Indication of frequency domain compensation factors in reconfigurable smart surface assisted sensing

Abstract

The first network node may be configured to transmit a configuration of a set of resources for the at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the set of resources is associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. A wireless device may be configured to receive a configuration of a set of resources for at least one sensing signal. The wireless device may be configured to transmit an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources based on the configuration. The first network node may be configured to transmit at least one sensing signal based on a configuration of the set of resources. A wireless device may be configured to receive and forward at least one sensing signal based on a set of resources.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) system. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcast. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0003] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at a city, country, region, or even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the continuous mobile broadband evolution released by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements and other requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT)). 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There is a need for further improvements to 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. Summary of the invention

[0004] A brief summary of one or more aspects is given below to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all expected aspects. This summary neither identifies the key or important elements of all aspects, nor describes the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to a more detailed description presented later.

[0005] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a first network node are provided. The apparatus may send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The apparatus may send the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set.

[0006] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a wireless device are provided. The apparatus may receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The apparatus may send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. The apparatus may receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set.

[0007] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus at a second network node are provided. The apparatus may receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The apparatus may receive the at least one sensing signal via the wireless device. The apparatus may perform a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set.

[0008] To achieve the foregoing and related ends, one or more aspects include features fully described below and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the accompanying drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of one or more aspects. However, these features are only indicative of some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects can be employed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0010] Figure 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of DL channels within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of UL channels within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and a user equipment (UE) in an access network.

[0015] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive one or more signals from a first network node and forward them to a second network node in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 5A is a diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive one or more signals from a first network node and forward them to a second network node around an obstacle according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 5B is a diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive one or more signals from a first network node and forward them to a second network node via a target object in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 5C is a diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive one or more signals from a first network node and forward them to the first network node via a target object in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 6 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to a second network node according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 7 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to a second network node according to various aspects of the present disclosure, wherein the first network node and the second network node are configured to communicate directly with each other.

[0021] Figure 8 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to a second network node via a target object according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Fig. 9 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to a second network node via a target object according to various aspects of the present disclosure, wherein the first network node and the second network node are configured to communicate directly with each other.

[0023] Fig.10 is an alternative connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to a second network node via a target object according to various aspects of the present disclosure, wherein the first network node and the second network node are configured to communicate directly with each other.

[0024] Fig.11 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to the first network node via a target object according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Fig.12 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS configured to receive a sensing signal from a first network node and forward the sensing signal to the first network node via a target object according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Fig.13 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0027] Fig.14 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0028] Fig.15 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0029] Fig.16 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0030] Fig.17 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0031] Fig.18 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0032] Fig.19 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0033] Fig. 20 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

[0034] Fig.21 are diagrams illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example apparatuses and / or network entities.

[0035] Fig. 22 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.

[0036] Fig.23 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] When a wireless device such as a reconfigurable smart surface (RIS) is used to reflect a signal, the amplitude and phase of the reflection coefficient at each meta-element may vary with frequency. The amplitude and phase reflection coefficients may be referred to as frequency-based characteristics. Such frequency-based characteristics may interfere with propagation delay and target object distance estimation, and if not considered, may reduce estimation accuracy. The wireless device may estimate the frequency-based characteristics of each sensing signal resource in a sensing signal resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of each sensing signal resource at the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of each sensing signal resource at the wireless device. The sensing signal receiver may improve its sensing accuracy by sensing the sensing signal resource set using the estimated frequency-based characteristics of each sensing signal resource in the sensing signal resource set.

[0038] The detailed description set forth below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configuration in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. For the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts, the detailed description includes specific details. However, these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid blurring these concepts.

[0039] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether these elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0040] As an example, an element, or any part of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a "processing system" including one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gating logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform various functions described throughout the present disclosure. One or more processors in a processing system may execute software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or other terms, software should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, codes, code segments, program codes, programs, subroutines, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, processes, functions, or any combination thereof.

[0041] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored on a computer-readable medium or encoded as one or more instructions or codes on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media. Storage media may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. As an example, such a computer-readable medium may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), an optical disk storage, a magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, a combination of these types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that may be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0042] Although various aspects, implementations and / or use cases are described in this application by the description of some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may occur in many different arrangements and scenarios. The various aspects, implementations and / or use cases described herein can be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes and packaging arrangements. For example, various aspects, implementations and / or use cases can be generated via integrated chip implementations and other devices based on non-module components (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchase equipment, medical equipment, devices that enable artificial intelligence (AI), etc.). Although some examples may or may not be specifically for use cases or applications, various applicability of the described examples may occur. The scope of various aspects, implementations and / or use cases can range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregated, distributed or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems that merge one or more technologies herein. In some actual settings, the device in combination with the various aspects and features described may also include additional components and features for the implementations and practices of the claimed and described aspects. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals must include multiple components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.) The techniques described herein can be practiced in various devices of various sizes, shapes, and configurations, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc.

[0043] The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged in a variety of ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element or a network device (such as a base station (BS)) or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functions can be implemented in an aggregated or deaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmit receive point (TRP) or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also called a stand-alone BS or a monolithic BS) or a deaggregated base station.

[0044] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A deaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed between two or more units (e.g., one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of a CU, a DU, and a RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0045] Base station operations or network design may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functions. For example, a disaggregated base station may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functions across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functions for at least one unit virtually, which may enable flexibility in network design. Various units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0046] Figure 11 is a diagram 100 showing an example of a wireless communication system and an access network. The wireless communication system shown includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110, which may communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with a core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (e.g., a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both). The CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via corresponding midhaul links (e.g., F1 interfaces). The DU 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via corresponding fronthaul links. The RU 140 may communicate with corresponding UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 140.

[0047] Each unit (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO framework 105) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces that are configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each unit or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to a communication interface of a unit may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via a transmission medium. For example, a unit may include a wired interface that is configured to receive signals or send signals to one or more other units via a wired transmission medium. In addition, a unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) that is configured to receive or send signals or both to one or more other units via a wireless transmission medium.

[0048] In some aspects, CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface configured to transmit signals with other control functions hosted by CU 110. CU110 may be configured to process user plane functions (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functions (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, CU 110 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (e.g., an E1 interface). CU 110 may be implemented to communicate with DU 130 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0049] DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit including one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (e.g., modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, etc.) depending at least in part on a functional partition (e.g., a functional partition defined by 3GPP). In some aspects, DU 130 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

[0050] The lower layer functions may be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, a RU 140 controlled by a DU 130 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (e.g., performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), Digital Beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based at least in part on functional partitioning (e.g., lower layer functional partitioning). In such an architecture, the RU 140 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU 140 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the DU 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture (e.g., a vRAN architecture).

[0051] The SMO framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 190) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125. In some implementations, the SMO framework 105 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111) via an O1 interface. In addition, in some implementations, the SMO framework 105 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO framework 105 may also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 105 .

[0052] The non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include logic functions that implement non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or in communication with the near-RT RIC 125 (e.g., via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include logic functions that implement near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface that connects one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, and an O-eNB to the near-RT RIC 125, such as via an E2 interface.

[0053] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 105 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0054] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Thus, the base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component is indicated by a dotted line to indicate that each component may be included or not included in the base station 102). The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for the UE 104. The base station 102 may include a macro cell (a high-power cellular base station) and / or a small cell (a low-power cellular base station). Small cells include femto cells, pico cells, and micro cells. A network including both small cells and macro cells may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home evolved Node B (eNB) (HeNB), which may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication link between RU 140 and UE 104 may include an uplink (UL) (also referred to as a reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to RU 140 and / or a downlink (DL) (also referred to as a forward link) transmission from RU 140 to UE 104. The communication link may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming and / or transmit diversity. The communication link may be through one or more carriers. Base station 102 / UE 104 may use a spectrum of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL ​​compared to UL). Component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. The primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell), and the secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).

[0055] Some UEs 104 may communicate with each other using a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more side link channels, such as a physical side link broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical side link discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical side link shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical side link control channel (PSCCH). The D2D communication may be through various wireless D2D communication systems, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.

[0056] The wireless communication system may also include a Wi-Fi AP 150 that communicates with a UE 104 (also referred to as a Wi-Fi station (STA)) via a communication link 154 (e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum, etc.). When communicating in an unlicensed spectrum, the UE 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating to determine whether a channel is available.

[0057] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz–52.6 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6 GHz” band in various literature and articles. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in literature and articles, although it is different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0058] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands of these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz-24.25GHz). The frequency bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and therefore the features of FR1 and / or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range names FR2-2 (52.6GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (71GHz-114.25GHz) and FR5 (114.25GHz-300GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0059] In view of the above aspects, unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "sub-6 GHz" and the like, if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "millimeter wave" and the like, if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, frequencies that may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or frequencies that may be within the EHF band.

[0060] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may send a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also send a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions of the base station 102 may be the same or different. The transmit direction and receive direction of the UE 104 may be the same or different.

[0061] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, a Node B, an eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a transmit receive point (TRP), a network node, a network entity, a network equipment, or some other suitable term. The base station 102 may be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and a RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or a RU. A set of base stations that may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations may be referred to as a next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN).

[0062] The core network 120 may include an access and mobility management function (AMF) 161, a session management function (SMF) 162, a user plane function (UPF) 163, a unified data management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. AMF 161 is a control node that handles signaling between UE 104 and core network 120. AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identity processing, access authorization, and subscription management. One or more location servers 168 are shown as including a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 165 and a location management function (LMF) 166. However, in general, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE), a serving mobile location center (SMLC), a mobile positioning center (MPC), or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurement and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to calculate the location of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may determine the location of the UE 104 using one or more positioning methods. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, position estimation, and optional speed calculations based on the measurements. Signal measurements may be performed by the UE 104 and / or the serving base station 102. The measured signals may be based on one or more of the following: a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), a global positioning system (GPS), a non-terrestrial network (NTN), or other satellite positioning / positioning systems), LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., a pressure sensor, a motion sensor), NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (multi-RTT), DL angle of departure (DL-AoD), DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning), and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0063] Examples of UE 104 include cellular phones, smart phones, session initiation protocol (SIP) phones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, global positioning systems, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet computers, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electric meters, gas pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare equipment, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, or any other similarly functional devices. Some of the UE 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meters, gas pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). UE 104 may also be referred to as stations, mobile stations, user stations, mobile units, user units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile user stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, mobile phones, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or some other appropriate terms. In some scenarios, the term UE may also be applied to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access a network together and / or individually.

[0064] RIS 106 may be a meta-surface configured to receive signals from base station 102 or RU 140 of base station 102. RIS 106 may be configured to reflect signals to a desired direction, such as to RU 140 or UE 104. RIS may have one or more RIS elements whose electromagnetic reflection response may be controlled by programmable P and N region (PIN) diodes. RIS 106 may also be configured to sense properties of signals received by RIS 106, such as angle of arrival (AoA).

[0065] Refer again Figure 1In some aspects, the UE 104 or the base station 102 may have a sensing signal configuration component 198 configured to send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. The sensing signal configuration component 198 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. In some aspects, the UE 104 or the base station 102 may have a sensing component 199 configured to receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. The sensing component 199 may be configured to receive at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. The sensing component 199 may be configured to perform a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. In certain aspects, the RIS 106 may have a compensation factor estimation component 197 configured to receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be configured to send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be configured to receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. Although the following description may focus on RIS devices, the concepts described herein may be applicable to any device capable of sensing a portion of an incident wave at a first angle and reflecting or retransmitting a portion of the incident wave at a second angle, such as a UE or a roadside unit (RSU). Although the following description may focus on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar fields, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies capable of transmitting wireless signals that can be reflected and / or sensed by a RIS device or a RIS-like device.

[0066] Figure 2A 200 is a diagram illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B 230 is a diagram showing an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C 250 is a diagram illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D280 is a diagram showing an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be frequency division duplex (FDD) (wherein for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within a subcarrier set are dedicated to either DL or UL), or can be time division duplex (TDD) (wherein for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within a subcarrier set are dedicated to both DL and UL). Figure 2A , Figure 2C In the example provided, it is assumed that the 5G NR frame structure is TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot format 28 (primarily DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexibly used between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 1 (all UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown as having slot formats 1 and 28, respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are all DL and UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL and flexible codewords. The UE is configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through the received slot format indicator (SFI). Note that the description below also applies to the 5G NR frame structure as TDD.

[0067] Figures 2A-2D The frame structure is shown, and aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to other wireless communication technologies that may have different frame structures and / or different channels. A frame (10ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1ms). Each subframe may include one or more time slots. A subframe may also include a microslot, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each time slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For a normal CP, each time slot may include 14 symbols, and for an extended CP, each time slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on the DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on the UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) extended OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (also known as single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbols) (for power-limited scenarios, limited to single stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) and effectively defines the symbol length / duration, which is equal to 1 / SCS.

