Notification management method for vehicle-based human-computer interface and vehicle with notification management system

Abstract

The invention relates to a notification management method for a vehicle-based human-machine interface having at least one notification channel. The notification management system forwards the notification for the at least one vehicle occupant and / or the vehicle function module to the notification channel according to a priority associated with the notification, or retains the notification. The method according to the invention is characterized in that the priority associated with the notification is defined by a number of priorities; selecting a notification and forwarding it to a notification channel if its priority level exceeds a channel threshold assigned to the notification channel and the notification has the highest priority level for the respective notification channel; the channel threshold value changes along with time, and in a normal operation mode, the channel threshold value changes along with time; the notification management system is set between a minimum threshold value and a maximum threshold value at predetermined time intervals on the basis of the driving data and / or the vehicle environment data and / or the vehicle data and / or the state data of the human-machine interface and / or the at least one advance notification transmission and / or the vehicle occupant observation data.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a notification management method for a vehicle-based human-machine interface of the type defined in more detail in the preamble of claim 1 , and to a vehicle having a notification management system.

[0002] The further development of assistance systems is accompanied by an increase in the demands on the information management of in-vehicle infotainment systems, which are increasingly extended to complex human-machine interfaces. In this case, multiple interaction channels are provided for the transmission of information and the influence on the driver. The classic interaction channel for displaying visual information is the graphical user interface (GUI), which is usually designed as a touch-sensitive display in the vehicle console. In addition to large-format liquid crystal displays, projection systems that produce images on the interior surfaces of the vehicle are increasingly used for this purpose. Data glasses worn by the driver and that communicate wirelessly with the infotainment system also provide a possible visual interaction channel. The use of acoustic interaction channels is also important, for example by voice assistants, by warning sounds or by recognizable message melodies.

[0003] Furthermore, the HMI can also use tactile signals and other influencing possibilities to influence the driver to deliver information. Subconscious measures are also possible to increase attention and generally improve travel comfort. For example, targeted airflow or heat, cold or scent stimulation can be used as alternative interaction channels. Seat massage devices also represent a possible interaction channel for vehicle-based HMIs for notification delivery.

[0004] In addition to the transmission of vehicle- and environment-related data, people often want to receive entertainment notifications and stay in constant contact with the outside world while on the go. Possible notifications via the HMI therefore also include the playing of media content, such as movies or music videos, or audio content, such as audiobooks, music clips, podcasts, etc. In addition, the input of social media content or podcasts initiated by the HMI or the output of data generated by chat or video conferencing programs should be possible. In this case, the HMI handles not only notifications for the driver, but also notifications primarily intended for other vehicle occupants.

[0005] The increase in information density and the expansion of interaction possibilities necessitate the need to choose from a large number of possible notifications that are not directly asked by the driver but are issued by the human-machine interface, in this case these are called proactive notifications, and to decide at which moment and via which available interaction channel to respond to the driver or vehicle occupant. Distraction, fatigue or overstrain, especially of the driver, due to the sequence of notifications must be avoided. Furthermore, the constant stream of proactive notifications and the selected type of delivery should not lead to boredom or distortion of the human-machine interface. In particular, the relevant information in the sequence of notifications must be delivered in a way that is perceptible and timely to the driver. These challenges are addressed for a method and system for notification management.

[0006] Methods for determining message priorities are known from other technical fields. For example, US20210337039A1 describes a priority system for messages generated by multiple applications on an electronic device. Based on the priority assigned to the corresponding application during the installation process, a rule-based selection of application notifications for forwarding to a single user interface (in this case, a single display) is processed, wherein a typical use case is a computer system on which multiple notification generating software programs such as an email program or a game are running. The priority system ensures that no more than a predetermined number of application notifications are forwarded to system users within a predetermined time period, wherein, in the event that multiple notifications arrive in parallel, only information from the application with the highest priority is selected for display representation. Applying this rule-based concept with initial configuration priorities to the human-machine interface of the vehicle results in a complex system, which has a high management cost for configuration, particularly due to the multiple interaction channels on the vehicle side.

