Intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on salt marsh plant cultivation

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and relates to an intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the planting of salt marsh plants, including: selecting a planting area; determining the positions and distributions of individual patches, patch concentration areas, and ecological function coverage areas within the planting area; the patch concentration area includes N individual patches and tidal flats, the spacing between adjacent individual patches is 5-15 m, the area occupied by the individual patches is not less than 60%, and the area of the patch concentration area ≥ 200 m<supgt;2< / supgt>; the ecological function coverage area includes M patch concentration areas and tidal flats, the area occupied by the patch concentration areas is not less than 50%; the ecological function coverage area accounts for more than 50% of the area of the intertidal zone restoration area; planting salt marsh plants in the individual patches; the planting density per unit area in the individual patches is not less than 80 plants / m

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and particularly relates to an intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the planting of salt marsh plants. Background Art

[0002] Intertidal wetlands have characteristics such as large area, high planting difficulty, and large environmental disturbance. Traditional planting of salt marsh plants in the intertidal zone is often carried out in a uniform density in a flat manner. This method consumes a large amount of materials and manpower, and both the survival rate and coverage efficiency of salt marsh plants are relatively low. The implementation difficulty of the project is relatively high, and it ignores the natural succession process of the ecosystem and the natural distribution pattern of biodiversity, easily resulting in insufficient stability and self-maintenance ability of the restored ecosystem. In addition, due to the lack of in-depth understanding of the unique environmental conditions in the intertidal zone and adaptive design, when facing extreme climate and environmental changes, it often shows vulnerability and is difficult to achieve long-term ecological restoration and protection goals.

[0003] In addition, the existing salt marsh plant planting technology has the following disadvantages: First, large-scale planting is carried out in the restoration area, so a large amount of physical labor and material resources are required for continuous maintenance, resulting in high material and labor costs; Second, in the special environment of the intertidal zone, it is difficult to ensure the colonization and growth of plants and the survival rate is relatively low, especially in areas with strong winds and waves, resulting in high implementation difficulty of the project; Third, excessive attention is paid to the overall vegetation coverage rate, ignoring the structure and function of the intertidal zone ecosystem itself, and the restoration is not carried out in accordance with the laws and characteristics of vegetation development, and the vegetation is prone to lack of environmental adaptability. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Based on the above-mentioned disadvantages and deficiencies existing in the prior art, one of the purposes of the present invention is to at least solve one or more of the above problems existing in the prior art. In other words, one of the purposes of the present invention is to provide an intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the planting of salt marsh plants that meets one or more of the foregoing requirements.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned invention purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] An intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the planting of salt marsh plants, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1. Based on the intertidal zone restoration area, select the planting area;

[0008] S2. Determine the positions and distributions of single patches, patch concentration areas, and ecological function coverage areas in the planting area; wherein, the area of the single patch is 15 - 30m 2 ; the patch concentration area includes NThe bare flats between individual patches and individual patches, the spacing between adjacent individual patches is 5 - 15 m, the area occupied by all individual patches in the patch concentration area is not less than 60%, and the area of the patch concentration area ≥ 200 m 2 , N is a positive integer greater than 1; the ecological function coverage area includes M the bare flats between individual patch concentration areas and individual patch concentration areas, the area occupied by all individual patch concentration areas in the ecological function coverage area is not less than 50%, M is a positive integer greater than 1; the ecological function coverage area accounts for more than 50% of the area of the intertidal zone restoration area;

[0009] S3. Plant salt marsh plants in individual patches through artificial cultivation or in-situ transplantation; the planting density per unit area in individual patches is not less than 80 plants / m 2 ;

[0010] S4. Monitor the growth of salt marsh plants after planting to evaluate the actual survival rate and growth status.

[0011] As a preferred solution, in step S3, when there are no salt marsh plants near the intertidal zone restoration area, artificially cultivated salt marsh plants are used to plant individual patches.

[0012] As a preferred solution, the salt marsh plant is Scirpus mariqueter, and seedlings are transplanted in the field using seedlings;

[0013] The seedlings are seedlings with a seedling age of less than 1 year germinated from the sexual reproduction of Scirpus mariqueter seeds, with a standard of a stem base width ≥ 2.5 mm and a nursery plant height of 10 - 15 cm, suitable for individual patch areas with a wave energy density ≤ 80 J / m 2 and a salinity ≤ 15‰ during the rooting and establishment period.