[0068]

[0069] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different parameter sets μ0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For extended CP, parameter set 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Thus, for normal CP and parameter set μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 μ timeslots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to 2 μ *15kHz, where μ is parameter set 0 to 4. Thus, parameter set μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15kHz, and parameter set μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely proportional to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A-2D An example of a normal CP is provided, where each slot has 14 symbols, and the parameter set μ=2, where each subframe has 4 slots. The slot duration is 0.25ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67μs. Within a frame set, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) that are frequency-division multiplexed (see Figure 2B ). Each BWP can have a specific parameter set and CP (normal or extended).

[0070] A resource grid may be used to represent a frame structure. Each slot includes a resource block (RB) (also called a physical RB (PRB)) extending 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into a number of resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0071] like Figure 2A As shown, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS may include a demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one specific configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include a beam measurement RS (BRS), a beam refinement RS (BRRS), and a phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0072] Figure 2BExamples of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame are shown. A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE including six RE groups (REGs), each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within a BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET). The UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., a common search space, a UE-specific search space) during a PDCCH monitoring opportunity on a CORESET, wherein the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at higher and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of a particular subframe of a frame. UE 104 uses the PSS to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identification. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of a particular subframe of a frame. The UE uses the SSS to determine the physical layer cell identity group number and the radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine the physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the location of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) carrying the master information block (MIB) can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also called SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides multiple RBs in the system bandwidth and the system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information (such as system information blocks (SIBs)) that is not sent via the PBCH, and paging messages.

[0073] like Figure 2C As shown, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one specific configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can send DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be sent in the first or first two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS can be sent in different configurations, depending on whether a short PUCCH or a long PUCCH is sent and on the specific PUCCH format used. The UE can send a sounding reference signal (SRS). The SRS can be sent in the last symbol of the subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and the UE can send the SRS on one of the comb teeth. The SRS can be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to achieve frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.

[0074] Figure 2DExamples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are shown. The PUCCH may be positioned as indicated in a configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, channel quality indicators (CQI), precoding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUSCH carries data and may additionally be used to carry buffer status reports (BSRs), power headroom reports (PHRs), and / or UCI.

[0075] Figure 3 310 and UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets may be provided to the controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functions. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functions associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIB), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functions associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and switching support functions; RLC layer functions associated with upper layer packet data unit (PDU) transmission, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functions associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0076] The transmit (Tx) processor 316 and the receive (Rx) processor 370 implement layer 1 functions associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1 including the physical (PHY) layer may include error detection on the transmission channel, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of the transmission channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The Tx processor 316 processes the mapping to the signal constellation diagram based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-order quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time domain and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to generate a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation schemes and for spatial processing. The channel estimates may be derived based on a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback sent by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0077] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its corresponding antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to a receive (Rx) processor 356. The Tx processor 368 and the Rx processor 356 implement layer 1 functions associated with various signal processing functions. The Rx processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, the Rx processor 356 can combine them into a single OFDM symbol stream. The Rx processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols and reference signals on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation point sent by the base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally sent on the physical channel by the base station 310. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functions.

[0078] The controller / processor 359 may be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

[0079] Similar to the functions described in conjunction with DL transmissions performed by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides: RRC layer functions associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functions associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functions associated with upper layer PDU transmission, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0080] The Tx processor 368 may select an appropriate coding and modulation scheme, and facilitate spatial processing using channel estimates derived by the channel estimator 358 based on a reference signal or feedback sent by the base station 310. The spatial streams generated by the Tx processor 368 may be provided to different antennas 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0081] UL transmissions are processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver functionality at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to an Rx processor 370.

[0082] The controller / processor 375 may be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

[0083] At least one of the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to combine Figure 1 The sensing signal configuration component 198 is used to perform various aspects.

[0084] At least one of the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to combine Figure 1 The sensing component 199 is used to perform various aspects.

[0085] At least one of the Tx processor 316, the Rx processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to combine Figure 1 The sensing signal configuration component 198 is used to perform various aspects.

[0086] At least one of the Tx processor 316, the Rx processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to combine Figure 1 The sensing component 199 is used to perform various aspects.

[0087] Figure 4 4 is a diagram 400 showing an example of a RIS 404 configured to receive a signal 412 from a network node 402 and forward (eg, reflect) a signal 414 to a network node 406. The network node 402 may be a wireless device configured to send the signal 412, such as Figure 1 UE 104 or base station 102 in. The network node 406 may be a wireless device configured to receive a signal 414, such as Figure 1 RIS 404 may include an antenna 408 that may be used to send data, such as an indication of a frequency domain compensation factor, to network node 402 or network node 406. One or more of the meta-elements 407 of the meta-surface of RIS 404 may be configured to reflect signal 412 as signal 414. One or more of the meta-elements 407 of RIS 404 may be configured to sense one or more properties of signal 412, such as AoA or signal strength.

[0088] RIS 404 may have an ultra-thin surface inlaid with a plurality of element elements 407, which may also be referred to as sub-wavelength scatterers or RIS elements. The electromagnetic response (such as phase shift) of each element element 407 may be controlled by a programmable PIN diode or varactor diode. Each element element 407 may be configured to reflect signal 412 to a desired direction. The configuration of one or more reflective elements may be used to aim signal 412 in a desired direction. For example, one or more reflection coefficients of one of the element elements 407 may be changed to change the direction in which signal 414 is centered. For example, a first coefficient may be changed to change the amplitude of signal 414, and a second coefficient may be changed to shift the phase of signal 414. The configuration of element elements 407 of RIS 404 may depend on knowledge of the direction of the incident wave of signal 412. In other words, information about the direction in which signal 412 approaches element element 407 or the AoA of signal 412 relative to element element 407 may be used to increase the accuracy with which one of the element elements 407 centers or aims signal 414.

[0089] RIS 404 can allow network node 402 and network node 406 to communicate with each other using wireless signals, even if there may not be a line of sight (LOS) path between the transceivers of network node 402 and network node 406. Without RIS 404, network node 402 may have limited coverage distance due to reverse transmission. Without RIS 404, if there is no LOS link between network node 402 and the transmission target, network node 402 may have a coverage hole when transmitting to a wireless device (e.g., network node 406). Without RIS 404, network node 402 may not have enough positioning reference points because one network node can provide one reference point. With RIS 404, RIS 404 can extend the coverage distance via RIS beamforming. With RIS 404, RIS 404 can eliminate coverage holes by using RIS 404 as a relay point. RIS 404 can have flexible deployment to have a LOS link to the coverage hole of network node 402. Using the RIS 404, additional reference points with the location of the RIS 404 may be added as positioning reference points for positioning measurements.

[0090] The signal 412 may be incident at an angle θ i From the network node 402 toward the RIS 404, the signal 414 may be transmitted at a reflection angle θ r Reflected or forwarded from RIS 404 toward network node 406. Angle of incidence θ i and the reflection angle θ rThe location of the network node 402 may be estimated in any suitable manner by the network node 402, such as based on an indication of the location of the network node 402, an indication of the location of the RIS 404, and an indication of the location of the network node 406. The network node 402 may provide a LMF (such as Figure 1 404 and / or network node 406. In some aspects, at least one of the network node 402, the RIS 404 and / or the network node 406 may perform positioning using one or more positioning reference signals to retrieve location information associated with the network node 402, the RIS 404 and / or the network node 406, respectively. In some aspects, at least one of the network node 402, the RIS 404 and / or the network node 406 may perform sensing using one or more sensing reference signals to retrieve location information associated with the network node 402, the RIS 404 and / or the network node 406, respectively. In some aspects, the location / positioning of the network node 402, the RIS 404 and / or the network node 406 may be fixed.

[0091] Portion 420 of RIS 404 may have element 422, element 424, and element 428. The elements may be identified as elements 1 through n. Signal 412 may be incident at an angle θ i close to each of the elements 422, 424 and 428, and can be respectively at a reflection angle θ r is reflected by each of elements 422, 424, and 428. The nth element of RIS 404, such as element 428, is reflected at an angle θ m The equivalent channel response value at can be estimated as

[0092]

[0093] It may be the reflection coefficient of element n (such as element 428).

[0094] d n It may be the distance between the nth element to the first element, such as the distance between element 428 and element 422 .

[0095] j can be a complex-valued symbol.

[0096] λ may be the wavelength of the signal reflected from element n (such as element 428).

[0097] α n It can be the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at the nth element. It can be the phase of the reflection coefficient at the nth element.

[0098] All components of RIS 404 are at a reflection angle θ r The overall equivalent channel response value at can be estimated as

[0099]

[0100] If the reflection coefficient satisfies α n ≡α, then The value of is estimated to be

[0101]

[0102] The reflected beam can point to the direction θ r .

[0103] The coefficient amplitude and phase values ​​of each of the components 407 of the RIS 404 can be selected from a finite set of candidate reflection coefficients {(a1, φ1), (a2, φ2), ..., (a M ,φ M )}, where a m can be the magnitude of the mth candidate reflection coefficient, and φ m can be the phase of the mth candidate reflection coefficient. In other words, the actual beam shape may deviate from the ideal estimated beam direction θ r The larger the number of components 407 of the RIS 404, the closer the actual beam shape can be to the ideal beam, which can increase the estimated beam direction θ r accuracy.

[0104] For RIS 404, the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient at each element 407 can vary with frequency. The relationship of the magnitude and / or phase to the frequency characteristics can depend on the hardware structure of RIS 404. In some aspects, the phase of the coefficient of each element can change substantially linearly with frequency. In other aspects, the phase of the coefficient of each element can change nonlinearly with frequency. In some aspects, the magnitude of the coefficient can have a slight variation with frequency. For each element configuration, the reflection coefficient magnitude and phase can be frequency dependent and can be represented by the following equations:

[0105] ψ(f)={(a1(f),φ1(f)),(a2(f),φ2(f)),…,(a M (f),φ M (f))}

[0106] If RIS 404 is configured to reflect signals, such frequency-dependent characteristics (e.g., amplitude, phase) at RIS 404 may be involved in the equivalent channel state value. In other words, the frequency-dependent characteristics at RIS 404 may not affect the operation at the transceiver of RIS 404. If RIS 404 is configured to sense signals, such frequency-dependent characteristics at RIS 404 may interfere with the estimation of propagation delay and target object distance. This may reduce the estimation accuracy. Such a problem may be worse if signal 412 has a large bandwidth.

[0107] In the absence of such frequency-dependent characteristics, if there is a path with a delay τ, the estimated channel state value at the kth subcarrier can be estimated as

[0108]

[0109] By {r k}Perform an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to estimate the delay τ with higher accuracy.

[0110] By utilizing this frequency-dependent characteristic, the overall equivalent channel response value associated with RIS 404 may be different for multiple subcarriers. In other words, the estimated channel state value at the kth subcarrier may be estimated as

[0111]

[0112] where h k It can be the overall equivalent channel response value at the kth subcarrier. k The RIS reflection coefficient may vary in the frequency domain due to the frequency-dependent characteristics, so without considering one or more of the frequency domain compensation factors, by {r k}Performing IFFT may not accurately estimate the delay τ.

[0113] To improve the estimation of the sensing signal reflected using the RIS, the transmitting network node may configure sensing signal resources to the RIS. Each sensing signal resource may be aligned with the incident beam direction angle (e.g., θ i ) and the reflected beam direction angle (e.g., θ r ). The network node may send an incident beam direction angle (θ ) to the RIS for each sensing signal resource (eg, a frequency band or sub-band of a sensing signal). i ) and / or reflected beam direction angle (θ r RIS can calculate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource and indicate it to the sensing signal receiver, and send the frequency domain compensation factor to the sensing signal receiver at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l as gk (θ r,l ). In some aspects, the RIS may calculate an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase at each frequency ψ(f), and / or the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and such calculated values ​​are sent to a sensing signal receiver for sensing. The sensing signal receiver may perform sensing based on the indication of the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor. Sensing may include estimating propagation delay and distance to the target object. For example, the network node 402 that sends the signal 412 to the RIS 404 may configure the sensing signal resources to the RIS 404. The RIS 404 may then calculate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource and indicate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource to the network node 406. The network node 406 may perform sensing based on the indication received from the RIS 404. Interference caused by the frequency-dependent characteristics of the reflection coefficient of the RIS element may be mitigated by enabling the RIS to indicate the frequency domain compensation factor to the signal receiver, so that the signal receiver may perform sensing using the frequency domain compensation factor. For example, the signal receiver may estimate the delay value more accurately by performing an IFFT based on a set of frequency domain compensation factors. Enabling the signal receiver to perform sensing using the received frequency domain compensation factor may improve RIS-based sensing with a large bandwidth sensing signal.

