Signal forwarding using one or more coefficients

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. In some aspects, an Internet of Things (IoT) device may transmit signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The IoT device may communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information. Numerous other aspects are described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications, and to techniques and apparatus for signal forwarding using one or more coefficients. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies that can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and long term evolution (LTE). LTE / LTE-Advanced is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0003] A wireless network may include one or more network nodes that support communications for wireless communication devices, such as user equipment (UE) or multiple UEs. A UE may communicate with a network node via downlink communications and uplink communications. A "downlink" (or "DL") refers to a communication link from a network node to a UE, and an "uplink" (or "UL") refers to a communication link from a UE to a network node. Some wireless networks may support device-to-device communications, such as via a local link (e.g., a side link (SL), a wireless local area network (WLAN) link, and / or a wireless personal area network (WPAN) link, among other examples).

[0004] The above-mentioned multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different UEs to communicate at a city, country, region and / or global level. New Radio (NR) (which may be referred to as 5G) is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. NR is designed to improve spectrum efficiency, reduce costs, improve services, utilize new spectrum, and better integrate with other open standards by using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) with cyclic prefix (CP) on the downlink, using CP-OFDM and / or single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) (also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the uplink, and supporting beamforming, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology and carrier aggregation, so as to better support mobile broadband Internet access. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in LTE, NR and other radio access technologies remain useful. Summary of the invention

[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of an Internet of Things (IoT) device. The method may include sending signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The method may include communicating according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of a network node. The method may include receiving signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more IoT devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The method may include communicating according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an apparatus of a user equipment (UE). The method may include receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding by one or more IoT devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The method may include receiving a reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at an IoT device. The apparatus may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to send signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The one or more processors may be configured to communicate based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a network node. The apparatus may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to receive signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more IoT devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The one or more processors may be configured to communicate based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE. The apparatus may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set associated with signal forwarding performed by one or more IoT devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication by an IoT device. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the IoT device, may cause the IoT device to send signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the IoT device, may cause the IoT device to communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication by a network node. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to receive signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more IoT devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0013] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication by a UE. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set associated with signal forwarding by one or more IoT devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to receive reference signals of the at least one reference signal set.

[0014] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for sending signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The apparatus may include means for communicating based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0015] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include components for receiving signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more IoT devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The apparatus may include components for communicating based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0016] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding by one or more IoT devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The apparatus may include means for receiving reference signals of the at least one reference signal set.

[0017] The various aspects generally include methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, non-transitory computer-readable media, user equipment, base stations, network entities, network nodes, wireless communication devices and / or processing systems as fully described herein with reference to the drawings and description and as illustrated in the drawings and description.

[0018] The features and technical advantages of examples according to the present disclosure have been outlined quite extensively above so that the following specific embodiments may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described below. The disclosed concepts and specific examples may be easily used as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for achieving the same purpose of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both in terms of their organization and method of operation, and the associated advantages will be better understood by considering the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Each of the figures in the accompanying drawings is provided for the purpose of illustration and description and not as a definition of limitations to the claims.

[0019] Although various aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustrating some examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. The technology described herein can be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects can be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other devices based on non-module components (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication equipment, computing equipment, industrial equipment, retail / shopping equipment, medical equipment and / or artificial intelligence devices). Various aspects can be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components and / or system-level components. The equipment incorporating the various aspects and features described may include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the various aspects claimed and described. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components (e.g., hardware components, including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders and / or summers) for analog and digital purposes. The various aspects described herein are intended to be practiced in various devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements and / or end-user devices of various sizes, shapes and configurations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] In order to fully understand the above-mentioned features of the present disclosure, a more specific description of the invention briefly summarized above can be obtained by referring to various aspects (some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings). However, it should be noted that the accompanying drawings only illustrate certain typical aspects of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered as limiting the scope thereof, as the specification may admit of other equally effective aspects. The same reference numerals in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

[0021] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network according to the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between a network node and a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network according to the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station architecture according to the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of backscatter communication according to the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication using a distributed antenna according to the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6Gis a diagram illustrating an example associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0027] Figures 7 to 9 is a diagram illustrating an example process associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0028] Figures 10 to 12 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communications according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The various aspects of the present disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure can be embodied in many different forms, and should not be interpreted as being limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout the present disclosure. On the contrary, these aspects are provided so that the present disclosure will be thorough and complete, and the scope of the present disclosure will be fully conveyed to those skilled in the art. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether it is implemented independently or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, any number of aspects set forth herein may be used to implement a device or practice method. In addition, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to cover such devices or methods implemented using other structures, functions, or structures and functions in addition to or different from the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of the claims.

[0030] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various devices and techniques. These devices and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements can be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Whether these elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0031] Although various aspects may be described herein using terms generally associated with 5G or new radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT), various aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other RATs, such as 3G RAT, 4G RAT, and / or post-5G RATs (e.g., 6G).

[0032] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network 100 according to the present disclosure. The wireless network 100 may be a 5G (e.g., NR) network and / or a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, or may include elements of a 5G (e.g., NR) network and / or a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, as well as other examples. The wireless network 100 may include one or more network nodes 110 (shown as network node 110a, network node 110b, network node 110c, and network node 110d), user equipment (UE) 120 or multiple UEs 120 (shown as UE 120a, UE 120b, UE 120c, UE 120d, and UE 120e), and / or other entities. The network node 110 is a network node that communicates with the UE 120. As shown in the figure, the network node 110 may include one or more network nodes. For example, the network node 110 may be a converged network node, which means that the converged network node is configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single radio access network (RAN) node (e.g., within a single device or unit). As another example, the network node 110 may be a decomposed network node (sometimes referred to as a decomposed base station), which means that the network node 110 is configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)).

[0033] In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as an RU) that communicates with the UE 120 via a radio access link. In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as a DU) that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link. In some examples, the network node 110 is or includes a network node (such as a CU) that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a midhaul link or communicates with the core network via a backhaul link. In some examples, the network node 110 (such as an aggregated network node 110 or a decomposed network node 110) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, and / or one or more DUs. For example, the network node 110 may include an NR base station, an LTE base station, a Node B, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmit receive point (TRP), a DU, a RU, a CU, a mobility element of a network, a core network node, a network element, a network equipment, a RAN node, or a combination thereof. In some examples, network nodes 110 may be interconnected to each other or to one or more other network nodes 110 in wireless network 100 via various types of fronthaul, midhaul, and / or backhaul interfaces, such as direct physical connections, air interfaces, or virtual networks, using any suitable transport network.

[0034] In some examples, the network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the term "cell" may refer to the coverage area of ​​the network node 110 and / or the network node subsystem serving the coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. The network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and / or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and may allow unrestricted access by a UE 120 with a service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by a UE 120 with a service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by a UE 120 associated with the femto cell (e.g., a UE 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. The network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or a home network node. Figure 1 In the example shown in , network node 110a may be a macro network node for macro cell 102a, network node 110b may be a pico network node for pico cell 102b, and network node 110c may be a femto network node for femto cell 102c. A network node may support one or more (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of ​​a cell may move depending on the location of a mobile network node 110 (e.g., a mobile network node).

[0035] In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to a converged base station, a decomposed base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more components thereof. For example, in some aspects, a "base station" or "network node" may refer to a CU, a DU, a RU, a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to a device configured to perform one or more functions (such as those described herein in conjunction with the network node 110). In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to multiple devices configured to perform one or more functions. For example, in some distributed systems, each of a number of different devices (which may be located in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations) may be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to repeat the execution of at least a portion of the function, and the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to any one or more of these different devices. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some aspects, two or more base station functions may be instantiated on a single device. In some aspects, the term "base station" or "network node" may refer to one of the base station functions but not another base station function. In this way, a single device may include more than one base station.

[0036] The wireless network 100 may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is a network node that can receive transmissions of data from an upstream node (e.g., a network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit transmissions of data to a downstream node (e.g., a UE 120 or a network node 110). A relay station may be a UE 120 that can relay transmissions for other UEs 120. Figure 1 In the example shown, a network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) may communicate with a network node 110a (e.g., a macro network node) and a UE 120d to facilitate communications between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. A network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay station, a relay base station, a relay network node, a relay node, a relay, etc.

[0037] The wireless network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes different types of network nodes 110, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, etc. These different types of network nodes 110 may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and / or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, a macro network node may have a high transmit power level (e.g., 5 watts to 40 watts), while a pico network node, a femto network node, and a relay network node may have a lower transmit power level (e.g., 0.1 watt to 2 watts).

[0038] The network controller 130 may be coupled to or in communication with a set of network nodes 110 and may provide coordination and control for the network nodes 110. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network nodes 110 via a backhaul communication link or a midhaul communication link. The network nodes 110 may also communicate directly with each other or indirectly via a wireless backhaul communication link or a wired backhaul communication link. In some aspects, the network controller 130 may be or may include a CU or a core network device.

[0039] UE 120 can be distributed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 can be stationary or mobile. UE 120 can include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, and / or a subscriber unit. UE 120 can be a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet computer, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio), a vehicle component or sensor, a smart meter / sensor, an industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium.

