Two-tier token method and system for asset-based consensus

Abstract

A method and system for implementing a dual-layer blockchain ledger is provided. The blockchain system includes a plurality of connected validator computer nodes that maintain a dual-layer blockchain ledger, and producer nodes connected to the system and associated with physical asset producing entities. The dual-layer blockchain ledger includes first-layer tokens and second-layer tokens, the first-layer tokens are minted based on physical asset production data from the producers, and the quantity of the second-layer tokens in the ledger depends on the total amount of the first-layer tokens. The producer nodes can receive newly generated first-layer tokens upon minting. Active validator nodes selected from the validator nodes based on staking of the second-layer tokens and / or bidding of the first-layer tokens form a consensus to validate blocks in the dual-layer blockchain ledger. The active validator nodes can obtain newly generated second-layer tokens based on the total amount of the first-layer tokens.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 330996, filed on April 14, 2022. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to methods and systems for asset-based consensus blockchain systems. Background Technology

[0004] Traditionally, asset-backed tokens are minted based on claims on off-chain assets. Asset-backed tokens are subject to regulations that restrict their tradability and are vulnerable to the risk that bad actors could freely create tokens.

[0005] Real-world assets and tokens frequently trigger securities laws. If a token represents a claim on an asset, this can limit the freedom and convenience of token trading, increasing the complexity of trading activities and becoming a source of frustration for traders. These tokens are often referred to as security tokens.

[0006] Similar to the stock market, regulated securities markets offer investors a wide range of products. Regulated service providers are constantly innovating to offer new products to as many users as possible. Regulation of these markets is considered an important tool for protecting investors.

[0007] Even if security tokens are legally manufactured, they typically rely on external trust to maintain the correct link to the underlying off-chain assets. For example, gold-backed tokens rely on off-chain audits of the gold stored in vaults. Fiat-backed tokens rely on off-chain audits of the holder's financial situation.

[0008] Risk mitigation has been attempted through the clever construction of underlying assets and the threat of legal action against bad actors. However, ex-post enforcement is often insufficient to remedy the situation. Therefore, risk prevention is a crucial consideration when tokens are backed by real-world assets.

[0009] Blockchain technology has become a solution to these challenges by providing a decentralized, transparent, and secure platform for storing, managing, and exchanging digital information.

[0010] A defining characteristic of blockchain-based assets is that they are not backed by physical assets such as gold or traditional fiat currencies. Instead, the value of these digital assets derives from a variety of factors, including their scarcity, utility, and the consensus among their users. This lack of physical asset backing presents both unique opportunities and challenges for the development and implementation of blockchain technology.

[0011] The lack of physical backing offers advantages such as increased flexibility and reduced reliance on centralized institutions, which can lead to faster transaction processing and lower fees. Furthermore, the intangible nature of blockchain-based assets allows for seamless integration into digital ecosystems such as e-commerce platforms, decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, and digital identity systems.

[0012] However, the lack of physical backing also presents certain challenges and limitations. For example, the value of blockchain-based assets may be more volatile than that of traditional assets, making them susceptible to market fluctuations and speculation. Furthermore, the lack of a solid foundation can lead to skepticism and resistance from certain user groups, regulators, and traditional financial institutions.

[0013] Despite the challenges posed by the intangible nature of blockchain-based assets, there is still enormous potential for innovation in the development and implementation of blockchain technology.

[0014] Given the aforementioned drawbacks of current asset-based tokens, there is potential for innovation in the development and implementation of blockchain technology. Summary of the Invention

[0015] The purpose of this disclosure is to improve one or more shortcomings of the prior art.

[0016] The purpose of this disclosure is to provide a two-tier token system with freely tradable tokens, wherein the supply of tokens is based on physically generated assets.

[0017] The purpose of this disclosure is to provide a secure and reliable consensus process for asset-based tokens.

[0018] The developers of this technology have understood that, typically, asset-backed tokens are created based on some claim to off-chain assets. Such asset-backed tokens trigger regulations restricting their tradability and expose traditional tokens to the risk that malicious entities could freely create them.

[0019] Traditional proof-of-work based blockchain systems are typically used to verify the integrity of information by solving cryptographic puzzles to prevent double-spending and verify transactions. As blockchains grow in scale, more computing resources are needed to solve these cryptographic puzzles, leading to increased electricity consumption. This increased consumption has a negative impact on the environment.

[0020] The two-layer blockchain system provided by one or more embodiments of this technology is based on a Proof-of-Work (PoW) component and a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) component, which operate in conjunction. The PoW component is used to record asset production information and other value-generating activities, and to provide a measure of the productivity of participating actors. The PoS component is used to generate first-layer tokens based on the output of the PoW component, determine second-layer token rewards, stake second-layer tokens, and verify block transactions to reward active validators with second-layer tokens. The PoS component can verify the integrity of information, where validator nodes can receive second-layer tokens in response to staking them or in response to bidding for first-layer tokens. The second-layer tokens constitute the protocol tokens of the two-layer blockchain and are linked to a certain number of first-layer tokens within the two-layer blockchain.

[0021] According to a broad aspect of this technology, a method is provided for sending second-layer tokens to a set of active validator nodes in a blockchain system, the blockchain system comprising: a plurality of validator computer nodes connected via a communication network; the blockchain system maintaining a two-layer blockchain ledger comprising: a first-layer token, which is a first-type token associated with the production of a physical asset; and a second-layer token, which is a second-type token, the total amount of the second-layer token depending on the total amount of the first-layer token; the blockchain system being connected to producer computer nodes; the method comprising: receiving asset production sensor data representing the production of a given physical asset from a producer computer node associated with an asset production entity, the asset production sensor data having been measured by sensors of the asset production entity; generating a new certain number of first-layer tokens based at least on the asset production data; and sending the generated new certain number of first-layer tokens to the producer computer node, the current total amount of the first-layer tokens being based on the generated... The process involves: generating a new certain number of first-layer tokens and a total amount of first-layer tokens; generating a new certain number of second-layer tokens based on the current total amount of first-layer tokens; receiving at least one of a certain number of first-layer tokens bid for and a certain number of second-layer tokens staked from a set of validator computer nodes from multiple validator computer nodes; selecting an active set of validator computer nodes from the set of validator computer nodes based on the at least one of the certain number of first-layer tokens bid for and a certain number of second-layer tokens staked; verifying the pending block to obtain a new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger after consensus is reached by the active validator nodes; the new block includes at least an indication of the generated certain number of first-layer tokens and an indication of the total amount of second-layer tokens; and sending a corresponding share of the generated certain number of second-layer tokens to each of the active validator node sets; the current total amount of second-layer tokens in the two-layer blockchain is based on the generated certain number of second-layer tokens.

[0022] In one or more embodiments of the method, selecting an active set of validator computer nodes from the validator computer node set based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens bid for a corresponding auction and a certain number of second-level tokens pledged for a corresponding auction includes: selecting a subset of the validator node set as super validator nodes based on a certain number of first-level tokens bid for a corresponding auction, wherein the super validator nodes are a subset of the active validator nodes; and determining a corresponding share of a newly generated certain number of second-level tokens for the super validator nodes, wherein the corresponding share of the super validator nodes is greater than the corresponding share of the generated certain number of second-level tokens for the remaining active validator nodes.

[0023] In one or more embodiments of the method, the method further includes: burning a certain number of first-level tokens corresponding to the bid, the burning causing a reduction in the current total amount of first-level tokens based on the certain number of first-level tokens corresponding to the bid.

[0024] In one or more embodiments of the method, the method further includes: sending a certain number of second-layer tokens that have been staked back to the active validator node.

[0025] In one or more embodiments of the method, generating a new certain number of second-layer tokens includes: after consensus is reached by the blockchain system, determining an asset production increase parameter, and based on the asset production increase parameter and the total amount of first-layer tokens, determining a new certain number of second-layer tokens to be generated.

[0026] In one or more embodiments of the method, generating a new certain number of first-layer tokens to the producer computer node includes: receiving asset production data already generated based on asset production sensor data, receiving trusted production data from a trusted data source connected to the blockchain system, comparing the trusted production data with the trusted production data to obtain a comparison result, and determining a new certain number of first-layer tokens based on the comparison result.

[0027] In one or more embodiments of the method, the method further includes, prior to verification, after consensus is reached by the active validator nodes, the block to be processed includes at least an indication of the generation of a certain number of first-level tokens to obtain a new block in the two-level blockchain ledger: the block to be processed for the current period is generated by a given node of the validator node set based on asset production sensor data.

[0028] In one or more embodiments of the method, the method further includes: determining a corresponding share of a newly generated number of second-layer tokens to be sent to a given node.

[0029] In one or more embodiments of the method, the total amount of the first-level tokens is the total amount of the first-level tokens for a previous period.

[0030] In one or more embodiments of the method, the method further includes: receiving a request from a producer node to be added to the blockchain system as a new validator node, and adding the producer node as a new validator node to the blockchain system after consensus is reached by the validator nodes.