[0114] The network node 402 or the network node 406 may have a sensing signal configuration component 198, which is configured to send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. The sensing signal configuration component 198 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set.

[0115] The network node 402 or the network node 406 may have a sensing component 199 configured to receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The sensing component 199 may be configured to receive at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. The sensing component 199 may be configured to perform a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set.

[0116] RIS 404 may have a compensation factor estimation component 197 configured to receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be configured to send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be configured to receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set.

[0117] The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be within a processor of the RIS 404. The compensation factor estimation component 197 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. In one configuration, the RIS 404 may include a component for receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. The RIS 404 may include a component for sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. The RIS 404 may include a component for receiving and forwarding the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. The RIS 404 may include a component for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by reflecting at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. The RIS 404 may include a component for estimating at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. RIS 404 may include means for sending the indication based on the configuration by sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on an estimate of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor. RIS 404 may include means for estimating the frequency domain compensation factor at the nth element of the wireless device as RIS 404 may include means for estimating at least one frequency domain compensation factor as a product of a first frequency domain compensation factor for DL ​​reflection and a second frequency domain compensation factor for UL reflection. RIS 404 may include means for receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal by receiving the configuration from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for sending an indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor by sending the indication to the second network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by forwarding at least one sensing signal to the second network node. RIS 404 may include means for forwarding at least one sensing signal to the second network node by forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the second network node via a target object. RIS 404 may include means for receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal by receiving the configuration from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by sending the indication to the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by forwarding at least one sensing signal to a second network node. RIS 404 may include means for forwarding at least one sensing signal to a second network node by forwarding at least one sensing signal to the second network node via a target object. RIS 404 may include means for receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal by receiving the configuration from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for sending the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by sending the indication to the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set by forwarding at least one sensing signal to the first network node. RIS 404 may include means for forwarding at least one sensing signal to a first network node by forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the first network node via a target object that reflects the at least one sensing signal back to the wireless device. RIS 404 may include means for estimating at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device.RIS 404 may include means for sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set based on an estimate of at least one frequency domain compensation factor based on a configuration. The means may be a compensation factor estimation component 197 of RIS 404 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0118] Figure 5A 5 is a diagram 500 showing a RIS 504 configured to circumvent a signal block 508 by reflecting a signal 512 from a network node 502 to a network node 506 via a signal 514. The network node 502 may configure a sensing signal resource of the signal 512 to the RIS 504. The network node 502 may be a base station, such as Figure 1 Each sensing signal resource may be aligned with an incident beam direction angle (e.g., θ i ) and the reflected beam direction angle (e.g., θ r ) is associated. The RIS 504 may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource and indicate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource to a network node 506 as a sensing signal receiver. The network node 506 may be a UE (such as Figure 1 UE 104 in the Figure 1 The network node 506 may perform sensing based on an indication of a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensed signal resource. The sensing may estimate the propagation delay of the signal 514 by reflection from the RIS 504. Such a system may also be used to locate a target object, for example if the network node 506 is a UE that is not in a fixed position.

[0119] Figure 5B 5 is a diagram 540 showing RIS 504 configured to circumvent signal block 508 by reflecting signal 512 from network node 502 to network node 506 via signal 514, which is reflected from target object 505 to network node 506 as signal 516. Network node 502 may configure sensing signal resources of signal 512 to RIS 504. Network node 502 may be a base station, such as Figure 1 Each sensing signal resource may be aligned with an incident beam direction angle (e.g., θ i ) and the reflected beam direction angle (e.g., θ r ). If the locations of network node 502 and RIS 504 are fixed, network node 502 may estimate the location of RIS 504 and indicate a fixed incident angle θ to RIS 504. i .

[0120] RIS 504 may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource. RIS 504 may scan the reflected beam of signal 514 and may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor. For example, RIS 504 may scan the reflected beam of signal 514 from first beam 521 to second beam 522 and then to third beam 523. RIS 504 may select a corresponding reflection coefficient of each element of RIS 504 to respectively change the reflection angle θ in a plurality of sensing signal resources. r The RIS 504 may estimate the frequency domain compensation factor based on the reflection coefficients of all components of the RIS 504 .

[0121] Signal 512 may be OFDM-based. RIS 504 may assume that an OFDM-based sensing signal is sent at each sensing signal resource. In other words, each sensing signal resource may contain multiple REs of an OFDM symbol. For each beam direction, RIS 504 may select a reflection coefficient for each element from a set of ψ candidate reflection coefficients.

[0122] RIS 504 may use ψ sets of reflection coefficients to make all selected values The vector and theoretical value of The selected value that is most similar to the theoretical value may be the selected value that has the largest correlation coefficient with the theoretical value. The overall equivalent channel response value may be estimated as

[0123]

[0124] The equivalent channel response value h(θ r ) can depend on the reflection angle θ r .

[0125] Since the values ​​in the set of ψ candidate reflection coefficients may depend on frequency, the values ​​of h at multiple subcarriers may be different. The values ​​of h at multiple subcarriers may be defined as

[0126]

[0127] k may be an index of a subcarrier within the sensing signal resource.

[0128] Since the RIS 504 can know the values ​​of all the parameters involved, the RIS 504 can calculate the frequency domain compensation factor at each sensing signal resource, where the reflected beam direction θ r,l is defined as

[0129] g k (θ r,l )=(h k (θ r,l ))-1

[0130] k may be in the range of 1 to K. l may be an index of a sensing signal resource.

[0131] The RIS 504 may indicate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor of each sensing signal resource to a network node 506 as a sensing signal receiver. The network node 506 may be a UE (such as Figure 1 UE 104 in the Figure 1 For example, the frequency domain compensation factor may be sent as a factor for the first beam 521, the second beam 522, and the third beam 523, as shown in Table 1 below:

[0132]

[0133] Table 1: Example frequency domain compensation factor table

[0134] In some aspects, the RIS 504 may indicate both the frequency domain compensation factor and the reflected beam direction angle to the network node 506. In other aspects, the RIS 504 may indicate the frequency domain compensation factor without indicating the reflected beam direction angle to the network node 506. The RIS 504 may statically or semi-statically indicate the frequency domain compensation factor set associated with the sensing signal resource set to the network node 506. The RIS 504 may indicate each frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource l as g k (θ r,l ). Each frequency domain compensation factor g k (θ r,l ) can be related to the reflection direction θ r,l l can range from 1 to L sensing signal resources.

[0135] RIS 504 can periodically or semi-permanently configure the scanned reflected beam direction The indicated frequency domain compensation factor g k (θ r,l ) can remain valid for a long period of time (such as minutes or hours), which can reduce signaling overhead. The frequency domain compensation factor g k (θ r,l ) signaling can be via RRC configuration or MAC control element (MAC-CE) signal.

[0136] The lth sensing signal resource The frequency domain compensation factor of the K subcarriers in can be quantified as

[0137]

[0138] The number of quantization bits used for amplitude and / or phase may be configured by the network node 502 .

[0139] The network node 502 may send the sensing signal as signal 512 to the RIS 504. The RIS 504 may reflect the signal 512 as signal 514 to the target object 505. The target object 505 may reflect the signal 514 as signal 516 to the network node 506. Diagram 540 may illustrate an example of dual static sensing. The target object 505 may be an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The network node 506 may perform sensing based on an indication of a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource. The sensing may estimate a propagation delay and a distance to the target object 505. The network node 506 may compensate for an amplitude value or a phase value based on the frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource.

[0140] For sensing signal resource l, network node 506 may receive signal 516 at each subcarrier. Signal 516 may be represented as y l,k , where k may be in the range of 1 to K subcarriers, and l may represent a sensing signal resource. Based on each indicated frequency domain compensation factor g for each l sensing signal resource l , the network node 506 may compensate for the amplitude and phase by multiplying the received signal by the frequency domain compensation factor. For example, the compensated signal may be obtained by the following formula: l,k =y l,k ×g l,k To estimate.

[0141] The network node 506 may IFFT is performed. The network node 506 may estimate the delay value τ corresponding to the path of the signal 512, the signal 514, and the signal 516 using one or more criteria. In one aspect, the network node 506 may search for the maximum absolute value after performing the IFFT to estimate the delay value τ. In one aspect, the network node 506 may estimate the delay value τ corresponding to the path of the signal 512 having the maximum channel gain. In response to the network node 506 estimating the delay value τ at more than one sensing signal resource l, the network node 506 may select the sensing signal resource l having the maximum channel gain. The network node 506 may use the estimated delay value τ to further estimate other sensing metrics. For example, the network node 506 may estimate the distance to the target object 505 based on the estimated delay value τ. The network node 506 may report the sensing result, such as the estimated delay value τ or the estimated distance, to the network node 502.

[0142] Figure 5C5 is a diagram 580 showing RIS 504 configured to circumvent signal block 508 by reflecting signal 512 from network node 502 as signal 514, which is reflected from target object 505 as signal 516, which is reflected from RIS 504 as signal 518 back to network node 502. Diagram 580 may show an example of single static sensing. Target object 505 may be a UAV. Network node 502 may configure sensing signal resources for signal 512 to RIS 504. Network node 502 may be a base station, such as Figure 1 Each sensing signal resource may be aligned with an incident beam direction angle (e.g., θ i ) and the reflected beam direction angle (e.g., θ r ). If the locations of network node 502 and RIS 504 are fixed, network node 502 may estimate the location of RIS 504 and indicate a fixed incident angle θ to RIS 504. i .

[0143] RIS 504 may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource. RIS 504 may scan the reflected beam of signal 514 and may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor. RIS 504 may also scan the reflected beam of signal 518 and may calculate a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor. RIS 504 may select a corresponding reflection coefficient of each element of RIS 504 to respectively change the reflection angle θ in the plurality of sensing signal resources. r The RIS 504 may estimate the frequency domain compensation factor based on the reflection coefficients of all components of the RIS 504 .

[0144] Signal 512 may be OFDM-based. RIS 504 may assume that an OFDM-based sensing signal is sent at each sensing signal resource. In other words, each sensing signal resource may contain multiple REs of an OFDM symbol. For each beam direction, RIS 504 may select a reflection coefficient for each element from a set of ψ candidate reflection coefficients.

[0145] RIS 504 may use the ψ candidate reflection coefficient sets to make all selected values The vector and theoretical value of The selected value that is most similar to the theoretical value may be the selected value that has the largest correlation coefficient with the theoretical value. The overall equivalent channel response value may be estimated as

[0146]

[0147] The equivalent channel response value h(θ r) value can depend on the reflection angle θ r .

[0148] Since the values ​​in the set of ψ candidate reflection coefficients may depend on frequency, the values ​​of h at multiple subcarriers may be different. The values ​​of h at multiple subcarriers may be defined as

[0149]

[0150] k may be an index of a subcarrier within the sensing signal resource.

[0151] Since the RIS 504 can know the values ​​of all the parameters involved, the RIS 504 can calculate the frequency domain compensation factor at each sensing signal resource, where the reflected beam direction θ r,l is defined as

[0152] g k (θ r,l )=(h k (θ r,l )) -1

[0153] k may be in the range of 1 to K. l may be an index of a sensing signal resource.

[0154] In some aspects, the RIS 504 may estimate each frequency domain compensation factor as the product of a UL beam and a DL beam. In other words, the RIS 504 may estimate the frequency domain compensation factor as the product of two components corresponding to two RIS reflections (a first reflection of signal 512 to signal 514 and a second reflection of signal 516 to signal 518). The two reflections may also have two directions—a UL direction and a DL direction. The frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource l may be calculated as the product of a UL component and a DL component as follows:

[0155]

[0156] in can be the frequency domain compensation factor at subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l calculated in the DL direction, and It can be the frequency domain compensation factor at subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l calculated in the UL direction.

[0157] The RIS 504 may indicate the corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource to the network node 502 as a sensing signal receiver. In some aspects, the RIS 504 may indicate both the frequency domain compensation factor and the reflected beam direction angle to the network node 502. In other aspects, the RIS 504 may indicate the frequency domain compensation factor without indicating the reflected beam direction angle to the network node 502. The RIS 504 may statically or semi-statically indicate the frequency domain compensation factor set associated with the sensing signal resource set to the network node 502.

[0158] The network node 502 may send the sensing signal as signal 512 to the RIS 504. The signal 512 may be reflected by the RIS 504 to the target object 505 as signal 514. The signal 514 may be reflected by the target object 505 to the RIS 504 as signal 516. The signal 516 may be reflected by the RIS 504 to the network node 502 as signal 518. The network node 502 may perform sensing based on an indication of a corresponding frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource. The sensing may estimate a propagation delay and a distance to the target object 505. The network node 502 may compensate for amplitude inconsistency or phase inconsistency based on the frequency domain compensation factor for each sensing signal resource.