[0014] As a preferred solution, the seedlings are transplanted and planted using paper cup seedlings without the need for pot removal; after the seedlings germinate and grow to 5 - 10 cm, they are transplanted into containers with a diameter of 5 - 7 cm for cup seedling cultivation, and the transplanting density is controlled at 10 - 15 plants / cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they are taken out of the nursery.

[0015] As a preferred solution, the salt marsh plant is Scirpus mariqueter, and seedlings are transplanted in the field using bulb seedlings;

[0016] The bulb seedlings are seedlings germinated from the asexual reproduction of Scirpus mariqueter bulbs as explants, with an explant bulb diameter ≥ 5 mm and a nursery plant height of 10 - 15 cm, suitable for individual patch areas with a wave energy density ≤ 150 J / m 2 and a salinity ≤ 15‰ during the rooting and establishment period.

[0017] As a preferred solution, the bulb seedlings are cultivated using cup seedlings. Select healthy, plump, fresh bulbs with a diameter ≥ 5 mm, and the planting density is 4 - 6 bulbs per cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they are taken out of the nursery.

[0018] As a preferred solution, in step S3, when there are native salt marsh plants near the intertidal zone restoration area, the single - patch planting method is used for planting.

[0019] As a preferred solution, the salt marsh plant is Scirpus mariqueter. The in - situ transplanting method is as follows: When the tide is out, lift the seedlings with water within the native Scirpus mariqueter population, and keep the root part when lifting the seedlings; The timing of taking seedlings is selected when the water flooding depth ≥ 5 cm at low tide, the width of the seedling - taking area ≤ 1 m, and the interval between seedling - taking areas ≥ 2 m.

[0020] As a preferred solution, in step S4, when the loss rate of seedlings ≥ 50%, replanting is carried out; After 1 month of planting, check the transplanting survival rate. If the survival rate ≤ 50%, replanting is carried out.

[0021] As a preferred solution, the N takes values from 20 to 80.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0023] (1) Compared with the traditional uniform - density flat - laying planting technology, the present invention realizes the maximum ecological function coverage with the minimum plant planting area, effectively reducing the consumption of materials and labor; After using the intertidal zone ecological restoration method of the present invention, the planting area does not exceed 30% of the total area of the intertidal zone restoration area, while the ecological function coverage area accounts for 50% of the total area of the target area. This optimized resource allocation significantly reduces the cost;

[0024] (2) By simulating the patch distribution of natural salt marsh plants, the present invention can help the artificially planted salt marsh plants survive better; The arrangement between single patches is beneficial to the overall colonization of the vegetation. At the same time, the planting density within a single patch is relatively high, which has a certain resistance to wind and waves itself, improving the survival rate of the plants;

[0025] (3) By simulating the natural patch distribution, the present invention makes the vegetation more adaptable to the intertidal zone environment and has stronger resistance to wind and waves; And the vegetation naturally densifies under the action of plant growth, and finally can cover the entire restoration area, developing into an ecological system adapted to the intertidal zone environment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the single - patch planting of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the patch concentration area of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the ecological function coverage area of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 4 It is a regular monitoring picture of some patches in the restoration target area of Example 1 of the present invention during the initial planting - after growth - continuous growth. Detailed implementation manners

[0030] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention, the following will describe the detailed implementation manners of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings, and other implementation manners can also be obtained.

[0031] The intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the planting of salt marsh plants of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0032] Step 1: Design a layout plan for the restoration area;

[0033] Perform UAV multispectral mapping on the target restoration area of the intertidal zone to obtain substrate environment data such as terrain and hydrology. If necessary, a terrain transformation project should be carried out first;

[0034] According to the specific substrate environment data, select a suitable planting area, design a patch layout accordingly, and determine the positions and distributions of individual patches, patch concentration areas, and ecological function coverage areas.

[0035] When the present invention selects a suitable planting area, it is required that the planting area meets the following environmental conditions:

[0036] a) It is at a position more than 0.8 m below the mean high tide level (i.e., the height is not less than H - 0.8 m, where H is the mean high tide level), the average flooding depth during the summer astronomical spring tide ≤ 2 m, and the average daily flooding duration ≤ 8 h;

[0037] b) It meets the conditions of muddy beaches, intertidal brackish marshes, and estuarine deltas in GB / T 24708. The tidal flat sediments are stable, the vertical sediment deposition in a single month in spring is within 0 - 10 cm, and the maximum wave energy density of the tidal flat hydrodynamic force should be less than 250 J / m 2 ;

[0038] c) The average salinity in spring ≤ 18‰, and the short - term salinity extreme value ≤ 23‰.