[0040] Some UEs 120 may be considered as machine type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) UEs. MTC UEs and / or eMTC UEs may include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, and / or location tags, which may communicate with a network node, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UEs 120 may be considered as Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices. Some UEs 120 may be considered as customer premises equipment. UE 120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of UE 120, such as a processor component and / or a memory component. In some examples, a processor component and a memory component may be coupled together. For example, a processor component (e.g., one or more processors) and a memory component (e.g., a memory) may be operably coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, and / or electrically coupled.

[0041] In general, any number of wireless networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network 100 may support a specific RAT and may operate on one or more frequencies. RAT may be referred to as a radio technology, air interface, etc. Frequency may be referred to as a carrier, frequency channel, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.

[0042] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (e.g., shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly (e.g., without using network node 110 as an intermediary to communicate with each other) using one or more side link channels. For example, UE 120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, device-to-device (D2D) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocols (e.g., which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols), and / or mesh networks. In such examples, UE 120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by network node 110.

[0043] The devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using an electromagnetic spectrum that may be subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency or wavelength. For example, the devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency ranges designated FR1 (410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz–52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although portions of FR1 are greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “below 6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. Similar naming issues sometimes occur with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, although different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz–300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0044] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz–24.25GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, so the features of FR1 and / or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6GHz–71GHz), FR4 (52.6GHz–114.25GHz), and FR5 (114.25GHz–300GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0045] Considering the above examples, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "below 6 GHz" or the like is used herein, the term may broadly refer to frequencies that may be lower than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "millimeter wave" or the like is used herein, the term may broadly refer to frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and the techniques described herein are applicable to those modified frequency ranges.

[0046] In some aspects, the network 100 may include an IoT device 505. The IoT device 505 may include a passive RF identification (RFID) tag, a semi-passive RFID tag, an active RFID tag, etc., or a UE 120 that is using an RFID tag, as described in reference to FIG. Figure 2As discussed. Some IoT devices are referred to as passive IoT devices. The IoT device 505 may be able to act as a distributed antenna system to implement beamforming for one or more UEs. The IoT device may implement beamforming by backscattering or reflecting signals from / to the network node 110 and / or from / to the UE 120. The IoT device 505 may or may not be able to boost the power of the backscattered and / or reflected signals, and therefore, it may be useful for the network 100 and / or the network node 110 to know the signal forwarding capability information of the IoT device 505 (including the ability to boost the backscattered and / or reflected signals and other signal forwarding capabilities as further described below). The IoT device 505 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may send signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients; and communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients; and receive reference signals of the at least one reference signal set. Additionally or alternatively, the communications manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

[0047] In some aspects, the network node may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of the UE related to signal forwarding using coefficients; and communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

[0048] As indicated above, Figure 1 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 1 Different than described.

[0049] Figure 22 is a diagram illustrating an example 200 of a network node 110 communicating with a UE 120 in a wireless network 100 according to the present disclosure. The network node 110 may be equipped with a set of antennas 234a to 234t, such as T antennas (T≥1). The UE 120 may be equipped with a set of antennas 252a to 252r, such as R antennas (R≥1). The network node 110 of example 200 includes one or more radio frequency components, such as an antenna 234 and a modem 254. In some examples, the network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with the UE 120 or another network node. Some network nodes 110 may not include a radio frequency component that facilitates direct communication with the UE 120, such as one or more CUs or one or more DUs.

[0050] At the network node 110, the transmit processor 220 may receive data intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120) from the data source 212. The transmit processor 220 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for the UE 120 based at least in part on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for the UE 120 based at least in part on the MCS selected for the UE 120, and provide data symbols for the UE 120. The transmit processor 220 may process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling), and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS) or demodulation reference signals (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signals (PSS) or secondary synchronization signals (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-coding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, where applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems) (shown as modems 232a to 232t). For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a modulator component (shown as MOD) of the modem 232. Each modem 232 may process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) using a corresponding modulator component to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may also process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or up-convert) the output sample stream using a corresponding modulator component to obtain a downlink signal. The modems 232a to 232t may transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of antennas 234 (e.g., T antennas) (shown as antennas 234a to 234t).

[0051] At the UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a to 252r) may receive downlink signals from the network node 110 and / or other network nodes 110 and may provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems) (shown as modems 254a to 254r). For example, each received signal may be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of the modem 254. Each modem 254 may use a corresponding demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) the received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use a demodulator component to further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the modem 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols where applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260, and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280. The term "controller / processor" may refer to one or more controllers, one or more processors, or a combination thereof. The channel processor may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, and / or a CQI parameter, among other things. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in the housing 284.

[0052] The network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292. The network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network node 110 via the communication unit 294.

[0053] One or more antennas (e.g., antennas 234a to 234t and / or antennas 252a to 252r) may include or be included within one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, and / or one or more antenna arrays, etc. Antenna panels, antenna groups, sets of antenna elements, and / or antenna arrays may include one or more antenna elements (in a single housing or multiple housings), sets of coplanar antenna elements, sets of non-coplanar antenna elements, and / or may be coupled to one or more transmit and / or receive components (such as, Figure 2 One or more antenna elements of one or more components in.

[0054] On the uplink, at the UE 120, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information from a controller / processor 280 (e.g., for reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, and / or CQI). The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be pre-decoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, where applicable, further processed by the modem 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM), and transmitted to the network node 110. In some examples, the modem 254 of the UE 120 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of an antenna 252, a modem 254, a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a transmit processor 264, and / or a TX MIMO processor 266. The transceiver may be used by a processor (eg, controller / processor 280) and memory 282 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein (eg, with reference to FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G and Figures 7 to 12 ).

[0055] In addition, the UE 120 may also include an IoT device 505. The IoT device 505 may be capable of forwarding received signals, as described elsewhere herein, but may or may not have hardware for implementing reception or transmission of configurations or capabilities. In the case where the IoT device 505 lacks hardware for implementing reception or transmission of configurations or capabilities, the IoT device 505 may send or receive configurations and capabilities via the controller / processor 280, antenna 252, modem 254, and / or other components of the UE 120, and the controller / processor 280 may be able to configure the IoT device 505 to perform signal forwarding using coefficients for beamforming, as described elsewhere herein. In addition, in the case where the IoT device 505 has power boosting capabilities, when forwarding or reflecting received signals, the power for power amplification performed by the IoT device 505 may come from the power supply of the UE 120 or may alternatively reside in the IoT device 505 itself, as discussed in more detail elsewhere herein. In some implementations, the IoT device 505 may have a memory and one or more processors independent of the UE 120, in which case it may operate similarly to a standalone IoT device 505. Such a standalone IoT device 505 as part of the UE 120 may be able to perform the following described operations when the UE 120 is powered off or in a lower power mode. Figure 4 , Figure 5 and FIG. 6A to FIG. 6GAdditionally or alternatively, the IoT device 505 may have minimal hardware and may be configured to perform the following Figure 4 , Figure 5 and FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G In some aspects, the IoT device 505 may be a standalone IoT device 505 ( Figure 2 Here, the IoT device 505 may include one or more components similar to those of the UE 120, such as a memory 282, one or more of the processors 258, 264, 280, and / or an antenna 252.

[0056] At the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 and / or other UEs may be received by the antenna 234, processed by the modem 232 (e.g., a demodulator component of the modem 232 shown as DEMOD), detected by the MIMO detector 236 (where applicable), and further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by the UE 120. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to the data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. The network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. The network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink and / or uplink communications. In some examples, the modem 232 of the network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of an antenna 234, a modem 232, a MIMO detector 236, a receive processor 238, a transmit processor 220, and / or a TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., controller / processor 240) and memory 242 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein (e.g., reference 200 to FIG. 1 ). FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G and Figures 7 to 12 ).

[0057] The controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 2 Any other components of the network node 110 may perform one or more techniques associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 2 Any other component of the Figure 7 The process of 700 Figure 8 The process of 800 Fig. 9 900 and / or operations of other processes as described herein. Memory 242 and memory 282 may store data and program codes for network node 110 and UE 120, respectively. In some examples, memory 242 and / or memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions (e.g., code and / or program code) for wireless communication. For example, when executed by one or more processors of network node 110 and / or UE 120 (e.g., directly, or after compilation, conversion, and / or interpretation), the one or more instructions may cause the one or more processors, UE 120, and / or network node 110 to perform or direct, for example, Figure 7 The process of 700 Figure 8 The process of 800 Fig. 9 The process 900 and / or operations of other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running instructions, converting instructions, compiling instructions, and / or interpreting instructions, etc.

[0058] In some aspects, the UE 120 and / or IoT device 505 includes components for sending signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients (e.g., using the controller / processor 280, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the modem 254, the antenna 252, the memory 282, etc.); and / or components for communicating based on the signal forwarding capability information (e.g., using the controller / processor 280, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the modem 254, the antenna 252, the memory 282, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, etc.). In some aspects, the UE 120 includes means for receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients by the IoT device 505 (e.g., using the antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, controller / processor 280, memory 282, etc.); and / or means for receiving reference signals of the at least one reference signal set (e.g., using the antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, controller / processor 280, memory 282, etc.). Means for the UE 120 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of the following: the communication manager 140, the antenna 252, the modem 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the controller / processor 280, or the memory 282.