[0031] In one or more embodiments of the method, the active validator computer node set is an incorrect subset of the validator computer node set.

[0032] In one or more embodiments of the method: each validator computer node stores a corresponding wallet, which includes: a corresponding set of encryption keys, a corresponding number of second-level tokens and a corresponding number of first-level tokens; the producer computer node stores a corresponding producer wallet, which includes a corresponding set of producer encryption keys; the corresponding producer wallet is used to receive a newly generated number of first-level tokens.

[0033] In one or more embodiments of the method, a given physical asset includes at least one of precious metals, energy commodities, agricultural products, and industrial metals.

[0034] According to a broad aspect of this technology, a system is provided for sending a new, certain number of corresponding shares of second-layer tokens to a set of active validator computer nodes in a two-layer blockchain ledger, the two-layer blockchain ledger comprising: first-layer tokens, which are tokens of a first type associated with the production of physical assets, and second-layer tokens, which are tokens of a second type, the total amount of the second-layer tokens depending on the total amount of the first-layer tokens.

[0035] The system includes: multiple validator computer nodes connected via a communication network. The system is configured to: receive asset production sensor data representing the production of a given physical asset from a producer computer node connected to the system, the producer computer node being associated with an asset-producing entity, the asset production sensor data having been measured by the asset-producing entity's sensors; generate a new certain number of first-level tokens based at least on the asset production data; send the generated new certain number of first-level tokens to the producer computer node, the current total amount of first-level tokens being based on the generated new certain number of first-level tokens and the total amount of first-level tokens; generate a new certain number of second-level tokens based on the current total amount of first-level tokens; and receive data from validators at the multiple validator computer nodes. The computer node set receives at least one of a certain number of first-layer tokens bid in response to the corresponding auction and a certain number of second-layer tokens pledged in response to the corresponding auction. Based on at least one of the certain number of first-layer tokens bid in response to the corresponding auction and a certain number of second-layer tokens pledged in response to the corresponding auction, an active validator computer node set is selected from the validator computer node set. After consensus is reached by the active validator nodes, the block to be processed is verified to obtain a new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger. The new block includes at least an indication of a certain number of first-layer tokens generated and an indication of the total amount of second-layer tokens. The corresponding share of the newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens is sent to each of the active validator nodes. The current total amount of second-layer tokens in the two-layer blockchain is based on the newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens.

[0036] In one or more embodiments of the system, selecting an active set of validator computer nodes from a set of validator computer nodes based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens bid for corresponding auctions and a certain number of second-level tokens pledged for corresponding staking includes: selecting a subset of the validator node set as super validator nodes based on a certain number of first-level tokens bid for corresponding auctions, wherein the super validator nodes are a subset of the active validator nodes, and determining a corresponding share of a certain number of newly generated second-level tokens for the super validator nodes, wherein the corresponding share of the super validator nodes is greater than the corresponding share of a certain number of second-level tokens generated for the remaining active validator nodes.

[0037] In one or more embodiments of the system, the system is further configured to: burn a certain number of first-level tokens in response to the bid, the burning causing a reduction in the current total amount of first-level tokens based on the certain number of first-level tokens in response to the bid.

[0038] In one or more embodiments of the system, the system is also configured to: send a certain number of staked second-level tokens back to the active validator node.

[0039] In one or more embodiments of the system, generating a new certain number of second-layer tokens includes: determining an asset production increase parameter after consensus is reached by the blockchain system, and determining a new certain number of second-layer tokens to be generated based on the asset production increase parameter and the total amount of first-layer tokens.

[0040] In one or more embodiments of the system, generating a new certain number of first-layer tokens to the producer computer node includes: receiving asset production data already generated based on asset production sensor data, receiving trusted production data from a trusted data source connected to the blockchain system, comparing the trusted production data with the trusted production data to obtain a comparison result, and determining a new certain number of first-layer tokens based on the comparison result.

[0041] In one or more embodiments of the system, the system is also configured to include, prior to verification and after consensus is reached by active validator nodes, an indication of at least a certain number of first-level tokens to be generated for obtaining a new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger: a block to be generated for the current time period by a given node of the validator node set based on asset production sensor data.

[0042] In one or more embodiments of the system, the system is also configured to: determine a corresponding share of a certain number of newly generated second-layer tokens to be sent to a given node.

[0043] In one or more embodiments of the system, the total amount of first-level tokens is the total amount of first-level tokens for a previous period.

[0044] In one or more embodiments of the system, the system is also configured to: receive a request from a producer node to be added to the blockchain system as a new validator node, and add the producer node to the blockchain system as a new validator node after consensus is reached by the validator nodes.

[0045] In one or more embodiments of the system, the active validator computer node set is an incorrect subset of the validator computer node set.

[0046] In one or more embodiments of the system: each validator computer node stores a corresponding wallet, which includes: a corresponding set of encryption keys, a corresponding number of second-level tokens and a corresponding number of first-level tokens; the producer computer node stores a corresponding producer wallet, which includes a corresponding set of producer encryption keys; the corresponding producer wallet is used to receive a newly generated number of first-level tokens.

[0047] In one or more embodiments of the system, a given physical asset includes at least one of precious metals, energy commodities, agricultural products, and industrial metals.

[0048] In one or more embodiments, the first-layer token is also associated with the production of digital assets. Digital assets can be produced by an asset production entity and / or other entities, and the first-layer token can be generated after the digital assets are verified.

[0049] In the context of this specification, a "server" or "node" is a computer program running on suitable hardware and capable of receiving requests (e.g., from electronic devices) over a network (e.g., a communications network) and executing or causing such requests to be executed. The hardware may be a physical computer or a physical computer system, but neither is necessary for the purposes of this art. In this context, the use of the expression "server" is not intended to mean that every task (e.g., a received instruction or request) or any particular task will be received, executed, or caused to be executed by the same server (i.e., the same software and / or hardware); the expression is intended to mean that any number of software elements or hardware devices may be involved in receiving / sending, executing, or being caused to execute any task or request, or the consequences of any task or request; and all such software and hardware may be one server or multiple servers, both of which are included in the expressions "at least one server" and "server".

[0050] In the context of this specification, "electronic device" means any computing device or computer hardware capable of running software suitable for the relevant task at hand. Therefore, some (non-limiting) examples of electronic devices include general-purpose personal computers (desktops, laptops, netbooks, etc.), mobile computing devices, smartphones and tablets, and network devices such as routers, switches, and gateways. It should be noted that in this context, the use of an electronic device as a server for other electronic devices is not excluded. The use of the term "electronic device" does not exclude the use of multiple electronic devices in receiving / sending, performing, or being caused to perform any task or request, or the consequences of any task or request, or the steps of any method described herein. In the context of this specification, "client device" means any of a range of end-user client electronic devices associated with a user, such as personal computers, tablets, smartphones, etc.

[0051] In the context of this specification, the term "computer-readable storage medium" (also referred to as "storage medium" and "memory") is intended to include any non-transient medium of any nature and kind, including but not limited to RAM, ROM, disks (CD-ROM, DVD, floppy disk, hard disk, etc.), USB keys, solid-state drives, tape drives, etc. Multiple components may be combined to form a computer information storage medium, including two or more media components of the same type and / or two or more media components of different types.

[0052] In the context of this specification, a “database” is any structured collection of data, regardless of the specific structure of the database, the database management software, or the computer hardware that stores, implements, or otherwise makes available for use the data. A database may reside on the same hardware as the processes that store or use the information stored in the database, or it may reside on separate hardware (such as a dedicated server or multiple servers).

[0053] In the context of this specification, the term "information" includes information of any nature or kind that can be stored in a database. Therefore, information includes, but is not limited to, audiovisual works (images, films, recordings, presentations, etc.), data (location data, digital data, etc.), text (opinions, comments, questions, messages, etc.), documents, spreadsheets, word lists, etc.

[0054] In the context of this specification, unless otherwise expressly stated, an “instruction” for an information element can be the information element itself, or an implication, reference, link, or other indirect mechanism that enables the recipient of the instruction to locate a network, storage, database, or other computer-readable medium where the information element can be retrieved. For example, an instruction for a document may include the document itself (i.e., the content of the document), or it may be a unique document descriptor that identifies a file on a particular file system, or some other means that directs the recipient of the instruction to a network location, storage address, database table, or other location where the file can be accessed. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the required precision in such an instruction depends on the extent of any prior understanding of the given interpretation of the exchanged information between the sender and recipient of the instruction. For example, if prior to communication between the sender and recipient it is understood that the instruction for an information element will take the form of a database key for an entity in a specific table of a predetermined database containing the information element, then the transmission of the database key is all that is required to effectively communicate the information element to the recipient, even if the information element itself is not transmitted between the sender and recipient of the instruction.

[0055] In the context of this specification, the expression "communication network" is intended to include telecommunications networks, such as computer networks, the Internet, telephone networks, Telex networks, TCP / IP data networks (e.g., WAN networks, LAN networks, etc.). The term "communication network" includes wired networks or direct wired connections, as well as wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media, and any combination thereof.