[0159] For sensing signal resource l, network node 502 may receive signal 518 at each subcarrier. Signal 518 may be represented as y l,k , where k can be in the range of 1 to K subcarriers, and l can represent a sensing signal resource. Based on each indicated frequency domain compensation factor g for each l sensing signal resource l , the network node 506 may compensate for the inconsistent phase by multiplying the received signal by a frequency domain compensation factor. For example, the compensated signal may be obtained by the following formula: l,k =y l,k ×g l,k To estimate.

[0160] The network node 502 may IFFT is performed. The network node 502 may estimate the delay value τ corresponding to the path of the signal 512, the signal 514, the signal 516, and the signal 518 using one or more criteria. In one aspect, the network node 502 may estimate the delay value τ corresponding to the path of the signal 512 having the maximum channel gain. In response to the network node 502 estimating the delay value τ at more than one sensing signal resource l, the network node 502 may select the sensing signal resource l having the maximum channel gain. The network node 502 may use the estimated delay value τ to further estimate other sensing metrics. For example, the network node 502 may estimate the distance to the target object 505 based on the estimated delay value τ.

[0161] Figure 6 6 is a connection flow diagram 600 showing an example of a RIS 604 configured to receive a signal 518 from a network node 602 and forward it to a network node 606. The network node 602, the RIS 604, and the network node 606 may be similar to Figure 5A 604. At 608, the network node 602 may estimate an angle of incidence of the sensed signal 618 when the sensed signal 618 strikes the RIS 604 and / or an angle of reflection of the sensed signal 620 when the sensed signal 620 reflects from the RIS 604. The network node 602 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on an indication of a position of the network node 602 and an indication of a position of the RIS 604.

[0162] At 610, the network node 602 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 604. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 602 may send a sensing signal configuration 612 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 604. The sensing signal configuration 612 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 612 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 612 may indicate to the RIS 604 the incident beam direction angle θ. i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 612 may indicate the location of the network node 602, which the RIS 604 may use to calculate an incoming beam direction angle θ to the RIS 604. i .

[0163] At 614, the RIS 604 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The RIS may send an indication 616 of the set of frequency compensation factors to the network node 606. The indication 616 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 604. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l). The indication 616 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include a frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set, and a reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set.

[0164] The network node 602 may send a sensing signal 618 to the RIS 604. The RIS 604 may reflect the sensing signal 618 toward the network node 606 as a sensing signal 620.

[0165] At 622, the network node 606 may perform sensing on a sensed signal 620 received by the network node 606. The network node 606 may perform sensing on the sensed signal 620 based on the indication 616 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 606 may generate a sensing result report 624, such as a report of the propagation delay of each resource in the sensed signal resource set. The network node 606 may estimate a property associated with the sensed signal 620, such as a delay at the RIS 604 or a distance between the RIS 604 and the network node 606, based on the indication 616 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to a path of the sensed signal 620 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 616 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensed signal 620 may include a path of the sensed signal 618 from the network node 602 to the RIS 604 and / or a path of the sensed signal 620 from the RIS 604 to the network node 606. The network node 606 may compensate the amplitude value or the phase value of the sensed signal 620 based on the indication 616 of the set of frequency domain compensation factors. The sensing result report 624 may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 604 and the network node 606, or an estimated distance between the RIS 604 and the network node 602, or an estimated value regarding the sum of the distance between the RIS 604 and the network node 606 and the distance between the RIS 604 and the network node 602.

[0166] The network node 606 may send a sensing result report 624 to the RIS 604. The RIS 604 may reflect the sensing result report 624 to the network node 602 as a sensing result report 626. In some aspects, the network node 606 may additionally or alternatively send the sensing result report 624 to another network node.

[0167] Figure 7 7 is a connection flow diagram 700 showing an example of a RIS 704 configured to receive a sensing signal 718 from a network node 702 and forward the sensing signal 718 to a network node 706. The network node 702, the RIS 704, and the network node 706 may be similar to Figure 5A704. At 708, the network node 702 may estimate an angle of incidence of the sensed signal 718 when the sensed signal 718 strikes the RIS 704 and / or an angle of reflection of the sensed signal 720 when the sensed signal 720 reflects from the RIS 704. The network node 702 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on an indication of a position of the network node 702 and an indication of a position of the RIS 704.

[0168] At 710, the network node 702 may configure a set of sensing signal resources for the RIS 704. Each resource in the set of sensing signal resources may be associated with an angle of incidence and / or an angle of reflection. The network node 702 may send a sensing signal configuration 712 for the set of sensing signal resources to the RIS 704. The sensing signal configuration 712 may have at least one of an angle of incidence or an angle of reflection associated with each resource in the set of sensing signal resources. The set of sensing signal resources may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 712 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 712 may indicate to the RIS 704 the incident beam direction angle θ i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 712 may indicate the location of the network node 702, which the RIS 704 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 704. i .

[0169] At 714, the RIS 704 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The RIS may send an indication 716 of the set of frequency compensation factors to the network node 706. The indication 716 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 704. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l ). The indication 716 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include a frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set and a reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set.

[0170] The network node 702 may send a sensing signal 718 to the RIS 704. The RIS 704 may reflect the sensing signal 718 toward the network node 706 as a sensing signal 720.

[0171] At 722, the network node 706 may perform sensing on a sensed signal 720 received by the network node 706. The network node 706 may perform sensing on the sensed signal 720 based on the indication 716 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 706 may generate a sensing result report 724, such as a report of the propagation delay of each resource in the sensed signal resource set. The network node 706 may estimate a property associated with the sensed signal 720, such as a delay at the RIS 704 or a distance between the RIS 704 and the network node 706, based on the indication 716 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to a path of the sensed signal 720 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 716 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensed signal 720 may include a path of the sensed signal 718 from the network node 702 to the RIS 704 and / or a path of the sensed signal 720 from the RIS 704 to the network node 706. The network node 706 may compensate the amplitude value or the phase value of the sensed signal 720 based on the indication 716 of the set of frequency domain compensation factors. The sensing result report 724 may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 704 and the network node 706, or an estimated distance between the RIS 704 and the network node 702, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between the RIS 704 and the network node 706 and the distance between the RIS 704 and the network node 702.

[0172] The network node 706 may output a sensing result report 724 to the network node 702. The network node 706 may have a LOS path to send the sensing result report 724 directly from the network node 706 to the network node 702. In other words, there may be no blocks between the network node 702 and the network node 706, e.g. Figure 5A 508 in the signal block 508. In other aspects, the network node 706 and the network node 702 can be connected via a backhaul link or a midhaul link, which allows the network node 706 to directly output the sensing result report from the network node 706 to the network node 702. In some aspects, the network node 706 can additionally or alternatively send the sensing result report 724 to another network node.

[0173] Figure 88 is a connection flow diagram 800 showing an example of a RIS 804 configured to receive a sensing signal 818 from a network node 802 and forward the sensing signal 818 to a network node 806 via a target object 805. The network node 802, the RIS 804, the target object 805, and the network node 806 may be similar to Figure 5B 804, target object 505, and network node 506. At 808, network node 802 may estimate an angle of incidence of sensed signal 818 when sensed signal 818 strikes RIS 804 and / or an angle of reflection of sensed signal 820 when sensed signal 820 reflects from RIS 804. Network node 802 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on an indication of a location of network node 802 and an indication of a location of RIS 804.

[0174] At 810, the network node 802 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 804. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 802 may send a sensing signal configuration 812 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 804. The sensing signal configuration 812 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 812 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 812 may indicate to the RIS 804 the incident beam direction angle θ. i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 812 may indicate the location of the network node 802, which the RIS 804 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 804. i .

[0175] At 814, RIS 804 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. RIS may send an indication 816 of the set of frequency compensation factors to target object 805. The indication 816 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at RIS 804. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l). The indication 816 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set, and the reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The target object 805 may reflect the indication 816 of the frequency domain compensation factor set to the network node 806 as an indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The target object 805 may include a UAV configured to reflect a signal from the RIS 804 to the network node 806. The target object 805 may also be configured to reflect a signal from the network node 806 to the RIS 804. In some aspects, the RIS 804 may directly send the indication 832 of the frequency domain compensation factor set to the network node 806, instead of sending the indication 816 of the frequency compensation factor set to the target object 805, or in addition to sending the indication 816 of the frequency compensation factor set to the target object 805.

[0176] The network node 802 may send a sensing signal 818 to the RIS 804. The RIS 804 may reflect the sensing signal 818 as a sensing signal 820 toward the target object 805. The target object 805 may reflect the sensing signal 820 as a sensing signal 821 toward the network node 806.

[0177] At 822, the network node 806 may perform sensing on a sensing signal 821 received by the network node 806. The network node 806 may perform sensing on the sensing signal 821 based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 806 may generate a sensing result report 824, such as a report of the propagation delay of each resource in the sensing signal resource set and / or the distance to the target object 805. The network node 806 may estimate a property associated with the sensing signal 821, such as a delay at the RIS 804 or a distance between the RIS 804 and the target object 805, based on the indication 817 of the frequency compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to the path of the sensing signal 821 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensing signal 821 may include a path of the sensing signal 818 from the network node 802 to the RIS 804, a path of the sensing signal 820 from the RIS 804 to the target object 805, and / or a path of the sensing signal 821 from the target object 805 to the network node 806. The network node 806 may compensate for the amplitude value or phase value of the sensing signal 821 based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The sensing result report 824 may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 804 and the target object 805, an estimated distance between the target object 805 and the network node 806, or an estimated distance between the RIS 804 and the network node 802, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between the network node 802 and the RIS 804, the distance between the RIS 804 and the target object 805, and the distance between the target object 805 and the network node 806.

[0178] The network node 806 may send a sensing result report 824 to the target object 805. The target object 805 may reflect the sensing result report 824 to the RIS 804 as a sensing result report 825. The RIS 804 may reflect the sensing result report 825 to the network node 802 as a sensing result report 826. In some aspects, the network node 806 may additionally or alternatively send the sensing result report 824 to another wireless device. For example, instead of or in addition to sending the sensing result report 824 to the target object 805, the network node 806 may send the sensing result report 834 directly to the RIS 804. In another example, the network node 806 may send the sensing result report to another network node, which may process the sensing result report or forward the sensing result report to the network node 802.

[0179] Fig. 99 is a connection flow diagram 900 showing an example of a RIS 904 configured to receive a sensing signal 918 from a network node 902 and forward the sensing signal 918 to a network node 906 via a target object 905. The network node 902, the RIS 904, the target object 905, and the network node 906 may be similar to Figure 5B 904, target object 505, and network node 506. At 908, network node 902 may estimate an angle of incidence of sensed signal 918 when sensed signal 918 strikes RIS 904 and / or an angle of reflection of sensed signal 920 when sensed signal 920 reflects from RIS 904. Network node 902 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on an indication of a location of network node 902 and an indication of a location of RIS 904.

[0180] At 910, the network node 902 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 904. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 902 may send a sensing signal configuration 912 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 904. The sensing signal configuration 912 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 912 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 912 may indicate to the RIS 904 the incident beam direction angle θ. i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 912 may indicate the location of the network node 902, which the RIS 904 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 904. i .

[0181] At 914, the RIS 904 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The RIS may send an indication 916 of the set of frequency compensation factors to the target object 905. The indication 916 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 904. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l). The indication 916 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set, and the reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The target object 905 may reflect the indication 916 of the frequency domain compensation factor set to the network node 906 as an indication 917 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The target object 905 may include a UAV configured to reflect a signal from the RIS 904 to the network node 906. The target object 905 may also be configured to reflect a signal from the network node 906 to the RIS 904. In some aspects, the RIS 904 may directly send the indication 932 of the frequency domain compensation factor set to the network node 906, instead of sending the indication 916 of the frequency compensation factor set to the target object 905, or in addition to sending the indication 916 of the frequency compensation factor set to the target object 905.

[0182] The network node 902 may send a sensing signal 918 to the RIS 904. The RIS 904 may reflect the sensing signal 918 as a sensing signal 920 toward the target object 905. The target object 905 may reflect the sensing signal 920 as a sensing signal 921 toward the network node 906.

[0183] At 922, the network node 906 may perform sensing on a sensing signal 921 received by the network node 906. The network node 906 may perform sensing on the sensing signal 921 based on the indication 917 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 906 may generate a sensing result report 924, such as a report of a propagation delay for each resource in the sensing signal resource set and / or a distance to the target object 905. The network node 906 may estimate a property associated with the sensing signal 921, such as a delay at the RIS 904 or a distance between the RIS 904 and the target object 905, based on the indication 917 of the frequency compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to a path of the sensing signal 921 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 917 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensing signal 921 may include a path of the sensing signal 918 from the network node 902 to the RIS 904, a path of the sensing signal 920 from the RIS 904 to the target object 905, and / or a path of the sensing signal 921 from the target object 905 to the network node 906. The network node 906 may compensate the amplitude value or phase value of the sensing signal 921 based on the indication 917 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The sensing result report 924 may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 904 and the target object 905, or an estimated distance between the target object 905 and the network node 906, or an estimated distance between the RIS 904 and the network node 902, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between the network node 902 and the RIS 904, the distance between the RIS 904 and the target object 905, and the distance between the target object 905 and the network node 906.