[0007] Another message prioritization method is known from EP 1 287 444 B1, in which the processing of e-mails is provided as a primary application. It is proposed to provide the messages with a classifier, which determines the urgency and / or relevance, in particular of e-mails. The messages to be sent to the user are then selected based on rules by querying the classifier and based on a profile established at least initially by the recipient. Usually, different profiles are created on the user side, depending on the location and the respective activity, for example, different profiles can be provided for work, leisure, vacation, travel, etc. During activities outside of work or residence, the message prioritization system automatically sends the selected e-mails to a mobile device specified by the user instead of their desktop. Switching between profiles is achieved by user input or by querying the user input, for example in a personal electronic calendar.

[0008] In the case of vehicle-based HMIs, the message priority system proposed by EP 1 287 444 B1 can be applied, which must be configured in a complex manner by the respective user before starting to drive. In order to individually define the priority rules for using the basic functions of the complex onboard HMI, the user needs to make a lot of efforts before starting to drive. Activating all functions requires a deeper understanding of the rule-based profile settings and cannot be performed without expert knowledge of the respective vehicle-based HMI.

[0009] US 9,769,106 B2 discloses a method for a mobile terminal for displaying and prioritizing visual messages based on rules based on an adapted tile design on a display of the mobile terminal. To this end, a predefined set of rules is used to subdivide the messages into categories, which are then displayed on different areas of the display in a category-specific manner. Messages in the same category are displayed in an order corresponding to their priority. In order to determine the priority within the message category, an analysis of user behavior is performed. The message sources and the average duration of the user of the mobile terminal responding to messages from the corresponding message sources are determined. Applying the described message priority method to a vehicle-based human-machine interface leads to a fundamental difficulty, namely that in vehicle applications there is a large range of message types, which cannot generally be uniformly classified. Another difficulty arises from the complexity of the human-machine interface of a vehicle with multiple interaction channels. In addition, the analysis of user behavior required for priority, in particular the duration of its response to messages from known message sources, is not executable for multiple active in-vehicle notifications.

[0010] The object of the present invention is to provide an improved notification management method for a vehicle-based human-machine interface, by means of which notifications are sent in a timely manner and with respect to the selected notification channel, in particular to the driver, in such a way that the driver's concentration is not impaired and the driver does not find this annoying. In particular, in the case of a plurality of possible notification channels, the notification management method for proactive notifications should be executable by the user without requiring complex system configuration. Furthermore, a vehicle having such an improved notification management system must be specified.

[0011] According to the invention, this object is achieved by a notification management method having the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments and developments and a vehicle having a notification management system for carrying out the notification management method emerge from the associated claims.

[0012] A notification management method for a vehicle-based human-machine interface having at least one notification channel, wherein the notification management system forwards notifications for at least one vehicle occupant and / or vehicle functional module to the notification channel or retains the notifications based on a priority associated with the notifications.

[0013] The notification management method according to the present invention is characterized in that:

[0014] - The priority associated with a notification is defined by a priority number;

[0015] - selecting a notification and forwarding it to a notification channel if its priority number exceeds a channel threshold assigned to a notification channel and the notification has the highest priority number for the corresponding notification channel; and

[0016] -The channel threshold is time-varying and, in normal operating mode, is set between a minimum threshold and a maximum threshold at predetermined time intervals by the notification management system based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or status data of the human-machine interface and / or at least one advance notification delivery and / or vehicle occupant observation data.

[0017] In this case, the notification itself can be of a purely communicative nature, but can also include control signals which, in addition to controlling an information element such as a display, can also control a function in a functional module of the vehicle, such as a massage device in a vehicle seat. This notification / control of the functional module can occur together with the communication notification or include the communication notification - for example as haptic feedback - or can also be exclusive of the communication notification.