[0056] In the context of this specification, the words “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., are used as adjectives only to allow distinction between the nouns they modify, and not to describe any specific relationship between these nouns. Therefore, for example, it should be understood that the use of “first server” and “third server” is not intended to imply any specific order, type, chronological order, hierarchy, or ranking of servers (for example), nor is their use (in itself) intended to imply that any “second server” must necessarily exist in any given situation. Furthermore, as discussed in other contexts herein, referring to “first” and “second” elements does not preclude that the two elements are the same actual, real-world elements. Thus, for example, in some cases, “first” server and “second” server may be the same software and / or hardware, while in others they may be different software and / or hardware.

[0057] Implementations of this technology each have at least one of the aforementioned objects and / or aspects, but not necessarily all of them. It should be understood that some aspects of this technology, arising from attempts to achieve the aforementioned objectives, may not satisfy those objectives and / or may satisfy other objectives not specifically listed herein.

[0058] Additional and / or alternative features, aspects, and advantages of embodiments of the present technology will become apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims. Attached Figure Description

[0059] Further features and advantages of the present technology will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0060] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a general method for granting a second-level token reward to an active validator according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0061] Figure 2 A non-restricted example of a graph showing how the rewards for the second-tier tokens vary depending on the level of the first-tier tokens produced in the previous period is shown.

[0062] Figure 3 A first active validator node selection procedure according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is illustrated.

[0063] Figure 4 A second active validator node selection procedure according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is illustrated.

[0064] Figure 5 A third active validator node selection procedure according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is illustrated.

[0065] Figure 6 A flowchart of a method for first-layer token manufacturing according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0066] Figure 7 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method for sending a newly generated share of a certain number of second-layer tokens to an active validator node according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology.

[0067] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of an environment and a two-layer blockchain system according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0068] Figure 9 A schematic diagram of an electronic device according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0069] It should be understood that, for the sake of simplicity and clarity of illustration, reference numerals may be repeated in the accompanying drawings where deemed appropriate to indicate corresponding or similar elements. Furthermore, numerous specific details have been set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and / or implementations described herein. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments and / or implementations described herein can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described so as not to obscure the embodiments and / or implementations described herein. Moreover, this description should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein, but rather as describing the structure and operation of the various embodiments and / or implementations described herein.

[0070] It should be noted that the methods and systems of the embodiments of this disclosure, as well as the data described above, are not abstract or intangible in any sense. Rather, the data must be presented in digital form and stored in a physical data storage computer-readable medium, such as electronic memory, mass storage devices, or other physical, tangible data storage devices and media. It should also be noted that the data processing and data storage methods described herein cannot be manually performed by human analysts, as even the processing and analysis of a relatively small amount of data generates complex and numerous intermediate results. Instead, the methods described herein must be performed by an electronic computing system with electronic or magnetic storage data processors, and the results of data processing and data analysis are digitally stored in one or more tangible physical data storage devices and media. The methods and systems of this disclosure have tangible and practical advantages, providing more convenient and reliable processing of large amounts of data. More specifically, one or more embodiments of this technology provide an incentive-based system for asset-producing entities to participate in a blockchain system while preserving the anonymity of these asset-producing entities and providing verifiability of the produced assets via a distributed ledger through a decentralized network of computer nodes. This eliminates the need for a central authority and reduces the risk of single points of failure and potential data attacks. Furthermore, this method and system provide an immutable record of asset productivity, ownership, and transaction history, where each transaction is recorded in a block that is cryptographically linked to previous blocks, forming a tamper-proof chain. This creates a permanent and traceable record of asset productivity and ownership without compromising user anonymity.

[0071] Computer nodes participating in a distributed ledger are incentivized to produce physical goods, unlike “classic” blockchains or ledger-based systems where there are no incentives or connections to produce real-world assets.

[0072] The purpose of this technology is to reduce the reliance of blockchain systems on power-consuming graphics processing units (GPUs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) computing devices, as this technology can generate protocol tokens based on physically produced assets.

[0073] This technology is adapted and configured to utilize a two-layer token system in the consensus process. This technology uses a first type of token (“first-layer token”) and a second type of token (“second-layer token”), the first type of token being directly linked to physically produced assets (and optionally digitally produced assets) submitted to the blockchain system, and the second type of token being used as a protocol token for executing transactions.

[0074] Nodes validate transactions to earn new Level 2 token rewards (i.e., a corresponding number of Level 2 tokens). These new Level 2 token rewards correspond to newly generated Level 2 tokens, which are added to the current total supply of Level 2 tokens in the blockchain ledger. The Level 2 token rewards are determined based on the total supply of Level 1 tokens, which are generated based on a certain number of physically produced assets (and optionally digitally produced assets).

[0075] Because the first-level tokens are linked to the produced assets and / or granted based on the produced assets, embodiments of this technology incentivize the production of assets with tangible utility and intrinsic value. Asset-producing entities (i.e., off-chain entities) do not possess second-level tokens and, having been previously approved by participating nodes in the two-level blockchain system (i.e., on-chain entities or validator nodes), can be granted first-level tokens upon consensus. Second-level tokens are granted to a subset of validator nodes based on a certain number of first-level tokens already generated based on the produced assets.

[0076] A two-layer token system allows off-chain assets to drive the creation of a second-layer token that serves as the protocol's token, enabling the core consensus process to proceed in a manner isolated from bad actors and additional regulation. Off-chain assets include physical assets produced by asset-producing entities.

[0077] A two-tier token system allows an entity associated with an off-chain asset to be granted a first-tier token equal to a certain number of the associated produced assets. The first-tier tokens constitute a fungible digital record of the asset. In alternative embodiments, other types of tokens, such as NFT tokens, can also be used as first-tier tokens.

[0078] Environment and Blockchain Systems

[0079] refer to Figure 8 The illustration shows an environment and blockchain system 800 according to one or more non-limiting embodiments of the present technology.

[0080] The environment and blockchain system 800 specifically includes an asset production entity 802 associated with producer node 806, a third-party data source 810, a trusted data source 812, and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828.

[0081] Producer computer node 806, third-party data source 810, trusted data source 812 and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826 and 828 are connected via communication network 850 through corresponding communication links 855 (only one label).

[0082] It should be noted that Figure 8Only one asset production entity 802, one producer computer node 806, one third-party data source 810 and one trusted data source 812 are described, but the singular or plural can be used interchangeably, and the environment and blockchain system 800 may include multiple asset production entities 802, producer computer nodes 806, third-party databases 810 and trusted data sources 812.

[0083] Multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828 form a two-layer blockchain system 820. For a given period of time, producer node 806 may not be part of the two-layer blockchain system 820; however, producer node 806 may become a node in the two-layer blockchain system 820 in a later period of time.

[0084] Two-layer blockchain system

[0085] The two-layer blockchain system 820 includes multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828. For a given time period, the multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828 may include validator nodes and active validator nodes (unnumbered).

[0086] The two-layer blockchain system 820 maintains a two-layer blockchain ledger 880 that includes multiple blocks.

[0087] As will be explained below, the two-layer blockchain ledger 880 includes a first-layer token and a second-layer token. The second-layer token is the protocol token of the two-layer blockchain ledger 880, that is, the main token of the two-layer blockchain ledger 880.

[0088] Validator nodes are responsible for submitting (i.e., proposing) new blocks to the two-layer blockchain ledger 880 through voting. Validator nodes can also leverage other validator nodes to execute transactions using layer-two tokens. A validator node is a computer node that possesses layer-two tokens and, optionally, layer-one tokens.

[0089] As will be explained below, an active validator node is a subset of validator nodes selected from the validator nodes for the current time period. In one or more embodiments, an active validator node can be all validator nodes (i.e., an incorrect subset of validator nodes). In one or more embodiments, an active validator node can be selected from the validator nodes (i.e., a correct subset of validator nodes).

[0090] As will be explained below, in one or more embodiments, validator nodes may include a subset of super validator nodes, which are validator nodes that have bid for first-level tokens, increasing their likelihood of being selected as active validator nodes.

[0091] Producer node 806 can become a validator node in a later period.

[0092] It should be understood that the role and number of nodes in a two-layer blockchain system 820 may change over time, and the following is provided only as a non-restrictive example.

[0093] Computer Node

[0094] Multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828 work together to maintain a tamper-proof and secure digital ledger in the form of a two-layer blockchain ledger 880.

[0095] In the context of this technology, each of the multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, 828 can be implemented as a different type of computing device. Figure 9 A non-limiting example of a computing device is shown and will be described below.

[0096] Each computer node 822, 824, 826, 828 can be associated with a corresponding entity and / or user (not shown).

[0097] Each computer node 822, 824, 826, 828 is associated with a corresponding digital wallet 830, which will be referred to as the corresponding wallet 830 (only computer nodes 822, 824, 826, 828 are depicted as a wallet).