[0184] The network node 906 may output a sensing result report 924 to the network node 902. The network node 906 may have a LOS path to send the sensing result report 924 directly from the network node 906 to the network node 902. In other words, there may be no blocks between the network node 902 and the network node 906, e.g. Figure 5B902. In other aspects, the network node 906 and the network node 902 may be connected via a backhaul link or a midhaul link that allows the network node 906 to output the sensing result report directly from the network node 906 to the network node 902. In some aspects, the network node 906 may additionally or alternatively send the sensing result report 924 to another wireless device. For example, instead of or in addition to sending the sensing result report 924 to the network node 902, the network node 906 may send the sensing result report 934 to the RIS 904. The RIS 904 may reflect the sensing result report 934 to the network node 902 as a sensing result report 936. In another example, the network node 906 may send the sensing result report to another network node, which may process the sensing result report or forward the sensing result report to the network node 902.

[0185] Fig.10 1000 is an alternative connection flow diagram illustrating an example of a RIS 1004 configured to receive a sensing signal 1018 from a network node 1002 and forward the sensing signal 1018 to a network node 1006 via a target object 1005. The network node 1002, the RIS 1004, the target object 1005, and the network node 1006 may be similar to Fig. 9 1004, a target object 905, and a network node 906. At 1008, the network node 1002 may estimate an angle of incidence of the sensed signal 1018 when the sensed signal 1018 strikes the RIS 1004 and / or an angle of reflection of the sensed signal 1020 when the sensed signal 1020 reflects from the RIS 1004. The network node 1002 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on an indication of a position of the network node 1002 and an indication of a position of the RIS 1004.

[0186] At 1010, the network node 1002 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 1004. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 1002 may send a sensing signal configuration 1012 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 1004. The sensing signal configuration 1012 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 1012 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1012 may indicate to the RIS 1004 the incident beam direction angle θ. i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1012 may indicate the location of the network node 1002, which the RIS 1004 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 1004. i .

[0187] At 1014, the RIS 1004 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The indication 1016 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 604. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l ). The indication 1016 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set, and the reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The RIS may send the indication 1016 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 1002. Since the network node 1002 may communicate directly with the network node 1006 (e.g., via a LOS wireless path or a backhaul / midhaul wired path), the network node 1002 may output the indication 1016 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 1006 as the indication 1017 of the frequency compensation factor set. In some aspects, the RIS 1004 may additionally or alternatively send an indication 1032 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 1006. The network node 1006 may receive the indication 1017 of the frequency compensation factor set from the network node 1002 and / or receive the indication 1032 of the frequency compensation factor set from the RIS 1004.

[0188] The network node 1002 may send a sensing signal 1018 to the RIS 1004. The RIS 1004 may reflect the sensing signal 1018 as a sensing signal 1020 toward the target object 1005. The target object 1005 may reflect the sensing signal 1020 as a sensing signal 1021 toward the network node 1006.

[0189] At 1022, the network node 1006 may perform sensing on a sensed signal 1021 received by the network node 1006. The network node 1006 may perform sensing on the sensed signal 1021 based on the indication 1017 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 1006 may generate a sensing result report 1024, such as a report of propagation delays for each resource in the sensed signal resource set and / or a distance to the target object 1005. The network node 1006 may estimate a property associated with the sensed signal 1021, such as a delay at the RIS 1004 or a distance between the RIS 1004 and the target object 1005, based on the indication 1017 of the frequency compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to a path of the sensed signal 1021 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 1017 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensing signal 1021 may include a path of the sensing signal 1018 from the network node 1002 to the RIS 1004, a path of the sensing signal 1020 from the RIS 1004 to the target object 1005, and / or a path of the sensing signal 1021 from the target object 1005 to the network node 1006. The network node 1006 may compensate the amplitude value or phase value of the sensing signal 1021 based on the indication 1017 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The sensing result report 1024 may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 1004 and the target object 1005, or an estimated distance between the target object 1005 and the network node 1006, or an estimated distance between the RIS 1004 and the network node 1002, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between the network node 1002 and the RIS 1004, the distance between the RIS 1004 and the target object 1005, and the distance between the target object 1005 and the network node 1006.

[0190] The network node 1006 may output the sensing result report 1024 to the network node 1002. In some aspects, the network node 1006 may additionally or alternatively send the sensing result report 1024 to another wireless device. For example, instead of sending the sensing result report 1024 to the network node 1002, or in addition to sending the sensing result report 1024 to the network node 1002, the network node 1006 may send the sensing result report 1034 to the RIS 1004. The RIS 1004 may reflect the sensing result report 1034 to the network node 1002 as a sensing result report 1036. In another example, the network node 1006 may send the sensing result report to another network node, which may process the sensing result report or forward the sensing result report to the network node 1002.

[0191] Fig.11 1100 is a connection flow diagram 1100 showing an example of a RIS 1104 configured to receive a sensing signal 1118 from a network node 1102 and forward the sensing signal 1118 back to the network node 1102 via a target object 1105. The network node 1102, the RIS 1104, and the target object 1105 may be similar to Figure 5C 1104. The network node 1102 may estimate the angle of incidence of the sensed signal 1118 when the sensed signal 1118 strikes the RIS 1104 and / or the angle of reflection of the sensed signal 1120 when the sensed signal 1120 reflects from the RIS 1104. The network node 1102 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on the location indication of the network node 1102 and the location indication of the RIS 1104.

[0192] At 1110, the network node 1102 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 1104. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 1102 may send a sensing signal configuration 1112 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 1104. The sensing signal configuration 1112 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 1112 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1112 may indicate to the RIS 1104 the incident beam direction angle θ. iIn some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1112 may indicate the location of the network node 1102, which the RIS 1104 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 1104. i .

[0193] At 1114, the RIS 1104 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the set of sensing signal resources. The RIS 1104 may estimate at least one of the set of frequency domain compensation factors as a product of a first frequency domain compensation factor for a DL reflection (e.g., a DL reflection having the sensing signal 1118 as an incident signal and the sensing signal 1120 as a reflected signal) and a second frequency domain compensation factor for a UL reflection (e.g., a UL reflection having the sensing signal 1119 as an incident signal and the sensing signal 1121 as a reflected signal). The RIS may send an indication 1116 of the set of frequency compensation factors to the network node 1102. The indication 1116 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 1104. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l ). The indication 1116 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include a frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set and a reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set.

[0194] The network node 1102 may send a sensing signal 1118 to the RIS 1104. The RIS 1104 may reflect the sensing signal 1118 as a sensing signal 1120 toward the target object 1105. The target object 1105 may include a UAV configured to reflect a signal from a first portion of the RIS 1104 to a second portion of the RIS 1104. The target object 1105 may also be configured to reflect a signal from a third portion of the RIS 1104 to a fourth portion of the RIS 1104, thereby providing bidirectional reflection communication. The target object 1105 may reflect the sensing signal 1120 back to the RIS 1104 as a sensing signal 1119. The RIS 1104 may reflect the sensing signal 1119 back to the network node 1102 as a sensing signal 1121.

[0195] At 1122, the network node 1102 may perform sensing on a sensed signal 1121 received by the RIS 1104. The network node 1102 may perform sensing on the sensed signal 1121 based on the indication 1116 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 1102 may generate a sensing result report, such as a report of the propagation delay of each resource in the sensed signal resource set and / or the distance to the target object 1105. The network node 1102 may estimate a property associated with the sensed signal 1121, such as the delay at the RIS 1104 or the distance between the RIS 1104 and the target object 1105, based on the indication 1116 of the frequency compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to the path of the sensed signal 1121 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 1116 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensing signal 1121 may include a path of the sensing signal 1118 from the network node 1102 to the RIS 1104, a path of the sensing signal 1120 from the RIS 1104 to the target object 1105, a path of the sensing signal 1119 from the target object 1105 to the RIS 1104, and / or a path of the sensing signal 1121 from the RIS 1104 to the network node 1102. The network node 1102 may compensate for an amplitude value or a phase value of the sensing signal 1121 based on the indication 1116 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The sensing result report may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between RIS1104 and target object 1105, or an estimated distance between RIS1104 and network node 1102, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between network node 1102 and RIS1104, the distance between RIS1104 and target object 1105, the distance between target object 1105 and RIS1104, and the distance between RIS1104 and network node 1102.

[0196] Fig.12 1200 is a connection flow diagram 1200 showing an example of a RIS 1204 configured to receive a sensing signal 1218 from a network node 1202 and forward the sensing signal 1218 to a target object 1205, which forwards the sensing signal back to the network node 1202. The network node 1202, the RIS 1204, and the target object 1205 may be similar to Figure 5C 1204. The network node 1202 may estimate the angle of incidence of the sensed signal 1218 when the sensed signal 1218 strikes the RIS 1204 and / or the angle of reflection of the sensed signal 1220 when the sensed signal 1220 reflects from the RIS 1204. The network node 1202 may estimate the angle of incidence and / or the angle of reflection based on the position indication of the network node 1202 and the position indication of the RIS 1204.

[0197] At 1210, the network node 1202 may configure a sensing signal resource set for the RIS 1204. Each resource in the sensing signal resource set may be associated with an incident angle and / or a reflection angle. The network node 1202 may send a sensing signal configuration 1212 for the sensing signal resource set to the RIS 1204. The sensing signal configuration 1212 may have at least one of an incident angle or a reflection angle associated with each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The sensing signal resource set may include, for example, a beam set or a sub-beam set. The sensing signal configuration 1212 may indicate at least one of an incident beam direction angle set, an incident beam direction angle range, a reflection beam angle set, a reflection beam angle range, an incident beam direction angle set associated with a reflection beam angle set, or an incident beam angle range associated with a reflection beam angle range for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1212 may indicate to the RIS 1204 the incident beam direction angle θ. i In some aspects, the sensing signal configuration 1212 may indicate the location of the network node 1202, which the RIS 1204 may use to calculate an incident beam direction angle θ to the RIS 1204. i .

[0198] At 1214, the RIS 1204 may estimate a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the sensing signal resource set. The RIS may send an indication 1216 of the set of frequency compensation factors to the network node 1202. The indication 1216 of the set of frequency compensation factors may include, for example, an equivalent channel response value h for each element n at the RIS 1204. n , the reflection coefficient amplitude and phase of each frequency ψ(f), and the estimated channel state value r at each subcarrier k k , and / or the calculated frequency domain compensation factor g at each subcarrier k and sensing signal resource l k (θ r,l ). The indication 1216 of the frequency domain compensation factor set may include a frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the sensing signal resource set, and a reflected beam direction angle for each resource in the sensing signal resource set.

[0199] The network node 1202 may send a sensing signal 1218 to the RIS 1204. The RIS 1204 may reflect the sensing signal 1218 as a sensing signal 1220 toward a target object 1205. The target object 1205 may include a UAV configured to reflect a signal from a first portion of the RIS 1204 to a second portion of the RIS 1204. The target object 1205 may also be configured to reflect a signal from a third portion of the RIS 1204 back to the network node 1202. The target object 1205 may reflect the sensing signal 1220 back to the network node 1202 as a sensing signal 1219.

[0200] At 1222, the network node 1202 may perform sensing on a sensed signal 1219 from the target object 1205. The network node 1202 may perform sensing on the sensed signal 1219 based on the indication 1216 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The network node 1202 may generate a sensing result report, such as a report of the propagation delay of each resource in the sensed signal resource set and / or the distance to the target object 1205. The network node 1202 may estimate a property associated with the sensed signal 1219, such as a delay at the RIS 1204 or a distance between the RIS 1204 and the target object 1205, based on the indication 1216 of the frequency compensation factor set. The delay value may correspond to the path of the sensed signal 1219 and may be calculated by performing an IFFT based on the indication 1216 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The path of the sensing signal 1219 may include a path of the sensing signal 1218 from the network node 1202 to the RIS 1204, a path of the sensing signal 1220 from the RIS 1204 to the target object 1205, and / or a path of the sensing signal 1219 from the target object 1205 to the network node 1202. The network node 1202 may compensate for the amplitude value or phase value of the sensing signal 1219 based on the indication 1216 of the frequency domain compensation factor set. The sensing result report may indicate, for example, an estimated distance between the RIS 1204 and the target object 1205, or an estimated distance between the RIS 1204 and the network node 1202, or an estimated value of the sum of the distance between the network node 1202 and the RIS 1204, the distance between the RIS 1204 and the target object 1205, the distance between the target object 1205 and the RIS 1204, and the distance between the RIS 1204 and the network node 1202.