[0039] When designing the patch layout of the present invention, it is necessary to ensure that there is sufficient area to support the survival of plants, while maximizing the perimeter - area ratio to form more edge areas. When constructing the patch concentration area, the distance and arrangement between patches need to be considered to promote biodiversity and the continuous growth of plants. Therefore, the single - patch layout design should follow the following conditions:

[0040] 1) Use forms such as bulbs as seedlings and plant them based on the patch form;

[0041] 2) The area of a single patch should be ≥ 15 m 2 , and the planting density of salt - marsh plants in a single patch should be ≥ 80 plants / m 2 ;

[0042] 3) The distance between adjacent patches should not be greater than the diameter of a single patch;

[0043] 4) The single patch and the bare - flat area between patches form the patch concentration area, and the area of a single patch concentration area should be ≥ 200 m 2 ; among them, the patch area should not be less than 60% of the area of the patch concentration area;

[0044] 5) Within the range formed by multiple patch concentration areas and the bare - flat area between them, the area of the patch concentration area should not be less than 50% of the total area.

[0045] Step 2: Construct single patches and patch concentration areas;

[0046] Set single patches in the restoration area according to the designed plan and mark the positions of the single patches. A single patch is the basic unit that simulates the distribution of natural salt - marsh plants. The salt - marsh plants required for constructing single patches can be obtained mainly through two methods: artificial cultivation and in - situ transplantation. Taking Scirpus mariqueter as an example, it is described in detail and divided into two cases:

[0047] First: In the case where there is no native Scirpus mariqueter near the restoration area, the patches should be constructed with artificially cultivated Scirpus mariqueter, and it is appropriate to use seedlings or bulb seedlings for in - field transplantation;

[0048] Seedlings are seedlings with a seedling age of less than 1 year germinated from the seeds of Scirpus mariqueter through sexual reproduction. The standard is that the width of the stem base is ≥ 2.5 mm, and the height of the seedlings out of the nursery is 10 - 15 cm. It is applicable to the area where the wave energy density ≤ 80 J / m 2 and the salinity during the rooting and establishment period ≤ 15‰ based on the requirements of the area selection in Step 1;

[0049] Bulb seedlings are seedlings germinated through asexual reproduction with the bulbs of Scirpus mariqueter as explants. The standard is that the diameter of the explant bulb is ≥ 5 mm, and the height of the seedlings out of the nursery is 10 - 15 cm. It is applicable to the area where the wave energy density ≤ 150 J / m 2and areas with a salinity of ≤15‰ during the rooting and establishment period;

[0050] The cup-seedling cultivation method is an auxiliary planting method that can be adopted to improve the success rate of Scirpus mariqueter planting. The principle is as follows: Using paper cups with easily penetrable and degradable roots as containers to cultivate Scirpus mariqueter seedlings can retain relatively complete roots and resist stronger hydrodynamic forces. When transplanting and planting the paper cup seedlings, there is no need to remove the pots, and they can be directly planted. After the seedlings germinate and grow to 5 - 10 cm, they can be transplanted into containers with a diameter of 5 - 7 cm for cup-seedling cultivation. The transplanting density should be controlled at 10 - 15 plants / cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they can be outplanted and planted in areas with a wave energy density of ≤150 J / m 2 , and areas with a salinity of ≤15‰ during the rooting and establishment period. For bulb cup-seedling cultivation, healthy, plump, fresh bulbs with a diameter of ≥5 mm should be selected, and the planting density is 4 - 6 bulbs / cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they can be outplanted and planted in areas with a wave energy density of ≤250 J / m 2 , and areas with a salinity of ≤18‰ during the rooting and establishment period.

[0051] Second: In the case of having native Scirpus mariqueter near the restoration area, the in-situ transplantation method can be used. Look for areas with a relatively high plant density and relatively robust plants in the wild Scirpus mariqueter population. When the tide ebbs, lift the seedlings with water in the Scirpus mariqueter patch. When lifting the seedlings, try to retain the root part as much as possible to reduce root damage; The timing of seedling collection should be when the water depth during low tide is ≥5 cm; To ensure that the area can quickly recover after seedling collection, the width of the seedling collection area should be ≤1 m, and the interval between seedling collection areas should be ≥2 m.