[0098] A typical wallet (830) includes a public key and a private key pair (unnumbered). The public key is used to receive funds from other users, while the private key is used to sign and authorize transactions from the wallet. The private key is kept secure and is known only to the wallet owner, while the public key can be publicly shared to receive funds.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, the corresponding wallet 830 may also include a signature function, which requires multiple signatures from different parties to authorize a transaction. The corresponding wallet may have built-in smart contract functionality, which enables the creation and execution of complex programmable transactions.

[0100] A smart contract is a self-executing computer program that operates on the blockchain system 820 and automatically executes the contractual terms between the parties without the need for intermediaries. It is encoded as a set of instructions, which is stored on the storage medium of the components of the blockchain system 820 and executed by the corresponding processors of computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828.

[0101] For a given computer node 822, 824, 826, 828, the corresponding wallet 830 may include a certain number of first-level tokens and a certain number of second-level tokens.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, each computer node 822, 824, 826, 828 has a certain number of second-layer tokens in its respective wallet 830.

[0103] In one or more other embodiments, in order to possess the second-level tokens, computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828 hold a corresponding number of first-level tokens in their respective wallets 830. As will be explained below, the first-level tokens are linked to physical assets produced within the environment and blockchain system 800.

[0104] Asset production entity

[0105] Asset production entity 802 (only one shown) includes physical asset production entities and optionally digital asset production entities (not individually labeled). Each asset production entity 802 is associated with a corresponding producer computer node 806.

[0106] A given asset production entity 802 produces one or more corresponding assets. Each corresponding asset is associated with corresponding asset information. In one or more embodiments, the corresponding asset information for a given asset production entity 802 includes type, quantity, location, quality, condition, ownership, and production capacity.

[0107] Non-limiting examples of physical assets produced by asset-producing entity 802 may include precious metals (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, and palladium), energy commodities (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, and coal), agricultural products (e.g., wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton), and industrial metals (e.g., copper, aluminum, zinc, and nickel).

[0108] In one or more embodiments, each asset-producing entity 802 may have been pre-registered and approved by the two-layer blockchain system 820. In one or more embodiments, the asset-producing entity 802 producing physical assets has undergone Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) procedures. A physical asset license is checked. It should be understood that registration and approval may be optional.

[0109] Each asset production entity 802 has a sensor 804 configured to measure, determine, store asset production data, and send the asset production data to the corresponding producer node 806. It should be understood that the sensor 804 is hardware and may include computing and software components.

[0110] As a non-limiting example, sensor 804 can measure data such as weight, volume, and any other type of physical parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, conductivity, pressure, etc.) for raw or unprocessed materials, intermediates and intermediate processes, and final products before, during, and after the production of physical assets.

[0111] In some embodiments of this technology, a given asset production entity 802 can also produce digital assets, such as digital art and digital music.

[0112] Producer Node

[0113] Each producer computer node 806 (also referred to as producer node 806) is associated with an asset production entity 802, which is connected to a sensor 804 to receive asset production information and execute a data management system (not shown) that is compatible with and has been previously approved by the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0114] Each producer node 806 is specifically configured to: (i) receive asset production sensor data; (ii) send asset production sensor data to be added to the pending block; and (ii) receive the first-level block reward after block verification.

[0115] Each producer node 806 has a corresponding wallet 808 that stores one or more corresponding encryption keys, similar to the corresponding wallets 830 of multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, and 828.

[0116] Each producer node 806 has a corresponding number of first-layer tokens associated with the two-layer blockchain ledger 880. Producer node 806 typically does not own second-layer tokens.

[0117] To obtain the second-layer token, producer node 806 must operate as a validator node in blockchain system 820. To operate as a validator node, producer node 806 must execute the required software and possess computational resources (i.e., processing and / or memory) exceeding the threshold required for a validator node. Blockchain system 820 can add producer node 806 as a validator node after consensus is reached. The threshold computational resources can be dynamically determined based on the available computational resources in blockchain system 820 and the estimated computational resource requirements of blockchain system 820.

[0118] Third-party data source

[0119] The third-party data source 810 is specifically configured to: (i) receive requests for information; and (ii) send information in response to such requests. In one or more embodiments, the trusted data source 812 may send asset information synchronously or asynchronously.

[0120] Therefore, a given third-party data source 810 can be implemented as a computing device, database, non-transient storage medium, etc.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, a third-party data source 810 may send external information related to physical and digital assets.

[0122] Unrestricted examples of third-party data sources include websites, blogs, and devices associated with entities such as companies and users.

[0123] Trusted data source

[0124] The trusted data source 812 has been previously approved by the two-layer blockchain system 820. In one or more embodiments, the trusted data source 812 may be a previous third-party data source that has been voted on and approved by the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0125] The trusted data source 812 is specifically configured to: (i) receive requests for asset information; and (ii) send asset information in response to such requests. In one or more embodiments, the trusted data source 812 may send asset information synchronously or asynchronously.

[0126] Therefore, a given trusted data source 812 can be implemented as a computing device, database, non-transient storage medium, etc. Non-limiting examples of trusted data sources 812 include public stock exchanges, regulated financial institutions, government regulatory agencies, market data providers, and other blockchain data providers.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, the environment and blockchain system 800 includes a feedback unit 814, which may be implemented as hardware and software (or a combination of hardware and software) and may be connected to a two-layer blockchain system 820. The feedback unit 814 is configured to retrieve data from a third-party data source 810 and / or a trusted data source 812 and send the data to the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0128] Communication Network

[0129] In some embodiments of this technology, the communication network 850 is the Internet. In alternative, non-limiting embodiments, the communication network 850 can be implemented as any suitable local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), dedicated communication network, etc. It should be clearly understood that the implementation of the communication network 850 is for illustrative purposes only. How the communication link 855 (not separately designated) between the sensor 804, producer node 806, third-party data source 810, trusted data source 812, and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, 828 and the communication network 850 will depend particularly on how each of the producer node 806, third-party data source 810, trusted data source 812, and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, 828 is implemented.

[0130] The communication network 850 can be used to send data packets among sensor 804, producer node 806, third-party data source 810, trusted data source 812 and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826 and 828.

[0131] Figure 1 The general operation of an asset-based token for a consensus process, according to an embodiment, is illustrated. Figure 1 It is possible Figure 8 The environment and two-layer blockchain system are executed within 800.

[0132] In step 101, a certain quantity of assets produced is recorded. The assets produced can be physical assets or commodities, such as gold or oil, produced by an asset producer (i.e., asset-producing entity 802); or any other resource produced or owned by an off-chain user. In some embodiments, assets owned by the entity but not produced by the entity can be recorded, for example, if the asset was produced by a subsidiary or related party of the entity, or if it was acquired through some other means. Depending on the type of asset, the quality of the asset may also be recorded. For example, different types of oil may have different market values.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, a certain quantity of assets is produced by asset production entity 802 and measured by sensor 804 connected to producer node 806, which can send asset production sensor data to producer node 806. Figure 8 ).

[0134] In step 103, the market value of the physical asset is estimated. In one embodiment, the unit market price of the off-chain asset is recorded by price feedback from a financial data service provider, and the market value of the physical asset is estimated based on the unit price and quantity of the asset produced.

[0135] In one or more embodiments, price feedback may come from a third-party data source 810 and / or a trusted data source 812. Information related to the unit value of the produced asset may be determined by the feedback unit 814 based on information from the third-party data source 810 and / or the trusted data source 812.

[0136] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a two-layer blockchain system 820 that creates first-layer tokens, particularly based on the market value of recorded physical assets. In such embodiments, the blockchain system 820 uses the first-layer tokens as a record of physical asset production activities. Furthermore, the first-layer tokens can also record digital assets produced by asset-producing entity 802.

[0137] In step 105, the first-layer token is created based on the estimated value of the recorded physical assets. Creation is the process of generating new first-layer tokens by verifying data and recording information onto the blockchain ledger 880 via a proof-of-stake protocol.

[0138] In step 107, first-tier tokens are granted to asset producers in proportion to the assets they produce. More specifically, based at least on asset sensor data produced from sensors 804 connected to asset-producing entity 802, a corresponding number of first-tier tokens are granted to the corresponding wallets 808 of producer nodes 806.

[0139] In operation, the two-layer blockchain system 820 can form new blocks at regular intervals (e.g., every 1 second). If the block contains transactions and is therefore a non-empty block, the second-layer token reward is distributed among all active validators who validated the block. The selection and role of active validators are described below.

[0140] Steps 105 and 107 will be... Figure 6 The first-level token-making process is described in more detail in 600.

[0141] The determination of the second-level token block reward is performed in step 109. More specifically, a certain number of second-level tokens are determined to be allocated to active validator nodes participating in validating pending blocks. According to one or more embodiments, the second-level block reward can be set to an initial value, and a new value can be determined after each period. In each period, the blockchain system 820 reduces the block reward by scaling it against a corresponding number of first-level tokens already generated in the previous period. The period can be set to 30 million blocks, or approximately one year. Alternatively, different period durations can be set.