[0059] In some aspects, the network node 110 includes a component for receiving signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of the IoT device 505 and / or UE related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients (e.g., using the antenna 234, modem 232, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller / processor 240, memory 242, etc.); and / or a component for communicating according to the signal forwarding capability information (e.g., using the antenna 234, modem 232, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller / processor 240, memory 242, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230, etc.). In some aspects, the components for the network node 110 to perform the operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of the following: the communication manager 150, the transmit processor 220, the TX MIMO processor 230, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the controller / processor 240, the memory 242, or the scheduler 246.

[0060] Although Figure 2 The blocks in the 2000 and 2010 are illustrated as distinct components, but the functionality described above for these blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combined component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functionality described for the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.

[0061] As indicated above, Figure 2 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 2 Different than described.

[0062] The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged in a variety of ways using various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station, or network equipment can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a base station (such as a node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP, or a cell, etc.) or one or more units (or one or more components) performing a base station function can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as an independent base station or a monolithic base station) or a decomposed base station. A "network entity" or a "network node" may refer to a decomposed base station or one or more units of a decomposed base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

[0063] An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). A decomposed base station (e.g., a decomposed network node) can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, the CU can be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other network nodes. The DU can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), and the like.

[0064] Base station type operations or network designs may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a decomposed base station may be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as a network configuration initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)) to facilitate the scaling of a communication system by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be deployed separately. A decomposed base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented virtually for at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a decomposed base station may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the decomposed base station.

[0065] Figure 3 3 is a diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station architecture 300 according to the present disclosure. The decomposed base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310, which may communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more decomposed control units (such as a near-RT RIC 325 via an E2 link, or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both). The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as via an F1 interface. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 120 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 340.

[0066] Each of the units (including CU 310, DU 330, RU 340) and the near-RT RIC 325, non-RT RIC 315, and SMO framework 305 may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to one or more communication interfaces of the corresponding unit may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. In some examples, each of the units may include a wired interface and a wireless interface, the wired interface being configured to receive signals or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium, and the wireless interface may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), which is configured to receive signals or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wireless transmission medium, or both.

[0067] In some aspects, CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 310. CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP) functionality), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP) functionality), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface such as an E1 interface. As needed, CU 310 may be implemented to communicate with DU 330 for network control and signaling.

[0068] Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers, at least in part, according to a functional partition such as that defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, one or more high PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc. In some aspects, the DU 330 may also host one or more low PHY layers, such as one or more modules for fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc. Each layer (which may also be referred to as a module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with control functions hosted by the CU 310.

[0069] Each RU 340 may implement lower layer functionality. In some deployments, the RU 340 controlled by the DU 330 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions based on functional splits (e.g., functional splits defined by 3GPP) such as lower layer functional splits, or low PHY layer functions such as performing FFT, performing iFFT, digital beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, etc. In this architecture, each RU 340 may be operated to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 120. In some specific implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable each DU 330 and CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture such as a vRAN architecture.

[0070] The SMO framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 310, DU 330, RU 340, non-RT RIC 315, and near-RT RIC 325. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 305 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate directly with each of the one or more RUs 340 via a corresponding O1 interface. The SMO framework 305 can also include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 305.

[0071] The non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 325 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, and the O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 325.

[0072] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325, the non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 305 (such as via reconfiguration of the O1 interface) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

[0073] As indicated above, Figure 3 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 3 Different than described.

[0074] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of backscatter communication according to the present disclosure.

[0075] Backscatter communications can be used in IoT devices. Here, the backscatter device 405 can collect or receive energy from ambient RF signals and redirect or reflect the ambient RF signals in a manner similar to an RFID tag.

[0076] Backscatter device 405 (eg, reference Figure 2 and Figure 5 The IoT device 505, tag, sensor, etc.) may adopt a simplified hardware design that does not include a battery and / or does not include a radio wave generating circuit, so that the backscatter device 405 may be able to send information only by reflecting radio waves. The backscatter device 405 may use an information modulation scheme, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation or signal reflection. For ASK modulation, the backscatter device 405 may turn on the reflection when sending an information bit "1" and turn off the reflection when sending an information bit "0".

[0077] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 405, the first device 410 (e.g., UE or network node) may transmit a specific radio wave (e.g., a reference signal or a data signal), which may be represented as x(n). The information bit of the backscatter device 405 may be represented as s(n), where s(n)∈{0,1}. Accordingly, the signal received at the second device 415 (e.g., UE) may be represented as y(n), where y(n)=(h D1D2 (n)+σ f h D1T (n)h TD2(n)s(n))x(n)+noise and σ f is the reflection coefficient (eg, it characterizes the loss in the reflected signal). When s(n)=0, the reflection is turned off at the backscatter device 405, so that the second device 415 receives only the direct link signal (ie, y(n)=h D1D2 When s(n)=1, the reflection is turned on at the backscatter device 405, so that the second device 415 receives the superposition of both the direct link signal and the backscatter link signal (ie, y(n)=(h D1D2 (n)+σ f h D1T (n)h TD2 (n)s(n))x(n)+noise).

[0078] exist Figure 4 In the illustrated example, s(n) may be understood as the signal modulated by the backscatter device 405 to the signal (h D1T (n)) to generate a backscattered and / or reflected signal (h TD2 However, it will be appreciated that s(n) may represent a static or semi-static coefficient applied by backscatter device 405 to a signal received by backscatter device 405 (eg, s(n) = α·e -jβ , for all n or some subset of n, where α is a scalar coefficient and β is the phase applied to the modulated / backscattered / reflected signal). For example, α·e -jβ can represent the attenuation or power boost of the signal by the backscatter device 405. Thus, for example, when α·e -jβ <1, the backscatter device 405 attenuates the backscattered / reflected signal so that h TD2 (n) <h D1T (n), and when s(n)>1, the backscattering device 405 boosts the backscattered / reflected signal so that h TD2 (n)>h D1T (n).

[0079] The backscatter device 405 may be an IoT device, and in various implementations, may be a passive RFID tag (e.g., an RFID tag that uses energy harvesting to temporarily power up active RF components for communication of capabilities, configurations, etc.), a semi-passive RFID tag (e.g., an RFID tag that may have a battery (such as a rechargeable or disposable battery)), or an active RFID tag. The backscatter device 405 may be a standalone device, or additionally or alternatively, may be part of a UE, as described above with reference to Figure 2As illustrated. When being part of a UE, the backscatter device 405 may communicate configuration and / or capabilities via the UE and / or may access a power source of the UE. In addition, even as part of a UE, the backscatter device 405 may also operate independently, such as when the UE is powered off or in sleep mode.

[0080] Energy harvesting can be used by the backscatter device 405, such as when the backscatter device 405 is an IoT device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) IoT device, or a non-reduced capability IoT device. The energy harvested by the IoT device can be used for one or more of the following: powering a radio component to enable the communication of configuration or capability or powering a power amplifier to achieve power boost, as further described below. A device powered by energy harvesting can opportunistically harvest energy in the environment of the device and store the energy in a rechargeable battery, capacitor, etc. of the device for immediate or later use. The energy in the environment of the device can come from sources such as solar energy, heat, and / or ambient RF radiation (such as a carrier sent to the device for the purpose of temporarily powering the device for receiving or sending configuration, capability, power boost and reflecting signals at the same time). In some cases, when the energy for harvesting is intermittently available, technology may be needed to support the operation of the device. Specifically, changes in the amount of energy harvested at the device and / or changes in the flow rate at the device can be expected. However, a device that operates using intermittently available harvested energy may not be able to maintain long-term or continuous reception and / or transmission.

[0081] As indicated above, Figure 4 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 4 Different than described.

[0082] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication using a distributed antenna according to the present disclosure.

[0083] Backscatter devices (such as reference Figure 4 The backscatter device 405 (including a tag and an energy harvesting device with an energy storage device (e.g., a rechargeable battery, a capacitor, etc.) or other power storage capability, as described above) can be used as a distributed antenna in a wireless system. For example, the IoT device 505 (e.g., reference Figure 4A backscatter device 405, an RFID tag and / or an energy harvesting device, a UE with an integrated IoT device 505, or a UE capable of configuring a backscatter device 405, etc.) can be used to align or beamform data from a transmitter device 510 (e.g., a UE or a network node) to a receiver device 515 (e.g., a UE), such as from one UE to another UE (e.g., if there is no direct path from the transmitter device 510 to the receiver device 515 or otherwise). To achieve the use of amplitude or phase (e.g., reference Figure 4 For beamforming of α or β), the transmitter device 510 may configure one or more reference signals (shown as RS0, RS1, RS2, and RS3) to determine one or more coefficients (e.g., coefficients for beamforming, such as reference Figure 4 s(n)=α·e -jβ ), such as combined FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G As described, it will be used for each IoT device 505. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter device 510 (e.g., a network node) may determine one or more coefficients for each IoT device 505, and the transmitter device 510 may send the determined coefficients to each IoT device separately. However, wireless networks generally may lack support for techniques for signaling, configuring, indicating, or otherwise enabling signal forwarding, such as for IoT devices, IoT relays, and / or relay UEs (e.g., reduced capability UEs) with low complexity and / or rechargeable batteries (such as UEs with or without IoT devices 505). Therefore, the communication performance between the transmitter device 510 and the receiver device 515 may be impaired, especially when a direct path from the transmitter device 510 to the receiver device 515 is blocked.