[0052] Whether it is artificial seedling cultivation or in-situ transplantation, when planting patches, it must be carried out according to the design plan. On the basis of individual patches, according to the marks, plant a patch concentration area formed by the arrangement and combination of multiple individual patches, so as to better exert the edge effect between patches. The planting of patches and patch concentration areas must follow the conditions of the patch layout design in Step 1 to ensure that the Scirpus mariqueter population can be established and play a restoration function.

[0053] Step Four: Monitoring and maintenance work;

[0054] Monitor the growth of plants after planting to evaluate the actual survival rate and growth status. Among them, if the loss of seedlings in an individual patch is ≥50%, it should be replanted in time and necessary auxiliary planting measures should be taken; One month after planting, check the transplanting survival rate. If the plant survival rate in an individual patch is ≤50%, it should be replanted in time. Conduct foliar topdressing and plant hormone regulation during the growing season, which can effectively improve the stress resistance and growth potential of salt marsh plants and help complete the establishment and growth faster;

[0055] Intertidal plants in coastal areas are affected by seasonal tides and extreme climates, with a relatively short growth window period and being more susceptible to pests and diseases. During the community establishment period, pest and disease management should be carried out well, with regular pesticide application for maintenance to prevent and control the occurrence of pests and diseases. In addition, the maintenance work needs to be adjusted according to the specific environmental conditions of the intertidal zone and the growth requirements of the plants.

[0056] The following is a detailed description of the salt marsh plant planting of the present invention, which is specifically divided into three levels:

[0057] The first level is single - patch planting: as Figure 1 shown, the planting density per unit area within the single patch 1 is generally ≥80 plants / m 2 , and the area of the single patch 1 is generally 15 - 30 m 2 . According to the micro - topographic environment conditions, the spacing between adjacent single patches planted is D 5 - 15 m;

[0058] The second level is a patch concentration area composed of multiple single patches. As Figure 2 shown, a patch concentration area 2 can be composed of multiple single patches 1. The area of the patch concentration area includes the area of the single patches and the area of the bare flat 3 between the patches. Among them, the area occupied by the patches is greater than 60%. Through natural growth, the patches within the patch concentration area are connected into a continuous area P within one to two years;

[0059] The third level is an ecological function coverage area composed of several patch concentration areas. As Figure 3 shown, the proportion of the patch concentration area 2 within the ecological function coverage area 4 is generally designed to be no less than 50% of the total area of the tidal flat restoration;

[0060] The actual planted patch area is equivalent to 30% of the total area to ensure the survival and continuation of the salt marsh plant population in the area. Considering the survival rate, the replanting amount is generally 30 - 50% of the initial planting amount; In areas with a large impact of tidal scour, bamboo slices 5 are used as a tidal protection measure on the tidal - facing side of the patches to reduce the adverse effects of tidal scour on the seedlings during the initial planting.

[0061] Example 1:

[0062] The restoration target area to which the intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on salt marsh plant planting in this example is applied is located in the intertidal zone of Shanwan, Zhapu Town, Pinghu City, Zhejiang Province, a Shanwan sample section with a total area of about 100 mu. The scheme design includes single patches, patch concentration areas, and an ecological function coverage area composed of patches set according to the actual situation. The plants used for restoration are the local pioneer salt marsh plant Scirpus mariqueter.

[0063] First, through niche unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral exploration, the substrate environment data of the target area is obtained, and the planting scheme is designed with reference to the contour map.

[0064] There are 9 patch concentration areas in the ecological function coverage area in the planting plan, each of which has 28 circular patches, mainly arranged in a pattern of 3 to 6 patches per row. The circular patches are relatively close together, so that the planting area accounts for more than 30% of the total area of the target area, and the ecological function coverage area accounts for more than 50% of the total area of the target area.

[0065] After the planting of S. maritima patches, the target area showed a restoration process of three stages: initial planting, post-growth, and continuous growth, with a span of about 5 months. The vegetation area reached 94.44 mu, an increase of 37.44 mu compared with the initial area of 57 mu, which is 1.66 times the original area. The plant density reached 700-800 plants / m 2 .