[0142] The following section describes a sample procedure for determining the second-level block reward (i.e., a certain number of second-level tokens newly generated by the blockchain system 820) to be sent to the active validator node.

[0143] The second-level token block reward for the current time period is determined based on the second-level token block reward for the previous time period, the first-level token reward for the previous time period, the first-level token reward before the previous time period, and the asset production increase parameter.

[0144] The initial block reward can be set to 5 second-level tokens per block n0.

[0145] The block reward n1 for time period 1 and the block reward n2 for time period 2 are set to be equal to n0.

[0146] Subsequently, the reward for time period x is called n(x):

[0147] n(x)=n(x-1)×f(δ);

[0148] Where n(x) is the current second-level token block reward (i.e., a certain number of newly generated second-level tokens in the previous total amount of second-level tokens to be added to the blockchain ledger 880).

[0149] Where n(x-1) is the reward for the second-level token block in the previous period;

[0150] Where δ = ((first-level tokens from time period x-1) / (first-level tokens from time period x-2)) / ((1 + target));

[0151] The target is the asset production increase parameter, corresponding to the target percentage increase in the first-level token production, set by voting from validator nodes; by default, the target = 10%.

[0152] f(δ) has two states: normal and abnormal.

[0153] Normal state:

[0154] When 0<δ<1, f(δ)=0.75+[0.9-0.75]×δ;

[0155] Essentially, f(δ) will fluctuate between [0.75-0.9]; therefore, the second-level block reward will be reduced by a factor of [0.75-0.9].

[0156] Abnormal state:

[0157] When δ=0, f(δ)=0.5;

[0158] If no first-level tokens are produced, the block reward for second-level tokens will be halved.

[0159] When δ≥1, f(δ)=min(0.99,0.01×Math.floor(δ-1)+0.9);

[0160] f(δ) will fluctuate between [0.9-0.99].

[0161] If the production of first-level tokens exceeds the target, the block reward will only be reduced by [0.9-0.99], and even if the production is much higher than the target, the block reward will be limited to 0.99.

[0162] It should be understood that this determination is merely an example and can be replaced by any suitable definition of n(x). Specifically, the initial value n0 and the decrease f(δ) can be any suitable quantity or function.

[0163] Figure 2 A non-restricted example of a graph 200 is shown, illustrating how the second-level block reward n(x) per block can vary based on a certain number of first-level tokens produced in previous periods. Graph 200 includes three block reward functions: a first block reward function 210, a second block reward function 220, and a third block reward function 230.

[0164] According to the non-restrictive example shown, the block reward is initially set to 5 Level 2 tokens per block, and the Level 2 block reward automatically decreases per period based on the amount of Level 1 tokens produced, where a period corresponds to one year. It can be seen that the first block reward function 210 corresponds to "good" Level 1 token production, the second block reward function 220 corresponds to "low" Level 1 token production, and the third block reward function 230 corresponds to no Level 1 token production. If fewer Level 1 tokens are produced, the Level 2 token reward per block decreases with each period. In the example shown, the more Level 1 tokens are produced, the slower the Level 2 block reward decreases over time. Therefore, higher asset production generates more Level 1 tokens, which will allow for a higher total amount of Level 2 tokens to be produced, while less asset production will allow for a lower total amount of Level 2 tokens to be produced.

[0165] The second-level block reward decreases periodically based on a range, for example, from 10% to 50%. A supply cap is created for the second-level tokens, which have a finite total supply determined based on economic production.

[0166] Back Figure 1 In step 111, an active validator is selected from all validator nodes that bid to obtain the active validator status. The selection of the active validator will refer to... Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5To describe. In an alternative embodiment, no selection may be performed, and each node in the two-layer blockchain system 820 can participate as an active validator node.

[0167] In step 113, Level 2 block rewards are granted to the selected active validators via an auction and staking process. Entities operating validator nodes can participate in the auction and staking process by bidding and / or staking as active validator nodes. All entities can "follow" active validator nodes and share rewards by staking Level 2 tokens to any node. Staking allows permissionless participation in protocol consensus. Any validator node can stake Level 2 tokens to any node to share Level 2 block rewards.

[0168] Staking refers to the process of depositing a certain number of Layer 2 tokens as collateral to become eligible to act as an active validator node to verify transactions and create new blocks on the blockchain ledger 880. The staked Layer 2 tokens can be returned to the active validator node. It should be understood that staking involves the use of cryptographic algorithms and consensus mechanisms to ensure that the blockchain system 820 is secure and operates in a fair and transparent manner. Staking involves the use of cryptographic protocols known in the art and requires sufficient computational resources to execute efficiently.

[0169] Auctioning refers to the process of paying out a certain amount of Level 1 tokens as collateral to become eligible as an active validator node to validate transactions and create new blocks on blockchain ledger 880. The auctioned Level 1 tokens are not returned to the active validator nodes; instead, they are removed from blockchain ledger 880, a process known as "burning." Burning reduces the total amount of Level 1 tokens in blockchain ledger 880. Auctioning involves the use of complex algorithms and cryptographic protocols known in the art to ensure that transactions are secure and transparent.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, the staking procedure can be performed as follows:

[0171] Choose a validator node and stake Level 2 tokens to that validator node. After staking, the staking node must manually unstake the tokens. Any staked Level 2 tokens will continue to accumulate Level 2 rewards until they are unstaken.

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the second-level block reward allocation function is determined using the following scheme:

[0173] Total block reward S = Block reward n(x) + Total gas cost

[0174] S is divided into the following parts:

[0175] C: Public token pool, used through voting by validator nodes, in one example 1% × S.

[0176] A and B: Two parts of the proposer's bonus, awarded to the proposer of the new block. A proposer is a validator node that proposes a block to be processed, which will become the new block after verification. In one example: A = 1% × S; and B = up to 4% × S, depending on the proportion of digital signatures obtained from all active validators.

[0177] T: The first-tier validator bonus is awarded to the super validators in the active validator node list. T is allocated among the super active validator nodes based on the proportion of the first-tier token bidding, so the higher the bidding for the first-tier tokens, the greater the reward. In one example, T = 15% × (number of super active validators) / (number of active validators) × S

[0178] R: Basic reward, awarded to each active validator and their stakers. R = S – C – A – B – T is the remainder of S.

[0179] R is divided among all active validator nodes. This division helps prevent monopolistic events. Each active validator node, after deducting a small, predetermined fee, also equally distributes R among all stakers; as a non-limiting example, this fee could be 1% for the node owner. In one or more alternative embodiments, this division could be uniform.

[0180] Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 Different implementations of the active validator node selection procedure are provided.

[0181] First Activity Verifier Node Selection Procedure

[0182] Figure 3 A first active validator node selection procedure 300 according to one or more embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0183] The purpose of the first active validator node selection procedure 300 is to allow the two-layer blockchain system 820 to select active validator nodes to participate in the proof-of-stake consensus process. The first active validator selection procedure 300 is executed by the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0184] In the first active validator node selection process 300, validator nodes can bid for first-level tokens or stake second-level tokens to be selected as active validators. Active validators can receive second-level token rewards after consensus is reached.

[0185] In some embodiments, a producer node may be associated with other staker nodes to form a validator node. Alternatively, a producer node may have its own set of stakers and may effectively become a validator node.

[0186] The first active validator selection procedure 300 is executed at a given frequency within the two-layer blockchain system 820. The frequency can be predetermined based on the duration and / or the number of blocks, or it can be dynamically determined based on the duration and / or the number of blocks. As a non-limiting example, the active validator node selection procedure 300 can be executed once every five minutes.

[0187] According to step 310, perform second-level token verification, where the validator node needs to have a second-level token to become part of the candidate active validator node set in order to obtain the active validator node status, i.e., continue in step 320A or step 320B.

[0188] In some embodiments, validator nodes that wish to become part of the candidate active validator node set may need to have minimal computing resources.

[0189] In one embodiment, validator nodes can purchase Layer 2 tokens from an exchange platform. Alternatively, validator nodes can purchase Layer 2 tokens directly from other validator nodes using a peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol. Validator nodes with Layer 2 tokens can then bid on Layer 1 tokens or stake Layer 2 tokens to determine the status of active validator nodes.

[0190] According to step 320, a given validator node can bid for the first-level token (step 320A) or stake the second-level token (step 320B). It should be understood that a given validator node bidding for the first-level token must have the second-level token in its corresponding wallet, but does not need to stake the second-level token.

[0191] In one or more embodiments, each corresponding validator node wishing to participate in the bidding and staking process sends an instruction to the two-layer blockchain system 820 indicating whether it is bidding or staking. Upon receiving the instruction, the two-layer blockchain system 820 verifies whether the corresponding validator node: (i) has staked a corresponding number of second-layer tokens equal to or higher than the second-layer token staking threshold; or (ii) has bid a corresponding number of first-layer tokens equal to or higher than the first-layer token bidding threshold.

[0192] According to step 330B, if the corresponding staked amount of the second-level token is higher than the corresponding second-level staking threshold, the corresponding validator node is added to the candidate active validator node set.