[0201] Fig.13 1300 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first network node (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; base station 102, base station 310; network node 402, network node 502, network node 602, network node 702, network node 802, network node 902, network node 1002, network node 1102, network node 1202; network entity 2102, network entity 2202, network entity 2360). At 1302, the first network node may send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1302 may be performed by Figure 8The network node 802 in the embodiment may be executed by sending a sensing signal configuration 812 for a sensing signal resource set 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1302 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0202] At 1304, the first network node may send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. For example, 1304 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal 818 based on the sensing signal configuration 812 of the resource set. In addition, 1304 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0203] Fig.14 1400 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first network node (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; base station 102, base station 310; network node 402, network node 502, network node 602, network node 702, network node 802, network node 902, network node 1002, network node 1102, network node 1202; network entity 2102, network entity 2202, network entity 2360).

[0204] At 1401, the first network node may estimate at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device based on a first position indication of the wireless device and a second position indication of the first network node. For example, 1401 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may estimate at 808 at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804 based on the first position indication of the RIS 804 and the second position indication of the network node 802. In addition, 1401 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0205] At 1402, the first network node may send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1402 may be composed of Figure 8The network node 802 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal configuration 812 for a resource set of the sensing signal 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1402 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0206] At 1404, the first network node may send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. For example, 1404 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the example may send a sensing signal 818 based on the sensing signal configuration 812 of the resource set. In addition, 1404 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0207] At 1406, the first network node may configure a resource set for at least one sensing signal. For example, 1406 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may configure a resource set for sensing the signal 818. In addition, 1406 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0208] At 1408, the first network node may send a configuration of the resource set based on the configured resource set. For example, 1406 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal configuration 812 of the resource set based on the configured resource set. In addition, 1406 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0209] At 1410, the first network node may send a configuration of a resource set to a wireless device. For example, 1410 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal configuration 812 of the resource set to the RIS 804. In addition, 1410 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0210] At 1412, the first network node may send at least one sensing signal to the second network node via a wireless device. For example, 1412 may be performed by Figure 8 , which may send a sensing signal 818 to a network node 806 via a RIS 804. In addition, 1412 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0211] At 1414, the first network node may send at least one sensing signal to the first network node via the wireless device. For example, 1414 may be performed by Fig.11 The network node 1102 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal 1118 to the network node 1102 via the RIS 1104. In addition, 1414 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0212] At 1416, the first network node may receive a report of a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal from the second network node. For example, 1416 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may receive a sensing result report 826 of the sensing operation for the sensing signal 818 from the network node 806 at 822. In addition, 1416 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0213] Fig.15 1500 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first network node (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; base station 102, base station 310; network node 402, network node 502, network node 602, network node 702, network node 802, network node 902, network node 1002, network node 1102, network node 1202; network entity 2102, network entity 2202, network entity 2360). At 1502, the first network node may send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1502 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may send a sensing signal configuration 812 for a resource set of the sensing signal 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1502 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0214] At 1504, the first network node may send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. For example, 1504 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 802 in the example may send a sensing signal 818 based on the sensing signal configuration 812 of the resource set. In addition, 1504 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0215] At 1506, the first network node may receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. For example, 1506 may be performed by Fig.10 The network node 1002 in the embodiment may receive an indication 1016 of the set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the set of resources for sensing the signal 1018. In addition, 1506 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0216] At 1508, the first network node may output to the second network node an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for at least one sensing signal. Fig.10 The network node 1002 in the embodiment may output an indication 1017 of a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the set of resources used to sense the signal 1018 to the network node 1006. In addition, 1506 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0217] At 1510, the first network node may receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Fig.10 The network node 1002 in the embodiment may receive an indication 1016 of a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the set of resources used to sense the signal 1018. In addition, 1510 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0218] At 1512, the first network node may receive a reflection of at least one sensing signal based on a reflection via the wireless device. For example, 1512 may be performed by Fig.11 The network node 1102 in the embodiment may receive the reflection of the sensing signal 1121 as the sensing signal 1118 based on the reflection via the RIS 1104. In addition, 1512 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0219] At 1514, the first network node may perform a sensing operation for reflections of at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. Figure 8 The network node 802 in the embodiment may perform a sensing operation for a sensing signal 1121 at 1122, where the sensing signal 1121 may be a reflection of a sensing signal 1118 based on an indication 1116 of the frequency compensation factor set for each resource in the resource set. In addition, 1514 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 198 in is executed.

[0220] Fig.16 1600 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a wireless device (e.g., RIS106, RIS404, RIS504, RIS604, RIS704, RIS804, RIS904, RIS1004, RIS1104, RIS1204). At 1602, the wireless device may receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1602 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 for a resource set for sensing signal 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1602 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0221] At 1604, the wireless device may send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may send an indication 816 of a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the resource set based on the sensed signal configuration 812. In addition, 1604 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0222] At 1606, the wireless device may receive and forward at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. For example, 1606 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the RIS 804 can receive and forward the sensing signal 818 based on the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812. In addition, 1606 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0223] Fig.17 1700 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a wireless device (e.g., RIS106, RIS404, RIS504, RIS604, RIS704, RIS804, RIS904, RIS1004, RIS1104, RIS1204). At 1702, the wireless device may receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1702 may be performed by Figure 8804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 for a resource set for sensing signal 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1702 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0224] At 1704, the wireless device may send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may send an indication 816 of a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the resource set based on the sensed signal configuration 812. In addition, 1704 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0225] At 1706, the wireless device may receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. For example, 1706 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the RIS 804 can receive and forward the sensing signal 818 based on the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812. In addition, 1706 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0226] At 1708, the wireless device may estimate at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1708 may be performed by Figure 8 The RIS 804 in the resource set may be executed, which may estimate a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804 at 814. The RIS 804 may estimate at least one frequency domain compensation factor in the set of frequency domain compensation factors as a product of a first frequency domain compensation factor for DL ​​reflection and a second frequency domain compensation factor for UL reflection.

[0227] In addition, 1708 can be Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0228] At 1710, the wireless device may send an indication based on an estimate of at least one frequency domain compensation factor. For example, 1710 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 can send an indication 816 of the frequency compensation factor set to the target object 805 based on the estimation at 814. In addition, 1710 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0229] At 1712, the wireless device may receive a configuration from the first network node. For example, 1712 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the embodiment may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 from the network node 802. In addition, 1712 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0230] At 1714, the wireless device may send an indication to the first network node. For example, 1714 may be performed by Fig.10 RIS 1004 in the network node 1002 may send an instruction 1016 to the network node 1002. In addition, 1714 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0231] At 1716, the wireless device may receive at least one sensing signal from the first network node. For example, 1716 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 can receive the sensing signal 818 from the network node 802. In addition, 1716 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0232] At 1718, the wireless device may forward at least one sensing signal to the second network node. For example, 1718 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the embodiment may forward the sensing signal 818 as the sensing signal 820 to the network node 806 via the target object 805. 1718 may also be performed by Figure 7 RIS 704 in the embodiment of the present invention may forward the sensing signal 718 to the network node 706 as the sensing signal 720. In addition, 1718 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0233] At 1720, the wireless device may reflect at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. For example, 1720 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the RIS 804 may reflect the sensing signal 818 into a sensing signal 820 based on the resource set. In addition, 1720 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0234] Fig.181800 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a wireless device (e.g., RIS106, RIS404, RIS504, RIS604, RIS704, RIS804, RIS904, RIS1004, RIS1104, RIS1204). At 1802, the wireless device may receive a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1802 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 for a resource set for sensing signal 818. Each resource in the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812 may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1802 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0235] At 1804, the wireless device may send an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 may send an indication 816 of a set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the resource set based on the sensed signal configuration 812. In addition, 1804 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0236] At 1806, the wireless device may receive and forward at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. For example, 1806 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the RIS 804 can receive and forward the sensing signal 818 based on the resource set configured by the sensing signal configuration 812. In addition, 1806 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0237] At 1808, the wireless device may receive a configuration from the first network node. For example, 1808 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the embodiment may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 from the network node 802. In addition, 1808 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0238] At 1810, the wireless device may send an indication to the second network node. For example, 1810 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the RIS 804 can send an indication 816 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 806 via the target object 805. 1810 can also be performed by Figure 7 RIS 704 in the RIS 704 can send an indication 716 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 706. In addition, 1810 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0239] At 1812, the wireless device may receive at least one sensing signal from the first network node. For example, 1812 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 can receive the sensing signal 818 from the network node 802. In addition, 1812 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0240] At 1814, the wireless device may forward at least one sensing signal to the second network node. For example, 1814 may be performed by Figure 8 1814 may also be performed by RIS 804 in the example, and RIS 804 may forward the sensing signal 818 as the sensing signal 820 to the network node 806 via the target object 805. 1814 may also be performed by RIS 704, and RIS 704 may forward the sensing signal 718 as the sensing signal 720 to the network node 706. In addition, 1814 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0241] At 1816, the wireless device may forward at least one sensing signal to the second network node via the target object. For example, 1816 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the embodiment of the present invention may forward the sensing signal 818 to the network node 806 via the target object 805. In addition, 1816 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0242] At 1818, the wireless device may receive a configuration from the first network node. For example, 1818 may be performed by Figure 8 RIS 804 in the embodiment may receive a sensing signal configuration 812 from a network node 802. In addition, 1818 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0243] At 1820, the wireless device may send an indication to the first network node. For example, 1820 may be performed by Fig.10 RIS 1004 in the network node 1002 may send an indication 1016 of the frequency compensation factor set to the network node 1002. In addition, 1820 may be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0244] At 1822, the wireless device may receive at least one sensing signal from the first network node. For example, 1822 may be performed by Figure 8 804 in the RIS 804, the RIS 804 can receive the sensing signal 818 from the network node 802. In addition, 1822 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0245] At 1824, the wireless device may forward at least one sensing signal to the first network node. For example, 1824 may be performed by Fig.11 RIS1104 in the RIS1104 can forward the sensing signal 1119 as the sensing signal 1121 to the network node 1102. In addition, 1824 can be performed by Figure 4 Component 197 in is executed.

[0246] Fig.19 1900 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a second network node (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; base station 102, base station 310; network node 406, network node 506, network node 606, network node 706, network node 806, network node 906, network node 1102, network node 1202; network entity 2102, network entity 2202, network entity 2360). At 1902, the second network node may receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 1902 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the sensing signal 821 may receive an indication 817 of a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the resource set of the sensing signal 821. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 1902 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0247] At 1904, the second network node may receive at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. For example, 1904 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may receive the sensing signal 821 via the RIS 804. In addition, 1904 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0248] At 1906, the second network node may perform a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. For example, 1906 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the resource set may perform a sensing operation for the sensing signal 821 based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the resource set at 822. In addition, 1906 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0249] Fig. 20 2000 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a second network node (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; base station 102, base station 310; network node 406, network node 506, network node 606, network node 706, network node 806, network node 906, network node 1102, network node 1202; network entity 2102, network entity 2202, network entity 2360). At 2002, the second network node may receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. For example, 2002 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the sensing signal 821 may receive an indication 817 of a set of frequency domain compensation factors for each resource in the resource set of the sensing signal 821. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the RIS 804 or a reflected beam direction angle of the RIS 804. In addition, 2002 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0250] At 2004, the second network node may receive at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. For example, 2004 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may receive the sensing signal 821 via the RIS 804. In addition, 2004 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0251] At 2006, the second network node may perform a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. For example, 2006 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may perform a sensing operation for the sensing signal 821 based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the resource set at 822. In addition, 2006 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0252] At 2008, the second network node may receive at least one sensing signal from the first network node via the wireless device. For example, 2008 may be performed by Figure 8 806 in the network node 806, the network node 806 can receive the sensing signal 821 from the network node 802 via the RIS 804. 2008 can also be performed by Figure 7 , which may receive a sensing signal 720 from the network node 702 via the RIS 704. In addition, 2008 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0253] At 2010, the second network node may receive at least one sensing signal from the first network node via the wireless device and the target object. For example, 2010 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may receive the sensing signal 821 from the network node 802 via the RIS 804 and the target object 805. In addition, 2010 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0254] At 2012, the second network node may receive at least one sensing signal via the wireless device based on the reflection capability of the wireless device. For example, 2012 may be performed by Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may receive the sensing signal 821 via the RIS 804 based on the reflection capability of the RIS 804. Figure 7 The network node 706 in the embodiment may receive the sensing signal 720 via the RIS 704 based on the reflection capability of the RIS 704. In addition, the 2012 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0255] At 2014, the second network node may estimate at least one of a delay or a distance associated with at least one sensing signal based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. Figure 8 The network node 806 in the example may estimate at 822 at least one of a delay or a distance associated with the sensing signal 821 based on the indication 817 of the set of frequency compensation factors for each resource in the set of resources. In addition, 2014 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0256] At 2016, the second network node may compensate at least one of the amplitude value or the phase value based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. For example, 2016 may be Figure 8The network node 806 in the resource set may be executed, and the network node 806 may compensate at least one of the amplitude value or the phase value based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the resource set. In addition, 2016 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0257] At 2018, the second network node may estimate a delay value corresponding to a path of at least one sensing signal by performing IFFT based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor of each resource in the resource set. Figure 8 The network node 806 in the resource set may estimate the delay value corresponding to the path of the sensing signal 821 by performing IFFT based on the indication 817 of the frequency domain compensation factor set for each resource in the resource set. In addition, 2018 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0258] At 2020, the second network node may send a report of a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal to at least one of the first network node or the third network node. Figure 8 The network node 806 in the embodiment may send a sensing result report 824 for the sensing signal 821 to the network node 802 via the RIS 804 and the target object 805. Fig. 9 The network node 906 in the embodiment may send a sensing result report 924 for the sensing signal 921 to the network node 902. Any one of the network nodes 606, 706, 806, 906 or 1006 may be configured to send a sensing result report 624, 724, 824, 924 or 1024 to another network node. In addition, 2020 may be performed by Figure 21-23 Component 199 in is executed.