[0084] Some techniques and apparatus described herein implement signal forwarding by a backscatter device (such as a passive, semi-passive, or active IoT device) using one or more coefficients (e.g., coefficients for beamforming). In some aspects, an IoT device (e.g., whether integrated as part of a UE or independently) may signal one or more capabilities associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients, thereby facilitating the use of IoT devices for signal forwarding to improve communication performance between a transmitter device and a receiver device. In some aspects, one or more reference signal sets associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients may be used to determine coefficients to be used by one or more IoT devices for signal forwarding. The coefficients may facilitate individual or coordinated beamforming by an IoT device and facilitate alignment of forwarded signals from an IoT device, thereby improving communication performance between a transmitter device and a receiver device. In some aspects, an IoT device may be configured with a beamforming duration and / or a silent duration, during which communications other than signal forwarding at the IoT device will not exist, and during which communications including signal forwarding at the IoT device will not exist. In this way, aligned and coordinated beamforming may be achieved while reducing interference between IoT devices performing signal forwarding. In addition, since the capabilities of IoT devices may vary, with some IoT devices being able to boost the power of backscattered or reflected or forwarded signals (e.g., the IoT device has a power amplifier) ​​and other IoT devices not having power boosting capabilities (e.g., the IoT device does not have a power amplifier or has a power amplifier but does not have sufficient power to amplify the signal due to a current lack of power to power the power amplifier), the IoT device may also communicate its signal forwarding capabilities to the sending device and / or network.

[0085] As indicated above, Figure 5 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 5 Different than described.

[0086] Fig. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure. Fig. 6AAs shown in , a source device 605, one or more IoT devices 505 (shown as IoT devices 505a to IoT devices 505n) and a reader device 610 can communicate with each other. The IoT device 505 may include an RFID and similar devices as described elsewhere herein, including an energy harvesting device (e.g., which includes a rechargeable battery). In one specific implementation, the UE 120 may include the IoT device 505 and have the ability to communicate (e.g., forward signals) using the IoT device 505. In one specific implementation, the UE 120 may support both an RFID tag radio and a primary radio (e.g., NR, LTE, or a combination thereof). The UE 120 may use the RFID tag radio in a low power mode (e.g., at a power lower than that of the primary radio). The source device 605 may be a UE 120 or a network node 110. The reader device 610 may be a UE 120.

[0087] As shown by reference numeral 615, the IoT device 505 may send (e.g., report) and the source device 605 may receive signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of the IoT device 505 related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. That is, the source device 605 may receive the signal forwarding capability information from one or more IoT devices 505 (e.g., at least one IoT device 505 or a plurality of IoT devices 505). The IoT device 505 may communicate according to the signal forwarding capability information, as described herein.

[0088] In some aspects, for example, IoT device 505a may have a single antenna, in which case beamforming is performed by IoT device 505a and at least one other IoT device (such as IoT device 505b). Here, the first coefficients used for beamforming (as shown in reference Figure 4 and Figure 5 In some aspects, for example, IoT device 505a may have multiple antennas, in which case beamforming may be performed by IoT device 505a alone or in conjunction with at least one other IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505b). Here, multiple coefficients may be used by IoT device 505a (e.g., applied to respective antennas of IoT device 505a).

[0089] In some aspects, one or more capabilities may indicate the ability of the IoT device 505 to be used for power boosting (e.g., the ability to add a power boost to a forwarded signal). For example, the IoT device may have an active component such as a power amplifier (PA) to enable boosting the power of the backscattered signal. In some aspects, one or more capabilities may indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by the IoT device 505 and / or a maximum power boost level that can be used by the IoT device 505. For example, the power boost state and / or the maximum power level may be indicated as part of the capability indication for power boosting. In general, an IoT device may have several states for boosting a signal under low power constraints. Signaling the power boost state and / or the maximum power level may enable another device (e.g., the source device 605) to assist the IoT device 505 in optimizing the power level.

[0090] In some aspects, the one or more capabilities may indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution (e.g., a value indicating a step size by which the IoT device 505 can change the amplitude, such as 0.1) that can be used by the IoT device 505 or a phase resolution (e.g., a value indicating a step size by which the IoT device 505 can change the phase, such as 5 degrees) that can be used by the IoT device 505. That is, the one or more capabilities may indicate the granularity of the coefficients (e.g., beamforming coefficients) of the capabilities of the IoT device 505. In some aspects, the one or more capabilities may indicate a class of the IoT device 505. The class may indicate one or more power levels (e.g., power boost states) that can be used by the IoT device 505, an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device 505, a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device 505, and / or whether the IoT device 505 has (e.g., is equipped with) multiple antennas, etc. The indication of the class may enable another device (e.g., the source device 605) to assist the IoT device 505 in selecting the best coefficients.

[0091] As indicated by reference numeral 620, the source device 605 may send and the IoT device 505 may receive configuration information. In some aspects, the configuration information may indicate at least one reference signal set (e.g., one or more reference signals) associated with forwarding a signal using one or more coefficients for beamforming (e.g., at least one reference signal set may be used to determine one or more coefficients for beamforming). For example, the reference signal set may be used by the IoT device 505, the source device 605, and / or the reader device 610 to measure, calculate, and determine one or more coefficients for beamforming a signal at the reader device 610 (e.g., coefficients to be used by one or more of the IoT devices 505). The reference signal set may be periodic and / or may be triggered (e.g., triggered by the source device 605). In some aspects, a power amplifier of the IoT device 505 may be activated (e.g., turned on) during training using the reference signal set.

[0092] In some aspects, the configuration information may include an indication of the duration of the beamforming, such as in conjunction with Figure 6B Further described. For example, the indication may indicate a beamforming duration and / or the indication may include a beamforming duration (i.e., an active time for beamforming) and a periodic beamforming cycle. The beamforming duration (i.e., a beamforming opportunity having a beamforming duration) may be a time period in which the IoT device 505 will perform signal forwarding and in which the IoT device 505 will not receive commands from other devices (e.g., source device 605 and / or reader device 610) to write data to the IoT device 505 (e.g., data will not be transmitted to the IoT device) or will not receive requests to transmit (e.g., send) data (e.g., data stored / buffered by the IoT device) using backscatter (e.g., data of the Iot device 505 will not be read by another device). In some aspects, active RF components (such as power amplifiers) of the IoT device 505 may be activated (e.g., turned on) during the beamforming duration (e.g., according to a layer 1 (L1), layer 2 (L2), or layer 3 (L3) configuration of the IoT device), such as in conjunction with FIG. 6D to FIG. 6GFurther described. In some aspects, one or more beamforming opportunities (e.g., every M beamforming opportunities / cycles, where M is L1 / L2 / L3 configured) may be associated with a beamforming activation signal, where the signal indicates the activation of the next one or more beamforming opportunities / cycles and may also indicate the activation (and also the setting) of a power amplifier or other active RF component. A default state (e.g., an on state or an off state) of the power amplifier may be agreed upon, and the configuration (or reconfiguration) of the power amplifier (or other active RF component) and / or changes or updates to the default state may occur over time via L1 / L2 / L3 signaling. The beamforming activation signaling may indicate that the power amplifier is to be turned on or off based on whether the default state is an on state or an off state. In some aspects, the IoT device 505 may be configured with a monitoring opportunity, an independent monitoring opportunity, or an opportunity associated with a beamforming opportunity or associated with a monitoring opportunity for the beamforming activation signaling to turn the power amplifier (or other active RF component) on or off.

[0093] In some aspects, the configuration information may include an indication of the duration of silence, such as in conjunction with Figure 6C Further described. For example, the indication may indicate a silence duration and / or an indication including a silence duration (i.e., a time duration during which the IoT device 505 is silent) and a periodic silence cycle. A silence duration (i.e., a silence period opportunity with a silence duration) may be a time period during which the IoT device 505 will not receive commands from other devices, will not write data to the IoT device 505, will not receive a request to transmit (e.g., send) data (e.g., data stored / buffered by the IoT device) using backscatter, or will not receive a request to perform signal forwarding through beamforming. In some aspects, active RF components (such as power amplifiers) of the IoT device 505 may be deactivated (e.g., turned off) during the silence duration. Thus, the IoT device 505 may be silent during the silence duration to enable other devices to communicate without interference from the IoT device 505. In some aspects, the time period of the beamforming duration may be equal to or different in length from the time period of the silence duration. In some aspects, one or more silent period opportunities / cycles (e.g., every K silent period opportunities / cycles, where K is L1 / L2 / L3 configured) may be associated with a silent period activation signal, where the signal indicates activation of the next one or more silent period opportunities / cycles.

[0094] Configuration information may be signaled using L1 signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI)), L2 signaling, or L3 signaling. As shown, the reader device 610 may also receive configuration information. For example, the configuration information received by the reader device 610 may indicate at least one reference signal set, beamforming duration / cycle, and / or silence duration / cycle. In the case where the IoT device 505 is part of a UE 120 with a primary radio (MR), configuration information may be signaled using L1 signaling (e.g., DCI signaling), L2 signaling (e.g., medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE) signaling), or L3 signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) while the primary radio is active. During times when the primary radio is inactive (e.g., turned off), updates or changes to configuration, power amplifier (or other active RF component) configuration, power amplifier default state (e.g., whether the power amplifier is on or off by default), beamforming cycles, and / or quiet period cycles may be sent to the IoT device 505 (of the UE 120) using L1 signaling, L2 signaling, or L3 signaling.