[0193] If the corresponding number of second-level tokens is lower than the second-level bidding threshold, the corresponding validator node will not be added to the candidate active validator node set.

[0194] According to step 330A, if the corresponding number of first-level tokens is equal to or higher than the first-level bidding threshold, the corresponding validator node is added to the candidate active validator node set and designated as a super validator node.

[0195] As a non-restrictive example, the first-level threshold (i.e., minimum) for bidding on first-level tokens can be 1 first-level token, and the second-level threshold for staking second-level tokens can be 158 second-level tokens.

[0196] According to step 332, active validator node selection is performed. In one or more embodiments, the validator node performs multiple rounds of selection to form an active validator node set from the candidate active validator node set. In one or more embodiments, the number of selection rounds can be predetermined by the blockchain system 820. As a non-limiting example, there can be two rounds of random selection.

[0197] In a non-restricted example, a first round of random selection can be performed to choose up to 100 super validator nodes and 100 validator nodes from all validator nodes in the candidate active validator node set. A second round of random selection is then performed to choose up to 100 active validators from the nodes selected in the first round. It should be understood that any other suitable number of nodes can be selected in each round. It should be understood that super validator nodes have a higher chance of being selected as active validator nodes than the remaining nodes in the candidate active validator node set.

[0198] In one or more embodiments, validator nodes may have an equal chance of being selected as active validators. Alternatively, other selection mechanisms may be used.

[0199] According to step 340, the Level 1 tokens used by the active validator node in a successful bid are burned. The Level 2 tokens used in a successful staking are returned to the active validator node. The Level 1 and Level 2 tokens used in unsuccessful bids (i.e., from validator nodes not selected as active validator nodes) are returned to the validator node. As previously described, burning is the process of removing Level 1 tokens from circulation, which reduces the number of Level 1 tokens in use. The Level 1 tokens are sent from the corresponding wallet of the active validator node selected as a super validator node (i.e., one that bid for Level 1 tokens) to a wallet address that cannot be used for transactions other than receiving Level 1 tokens. Therefore, the total amount of Level 1 tokens in blockchain ledger 880 is reduced.

[0200] Second Activity Verifier Node Selection Procedure

[0201] Figure 4 A second active validator node selection procedure 400 according to one or more embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0202] The second active validator node selection procedure 400 is similar to the first active validator node selection procedure 300; however, validator nodes wishing to participate as active validators can only bid on a certain number of first-level tokens that will be burned.

[0203] The purpose of the second active validator node selection procedure 400 is to allow the two-layer blockchain system 820 to select active validator nodes to participate in the proof-of-stake consensus process.

[0204] In the second active validator node selection procedure 400, validator nodes must stake second-level tokens and may optionally bid for first-level tokens that will be selected as active validators.

[0205] According to step 410, a second-level token verification is performed, whereby the validator node needs to have a second-level token to become part of the candidate active validator node set in order to obtain the active validator node status, i.e., continuing in steps 420A and 420B.

[0206] After the second-level token verification in step 410, all validator nodes execute step 420A. Validator nodes may optionally execute step 420B.

[0207] According to step 420, a given validator node stakes the second-level token (step 420A). The given validator node may optionally bid on the first-level token (step 420B). Each staking and bidding instruction is sent to the blockchain system 820.

[0208] According to step 430A, if the corresponding number of second-level tokens is higher than the corresponding second-level token staking threshold, the corresponding validator node is added to the candidate active validator node set.

[0209] If the corresponding number of second-level tokens is lower than the second-level bidding threshold, the corresponding validator node will not be added to the candidate active validator node set.

[0210] According to 430B, if the corresponding number of second-level tokens is higher than or equal to the corresponding second-level token threshold, and if the corresponding number of first-level tokens is equal to or higher than the first-level token threshold, the corresponding validator node is added to the candidate active validator node set and designated as a super validator node.

[0211] As a non-restrictive example, the first-level token threshold (i.e., minimum) for first-level token bidding can be 1 first-level token, and the second-level token threshold for second-level token staking can be 158 second-level tokens.

[0212] According to step 432, active validator node selection is performed. In one or more embodiments, the validator node performs multiple rounds of selection to form an active validator node set from the candidate active validator node set. In one or more embodiments, the number of selection rounds can be predetermined by the blockchain system 820. As a non-limiting example, there may be two rounds of random selection.

[0213] In a non-restricted example, a first round of random selection can be performed to choose up to 100 super validator nodes and 100 validator nodes from all validator nodes in the candidate active validator node set. A second round of random selection is then performed to choose up to 100 active validators from the nodes selected in the first round. It should be understood that any other suitable number of nodes can be selected in each round.

[0214] In one or more embodiments, validator nodes may have an equal chance of being selected as active validators. Alternatively, other selection mechanisms may be used.

[0215] According to step 440, the first-level tokens used by the active validator node (i.e., the super validator node) in a successful bid are burned. The second-level tokens used in a successful staking are returned to the active validator node. The first-level tokens and second-level tokens used in an unsuccessful bid (i.e., from candidate validator nodes that were not selected as active validator nodes) are returned to the validator node.

[0216] Third Activity Verifier Node Selection Procedure

[0217] Figure 5 A third active validator node selection procedure 500 according to one or more embodiments of the present technology is shown.

[0218] The third active validator node selection procedure 500 is similar to the first active validator node selection procedure 300 and the second active validator node selection procedure 400; however, validator nodes only bid on a certain number of first-level tokens that will be burned.

[0219] According to step 510, a second-level token verification is performed, wherein the validator node needs to possess a second-level token to become part of the candidate active validator node set to obtain the active validator node state; that is, proceed to step 520. In one or more embodiments, the two-level token verification is performed by a two-level blockchain system 820.

[0220] According to step 520, a validator node is given a certain number of first-level tokens to bid. It should be understood that in this embodiment, the validator node does not stake second-level tokens, but instead requires the second-level tokens in the validator node's corresponding wallet to bid for the first-level tokens.

[0221] In one or more embodiments, each corresponding validator node wishing to participate in the bidding process sends an instruction to the two-layer blockchain system 820 indicating that these validator nodes are bidding. Upon receiving the instruction, the two-layer blockchain system 820 verifies whether the corresponding validator node has bid an amount equal to or higher than the first-layer bidding threshold for a certain number of first-layer tokens.

[0222] According to step 530, the selection of active validator nodes is performed. In one or more embodiments, the two-layer blockchain system 800 selects an active validator node from a set of candidate active validator nodes that have bid equal to or higher than the first-layer bidding threshold for a corresponding number of first-layer tokens. In one or more embodiments, all candidate active validator nodes are selected as active validator nodes.

[0223] According to step 540, the first-level tokens used in a successful bid are burned. In an unsuccessful bid, the first-level tokens are returned to the validator nodes that were not selected as active validator nodes.

[0224] First-level token creation process

[0225] Figure 6 A first-level token manufacturing process 600 according to an embodiment is illustrated. In one or more embodiments, in Figure 8 The first-level token creation process is executed within the environment and blockchain system 800.

[0226] The purpose of the first-level token creation process 600 is to generate first-level tokens in the blockchain ledger 880, which will affect the generation of second-level tokens in the blockchain ledger 880 for subsequent periods.

[0227] According to step 602, select the production entity for the given asset.

[0228] In one or more embodiments, a given asset production entity 802 is selected from a plurality of asset production entities by a two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0229] A given asset production entity 802 may be in the process of producing a physical asset or may have already produced a physical asset and used sensor 804 to measure asset production sensor data. The asset production sensor data measured by sensor 804 can be sent to the producer node 806 associated with the asset production entity 802.

[0230] The selection of a given asset-producing entity includes identifying producer node 806 that will receive the first-level token rewards. In one or more embodiments, producer node 806 associated with asset-producing entity 802 is selected, and a corresponding producer node wallet 808 that will receive the first-level token rewards is identified.

[0231] According to step 604, the two-layer blockchain system receives asset production data based on a certain number of assets produced. In one or more embodiments, the two-layer blockchain system 820 receives asset production data generated from a third-party data source 810 based on asset production sensor data and asset information. The asset production data can be generated by the producer node 806. In other embodiments, the asset production data can be generated by the feedback unit 814 using data from the third-party data source 810 and the producer node 806.

[0232] According to step 606, the blockchain system 820 receives trusted production data from a trusted data source. In one or more embodiments, trusted production data is received from a trusted production data source 812. It should be understood that trusted production data can be determined based on trusted production data from multiple trusted production data sources 812, wherein the trusted production data is obtained by averaging or weighting the data from the multiple trusted production data sources.

[0233] In one or more embodiments, the feedback unit 814 determines trusted production data and sends the trusted production data to the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0234] According to step 608, the blockchain system 820 compares the production data with trusted production data. It should be understood that the comparison process is performed to assess the liability of the production data provided by the producer node 806 associated with the asset production entity 802. In one or more embodiments, step 608 may be executed using a smart contract. In one embodiment, the producer node 806 may provide an advance payment to the two-layer blockchain system 820.