[0259] Fig.212100 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2104. The apparatus 2104 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 may include a cellular baseband processor 2124 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2122 (e.g., a cellular RF transceiver). The cellular baseband processor 2124 may include on-chip memory 2124'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2104 may also include one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) cards 2120 and an application processor 2106 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2108 and a screen 2110. The application processor 2106 may include on-chip memory 2106'. In some aspects, the device 2104 may also include a Bluetooth module 2112, a WLAN module 2114, an SPS module 2116 (e.g., a GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 2118 (e.g., a barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; a motion sensor such as an inertial management unit (IMU), a gyroscope, and / or an accelerometer; light detection and ranging (LIDAR), radio-aided detection and ranging (RADAR), sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), a magnetometer, audio, and / or other technologies for positioning), an additional memory module 2126, a power supply 2130, and / or a camera 2132. The Bluetooth module 2112, the WLAN module 2114, and the SPS module 2116 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, only a receiver (Rx)). The Bluetooth module 2112, the WLAN module 2114, and the SPS module 2116 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or communicate using antennas 2180. The cellular baseband processor 2124 communicates with the UE 104 and / or with the RU associated with the network entity 2102 through the transceiver 2122 via one or more antennas 2180. The cellular baseband processor 2124 and the application processor 2106 can each include a computer-readable medium / memory 2124', 2106', respectively. The additional memory module 2126 can also be considered as a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2124', 2106', 2126 can be non-temporary. The cellular baseband processor 2124 and the application processor 2106 are each responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. When executed by the cellular baseband processor 2124 / application processor 2106, the software enables the cellular baseband processor 2124 / application processor 2106 to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable medium / memory can also be used to store data manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 2124 / application processor 2106 when executing the software.The cellular baseband processor 2124 / application processor 2106 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the device 2104 may be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 2124 and / or the application processor 2106, and in another configuration, the device 2104 may be the entire UE (e.g., see. Figure 3 UE 350) and includes additional modules of device 2104.

[0260] As described above, component 198 is configured to send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 198 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Component 198 may be in a cellular baseband processor 2124, an application processor 2106, or both a cellular baseband processor 2124 and an application processor 2106. Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. As shown, device 2104 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 2104, in particular cellular baseband processor 2124 and / or application processor 2106, includes a component for sending a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Device 2104 may include a component for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of a resource set. The apparatus 2104 may include means for configuring a resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The apparatus 2104 may include means for sending a configuration of the resource set for the at least one sensing signal by sending the configuration of the resource set based on the configured resource set. The apparatus 2104 may include means for sending the configuration of the resource set by sending the configuration of the resource set to the wireless device. The apparatus 2104 may include means for sending the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending the at least one sensing signal to the second network node via the wireless device. The apparatus 2104 may include means for receiving a report of a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal from the second network node. The apparatus 2104 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The apparatus 2104 may include means for outputting an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal to the second network node. The apparatus 2104 may include means for sending the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending the at least one sensing signal to the first network node via the wireless device. The apparatus 2104 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The apparatus 2104 may include means for receiving a reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on reflection via the wireless device. The apparatus 2104 may include means for performing a sensing operation for the reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set.The apparatus 2104 may include means for estimating at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device based on a first position indication of the wireless device and a second position indication of the first network node. The means may be a component 198 of the apparatus 2104 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the apparatus 2104 may include a Tx processor 368, an Rx processor 356, and a controller / processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be a Tx processor 368, an Rx processor 356, and / or a controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by these means.

[0261] As described above, component 199 is configured to receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 199 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Component 199 may be within a cellular baseband processor 2124, an application processor 2106, or both a cellular baseband processor 2124 and an application processor 2106. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to execute the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to execute the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. As shown, device 2104 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 2104, in particular cellular baseband processor 2124 and / or application processor 2106, includes a component for receiving an indication of a sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal from a first network node via a wireless device and a target object. The apparatus 2104 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device based on the reflection capability of the wireless device. The apparatus 2104 may include a component for sending a report of the sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal to the first network node or the third network node. The apparatus 2104 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor by estimating at least one of a delay or a distance associated with the at least one sensing signal based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The apparatus 2104 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor by compensating at least one of an amplitude value or a phase value based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The apparatus 2104 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor by performing an IFFT based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set to estimate a delay value corresponding to a path of the at least one sensing signal. The means may be a component 199 of the apparatus 2104 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the apparatus 2104 may include a Tx processor 368, an Rx processor 356, and a controller / processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by these means.

[0262] Fig. 222200 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2202. The network entity 2202 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2202 may include at least one of a CU 2210, a DU 2230, or a RU 2240. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 2202 may include a CU 2210; both a CU 2210 and a DU 2230; each of the CU 2210, the DU 2230, and the RU 2240; the DU 2230; both a DU 2230 and a RU 2240; or a RU 2240. The CU 2210 may include a CU processor 2212. The CU processor 2212 may include an on-chip memory 2212'. In some aspects, the CU 2210 may also include an additional memory module 2214 and a communication interface 2218. CU2210 communicates with DU 2230 via a midhaul link such as an F1 interface. DU 2230 may include a DU processor 2232. DU processor 2232 may include on-chip memory 2232'. In some aspects, DU 2230 may also include an additional memory module 2234 and a communication interface 2238. DU 2230 communicates with RU 2240 via a fronthaul link. RU 2240 may include a RU processor 2242. RU processor 2242 may include on-chip memory 2242'. In some aspects, RU 2240 may also include an additional memory module 2244, one or more transceivers 2246, an antenna 2280, and a communication interface 2248. RU 2240 communicates with UE 104. On-chip memory 2212', 2232', 2242' and additional memory modules 2214, 2234, 2244 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 2212, 2232, 2242 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described above. The computer readable medium / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the processor when executing the software.

[0263] As described above, component 198 is configured to send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 198 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Component 198 may be within one or more processors of one or more of CU 2210, DU 2230, and RU 2240. Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to execute the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to execute the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. Network entity 2202 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 2202 includes a component for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Network entity 2202 may include a component for configuring a resource set for at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2202 may include means for sending a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal by sending a configuration of the resource set based on the configured resource set. The network entity 2202 may include means for sending a configuration of the resource set by sending the configuration of the resource set to a wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include means for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending at least one sensing signal to a second network node via a wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include means for receiving a report of a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal from the second network node. The network entity 2202 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2202 may include means for outputting an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal to the second network node. The network entity 2202 may include means for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending at least one sensing signal to a first network node via a wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2202 may include means for receiving a reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on reflection via the wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include means for performing a sensing operation for the reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The network entity 2202 may include means for estimating at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device based on a first position indication of the wireless device and a second position indication of the first network node.The means may be a component 198 of the network entity 2202 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the network entity 2202 may include a Tx processor 316, an Rx processor 370, and a controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, the apparatus may be a Tx processor 316, an Rx processor 370, and / or a controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by these means.

[0264] As described above, component 199 is configured to receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in a resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 199 may be configured to receive at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. Component 199 may be configured to perform a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set. Component 199 may be within one or more processors of one or more of CU2210, DU 2230, and RU 2240. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. Network entity 2202 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 2202 includes a component for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2202 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set. The network entity 2202 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal from a first network node via the wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device and a target object. The network entity 2202 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device based on a reflection capability of the wireless device. The network entity 2202 may include a component for sending a report of the sensing operation for at least one sensing signal to the first network node or the third network node. The network entity 2202 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by estimating at least one of a delay or a distance associated with at least one sensing signal based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The network entity 2202 may include means for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor by compensating at least one of an amplitude value or a phase value based on the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set.The network entity 2202 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by performing IFFT based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set to estimate a delay value corresponding to a path of the at least one sensing signal. The component may be a component 199 of the network entity 2202 configured to perform the functions recited by the component. As described above, the network entity 2202 may include a Tx processor 316, an Rx processor 370, and a controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the component may be a Tx processor 316, an Rx processor 370, and / or a controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by these components.

[0265] Fig.23 2300 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2360. In one example, the network entity 2360 may be within the core network 120. The network entity 2360 may include a network processor 2312. The network processor 2312 may include an on-chip memory 2312'. In some aspects, the network entity 2360 may also include an additional memory module 2314. The network entity 2360 communicates with the CU 2302 directly (e.g., a backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., through the RIC) via a network interface 2380. Both the on-chip memory 2312' and the additional memory module 2314 may be considered as a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-temporary. The processor 2312 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on a computer-readable medium / memory. The software causes the processor to perform the various functions described above when executed by the corresponding processor. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the processor when executing the software.

[0266] As described above, component 198 is configured to send a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 198 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Component 198 may be within processor 2312. Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. Network entity 2360 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 2360 includes a component for sending a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Network entity 2360 may include a component for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Network entity 2360 may include a component for configuring a resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2360 may include means for sending a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal by sending a configuration of the resource set based on the configured resource set. The network entity 2360 may include means for sending a configuration of the resource set by sending the configuration of the resource set to a wireless device. The network entity 2360 may include means for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending at least one sensing signal to a second network node via a wireless device. The network entity 2360 may include means for receiving a report of a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal from the second network node. The network entity 2360 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2360 may include means for outputting an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal to the second network node. The network entity 2360 may include means for sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set by sending at least one sensing signal to a first network node via a wireless device. The network entity 2360 may include means for receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The network entity 2360 may include means for receiving a reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on a reflection via the wireless device. The network entity 2360 may include means for performing a sensing operation for the reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The network entity 2360 may include means for estimating at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device based on a first position indication of the wireless device and a second position indication of the first network node.The means may be a component 198 of a network entity 2360 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

[0267] As described above, component 199 is configured to receive an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of a wireless device. Component 199 may be configured to send at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. Component 199 may be within processor 2312. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for one or more processors to implement, or some combination thereof. Network entity 2360 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 2360 includes a component for receiving an indication of a sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal from a first network node via a wireless device and a target object. Network entity 2360 may include a component for receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device by receiving at least one sensing signal via a wireless device based on the reflection capability of the wireless device. The network entity 2360 may include a component for sending a report of a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal to the first network node or the third network node. The network entity 2360 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by estimating at least one of a delay or a distance associated with the at least one sensing signal based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The network entity 2360 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by compensating at least one of an amplitude value or a phase value based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The network entity 2360 may include a component for performing a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor by performing an IFFT based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set to estimate a delay value corresponding to a path of the at least one sensing signal. The component may be a component 199 of the network entity 2360 configured to perform the functions recited by the component.

[0268] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the disclosed process / flowchart is an illustration of an example method. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the process / flowchart can be rearranged. In addition, some blocks can be combined or omitted. The attached method claims present the elements of the various blocks in a sample order and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0269] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these aspects will be apparent, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not limited to the various aspects described herein, but are to comply with the full scope consistent with the language claims. Unless otherwise specified, reference to singular elements does not mean "one and only one", but "one or more". Terms such as "if", "when ..." and "at ..." do not mean an immediate time relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases (e.g., "when ...") do not mean an immediate action in response to the occurrence of an action or during the occurrence of an action, but simply mean that if the condition is met, the action will occur, but no specific or immediate time constraint is required for the action to occur. The word "exemplary" used herein means "used as an example, instance or illustration". Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily interpreted as being preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the term "some" refers to one or more. Combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" may be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, wherein any such combination may contain one or more members of A, B, or C. A set should be interpreted as a set of elements, wherein the elements are numbered one or more. Thus, for a set of X, X will include one or more elements. If a first device receives data from or sends data to a second device, the data may be received / sent directly between the first device and the second device, or indirectly between the first device and the second device through a set of devices. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements throughout the various aspects described in this disclosure that are known or will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are covered by the claims. In addition, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public, regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly stated in the claims. The words "module", "mechanism", "element", "device", etc. may not be substitutes for the word "component". Therefore, no claim element is to be interpreted as a component plus function unless the phrase "component for ..." is used to explicitly record the element.