[0018] In this case, according to the invention, instead of a strict set of rules for determining the priority, each notification is associated with a typical decimal priority number, which can be understood as a resource in the monetary sense, with which forwarding to the notification channel can be "purchased". According to this image of the inventive idea, a market value is defined for notification forwarding, i.e. a corresponding channel threshold, which varies over time within a predetermined range between a minimum threshold and a maximum threshold. A notification can then receive an offer to the notification channel, that is, if its priority number at least exceeds the required threshold and, in the case of multiple notifications satisfying the threshold conditions, it is currently the "highest bidder", it becomes active and can be perceived by the user via the selected notification channel. Special cases of matching priority numbers can be solved by asking for another comparison criterion, such as the duration of the stay in the waiting loop, which can be used as a special reward for determining the final priority number.

[0019] The threshold settings must be updated at predetermined time intervals. In this case, the typical state change speed of a vehicle (e.g., car, truck, delivery vehicle, bus, etc.) and the data processing speed that is typically available are used. It is feasible to specify time intervals in the millisecond range.

[0020] To determine the threshold for the notification channel, at least one of the above-mentioned known criteria is used, wherein the first group involves driving data, vehicle environment data and vehicle data. For one embodiment, for the "driving data" criterion, the current driving speed is taken into account, wherein, in particular for high driving speeds, the possibility is provided to prevent the driver from concentrating on potentially interfering notifications, so that the threshold is generally increased.

[0021] For another embodiment, vehicle environment data are relevant, whereby it can be asked whether the driving takes place in chaotic traffic or in the area of ​​a highway construction section with reduced lane width, so that the driver needs to pay special attention and the channel threshold must be set high. Other standards in the field of vehicle environment apply for night driving or driving in bad weather conditions. In this case, the time embedding of the event also belongs to the term "vehicle environment data". Correspondingly, the day of the week or the calendar month on which the driving took place is also understood as vehicle environment data.

[0022] For an alternative embodiment, data for threshold generation is considered which can be assigned to standard "vehicle data". This includes devices such as human machine interfaces, where, in the case of a large number of available notification channels, these notification channels are often considered troublesome by drivers when overused, and the number of notifications penetrating to vehicle occupants is reduced by setting high channel thresholds.

[0023] For another advantageous embodiment of the channel threshold determination, current state data of the human-machine interface are taken into account. For example, if the acoustic notification channel is activated by playing an entertainment audio file (e.g., a podcast), the assigned channel threshold is increased so that a voice message is played only if it is considered particularly relevant and is provided with a priority number above the increased threshold.

[0024] A design that takes into account at least one advance notification delivery is advantageous. Thus, for example, it can be avoided that notifications follow each other too closely in time. Furthermore, the type and duration of at least one previous active notification can be a criterion for threshold setting.

[0025] In a preferred embodiment, vehicle occupant observation data is associated with the determination of channel thresholds. For example, this can be a response to an already activated notification, such as a proactive notification affecting a traffic jam ahead. If the driver then requests a route alternative, for example via a voice assistant, the channel threshold for the notification channel provided for the delivery of social media content is significantly increased to prevent disruptive influences. Vehicle occupant observation data can also be used to determine the number of people in the vehicle, so that the channel threshold is generally increased in the case of multiple occupants.

[0026] Furthermore, vehicle occupant observation data can be recorded over longer periods of time by means of person-specific assignments. For example, if the driver is accustomed to activating the seat heater starting at a certain temperature, or the massage device of the seat frequently switches on after a certain driving duration, the thresholds of the notification channels associated with these comfort devices can be lowered to suit the respective person, so that proactive notifications, i.e. activations not performed by the user himself, can be performed more easily.

[0027] For a possible implementation, the priority number assigned to the notification is static. In another advantageous refinement, the priority number of the notification is also a dynamic variable, at least before delivery to the notification channel. In this case, preferably, the notification management system again defines the priority number between a priority minimum value above a minimum threshold and a priority maximum value below a maximum threshold based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or at least one advance notification delivery via a human-machine interface and / or vehicle occupant observation data and / or a duration of stay in a waiting cycle of the notification channel and / or a duration of the activation state of the notification in the notification channel.