[0095] As shown by reference numeral 625, the source device 605 may send and the IoT device 505 may receive an indication to activate (e.g., turn on) or deactivate (e.g., turn off) a power amplifier and / or another active RF component of the IoT device 505. The power amplifier and other active RF components consume power, and thus the indication promotes power conservation. In some aspects, the power amplifier and / or other active RF components may be activated by the IoT device 505 during a time period associated with the beamforming duration. In some implementations, where the IoT device 505 is part of the UE 120, the power amplifier and / or other active RF components may be part of the UE 120 and used by the IoT device 505. In some aspects, the power amplifier (or other active RF component) may be configured to be turned on during a beamforming opportunity or a subset of beamforming opportunities, or in other cases, may be configured to be turned on or off within a duration using L1 / L2 / L3 signaling (and the duration may be configured using L1 / L2 / L3 signaling).

[0096] As shown by reference numeral 630, the source device 605 can send and the IoT device 505 can receive an indication to start signal forwarding (e.g., start backscattering, reflection, or beamforming). In some aspects, the indication can also include or be accompanied by an indication to activate or deactivate a power amplifier, an indication of a beamforming duration, and / or an indication of a quiet duration.

[0097] As indicated by reference numeral 635, the source device 605 may transmit a reference signal set (e.g., one of the configured reference signal sets) that is beamformed in different directions and may be received by the reader device 610. In addition, the IoT device 505 may perform forwarding of the reference signal set (e.g., perform backscattering, reflection, or beamforming), and the reader device 610 may receive the forwarded reference signal set. As indicated by reference numeral 640, the reader device 610 may perform measurement of the reference signals of the reference signal set (e.g., measure RSRP and / or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR)) to determine one or more reference signals (e.g., one or more optimal reference signals) and / or one or more coefficients for beamforming for the IoT device 505 (e.g., for each IoT device in the IoT device 505 that forwards the reference signal to the reader device 610). In some aspects, the reader device 610 can use the measurement to determine a combination (e.g., an optimal combination) of IoT devices 505 (e.g., RFID devices) that forward reference signals to the reader device 610 that results in a signal at the reader device 610 that is associated with a highest metric (e.g., relative to any other combination of IoT devices 505). The metric can be RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, an energy metric, and / or another metric.

[0098] As indicated by reference numeral 645, the reader device 610 may transmit (e.g., based at least in part on receiving a set of reference signals) and the source device 605 may receive information determined by the reader device 610 indicating reference signals (e.g., by index) and / or coefficients for beamforming for the IoT device 505. In some aspects, the information may also indicate a combination of IoT devices 505 to be used for signal forwarding to the reader device 610. In some aspects, the information may also indicate timing (e.g., optimal timing) and / or beamforming time offsets and / or phase shifts for multiple IoT devices 505 (e.g., RFID devices) to forward signals to the reader device 610. The timing and / or beamforming time offsets may enable coherent combining of the forwarded signals of the IoT devices 505 at the reader device 610. For example, the source device 605 can use timing, beamforming time offsets, and / or phase shifts to perform data transmission in a manner such that an end-to-end signal from the source device 605 to the reader device 610 is aligned (e.g., in time) with the same signal forwarded by the IoT device 505b (e.g., another RFID device) after being forwarded by the IoT device 505a (e.g., an RFID device). In some aspects, the reader device 610 can send such information (e.g., indicating coefficients) directly to the IoT device 505 (e.g., rather than to the source device 605).

[0099] As indicated by reference numeral 650, the source device 605 may send, and the IoT device 505 may receive, an indication of at least one coefficient for beamforming for at least one antenna of the IoT device 505 (e.g., if the coefficient is not directly indicated to the IoT device 505 by the reader device 610). For example, the source device 605 may indicate (e.g., set) one or more coefficients for beamforming for a plurality of IoT devices 505 (such as IoT device 505a and IoT device 505b) for signal forwarding to the reader device 610. In this manner, each IoT device 505 (e.g., each RFID device) for signal forwarding to the reader device 610 may receive a corresponding indication of one or more coefficients to be used by the IoT device 505. In some aspects, the coefficients indicated by the source device 605 may be the same as the coefficients indicated by the reader device 610 to the source device 605 (e.g., the source device 605 indicates the coefficients as is). In some aspects, the coefficients indicated by the source device 605 may be modified (eg, adjusted) from the coefficients indicated by the reader device 610 to the source device 605 .

[0100] The coefficients (eg, beam weights) may indicate the amplitude and phase to be used for the forwarded signal, as shown in FIG. Figure 4 and Figure 5 For example, the forwarding signal may be characterized by the expression P×α×exp(-j×β), where P represents the power state (e.g., from a set such as {1.5, 2, 4, ...}), α represents the amplitude (e.g., from a set such as {0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1}), and exp(-j×β) represents the phase (e.g., where β is from a set such as {20, 45, ...}). Thus, the coefficients may indicate α×exp(-j×β) of the expression.

[0101] In some aspects, the beamforming coefficients may be "1" (e.g., α=1 and β=0). In some aspects, a quiet period may be triggered by a beamforming coefficient where α=0 (regardless of the value of β). In some aspects, when α=0, the value of β may be used to map to a quiet period interval or indicate a particular quiet period cycle or pattern (e.g., in a multiple quiet period configuration).

[0102] The IoT device 505 (e.g., each IoT device 505 for signal forwarding) may apply the indicated coefficients to the antenna of the IoT device 505. For example, during a data transmission from the source device 605 to the reader device 610, the IoT device 505 (e.g., each IoT device 505 for signal forwarding) may set the indicated coefficients on the antenna of the IoT device 505. As shown by reference numeral 655, the source device 605 may perform a data transmission to the reader device 610. Here, the IoT device 505 (e.g., each IoT device 505 for signal forwarding) may use the indicated coefficients on the antenna of the IoT device 505 to forward the data transmission to the reader device 610. In some aspects, the IoT device 505 may use the indicated coefficients on the antenna of the IoT device 505 during the beamforming duration to forward the data transmission to the reader device 610, and / or the IoT device 505 may refrain from forwarding the data transmission during the silence duration. In some aspects, the quiet period may be triggered by an indication of zero amplitude or beamforming coefficients across one or more antennas at the IoT device 505. In this way, the IoT device 505 (e.g., RFID device) used for signal forwarding may beamform data transmissions (e.g., individually and / or in combination) to the reader device 610, thereby improving communication performance between the source device 605 and the reader device 610.

[0103] As indicated above, Fig. 6A are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Fig. 6A The content described is different.

[0104] Figure 6B is a diagram illustrating an example 660 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0105] Figure 6B shows a plurality of beamforming opportunities associated with the beamforming duration, as shown above in conjunction with Fig. 6A As described. As shown, each beamforming opportunity (e.g., each beamforming cycle) may be associated with an activation trigger for the beamforming opportunity. In a manner similar to that described above, the activation trigger may be L1, L2, or L3 signaling from the network node 110 to the IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505) indicating whether the next beamforming opportunity is to be activated. In some aspects, the activation trigger may indicate that a group of M (M>1) beamforming opportunities (e.g., beamforming cycles) are to be activated. Here, no subsequent activation triggers corresponding to the group of M beamforming opportunities are required. In some aspects, the value of M may be configured for the IoT device via L1, L2, and / or L3 signaling. If an activation trigger for a beamforming opportunity is not received, the IoT device may not activate the beamforming opportunity.

[0106] As indicated above, Figure 6B are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Figure 6B The content described is different.

[0107] Figure 6C is a diagram illustrating example 665 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0108] Figure 6C Multiple silent period opportunities associated with silent durations are shown, as shown in the above combination Fig. 6A As described. As shown, each silent period opportunity (e.g., each silent period cycle) can be associated with an activation trigger for the silent period opportunity. In a manner similar to that described above, the activation trigger can be L1, L2, and / or L3 signaling from the network node 110 to the IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505) indicating whether to activate the next silent period opportunity. In some aspects, the activation trigger can indicate that a set of K devices are to be activated. ( In some aspects, the value of K may be configured for the IoT device via L1, L2, and / or L3 signaling. If no activation trigger is received for a silent period opportunity, the IoT device may not activate the silent period opportunity.

[0109] As indicated above, Figure 6C are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Figure 6C The examples described are different.

[0110] Fig.6D is a diagram illustrating an example 670 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0111] Fig.6D Multiple beamforming opportunities as described above are shown. As shown, in some aspects, an IoT device (eg, IoT device 505) can activate a power amplifier of the IoT device for all beamforming opportunities (eg, by default).

[0112] As indicated above, Fig.6D are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Fig.6D The examples described are different.