[0270] As used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, etc. In other words, the phrase "based on A" (where "A" can be information, conditions, factors, etc.) should be interpreted as "based at least on A" unless explicitly stated otherwise.

[0271] A device configured to "output" data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) may, for example, utilize a transceiver to send the data, or may send the data to a device that sends the data. A device configured to "obtain" data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) may, for example, utilize a transceiver to receive the data, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data.

[0272] The following aspects are merely illustrative and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without being limited thereto.

[0273] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a first network node, wherein the method may include: sending a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device and a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The method may include sending the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set. The configuration of the resource set for at least one sensing signal may be sent to the wireless device. The at least one sensing signal may be sent to the wireless device. The wireless device may be able to sense a first portion of an incident wave. The wireless device may be able to reflect a second portion of the incident wave. The first portion and the second portion may overlap or may not overlap.

[0274] Aspect 2 is a method according to aspect 1, wherein the method may include: configuring the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. Sending the configuration of the resource set for the at least one sensing signal may include: sending the configuration of the resource set based on the configured resource set.

[0275] Aspect 3 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 and 2, wherein sending the configuration of the resource set may include: sending the configuration of the resource set to the wireless device.

[0276] Aspect 4 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the wireless device may include a RIS.

[0277] Aspect 5 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set may include sending at least one sensing signal to the second network node via the wireless device.

[0278] Aspect 6 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the method may include: receiving a report of a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal from a second network node.

[0279] Aspect 7 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the method may include: receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The method may include outputting an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal to a second network node. The indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor may be received from a wireless device.

[0280] Aspect 8 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein sending at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set may include sending at least one sensing signal to the first network node via the wireless device. The sensing signal may be sent to the wireless device and reflected back to the first network node. The wireless device may reflect the sensing signal to a target object, the target object reflects the sensing signal back to the wireless device, and the wireless device then reflects the sensing signal back to the first network node.

[0281] Aspect 9 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the method may include: receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set for the at least one sensing signal. The method may include receiving a reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on a reflection via a wireless device. The method may include performing a sensing operation for the reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set.

[0282] Aspect 10 is a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein the method may include: estimating at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device based on a first position indication of the wireless device and a second position indication of the first network node.

[0283] Aspect 11 is a method of wireless communication at a wireless device, wherein the method may include receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device and a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The method may include sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration. The method may include receiving and forwarding the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set. The wireless device may be able to sense a first portion of an incident wave. The wireless device may be able to reflect a second portion of an incident wave. The first portion and the second portion may overlap or may not overlap.

[0284] Aspect 12 is a method according to aspect 11, wherein receiving and forwarding the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set may include: reflecting the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set.

[0285] Aspect 13 is a method according to any one of aspects 11 and 12, wherein the method may include: estimating at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on at least one of an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. Sending the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration may include: sending the indication based on the estimation of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor.

[0286] Aspect 14 is a method according to any aspect 13, wherein the method may include: based on To estimate the frequency domain compensation factor at the nth element of the wireless device. i It can be the incident beam direction angle of the wireless device. θ r It can be the reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. n λ may be the distance between the first element of the wireless device and the nth element of the wireless device. λ may be the wavelength of the at least one sensing signal. You can use the formula To estimate.

[0287] Aspect 15 is a method according to aspect 13, wherein at least one frequency domain compensation factor is estimated as a product of a first frequency domain compensation factor for DL ​​reflection and a second frequency domain compensation factor for UL reflection.

[0288] Aspect 16 is a method according to any one of aspects 11 to 15, wherein receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal may include receiving a configuration from a first network node. Sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include sending an indication to a second network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on a resource set may include receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on a resource set may include forwarding at least one sensing signal to a second network node.

[0289] Aspect 17 is the method of aspect 16, wherein forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the second network node may include forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the second network node via the target object.

[0290] Aspect 18 is a method according to any one of aspects 11 to 15, wherein receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal may include receiving a configuration from a first network node. Sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include sending an indication to the first network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set may include receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set may include forwarding at least one sensing signal to a second network node. The first network node may output an indication to the second network node.

[0291] Aspect 19 is the method of aspect 18, wherein forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the second network node may include forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the second network node via the target object.

[0292] Aspect 20 is a method according to any one of aspects 11 to 15, wherein receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal may include receiving a configuration from a first network node. Sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include sending an indication to the first network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set may include receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node. Receiving and forwarding at least one sensing signal based on the resource set may include forwarding at least one sensing signal to the first network node.

[0293] Aspect 21 is the method of aspect 20, wherein forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the first network node may include forwarding the at least one sensing signal to the first network node via a target object, the target object reflecting the at least one sensing signal back to the wireless device.

[0294] Aspect 22 is a method of wireless communication at a wireless device, wherein the method may include receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the following items: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. Each resource in the resource set may be associated with at least one of the incident beam direction angle of the wireless device and the reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device. The method may include receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device. The method may include performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set. The wireless device may be able to sense a first portion of an incident wave. The wireless device may be able to reflect a second portion of the incident wave. The first portion and the second portion may overlap or may not overlap.

[0295] Aspect 23 is a method according to aspect 22, wherein receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device may include receiving at least one sensing signal from a first network node via the wireless device.

[0296] Aspect 24 is a method according to any one of aspects 22 to 23, wherein receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device may include receiving at least one sensing signal from the first network node via the wireless device and the target object.

[0297] Aspect 25 is a method according to any one of aspects 22 to 24, wherein the wireless device may include a RIS.

[0298] Aspect 26 is a method according to any one of aspects 22 to 25, wherein receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device may include receiving at least one sensing signal via the wireless device based on a reflection capability of the wireless device.

[0299] Aspect 27 is a method according to any one of aspects 22 to 26, wherein the method may include sending a report of a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal to the first network node or the third network node.

[0300] Aspect 28 is a method according to aspect 27, wherein the report may include at least one of a first indication of a time delay associated with the at least one sensing signal or a second indication of a distance associated with the at least one sensing signal.

[0301] Aspect 29 is a method according to any one of Aspects 22 to 28, wherein performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication for at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include: estimating at least one of a delay or a distance associated with at least one sensing signal based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set.

[0302] Aspect 30 is a method according to any one of Aspects 22 to 29, wherein performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication for at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include: compensating at least one of an amplitude value or a phase value based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set.

[0303] Aspect 31 is a method according to any one of Aspects 22 to 30, wherein performing a sensing operation for at least one sensing signal based on an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor may include: estimating a delay value corresponding to a path of at least one sensing signal by performing IFFT based on at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set.

[0304] Aspect 32 is an apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, and based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any one of aspects 1 to 31.

[0305] Aspect 33 is the apparatus of aspect 32, further comprising at least one of an antenna or a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor.

[0306] Aspect 34 is an apparatus for wireless communication, comprising means for implementing any one of aspects 1 to 31.

[0307] Aspect 35 is a computer-readable medium (eg, non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 1 to 31.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first network node, comprising: Memory; as well as at least one processor coupled to the memory and based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor configured to: transmitting a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal, wherein each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device; as well as The at least one sensing signal is sent based on the configuration of the resource sets.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: configuring the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal, wherein, in order to send the configuration of the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal, the at least one processor is configured to: The configuration of the set of resources is sent based on the configured set of resources.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, to transmit the configuration of the set of resources, the at least one processor is further configured to: The configuration of the set of resources is transmitted to the wireless device via the transceiver.

4. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The wireless device includes a reconfigurable smart surface (RIS).

5. The device according to claim 1, wherein: To send the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one sensing signal is sent via the wireless device to a second network node.

6. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: A report of a sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal is received from the second network node.

7. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal; as well as The indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal is output to a second network node.

8. The device according to claim 1, wherein: To send the at least one sensing signal based on the configuration of the resource set, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one sensing signal is sent via the wireless device to the first network node.

9. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal; receiving a reflection of the at least one sensing signal based on reflection via the wireless device; as well as A sensing operation for the reflection of the at least one sensing signal is performed based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources.

10. The device according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: At least one of the incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or the reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device is estimated based on the first position indication of the wireless device and the second position indication of the first network node.

11. An apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless device, comprising: Memory; as well as at least one processor coupled to the memory and based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor configured to: Receiving a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal, wherein each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of: an incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device; sending an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources based on the configuration; as well as The at least one sensing signal is received and forwarded based on the set of resources.

12. The device according to claim 11, wherein To receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the set of resources, the at least one processor is configured to reflect the at least one sensing signal based on the set of resources.

13. The device according to claim 11, wherein: The wireless device includes a reconfigurable smart surface (RIS).

14. The device according to claim 11, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: estimating the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on at least one of the incident beam direction angle of the wireless device or the reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device, wherein, in order to send the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the resource set based on the configuration, the at least one processor is further configured to: The indication is sent based on the estimation of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor.

15. The device according to claim 14, wherein: To estimate the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one frequency domain compensation factor is estimated as a product of a first frequency domain compensation factor for downlink (DL) reflections and a second frequency domain compensation factor for uplink (UL) reflections.

16. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, in order to receive the configuration of the resource set for the at least one sensing signal, the at least one processor is further configured to: receiving the configuration from the first network node via the transceiver, wherein, to send the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is further configured to: and sending the indication to a second network node, wherein, in order to receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set, the at least one processor is further configured to: receiving the at least one sensing signal from the first network node via the transceiver; and The at least one sensing signal is forwarded to the second network node.

17. The device according to claim 16, wherein: In order to forward the at least one sensing signal to the second network node, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one sensing signal is forwarded to the second network node via the target object.

18. The device according to claim 11, wherein To receive the configuration of the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal, the at least one processor is further configured to: The configuration is received from the first network node, wherein, to send the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is further configured to: and sending the indication to the first network node, wherein, in order to receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set, the at least one processor is further configured to: receiving the at least one sensing signal from the first network node; and The at least one sensing signal is conveyed to a second network node.

19. The device according to claim 11, wherein: To receive the configuration of the set of resources for the at least one sensing signal, the at least one processor is further configured to: The configuration is received from the first network node, wherein, to send the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is further configured to: and sending the indication to the first network node, wherein, in order to receive and forward the at least one sensing signal based on the resource set, the at least one processor is further configured to: receiving the at least one sensing signal from the first network node; and The at least one sensing signal is forwarded to the first network node.

20. An apparatus for wireless communication at a second network node, comprising: Memory; as well as at least one processor coupled to the memory and based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor configured to: Receiving an indication of at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in a resource set for at least one sensing signal, wherein each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of: an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device; receiving, via the wireless device, the at least one sensing signal; and A sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal is performed based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising: a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, in order to receive the at least one sensing signal via the wireless device, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one sensing signal is received via the wireless device from a first network node via the transceiver.

22. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To receive the at least one sensing signal via the wireless device, the at least one processor is further configured to: The at least one sensing signal is received from a first network node via the wireless device and a target object.

23. The device according to claim 20, wherein: The wireless device includes a reconfigurable smart surface (RIS).

24. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To receive the at least one sensing signal via the wireless device, the at least one processor is configured to: The at least one sensing signal is received via the wireless device based on a reflection capability of the wireless device.

25. The device according to claim 20, wherein: The at least one processor is further configured to: A report of the sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal is sent to at least one of the first network node or the third network node.

26. The device according to claim 25, wherein The report includes at least one of: a first indication of a time delay associated with the at least one sensed signal, or a second indication of a distance associated with the at least one sensed signal.

27. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To perform the sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is configured to: At least one of a delay or a distance associated with the at least one sensing signal is estimated based on the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources.

28. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To perform the sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is configured to: At least one of an amplitude value or a phase value is compensated based on the at least one frequency domain compensation factor for each resource in the set of resources.

29. The device according to claim 20, wherein: To perform the sensing operation for the at least one sensing signal based on the indication of the at least one frequency domain compensation factor, the at least one processor is configured to: A delay value corresponding to a path of the at least one sensing signal is estimated by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) based on the at least one frequency domain compensation factor of each resource in the resource set.

30. A method of wireless communication at a first network node, comprising: Transmitting a configuration of a resource set for at least one sensing signal, wherein each resource in the resource set is associated with at least one of an incident beam direction angle of a wireless device or a reflected beam direction angle of the wireless device; and The at least one sensing signal is sent based on the configuration of the resource sets.

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