[0028] For an advantageous embodiment, at high driving speeds, the priority number of a notification indicating that the state of charge of the traction battery of the electric vehicle is significantly reduced can be increased over time. A further increase may occur if the vehicle occupant observation data shows that the driver is not taking sufficient measures to operate the charging post. In another preferred embodiment, the priority of the warning message is increased if the vehicle environment data detects optical anomalies on the road at temperatures in the freezing area. For further embodiments, the type of previous notification delivery can be taken into account. For example, if a push message about sports news is delivered to the vehicle occupant, the priority number of other social media content related to the sports field can be reduced to reduce the probability of delivering potentially boring content repetitions to the vehicle occupant.

[0029] In a refinement, provision is made for the priority number of a notification to be interrogated even after being forwarded to the notification channel, and for this priority number to be adjusted preferably dynamically. Preferably, the forwarded notification remains active on the notification channel until the priority number of the notification again falls below the assigned channel threshold. For example, a text message currently displayed on a vehicle display may have a priority number that decreases over time, such that this priority number disappears after a certain time for a constant channel threshold. Furthermore, changes in the channel threshold may occur, for example due to driving situations, which require the driver's full concentration and lead to an increase in the channel threshold. This eliminates visual stimuli on the display that could affect concentration.

[0030] Unsolicited notifications may be considered particularly disturbing when they result in a continuous flow of information. For a preferred embodiment, after forwarding a notification to a notification channel, the notification management system raises the associated channel threshold in the next time interval. Preferably, further messages are completely suppressed for a predetermined time period by setting the assigned channel threshold to a maximum threshold that cannot be exceeded by any possible priority number during the selected time period. Particularly advantageous are embodiments in which a "cooling-off phase" occurs after activation of a notification channel, for which purpose a decrement of the assigned, initially raised channel threshold occurs within a predetermined time period after forwarding the notification.

[0031] For a typical human-machine interface of a vehicle, there are several notification channels. For a preferred improvement, the notification management method according to the present invention is able to select a notification channel suitable for the corresponding notification with a high hit reliability. Preferably, in such a human-machine interface, a separate time-varying channel threshold is defined for each individual notification channel. In addition, notifications provided simultaneously for at least two notification channels are assigned a priority number specific to the corresponding notification channel. Particularly advantageous is an embodiment in which a change in the channel threshold of a first notification channel also results in a change in the channel threshold of at least a second notification channel. For example, a first audio message prompting the driver to pause can be present on a first notification channel for a primary voice output and additionally on a second notification channel for a secondary voice output, wherein the secondary voice output involves appending additional information to the primary voice output. In both notification channels, the priority number of the first audio message should initially be lower than the corresponding channel threshold, so that it is retained. If then a relevant second audio message of the first notification channel arrives, which for example indicates a critically low charge state of the traction battery and whose priority number is above the assigned channel threshold, the primary voice output is activated and as a result the channel threshold of the secondary voice output is lowered so that the original waiting notification with the pause request also has a priority number above the channel threshold and is directly attached as a secondary voice message. Thus, the driver is first asked to activate the charging column due to the low battery charge and then is advised to take a break for reasons of driving safety.

[0032] To further develop the invention, a switch from a normal operating mode to a rule-based mode can be performed for at least one notification channel of the human-machine interface based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or vehicle occupant observation data and / or vehicle external notifications. In this case, for at least one notification channel selected for the rule-based mode, the notification management system sets the channel threshold to a minimum threshold or a maximum threshold. If the maximum threshold is selected, the affected notification channel will be completely blocked. Conversely, the setting of the minimum threshold will cause any notification provided for the affected notification channel to be activated.

[0033] Furthermore, the vehicle according to the invention has a notification management system for a human-machine interface, which is designed to be able to execute the notification management method according to the invention.

[0034] Other advantageous designs of the notification management method also come from the embodiments, which will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings.

[0035] in:

[0036] Figure 1 shows the time course of the first embodiment of the notification management method according to the present invention;

[0037] Figure 2 shows the time course of the second embodiment of the notification management method according to the present invention; and

[0038] Figure 3 The schematic diagram shows in a simplified manner the Figure 2 The notification channel of the second embodiment.