[0113] Fig. 6E is a diagram illustrating an example 675 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0114] Fig. 6E , as described above. As shown, in some aspects, an IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505) may activate a power amplifier of the IoT device for a subset of beamforming opportunities (e.g., for less than all beamforming opportunities). The subset of beamforming opportunities for which the IoT device is to activate the power amplifier (e.g., which of the beamforming opportunities) may be configured for the IoT device using L1, L2, and / or L3 signaling. For example, as described above in conjunction with Fig. 6A As described, the subset may be configured for the IoT device through configuration of the beamforming cycle of the IoT device. For beamforming opportunities that are not in the subset of beamforming opportunities, the IoT device may not activate the power amplifier.

[0115] As indicated above, Fig. 6E are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Fig. 6E The examples described are different.

[0116] Fig. 6F is a diagram illustrating an example 680 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0117] Fig. 6F A plurality of beamforming opportunities as described above are shown. As shown, in some aspects, an IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505) may receive a power amplifier indication (e.g., from network node 110) prior to a beamforming opportunity. The power amplifier indication may indicate that the IoT device will activate the power amplifier of the IoT device for the next X (where X is 1, 2, 3, or 4) beamforming opportunities (and deactivate the power amplifier thereafter). Thus, the IoT device may not activate the power amplifier for a beamforming opportunity prior to receiving the power amplifier indication.

[0118] As indicated above, Fig. 6F are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Fig. 6F The examples described are different.

[0119] Figure 6G is a diagram illustrating example 685 associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients according to the present disclosure.

[0120] Figure 6GA plurality of beamforming opportunities as described above are shown. As shown, in some aspects, an IoT device (e.g., IoT device 505) may receive a power amplifier indication (e.g., from network node 110) prior to each beamforming opportunity. The power amplifier indication may indicate that the IoT device will activate the power amplifier of the IoT device for the next beamforming opportunity (and deactivate the power amplifier thereafter). Thus, if a power amplifier indication is not received prior to a beamforming opportunity, the IoT device may not activate the power amplifier for the beamforming opportunity.

[0121] As indicated above, Figure 6G are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in relation to Figure 6G The examples described are different.

[0122] Figure 7 700 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, by an IoT device according to the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example in which an IoT device (eg, IoT device 505) performs operations associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming.

[0123] like Figure 7 As shown in FIG. 100 , in some aspects, process 700 may include sending signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming (block 710). For example, an IoT device (e.g., using communication manager 140 and / or transmitting component 1004 depicted in FIG. 100 ) may send signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming, as described above, for example, with reference to FIG. 6 .

[0124] like Figure 7 As further shown, in some aspects, process 700 may include communicating based on the signal forwarding capability information (block 720). Fig.10 The communication manager 140, receiving component 1002, and / or transmitting component 1004 depicted in the figure can communicate based on the signal forwarding capability information (for example, using the backscattering and / or reflection techniques described herein to forward the signal sent to the IoT device based on one or more coefficients for beamforming), as described above, for example, with reference to FIG. 6.

[0125] Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0126] In a first aspect, the IoT device is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag radio.

[0127] In a second aspect, the IoT device is an RFID tag radio that is part of a UE, and wherein the UE is enabled to communicate using the RFID tag radio when the UE is in a low power mode or based at least in part on a configuration for operating the RFID tag radio.

[0128] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate capabilities of the IoT device for power boosting.

[0129] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by the IoT device and a maximum power boost level that can be used by the IoT device.

[0130] In a fifth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device or a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device.

[0131] In a sixth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifth aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate a category of the IoT device, the category indicating at least one of: one or more power levels that can be used by the IoT device, an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device, a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device, or whether the IoT device has multiple antennas.

[0132] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, process 700 includes receiving an indication to activate or deactivate a power amplifier.

[0133] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, process 700 includes receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0134] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighth aspects, process 700 includes receiving an indication of the one or more coefficients for at least one antenna of the IoT device.

[0135] In the tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to ninth aspects, when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

[0136] In an eleventh aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to tenth aspects, process 700 includes receiving an indication of a beamforming duration during which the IoT device will perform signal forwarding and during which the IoT device will not receive commands to write to the IoT device or will not receive requests to send data stored by the IoT device via backscatter.

[0137] In a twelfth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eleventh aspects, process 700 includes receiving an indication of a period of silence during which the IoT device will not receive commands to write to the IoT device, will not receive requests to send data stored by the IoT device via backscatter, or will not receive requests to perform signal forwarding via beamforming.

[0138] although Figure 7 An example block diagram of process 700 is shown, but in some aspects, process 700 may include Figure 7 Additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted in the process 700. Additionally or alternatively, two or more blocks of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.

[0139] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example process 800 performed, for example, by a network node in accordance with the present disclosure. The example process 800 is an example in which a network node (eg, network node 110) performs operations associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming.

[0140] like Figure 8 As shown in FIG. 8 , in some aspects, process 800 may include receiving signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of an IoT device related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming (block 810). For example, a network node (e.g., using Fig.11 The communication manager 150 and / or receiving component 1102 depicted in the figure may receive signal forwarding capability information that indicates one or more capabilities of the IoT device related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming, as described above, for example, with reference to FIG. 6.

[0141] like Figure 8 As further shown, in some aspects, process 800 may include communicating based on the signal forwarding capability information (block 820). Fig.11The communication manager 150, receiving component 1102, and / or sending component 1104 depicted in the figure can communicate (e.g., send a signal to the IoT device for forwarding) based on the signal forwarding capability information, as described above, for example with reference to Figure 6.

[0142] Process 800 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0143] In a first aspect, the one or more capabilities indicate a capability for power boosting of each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0144] In a second aspect, either alone or in combination with the first aspect, the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices and a maximum power boost level that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0145] In a third aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution usable by each of the one or more IoT devices or a phase resolution usable by each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0146] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, the one or more capabilities indicate a category of each of the one or more IoT devices, the category indicating at least one of: one or more power levels that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, an amplitude resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, a phase resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, or whether each of the one or more IoT devices has multiple antennas.

[0147] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, process 800 includes sending an indication to activate or deactivate a power amplifier to each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0148] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifth aspects, process 800 includes sending configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0149] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, process 800 includes sending an indication of the one or more coefficients for each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0150] In an eighth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

[0151] In a ninth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighth aspects, process 800 includes sending an indication of a beamforming duration during which the one or more IoT devices will perform signal forwarding and during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices or will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices via backscatter.

[0152] In a tenth aspect, either alone or in combination with one or more of aspects one to nine, process 800 includes sending an indication of a period of silence during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices, will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices via backscatter, or will not perform signal forwarding via beamforming.

[0153] although Figure 8 An example block diagram of process 800 is shown, but in some aspects, process 800 may include Figure 8 Additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted in the process 800. Additionally or alternatively, two or more blocks of the blocks of process 800 may be performed in parallel.

[0154] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example process 900 performed, for example, by a UE in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 900 is an example in which a UE (eg, UE 120) performs operations associated with signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming.

[0155] like Fig. 9 As shown in , in some aspects, process 900 may include receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding by an IoT device using one or more coefficients for beamforming (block 910). For example, a UE (e.g., using Fig.12The communication manager 140 and / or receiving component 1202 depicted in the figure may receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding performed by the IoT device using one or more coefficients for beamforming, as described above, for example with reference to FIG. 6.

[0156] like Fig. 9 As further shown, in some aspects, process 900 may include receiving a reference signal of at least one reference signal set (block 920). Fig.12 The communication manager 140 and / or receiving component 1202 depicted in FIG. 1 may receive reference signals of at least one reference signal set, as described above, for example, with reference to FIG. 6 .

[0157] Process 900 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in conjunction with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0158] In a first aspect, process 900 includes sending information indicative of the one or more coefficients to be used by the one or more IoT devices based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0159] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 900 includes sending information indicating a combination of the one or more IoT devices to be used for signal forwarding to the UE based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0160] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, process 900 includes sending information indicating at least one of a timing or a beamforming time offset of a signal forwarding performed by the one or more IoT devices to the UE based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0161] although Fig. 9 An example block diagram of process 900 is shown, but in some aspects, process 900 may include Fig. 9 Additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged in a different manner than those depicted in the process 900. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks in the process 900 may be performed in parallel.

[0162] Fig.10is a diagram of an example apparatus 1000 for wireless communication according to the present disclosure. As described elsewhere herein, apparatus 1000 may be an IoT device (alone or as part of a UE), or an IoT device may include apparatus 1000. In some aspects, apparatus 1000 includes a receiving component 1002 and a transmitting component 1004, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). As shown, apparatus 1000 may communicate with another apparatus 1006 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using receiving component 1002 and transmitting component 1004. As further shown, apparatus 1000 may include a communication manager 140. Communication manager 140 may include a beamforming component 1008, etc.

[0163] In some aspects, the apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in conjunction with FIG. 6. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein (such as Figure 7 In some aspects, the apparatus 1000 and / or Fig.10 One or more of the components shown in the figure may include a combination of Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, Fig.10 One or more of the components shown may be combined with Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, one or more components in the component set may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or codes stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and may be executed by a controller or processor to perform the function or operation of the component.