[0235] Different technologies can be used to compare production data and trusted production data. It should be understood that the corresponding asset information (e.g., type, quantity, location, quality, condition, ownership, and production capacity) of a given asset linked to production entity 802 can be used to compare production data and trusted production data.

[0236] In one or more embodiments, the two-layer blockchain system 820 obtains a comparison result. As a non-limiting example, the comparison result could be the difference between asset production data and trusted production data.

[0237] According to step 610, the two-layer blockchain system determines the first-layer token reward based on the comparison results. In one or more embodiments, the two-layer blockchain system 820 determines the first-layer token reward (i.e., a certain number of first-layer tokens) by selecting the lowest value among asset production data and trusted production data, receiving the first-layer token reward function, determining a threshold based on the comparison results, and calculating the first-layer token reward based on the lowest value, the threshold, and the first-layer token reward function. Therefore, producer node 806 may be penalized for reporting inaccurate asset production data.

[0238] The first-level token reward increases the total amount of first-level tokens in blockchain ledger 880.

[0239] In one or more embodiments, information including the comparison result and information for calculating the first-level token reward is added to a pending block in the two-layer blockchain ledger 880. It should be understood that at least a portion of this information may be encrypted and / or one-way encrypted within the pending block.

[0240] According to step 612, the two-layer blockchain system sends the first-layer token reward to the producer node. In one or more embodiments, the two-layer blockchain system 820 sends the first-layer token reward to the producer node 806.

[0241] refer to Figure 7 The diagram illustrates a flowchart of method 700, which sends the corresponding share of the newly generated second-layer tokens to the active validator node. Method 700 can be executed within the blockchain system 820.

[0242] According to processing step 702, the blockchain system 820 receives asset production sensor data representing the production of a given physical asset from the producer computer node 806 associated with the asset production entity 802, which has been measured by the sensor 804 of the asset production entity 802.

[0243] According to processing step 704, the blockchain system 820 generates at least a certain number of new first-layer tokens based on asset production data. The generation of these new first-layer tokens is also known as token creation.

[0244] In one or more embodiments, a new, predetermined number of first-level tokens corresponds to a first-level token reward for a specific time period. This predetermined number of first-level tokens is generated based on a comparison of asset production data and trusted asset production data. The asset production data is determined based on data from a third-party data source 810 and asset production sensor data, and is sent to the blockchain system 820. The trusted asset production data is determined based on asset production sensor data and data from a trusted data source 812. The blockchain system 820 performs a comparison of the asset production data and the trusted asset production data, reaches a consensus, and determines and generates a new, predetermined number of first-level tokens.

[0245] According to processing step 706, the blockchain system 820 sends a certain number of newly generated Level 1 tokens to the producer computer node 806. The current total amount of Level 1 tokens in the blockchain ledger 880 corresponds to the newly generated number of Level 1 tokens and the total amount of Level 1 tokens (i.e., the total amount generated over all previous periods). The blockchain system 820 then sends the generated number of Level 1 tokens to the producer node wallet 808 of the producer node 806.

[0246] According to processing step 708, blockchain system 820 generates a new certain number of second-layer tokens based on the current total amount of first-layer tokens.

[0247] The new, fixed number of Tier 2 tokens corresponds to the total amount of Tier 2 token rewards that will be allocated to the active validator nodes for the current time period.

[0248] In one or more embodiments, the new certain number of second-level tokens is determined based on the second-level block reward for the previous period, the first-level token reward for the previous period, the first-level token reward before the previous period, and the asset production increase parameter.

[0249] According to processing step 710, the blockchain system 820 receives at least one of the following from a set of validator computer nodes: a certain number of first-level tokens bid for and a certain number of second-level tokens staked. The set of validator computer nodes with bid first-level tokens and / or staked second-level tokens forms a candidate active validator node set.

[0250] According to processing step 712, the blockchain system 820 selects an active set of validator computer nodes from the validator computer node set based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens bid in the corresponding auction and a certain number of second-level tokens pledged in the corresponding pledge.

[0251] In one or more embodiments, the active validator computer node set includes a super validator computer node.

[0252] According to processing step 714, the active validator node verifies the block to be processed after reaching consensus, in order to obtain a new block in the blockchain ledger 880. The block to be processed is proposed by the given validator node before processing step 714.

[0253] According to processing step 716, the blockchain system 820 sends a new certain number of second-layer tokens to each of the active validator node sets, and the current total amount of second-layer tokens in the two-layer blockchain ledger 880 is based on the newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens.

[0254] In one or more embodiments, prior to processing step 716, the blockchain system 820 determines a corresponding share of a new certain quantity of second-layer tokens, which corresponds to a corresponding certain quantity of second-layer token rewards sent to each active validator node.

[0255] In one or more embodiments, the blockchain system 820 burns the corresponding bids for the first-level tokens from the active validator nodes, that is, removes the bids for the first-level tokens from the current total amount of the first-level tokens in the blockchain ledger 880.

[0256] Processing steps 702 to 716 can be repeated for each new time period in the blockchain system 820.

[0257] refer to Figure 9 The diagram illustrates a computing device 1000 applicable to some embodiments of the present technology. The computing device 1000 includes various hardware components, including one or more single-core or multi-core processors collectively represented by a processor 1002, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 1004, a storage driver 1006 such as a solid-state drive, a random access memory 1008, a display interface 1010, and an input / output interface 1012.

[0258] In one or more embodiments, computing device 1000 may be used to implement producer computer node 106 and multiple computer nodes 822, 824, 826, 828.

[0259] Communication between the various components of the computing device 1000 can be achieved through one or more internal and / or external buses 1014 (such as PCI bus, Universal Serial Bus, IEEE 1394 FireWire bus, SCSI bus, Serial ATA bus, etc.), to which various hardware components are electrically coupled.

[0260] Input / output interface 1012 may be coupled to touchscreen 1016 and / or one or more internal and / or external buses 1014. Touchscreen 1016 may be part of a display. In one or more embodiments, touchscreen 1016 is a display. Touchscreen 1016 may also be referred to as screen 1016. Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the touchscreen 1016 includes touch hardware 1018 (e.g., a pressure-sensitive battery embedded in the display layer to allow detection of physical interactions between the user and the display) and a touch input / output controller 1020 to allow communication with the display interface 1010 and / or one or more internal and / or external buses 1014. In one or more embodiments, the input / output interface 1012 may be connected to a keyboard (not shown), a mouse (not shown), or a touchpad (not shown) to allow the user to interact with the computing device 1000 in addition to or as a supplement to the touchscreen 1016.

[0261] According to embodiments of this technology, solid-state drive 1006 stores program instructions suitable for loading into random access memory 1008 and executing by processor 1002 and / or GPU 1004 for asset-based consensus according to embodiments of the methods presented herein. For example, the program instructions may be part of a library or application.

[0262] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, computing device 1000 may be implemented as a server, desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, smartphone, personal digital assistant or any device suitable for implementing this technology.

[0263] In the proposed two-token system for the consensus process, current two-layer blockchain protocols incentivize producer nodes associated with asset producers to operate validator nodes, thereby competing for block rewards during bidding and staking. Nodes bidding for more Layer 1 tokens gain an advantage. This incentivizes real-world economic activity to earn block rewards. For example, more asset production leads to more Layer 1 tokens for higher bidding and a higher percentage of the per-block reward. Furthermore, more asset production enables more Layer 1 tokens to run more validator nodes more frequently to receive block rewards.

[0264] In the proposed two-layer token system, the consensus process and business profits are separate. Current two-layer blockchain protocols create a second-layer token decoupled from the underlying assets and therefore not subject to asset-backed token regulations. Asset-producing entities can handle operational and investment activities independently of the blockchain protocol and operate in accordance with all applicable regulations. The two-layer blockchain protocol has no ownership or claim on any assets or business activities of the asset producer.

[0265] According to an embodiment of the proposed two-layer token system, real-world assets from the asset-producing entity are used to create the second-layer token, while preventing malicious entities from freely creating the second-layer token.

[0266] In some embodiments, second-level tokens are granted only to nodes participating in the proof-of-stake consensus process. This technology is a secure proof-of-stake system, making protocol attacks economically infeasible. All nodes require a basic level of second-level tokens to function, and an attack on the protocol would require acquiring a large number of second-level tokens from the market. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that bidding for second-level tokens will result in the ability to manipulate consensus, because the selection of validator nodes based on second-level bidders is random, and first-level nodes are also involved in the verification process.

[0267] Furthermore, second-tier tokens will never be directly granted to asset-producing nodes associated with asset-producing entities. Producer nodes can only create first-tier tokens to bid for an increased chance of winning block rewards; asset-producing entities must still operate validator nodes to further secure the network before winning second-tier rewards.