[0066] like Figure 4 As shown in the regular monitoring pictures of some patches, the plants in the patches have become denser and started to expand outward. This shows that the vegetation has begun to adapt to the intertidal environment, has a stronger resistance to wind and waves, and the survival rate of the plants has been further improved. The vegetation as a whole can be naturally denser under the growth of plants. At the same time, due to the edge effect, after the patch planting is completed, the vegetation gradually spreads to the area between the patches, so that the patches are connected into pieces through the natural growth of vegetation. Under this growth trend, the vegetation will eventually cover the entire restoration area and develop into an ecosystem that adapts to the intertidal environment and is resistant to wind and waves.

[0067] The above description is only a detailed description of the preferred embodiments and principles of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, according to the ideas provided by the present invention, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods, and these changes should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An intertidal zone ecological restoration method based on the cultivation of salt marsh plants, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: S1. Select a planting area based on the intertidal restoration area; S2. Determine the positions and distributions of individual patches, patch concentration areas, and ecological function coverage areas within the planting area; among them, the individual patches are circular patches with an area of 15 - 30 m 2 ; the patch concentration area includes N individual patches and the mudflats between the individual patches, arranged in a pattern of 3 - 6 patches per row, with a spacing of 5 - 15 m between adjacent individual patches. The area occupied by all individual patches in the patch concentration area is not less than 60%, and the area of the patch concentration area ≥ 200 m 2 , N , where the value of M ranges from 20 to 80; the ecological function coverage area includes M patch concentration areas and the mudflats between the patch concentration areas. The area occupied by all patch concentration areas in the ecological function coverage area is not less than 50%, M is a positive integer greater than 1; the ecological function coverage area accounts for more than 50% of the area of the intertidal zone restoration area; Among them, the actual planting patch area is 30% of the intertidal restoration area; S3. Cultivate or transplant salt marsh plants artificially within a single patch; the planting density per unit area within the single patch shall not be less than 80 plants / m 2 ; In the case that there are no salt marsh plants near the intertidal restoration area, use artificially cultivated single patches of salt marsh plants for planting; among them, the salt marsh plant is Scirpus mariqueter; Using seedlings for in-situ transplantation; the seedlings are seedlings less than 1 year old germinated from the sexual reproduction of Scirpus mariqueter seeds, with the standard of stem base width ≥ 2.5 mm, the plant height at outplanting being 10 - 15 cm, applicable to a single patch area with wave energy density ≤ 80 J / m 2 and a salinity ≤ 15‰ during the rooting and planting period; Alternatively, use bulb seedlings for transplanting field seedlings; the bulb seedlings are seedlings germinated by asexual reproduction with Scirpus mariqueter bulbs as explants. The diameter of the explant bulbs is ≥5 mm, the plant height at outplanting is 10-15 cm, and it is applicable to single patch areas with wave energy density ≤150 J / m 2 and the salinity during the rooting and planting period is ≤15‰; In the case that there are native salt marsh plants near the intertidal restoration area, use the method of in-situ transplantation to plant single patches; among them, the salt marsh plant is Scirpus mariqueter; the method of in-situ transplantation is: when the tide ebbs, lift the seedlings with water within the native Scirpus mariqueter population, and keep the root part when lifting the seedlings; the timing of taking seedlings is selected when the water flooding depth ≥ 5 cm at low tide, the width of the seedling-taking area ≤ 1 m, and the interval of the seedling-taking area ≥ 2 m; S4. Monitor the growth of salt marsh plants after planting to evaluate the actual survival rate and growth status.

2. The intertidal zone ecological restoration method according to claim 1, wherein, The seedlings are transplanted and planted using paper cup seedlings without the need for pot removal treatment; after the seedlings germinate and grow to 5 - 10 cm, they are transplanted into containers with a diameter of 5 - 7 cm for cup seedling cultivation, and the transplanting density is controlled at 10 - 15 plants / cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they are taken out of the nursery.

3. The intertidal zone ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that The bulb seedlings are cultivated using cup seedlings. Select healthy, plump, fresh bulbs with a diameter ≥ 5 mm, and the planting density is 4 - 6 bulbs / cup. After the roots grow to fill the container, they are taken out of the nursery.

4. The intertidal zone ecological restoration method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, In step S4, if the loss rate of seedlings ≥ 50%, replanting is carried out; after 1 month of planting, check the transplanting survival rate. If the survival rate ≤ 50%, replanting is carried out.

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