[0164] The receiving component 1002 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, from the device 1006. The receiving component 1002 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of the device 1000. In some aspects, the receiving component 1002 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding) on ​​the received communications and may provide the processed signals to one or more other components of the device 1000. In some aspects, the receiving component 1002 may include combining Figure 2One or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receive processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the UE described herein. In some aspects, for example, where the apparatus 1000 is not included in the UE, the receive component 1002 may not perform one or more of the above signal processing functions, and / or the receive component 1002 may not include or utilize one or more of the above components to perform the above signal processing functions. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G In some aspects, for example, where the apparatus 1000 is included in a UE, the receiving component 1002 may include or utilize one or more components of the UE to perform one or more of the above-described signal processing functions.

[0165] The transmitting component 1004 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, to the device 1006. In some aspects, one or more other components of the device 1000 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmitting component 1004 for transmission to the device 1006. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1004 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communications and may transmit the processed signals to the device 1006. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1004 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the UE described herein. In some aspects, the transmit component 1004 may be co-located with the receive component 1002 in a transceiver. In some aspects, for example, where the apparatus 1000 is not included in a UE, the transmit component 1004 may not perform one or more of the above signal processing functions, and / or the transmit component 1004 may not include or utilize one or more of the above components to perform the functions described herein. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6G In some aspects, for example, where the apparatus 1000 is included in a UE, the transmitting component 1004 may include or utilize one or more components of the UE to perform one or more of the above-described signal processing functions.

[0166] Transmitting component 1004 can transmit signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. Receiving component 1002 and / or transmitting component 1004 can communicate based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0167] Receiving component 1002 can receive an indication to activate or deactivate a power amplifier.

[0168] Receiving component 1002 can receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0169] Receiving component 1002 can receive an indication of one or more coefficients for at least one antenna of apparatus 1000. Beamforming component 1008 can apply (eg, set) the one or more coefficients to the at least one antenna.

[0170] Receiving component 1002 can receive an indication of a beamforming duration.

[0171] Receiving component 1002 can receive an indication of a duration of silence.

[0172] Fig.10 The number and arrangement of components shown are provided as examples. In practice, there may be Fig.10 Additional components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged in a different manner than those shown. Fig.10 Two or more components shown may be implemented in a single component, or Fig.10 The single component shown may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.10 The component set (one or more components) shown may be described as being executable by Fig.10 Another component shown may be a collection of components that perform one or more functions.

[0173] Fig.11 1 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1100 for wireless communication according to the present disclosure. Apparatus 1100 may be a network node, or a network node may include apparatus 1100. In some aspects, apparatus 1100 includes a receiving component 1102 and a sending component 1104, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). As shown, apparatus 1100 may communicate with another apparatus 1106 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using receiving component 1102 and sending component 1104. As further shown, apparatus 1100 may include a communication manager 150. Communication manager 150 may include a determining component 1108, etc.

[0174] In some aspects, the apparatus 1100 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in conjunction with FIG. 6. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1100 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein (such as Figure 8 In some aspects, Fig.11 The apparatus 1100 and / or one or more components shown in FIG. 1 may include a combination of Figure 2 One or more components of the network node. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.11One or more of the components shown may be combined with Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, one or more components in the component set may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or codes stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and may be executed by a controller or processor to perform the function or operation of the component.

[0175] The receiving component 1102 may receive communications from the device 1106, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof. The receiving component 1102 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of the device 1100. In some aspects, the receiving component 1102 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding) on ​​the received communications and may provide the processed signals to one or more other components of the device 1100. In some aspects, the receiving component 1102 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receiving processors, controllers / processors, memories or combinations thereof of the network node.

[0176] The transmitting component 1104 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, to the device 1106. In some aspects, one or more other components of the device 1100 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmitting component 1104 for transmission to the device 1106. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1104 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communications and may transmit the processed signals to the device 1106. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1104 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the network node. In some aspects, the transmit component 1104 can be co-located with the receive component 1102 in a transceiver.

[0177] The receiving component 1102 can receive signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of the IoT device related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming. The receiving component 1102 and / or the transmitting component 1104 can communicate based on the signal forwarding capability information.

[0178] Transmitting component 1104 can transmit an indication to activate or deactivate the power amplifier.

[0179] The transmitting component 1104 can transmit configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0180] The transmitting component 1104 can transmit an indication of one or more coefficients for at least one antenna of the IoT device.

[0181] Transmitting component 1104 can transmit an indication of the beamforming duration.

[0182] Sending component 1104 can send an indication of the duration of silence.

[0183] The determining component 1108 can determine whether the IoT device is to activate or deactivate a power amplifier, one or more coefficients, a beamforming duration, and / or a quiet duration.

[0184] Fig.11 The number and arrangement of components shown are provided as examples. In practice, there may be Fig.11 Additional components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged in a different manner than those shown. Fig.11 Two or more components shown may be implemented in a single component, or Fig.11 The single component shown may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.11 The component set (one or more components) shown may be described as being executable by Fig.11 Another component shown may be a collection of components that perform one or more functions.

[0185] Fig.12 1 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1200 for wireless communication according to the present disclosure. Apparatus 1200 may be a UE (e.g., an RFID tag reader device), or a UE may include apparatus 1200. In some aspects, apparatus 1200 includes a receiving component 1202 and a transmitting component 1204, which may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). As shown, apparatus 1200 may communicate with another apparatus 1206 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using receiving component 1202 and transmitting component 1204. As further shown, apparatus 1200 may include a communication manager 140. Communication manager 140 may include one or more of a measurement component 1208 or a determination component 1210, etc.

[0186] In some aspects, the apparatus 1200 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in conjunction with FIG. 6. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1200 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein (such as Fig. 9 In some aspects, the apparatus 1200 and / or Fig.12 One or more of the components shown in the figure may include a combination of Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, Fig.12 One or more of the components shown may be combined with Figure 2 Additionally or alternatively, one or more components in the component set may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or codes stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and may be executed by a controller or processor to perform the function or operation of the component.

[0187] The receiving component 1202 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, from the device 1206. The receiving component 1202 may provide the received communications to one or more other components of the device 1200. In some aspects, the receiving component 1202 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding) on ​​the received communications and may provide the processed signals to one or more other components of the device 1200. In some aspects, the receiving component 1202 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, demodulators, MIMO detectors, receive processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of a described UE.

[0188] The transmitting component 1204 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or combinations thereof, to the device 1206. In some aspects, one or more other components of the device 1200 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmitting component 1204 for transmission to the device 1206. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1204 may perform signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, etc.) on the generated communications and may transmit the processed signals to the device 1206. In some aspects, the transmitting component 1204 may include combining Figure 2 One or more antennas, modems, modulators, transmit MIMO processors, transmit processors, controllers / processors, memories, or combinations thereof of the described UE. In some aspects, the transmit component 1204 can be co-located with the receive component 1202 in a transceiver.

[0189] Receiving component 1202 can receive configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding by one or more IoT devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming. Receiving component 1202 can receive reference signals of at least one reference signal set.

[0190] Transmitting component 1204 may transmit information indicating one or more coefficients to be used by one or more IoT devices based at least in part on receiving a reference signal of at least one reference signal set.

[0191] Transmitting component 1204 may transmit information indicating a combination of one or more IoT devices to be used for signal forwarding to apparatus 1200 based at least in part on receiving a reference signal of at least one reference signal set.

[0192] The transmitting component 1204 may transmit information indicating at least one of a timing or a beamforming time offset of signal forwarding by one or more IoT devices to the apparatus 1200 based at least in part on receiving a reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0193] Measuring component 1208 can perform measurements of reference signals of at least one reference signal set.Determining component 1210 can determine one or more coefficients, combinations of IoT devices, and / or timing or beamforming time offsets.

[0194] Fig.12 The number and arrangement of components shown are provided as examples. In practice, there may be Fig.12 Additional components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged in a different manner than those shown. Fig.12 Two or more components shown may be implemented in a single component, or Fig.12 The single component shown may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, Fig.12 The component set (one or more components) shown may be described as being executable by Fig.12 Another component shown may be a collection of components that perform one or more functions.

[0195] The following provides an overview of some aspects of the disclosure:

[0196] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication performed by an apparatus of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, the method comprising: sending signal forwarding capability information, the signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming; and communicating according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0197] Aspect 2: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the IoT device is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag radio.

[0198] Aspect 3: A method according to Aspect 1, wherein the IoT device is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag radio as part of a user equipment (UE), and wherein when the UE is in a low power mode or at least partially based on a configuration for operating the RFID tag radio, the UE is enabled to use the RFID tag radio for communication.

[0199] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a capability of the IoT device for power boosting.

[0200] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by the IoT device and a maximum power boost level that can be used by the IoT device.

[0201] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device or a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device.

[0202] Aspect 7: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a category of the IoT device, the category indicating at least one of: one or more power levels that can be used by the IoT device, an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device, a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device, or whether the IoT device has multiple antennas.

[0203] Aspect 8: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, further comprising: receiving an indication to activate or deactivate the power amplifier.

[0204] Aspect 9: According to the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, the method further includes: receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0205] Aspect 10: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, further comprising: receiving an indication of the one or more coefficients for at least one antenna of the IoT device.

[0206] Aspect 11: The method according to aspect 10, wherein when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

[0207] Aspect 12: According to the method described in any one of Aspects 1 to 11, the method also includes: receiving an indication of a beamforming duration, during which the IoT device will perform signal forwarding and during which the IoT device will not receive commands written to the IoT device or will not receive requests to send data stored by the IoT device via backscatter.