[0268] In the proposed two-layer token system, the first-layer token acts as a shield to protect the second-layer token from any dishonest asset producers attempting to freely create second-layer tokens. Furthermore, these embodiments are provided to limit the overall impact of fraudulent asset producers attempting to create first-layer tokens on current two-layer blockchain protocols. As mentioned above, in order to run a validator node, a producer node must accumulate sufficient second-layer tokens and optionally bid on either first-layer or second-layer tokens to become an active validator. Because validators are selected randomly, there is no guarantee that a fraudulent producer node will be selected as an active validator.

Claims

1. A method for sending a second-layer token to a set of active validator computer nodes in a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes: Multiple validator computer nodes connected via a communication network The blockchain system maintains a two-layer blockchain ledger, including: The first layer of tokens, which are the first type of tokens associated with the production of physical assets, and The second-layer token, a second type of token, has a total supply dependent on the total supply of the first-layer token. This second-layer token is the protocol token for the two-layer blockchain ledger used to execute transactions. A new, fixed number of second-layer tokens are generated and rewarded to the set of active validator computer nodes that verify transactions. The blockchain system is connected to the producer's computer node, and the method includes: Receive asset production sensor data representing the production of a given physical asset from the producer computer node associated with the asset production entity, the asset production sensor data having been measured by the sensors of the asset production entity. Based at least on the sensor data generated by the asset, a certain number of new first-layer tokens are generated. A certain number of newly generated first-level tokens are sent to the producer computer node, and the current total amount of the first-level tokens is based on the newly generated certain number of first-level tokens and the total amount of the first-level tokens. A new, certain number of second-layer tokens are generated based on the current total amount of the first-layer tokens; Receive at least one of the following from the set of validator computer nodes: a certain number of first-level tokens bid for and a certain number of second-level tokens staked. Based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens from the corresponding bidding and a certain number of second-level tokens from the corresponding staking, select an active set of validator computer nodes from the set of validator computer nodes; After consensus is reached by the set of active validator computer nodes, the pending block is verified to obtain a new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger. This new block includes at least an indication of the number of first-layer tokens generated and an indication of the total amount of second-layer tokens. Send a corresponding share of a newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens to each of the active validator computer nodes in the set, the current total amount of second-layer tokens in the two-layer blockchain being based on the newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Selecting the active validator computer node set from the validator computer node set based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens from the corresponding bid and a certain number of second-level tokens from the corresponding pledge includes: Based on a certain number of first-level tokens from the corresponding bidding, a subset of the validator computer node set is selected as super validator nodes, where the super validator nodes are a subset of the active validator computer node set; and A share of the newly generated number of second-layer tokens is determined for the super validator node, and the share for the super validator node is greater than the share for the remaining number of second-layer tokens generated for the set of active validator computer nodes.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: Burn a certain number of first-level tokens in the corresponding bid, the burning causing a reduction in the current total amount of first-level tokens based on the certain number of first-level tokens in the corresponding bid.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: The corresponding number of staked second-layer tokens are sent back to the set of active validator computer nodes.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, Generating the new number of second-layer tokens includes: After consensus is reached by the blockchain system, the parameters for increasing asset production are determined; and Based on the asset production increase parameters and the total amount of the first-layer tokens, a certain number of new second-layer tokens are generated.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, Generating the new, certain number of first-level tokens to the producer computer node includes: Receive asset production data that has been generated based on the asset production sensor data; Receive trusted production data from a trusted data source connected to the blockchain system; The asset production data and the reliable production data are compared to obtain a comparison result; and Based on the comparison results, a new certain number of first-layer tokens are determined.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to verification, after consensus is reached by the set of active validator computer nodes, that the block to be processed includes at least an indication of the generated number of first-layer tokens to obtain the new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger: The block to be processed for the current time period is generated by a given node in the verifier computer node set based on the asset production sensor data.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: Determine the appropriate share of a certain number of newly generated second-layer tokens to be sent to the given node.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The total amount of the first-level tokens is the total amount of the first-level tokens for the previous period.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Receive a request from the producer computer node to be added to the blockchain system as a new validator computer node. and After consensus is reached by the validator computer nodes, the producer computer node is added to the blockchain system as the new validator computer node.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The active validator computer node set is an incorrect subset of the validator computer node set.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein: Each validator computer node stores a corresponding wallet, which includes: a corresponding set of encryption keys, a certain number of second-level tokens, and a certain number of first-level tokens; and wherein... The producer computer node stores the corresponding producer wallet, which includes a corresponding producer encryption key set. The corresponding producer wallet is used to receive a certain number of newly generated first-level tokens.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The given physical assets include at least one of precious metals, energy commodities, agricultural products, and industrial metals.

14. A system for sending corresponding shares of a new quantity of second-layer tokens to a set of active validator computer nodes in a two-layer blockchain ledger. The two-layer blockchain ledger includes: The first layer of tokens, which are the first type of tokens associated with the production of physical assets, and The second-layer token, a second type of token, has a total supply dependent on the total supply of the first-layer token. This second-layer token is the protocol token for the two-layer blockchain ledger used to execute transactions. A new, fixed number of second-layer tokens are generated and rewarded to the set of active validator computer nodes that verify transactions. The system includes: Multiple validator computer nodes connected via a communication network The system is configured to: Asset production sensor data representing the production of a given physical asset is received from a producer computer node connected to the system, the producer computer node being associated with an asset production entity, and the asset production sensor data having been measured by the asset production entity's sensors. Based at least on the sensor data generated by the asset, a certain number of new first-layer tokens are generated. A certain number of newly generated first-level tokens are sent to the producer computer node, and the current total amount of the first-level tokens is based on the newly generated certain number of first-level tokens and the total amount of the first-level tokens. A new, certain number of second-layer tokens are generated based on the current total amount of the first-layer tokens; Receive at least one of the following from the set of validator computer nodes: a certain number of first-level tokens bid for and a certain number of second-level tokens staked. The active validator computer node set is selected from the validator computer node set based on at least one of the first-level tokens bid in the corresponding auction and the second-level tokens pledged in the corresponding auction. After consensus is reached by the set of active validator computer nodes, the pending block is verified to obtain a new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger. This new block includes at least an indication of the number of first-layer tokens generated and an indication of the total amount of second-layer tokens. Send a corresponding share of a newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens to each of the active validator computer nodes in the set, the current total amount of second-layer tokens in the two-layer blockchain being based on the newly generated certain number of second-layer tokens.

15. The system according to claim 14, wherein, Selecting the active validator computer node set from the validator computer node set based on at least one of a certain number of first-level tokens from the corresponding bid and a certain number of second-level tokens from the corresponding pledge includes: Based on a certain number of first-level tokens from the corresponding bidding, a subset of the validator computer node set is selected as super validator nodes, where the super validator nodes are a subset of the active validator computer node set; and A share of the newly generated number of second-layer tokens is determined for the super validator node, and the share for the super validator node is greater than the share for the remaining number of second-layer tokens generated for the set of active validator computer nodes.

16. The system according to claim 15, wherein, The system is also configured to: Burn a certain number of first-level tokens in the corresponding bid, the burning causing a reduction in the current total amount of first-level tokens based on the certain number of first-level tokens in the corresponding bid.

17. The system according to claim 16, wherein, The system is also configured to send a certain number of the corresponding staked second-level tokens back to the set of active validator computer nodes.

18. The system according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein, Generating the new number of second-layer tokens includes: After consensus is reached by the system, the parameters for increasing asset production are determined; and Based on the asset production increase parameters and the total amount of the first-layer tokens, a certain number of new second-layer tokens are generated.

19. The system according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein, Generating the new, certain number of first-level tokens includes: Receive asset production data that has been generated based on the asset production sensor data; Receive trusted production data from a trusted data source connected to the system; The asset production data and the reliable production data are compared to obtain a comparison result; and Based on the comparison results, a new certain number of first-layer tokens are determined.

20. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The system is also configured to, prior to verification, after consensus has been reached by the set of active validator computer nodes, include at least an indication of the generated number of first-level tokens in the block to be processed, in order to obtain the new block in the two-layer blockchain ledger: The block to be processed for the current time period is generated by a given node in the verifier computer node set based on the asset production sensor data.

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein, The system is also configured to: determine the appropriate share of a certain number of newly generated second-layer tokens to be sent to the given node.

22. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The total amount of the first layer of tokens is the total amount of the first layer of tokens for the previous period.

23. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The system is also configured to: Receive a request from the producer computer node to add itself as a new validator computer node to the system; and After consensus is reached by the verifier computer nodes, the producer computer node is added to the system as the new verifier computer node.

24. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The active validator computer node set is an incorrect subset of the validator computer node set.

25. The system according to claim 14, wherein: Each validator computer node stores a corresponding wallet, which includes: a corresponding set of encryption keys, a certain number of second-level tokens, and a certain number of first-level tokens; and wherein... The producer computer node stores the corresponding producer wallet, which includes a corresponding producer encryption key set. The corresponding producer wallet is used to receive a certain number of newly generated first-level tokens.

26. The system according to claim 14, wherein, The given physical assets include at least one of precious metals, energy commodities, agricultural products, and industrial metals.

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