the apparatus is connected to a third device.

13. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The audio signal is received when pairing is disabled for the device.

14. The device according to claim 1, wherein: To establish the connection, the one or more processors are configured to establish a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

15. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; as well as one or more processors coupled to the at least one memory, and the one or more processors are configured to: determining an audio signal; outputting the audio signal; as well as In response to outputting the audio signal, a connection with a device is established.

16. The device according to claim 15, wherein: The audio signal includes dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

17. The device according to claim 15, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to receive a user input, wherein the audio signal is output in response to the user input.

18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to generate a random number; and To determine the audio signal, the one or more processors are configured to encode the random number onto the audio signal.

19. The device according to claim 15, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to: receiving, via the established connection, from the device an indication of a first random number; generating a first response to the device based on the first random number; as well as The first response is sent to the device.

20. The device according to claim 19, wherein To determine the audio signal, the one or more processors are configured to encode a second random number in the audio signal, wherein the first response is generated based on the first random number and the second random number.

21. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To generate the first response, the one or more processors are configured to perform a hash function based on a secret key, the first random number, and the second random number.

22. The device according to claim 20, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to: receiving a second response from the device after outputting the audio signal; and By comparing the first response and the second response, it is determined that the second response is from the device.

23. The device according to claim 15, wherein: The one or more processors are further configured to receive an indication from the device to output the audio signal, wherein the audio signal is output in response to receiving the indication.

24. The device according to claim 15, wherein: To establish the connection, the one or more processors are configured to establish a Bluetooth (BT) connection.

25. A method for wireless communication of a first device, comprising: receiving an audio signal from a second device via a microphone; decoding the audio signal to determine a coding value; Based on the encoding value, determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device; as well as Based on determining that the audio signal is associated with the second device, a connection is established with the second device.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein: The audio signal includes dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: generating a first random number; as well as The encoded value is compared to the first random number, wherein verifying that the audio signal is associated with the second device is based on the comparison.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein: The value comprises a second random number, and wherein the first random number and the second random number are generated using a same seed.

29. The method of claim 27, further comprising: A random number is exchanged with the second device for use in future wireless connection attempts.

30. A method for wireless communication of a first device, comprising: determining an audio signal; outputting the audio signal; as well as In response to outputting the audio signal, a connection with a second device is established.

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