[0208] Aspect 13: According to the method described in any one of Aspects 1 to 12, the method also includes: receiving an indication of a silence duration, during which the IoT device will not receive a command to write to the IoT device, will not receive a request to send data stored by the IoT device through backscatter, or will not receive a request to perform signal forwarding through beamforming.

[0209] Aspect 14: A method for wireless communication performed by a device of a network node, the method comprising: receiving signal forwarding capability information, the signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more Internet of Things (IoT) devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming; and communicating according to the signal forwarding capability information.

[0210] Aspect 15: The method according to Aspect 14, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a capability for power boosting of each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0211] Aspect 16: A method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 15, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices and a maximum power boost level that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0212] Aspect 17: A method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 16, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices or a phase resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0213] Aspect 18: A method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 17, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a category of each of the one or more IoT devices, the category indicating at least one of: one or more power levels that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, an amplitude resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, a phase resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, or whether each of the one or more IoT devices has multiple antennas.

[0214] Aspect 19: According to the method according to any one of aspects 14 to 18, the method further includes: sending an indication of activating or deactivating the power amplifier to each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0215] Aspect 20: According to the method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 19, the method further comprises: sending configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding.

[0216] Aspect 21: The method according to any one of aspects 14 to 20, further comprising: sending an indication of the one or more coefficients for each of the one or more IoT devices.

[0217] Aspect 22: The method according to aspect 21, wherein when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

[0218] Aspect 23: According to the method described in any one of Aspects 14 to 22, the method further includes: sending an indication of a beamforming duration, during which the one or more IoT devices will perform signal forwarding, and during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices or will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices through backscattering.

[0219] Aspect 24: According to the method described in any one of Aspects 14 to 23, the method also includes: sending an indication of a silence duration, during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices, will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices through backscatter, or will not perform signal forwarding through beamforming.

[0220] Aspect 25: A method of wireless communication performed by a device of a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding performed by one or more Internet of Things (IoT) devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming; and receiving a reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0221] Aspect 26: The method according to aspect 25 further comprises: sending information indicating the one or more coefficients to be used by the one or more IoT devices based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0222] Aspect 27: According to any one of Aspects 25 to 26, the method further includes: sending information indicating a combination of the one or more IoT devices to be used for signal forwarding to the UE based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0223] Aspect 28: According to the method described in any one of Aspects 25 to 27, the method further includes: sending information indicating at least one of a timing or beamforming time offset of signal forwarding performed by the one or more IoT devices to the UE based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

[0224] Aspect 29: An apparatus for performing wireless communications at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform one or more of the methods described in Aspects 1 to 13.

[0225] Aspect 30: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, the one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0226] Aspect 31: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one component for performing the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0227] Aspect 32: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 1 to 13.

[0228] Aspect 33: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform one or more of the methods described in aspects 1 to 13.

[0229] Aspect 34: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform one or more of the methods described in Aspects 14 to 24.

[0230] Aspect 35: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, the one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the method according to one or more of aspects 14 to 24.

[0231] Aspect 36: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one component for performing the method according to one or more of aspects 14 to 24.

[0232] Aspect 37: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 14 to 24.

[0233] Aspect 38: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform one or more of the methods described in aspects 14 to 24.

[0234] Aspect 39: An apparatus for performing wireless communications at a device, the apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform one or more of the methods described in Aspects 25 to 28.

[0235] Aspect 40: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, the one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to execute the method according to one or more of aspects 25 to 28.

[0236] Aspect 41: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one component for performing the method according to one or more of aspects 25 to 28.

[0237] Aspect 42: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to one or more of aspects 25 to 28.

[0238] Aspect 43: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing an instruction set for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, causes the device to perform one or more methods described in aspects 25 to 28.

[0239] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the various aspects.

[0240] As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be broadly interpreted as a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or other names, "software" should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, codes, code segments, program codes, programs, subroutines, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures and / or functions, etc. As used herein, a "processor" is implemented in a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. It will be apparent that the systems and / or methods described herein can be implemented by a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software in different forms. The actual dedicated control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods does not limit various aspects. Therefore, there is no reference to a specific software code herein to describe the operation and behavior of the system and / or method, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the system and / or method based at least in part on the description herein.

[0241] As used herein, "satisfying a threshold" may refer to a value being greater than a threshold, greater than or equal to a threshold, less than a threshold, less than or equal to a threshold, equal to a threshold, not equal to a threshold, etc., depending on the context.

[0242] Although the specific combination of features is stated in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features can be combined in a manner that is not specifically stated in the claims and / or is not disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim combined with each other claim in the claim set. As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" the item list refers to any combination of these items (it includes a single member). As an example, "at least one of a, b or c" is intended to cover a, b, c, a+b, a+c, b+c and a+b+c, and any combination with multiple identical elements (for example, a+a, a+a+a, a+a+b, a+a+c, a+b+b, a+c+c, b+b, b+b+b, b+b+c, c+c and c+c+c, or any other sorting of a, b and c).

[0243] Any element, action or instruction used herein should not be interpreted as key or necessary, unless clearly stated. In addition, as used herein, the article "one" is intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". In addition, as used herein, the article "said" is intended to include one or more items connected to the article "said", and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". In addition, as used herein, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with "one or more". If you only want to refer to an item, the phrase "only one" or similar terms will be used. In addition, as used herein, the terms "have", "have", "have" etc. are intended to be open terms, which do not limit the elements they modify (for example, "the element of having" A can also have B). In addition, the phrase "based on" is intended to represent "at least partially based on", unless otherwise clearly stated. In addition, as used herein, the term "or" is intended to be open when used in a series, and can be used interchangeably with "and / or", unless otherwise clearly stated (for example, if used in combination with "any" or "only one").

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at an Internet of Things (IoT) device, the apparatus comprising: Memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to: transmitting signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming; and Communication is performed according to the signal forwarding capability information.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IoT device is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag radio.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the IoT device is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag radio as part of a user equipment (UE), and Wherein the UE is enabled to communicate using the RFID tag radio when the UE is in a low power mode or based at least in part on a configuration for operating the RFID tag radio. 4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a capability of the IoT device for power boosting. 5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by the IoT device and a maximum power boost level that can be used by the IoT device. 6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device or a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device.

7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a category of the IoT device, the category indicating at least one of: one or more power levels that can be used by the IoT device, an amplitude resolution that can be used by the IoT device, a phase resolution that can be used by the IoT device, or whether the IoT device has multiple antennas.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: An indication is received to activate or deactivate the power amplifier.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding is received.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: An indication of the one or more coefficients for at least one antenna of the IoT device is received. 11 . The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Receiving an indication of a beamforming duration during which the IoT device will perform signal forwarding and during which the IoT device will not receive commands to write to the IoT device or will not receive requests to send data stored by the IoT device via backscatter.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Receive an indication of a silent period during which the IoT device will not receive commands to write to the IoT device, will not receive requests to send data stored by the IoT device through backscatter, or will not receive requests to perform signal forwarding through beamforming.

14. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network node, the apparatus comprising: Memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to: receiving signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities of one or more Internet of Things (IoT) devices related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming; as well as Communication is performed according to the signal forwarding capability information. 15 . The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a capability for power boosting of each of the one or more IoT devices.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate one or more power boost states that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices and a maximum power boost level that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate at least one of an amplitude resolution usable by each of the one or more IoT devices or a phase resolution usable by each of the one or more IoT devices.

18. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a category of each of the one or more IoT devices, the category indicating at least one of the following: one or more power levels that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, an amplitude resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, a phase resolution that can be used by each of the one or more IoT devices, or whether each of the one or more IoT devices has multiple antennas.

19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: An indication to activate or deactivate a power amplifier is sent to each of the one or more IoT devices.

20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Configuration information indicating at least one reference signal set related to signal forwarding is sent.

21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: An indication of the one or more coefficients for each of the one or more IoT devices is sent.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein when the amplitude indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a zero value, the phase indication of the one or more coefficients indicates a silence duration for a silence period or a configuration for the silence period.

23. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Sending an indication of a beamforming duration during which the one or more IoT devices will perform signal forwarding and during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices or will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices through backscatter.

24. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Sending an indication of a silent period during which the one or more IoT devices will not receive commands written to the one or more IoT devices, will not send data stored by the one or more IoT devices through backscatter, or will not perform signal forwarding through beamforming.

25. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: Memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to: receiving configuration information indicating at least one set of reference signals related to signal forwarding by one or more Internet of Things (IoT) devices using one or more coefficients for beamforming; as well as A reference signal of the at least one reference signal set is received.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Information indicative of the one or more coefficients to be used by the one or more IoT devices is sent based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Information indicating a combination of the one or more IoT devices to be used for signal forwarding to the UE is sent based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: Information indicating at least one of a timing or a beamforming time offset of signal forwarding by the one or more IoT devices to the UE is sent based at least in part on receiving the reference signal of the at least one reference signal set.

29. A method of wireless communication performed by an Internet of Things (IoT) device, the method comprising: transmitting signal forwarding capability information indicating one or more capabilities related to signal forwarding using one or more coefficients for beamforming; as well as Communication is performed according to the signal forwarding capability information.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more capabilities indicate a capability of the IoT device for power boosting.

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