[0039] Figure 1 A first embodiment of a notification management method according to the invention is shown based on a simplified time flow diagram. For time t1, the occurrence of an active notification 4.1 generated by a control unit of the electric vehicle due to a critical low charge state of the traction battery is visible in the waiting loop of the schematically symbolized notification channels 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. In this case, the notification channel 6.1 represents a message channel on a display, which forms part of a human-machine interface, not shown in detail.

[0040] The further notification channels 1.2 and 1.3 are audio channels assigned to the voice assistant. In this case, notification channel 1.3 is constructed for a primary voice output without further conditions, while notification channel 1.2 is provided for a secondary voice output, which occurs only when it can be attached to the primary voice output immediately preceding it in time. Accordingly, notification channel 1.2 is placed in rule-based mode and blocked from output at time t1 when this additional condition does not exist, wherein the channel threshold 6.2 associated with notification forwarding occupies the maximum threshold 3. For notification channel 1.1 in normal operating mode, channel threshold 6.1 is between minimum threshold 2 and maximum threshold 3.

[0041] In the waiting loop of notification channel 1.1, notification 4.1 is assigned a static priority number 5.1, which at time t1 is above the channel threshold 6.1 required for forwarding to notification channel 1.1. Therefore, an immediate notification output is generated, wherein a database is accessed to generate a message text corresponding to notification 4.1.

[0042] For the notification channel 1.3, the notification 4.1 provides a priority number 5.3 at the time t1 which is below the assigned channel threshold 6.3. Therefore, initially no main voice message is output. The priority number 5.3 is set dynamically and increases over time, i.e. as the duration of the critical low charge state increases. The assigned channel threshold 6.3 is also dynamic, wherein a rise to a higher level over time is shown. This is caused by changing vehicle environment data, wherein the vehicle passes through dangerous locations, such as highway construction sites, which therefore require greater attention from the driver. Accordingly, the notification management system adjusts the channel threshold to a higher value in order to reduce the information flow to the driver.

[0043] Then, at time t4, the priority number 5.3 exceeds the assigned channel threshold 6.3, causing the notification management system to forward the notification 4.1 to the notification channel 1.3, wherein the database is again queried to convert the notification 4.1 into a primary voice message. The cessation of the primary voice message at time t4 causes a change in the human-machine interface state data, causing the notification 4.1 to be deleted from the waiting loops of the notification channels 4.2 and 4.3. Therefore, the switching of the notification channel 1.2 to the normal operating mode due to the output of the primary voice message via the notification channel 1.3 also has no perceptible effect, since its waiting loop has previously been cleared.

[0044] for Figure 2 In the illustrated embodiment, there are three notifications 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 in the form of system messages competing for two possible notification channels 1.4, 1.5, wherein: Figure 3 The schematically simplified illustration in shows that two notification channels 1 . 4 , 1 . 5 are formed by two areas of different sizes on the display 7 assigned to the human-machine interface 8 .

[0045] from Figure 2 It can be seen that notification channel 1.4 is preferred over notification channel 1.5 due to the lower set channel threshold 6.4. However, initially, notifications 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 included in the waiting loop of notification channels 1.4, 1.5 in a time-shifted manner at times t1, t2 and t3 do not have enough priority numbers 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 for forwarding. Due to the dynamic increase of priority numbers 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, they approach two channel thresholds 6.4, 6.5 in the further course of time, wherein notification 4.2 first exceeds the threshold 6.4 of notification channel 1.4 and is forwarded to the notification channel. This involves a change in the status data of the human-machine interface 8, which enables a further dynamic adjustment of the priority numbers 5.4, 5.5, 5.6. In this case, the priority number 5.4 assigned to the forwarded notification 4.2 increases by a constant value and then decreases. This measure enables notification 4.2 to remain active on notification channel 1.4 for a predetermined time and only become ineffective when its priority number 5.4 falls below the channel threshold 6.4 again. During this period, the change in the status data of the human-machine interface 8 causes the priority numbers 5.5 and 5.6 of the notifications 4.3 and 4.4 to no longer increase.

[0046] The activation of the first notification channel 1.4 affects the second notification channel 1.5. It can be seen that, with the display of the notification 4.2 on the first notification channel 1.4, the channel threshold 6.5 of the second notification channel 1.5 increases at t4. Therefore, opening another window on the display 7 is associated with an increased "cost", wherein the increase of the channel threshold 6.5 is relaxed over time. However, this reduction of the channel threshold 6.5 is not sufficient to stop the reactivation of the preferred notification channel 1.4 at t6, wherein the priority number 5.5 exceeds the channel threshold 6.4 and the next notification 4.3 is forwarded for display. Only for the time period from t7 to t8, an additional activation of the notification channel 1.5 occurs by the notification 4.4.

Claims

1. A notification management method for a vehicle-based human-machine interface (8) having at least one notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5), wherein: The notification management system forwards a notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) for at least one vehicle occupant and / or vehicle functional module to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) or retains the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) according to a priority associated with the notification; It is characterized in that - The priority associated with said notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) is represented by a priority number (5.1, ..., 5.6) Definitions; - if its priority number (5.1, ..., 5.6) exceeds the priority number assigned to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) and for the corresponding notification channels (1.1, ..., 1.5) the notification has the highest priority number (5.1, ..., 5.6), then the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) is selected and forwarded to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5); and - the channel threshold is time-varying and, in normal operating mode, is set by the notification management system between a minimum threshold (2) and a maximum threshold (3) at predetermined time intervals based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or status data of a human-machine interface and / or at least one advance notification delivery and / or vehicle occupant observation data.

2. The notification management method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The priority number of the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) varies over time at least before being delivered to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) and is set by the notification management system in normal operating mode to a value between a priority minimum value above the minimum threshold (2) and a priority maximum value below the maximum threshold (3) at predetermined time intervals based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or at least one advance notification delivery via a human-machine interface and / or vehicle occupant observation data and / or a duration of stay in a waiting cycle of the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) and / or a duration of an active state of the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) in the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5).

3. The notification management method according to claim 1 or 2, It is characterized in that After forwarding the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5), the notification management system increases the assigned channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5) in the next time interval.

4. The notification management method according to claim 3, It is characterized in that After forwarding the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4) to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5), the channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5) assigned to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) is set to the maximum threshold (3) within a predetermined time period.

5. The notification management method according to any one of claims 3 or 4, It is characterized in that After the allocated channel thresholds (6.1, ..., 6.5) have been increased within a predetermined period of time after forwarding the notification (4.1, ..., 4.4), the allocated channel thresholds (6.1, ..., 6.5) are decremented.

6. The notification management method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, It is characterized in that The notifications (4.1, ..., 4.4) forwarded to the notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) remain active on the notification channel until the priority number (5.1, ..., 5.6) of the notifications (4.1, ..., 4.4) is below an assigned channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5).

7. The notification management method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, It is characterized in that For a human-machine interface having a plurality of notification channels (1.1, ..., 1.5), the notification management system sets a separate time-varying channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5) for each of the notification channels (1.1, ..., 1.5), and in each case a separate priority number (5.1, ..., 5.6) is assigned to notifications (4.1, ..., 4.4) of at least two of the notification channels (1.1, ..., 1.5).

8. The notification management method according to claim 7, It is characterized in that A change in the channel threshold of a first notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) causes a change in the channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5) of at least a second notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5).

9. The notification management method according to any one of claims 7 or 8, It is characterized in that Based on driving data and / or vehicle environment data and / or vehicle data and / or vehicle occupant observation data and / or vehicle external notifications, at least one notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) of the human-machine interface is switched from a normal operating mode to a rule-based mode, and for at least one notification channel (1.1, ..., 1.5) selected for the rule-based mode, the notification management system sets the channel threshold (6.1, ..., 6.5) to the minimum threshold (2) or the maximum threshold (3).

10. A vehicle having a notification management system with a human-machine interface, It is characterized in that The notification management system can be executed according to the notification management method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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