Highly water-permeable potato virus-free original original seed high-efficiency breeding substrate and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a high-water-permeability potato virus-free original original seed high-efficiency breeding substrate and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the field of agricultural cultivation technologies.The substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in a mass ratio: modified coconut shell 25-35 parts, blast furnace slag 10-15 parts, perlite 15-20 parts, nano diatomite 15-20 parts, straw biochar 10-15 parts, polyacrylamide water retaining agent 3-5 parts, compound microbial agent 1-2 parts, tourmaline powder 5-8 parts, attapulgite 8-12 parts, desulfurized gypsum 5-10 parts, vermiculite 10-16 parts, seaweed extract 1-2 parts and nano zeolite 5-8 parts.The blast furnace slag is designed in a gradient mode in particle size, so that the pH value of soil can be effectively adjusted, the resistance of the soil to acid rain can be significantly enhanced, and different particle sizes of the blast furnace slag can gradually release mineral substances such as calcium and magnesium, so that the stability of the pH value of the soil is maintained, and favorable conditions are provided for the healthy growth of plants.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural cultivation technology, specifically to a highly permeable, efficient propagation substrate for virus-free potato seed culture and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] As one of the world's most important food crops, the production of healthy seed potatoes plays a decisive role in improving yield and quality. Within the entire seed potato production system, the breeding of virus-free potato seed stock is central, which places extremely stringent and multifaceted requirements on the cultivation substrate, encompassing key characteristics such as high permeability, slow nutrient release, resistance to pathogens, and long-term structural stability.

[0003] However, existing traditional cultivation substrates all have limitations in meeting these high standards. For example, vermiculite, while possessing good air permeability and heat retention, is prone to compaction in low-temperature environments, leading to a significant decrease in permeability (over 40%). Furthermore, it lacks an effective nutrient regulation mechanism, making it difficult to accurately meet the nutrient needs of seed potatoes. While peat moss provides abundant organic matter, its poor permeability, with a saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than 15 cm / h, hinders efficient water drainage and normal root respiration. Over-exploitation of peat moss also causes serious ecological and environmental problems. Perlite, when used alone as a cultivation substrate, suffers from a relatively uniform particle size (typically between 0.5-2.0 mm), making it difficult to balance water retention and air permeability. It is also prone to stratification and collapse, affecting the overall stability and effectiveness of the substrate. In addition, untreated waste slag may contain excessive amounts of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), severely limiting its rational application in agriculture.

[0004] No effective solutions have yet been proposed to address the problems in the relevant technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems in related technologies, this invention proposes a highly permeable potato virus-free original seed high-efficiency propagation substrate and its preparation method, in order to overcome the aforementioned technical problems existing in the existing related technologies.

[0006] Therefore, the specific technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0007] According to one aspect of the present invention, a highly permeable potato virus-free spawn high-efficiency propagation substrate is provided, the propagation substrate being composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0008] Modified coconut coir 25-35 parts, blast furnace slag 10-15 parts, perlite 15-20 parts, nano diatomite 15-20 parts, straw biochar 10-15 parts, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent 3-5 parts, compound microbial agent 1-2 parts, tourmaline powder 5-8 parts, attapulgite 8-12 parts, desulfurized gypsum 5-10 parts, vermiculite 10-16 parts, seaweed extract 1-2 parts, and nano zeolite 5-8 parts.

[0009] Optionally, the modified coconut coir has a particle size range of 1 and 2, with 70% being 1.0-3.0 mm and 30% being 2.0 mm.

[0010] Blast furnace slag is divided into two particle size ranges: Grade I and Grade II. Grade I blast furnace slag accounts for 60% with a particle size range of 1.0-2.0 mm, while Grade II blast furnace slag accounts for 40% with a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm.

[0011] Optionally, the perlite is divided into Grade I and Grade II, with Grade I perlite accounting for 40%-45% and having a particle size range of 1.0-3.0 mm; and Grade II perlite accounting for 55%-60% and having a particle size range of 0.1-1.0 mm.

[0012] Vermiculite is classified into two particle size ranges: Grade I vermiculite accounts for 40%, with a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm; Grade II vermiculite accounts for 60%, with a particle size range of 0.1-0.5 mm.

[0013] Optionally, the particle size of the nano-diatomite ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 mm;

[0014] The particle size range of straw biochar is 2.0-4.0 mm;

[0015] The particle size range of tourmaline powder is 0.05-0.15 mm;

[0016] The particle size range of attapulgite is 0.02-0.08 mm;

[0017] The particle size range of desulfurized gypsum is 0.1-0.5 mm.

[0018] Optionally, the compound microbial agent is a compound microbial solution containing 0.2% trehalose.

[0019] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate is also provided, the method comprising:

[0020] S1. Place the perlite in an 800-watt microwave field for expansion treatment for 3 minutes, and spray the expanded perlite with 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the perlite surface to the composite microbial agent.

[0021] S2. Following the order of particle size from largest to smallest, the primary layer, secondary layer, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent, tourmaline powder, attapulgite, desulfurized gypsum, vermiculite, seaweed extract, and nano zeolite are mixed in sequence to generate a composite matrix.

[0022] S3. Spray the composite microbial agent evenly onto the composite matrix to ensure that the material moisture content is maintained between 45% and 50%, and dry it at a low temperature of 55°C until the material moisture content drops below 8%. Then, use an irradiation dose of 10 kGry to perform irradiation sterilization treatment.

[0023] Optionally, the perlite is subjected to an 800-watt microwave field for expansion treatment for 3 minutes, and the expanded perlite is then sprayed with a 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the composite microbial agent to the perlite surface. This process also includes:

[0024] Coconut coir was carbonized in an oxygen-deficient environment at 600℃ for 2 hours. The carbonized coconut coir was then crushed and sieved to obtain modified coconut coir with a two-stage particle size distribution.

[0025] Blast furnace slag was soaked in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metals. The soaked blast furnace slag was then washed and dried, and graded by gradient sieving to obtain blast furnace slag of different particle sizes for separate storage.

[0026] Optionally, the blast furnace slag is soaked in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metal components. The soaked blast furnace slag is then washed and dried, and graded by gradient sieving to obtain slag of different particle sizes for separate storage and later use.

[0027] The dried blast furnace slag is placed in a natural environment to cool to room temperature, and the agglomerated blast furnace slag particles are crushed.

[0028] The metal screens are stacked in descending order of aperture size, and a receiving tray is placed at the bottom to collect the finest blast furnace slag particles, ensuring the stability of the entire screen assembly.

[0029] Take a preset amount of cooled blast furnace slag and spread it evenly on the top metal screen. Set the screening time according to the dispersion of blast furnace slag particles, and use a vibrating screener to screen until no blast furnace slag particles fall.

[0030] The metal screens are separated layer by layer, and the first, second, third and fourth particles that are screened out are collected and classified separately.

[0031] Weigh the blast furnace slag particles in each particle size range, record the percentage, and then pack the blast furnace slag particles of different sizes into sealed bags and label the corresponding particle size ranges.

[0032] Optionally, the first particle has a diameter greater than 2 mm, the second particle has a diameter range of 0.85-2 mm, the third particle has a diameter range of 0.42-0.85 mm, and the fourth particle has a diameter less than 0.42 mm.

[0033] Optionally, the primary layer includes primary perlite, primary modified coconut coir, primary blast furnace slag and straw biochar, and the secondary layer includes secondary perlite, nano diatomite, secondary blast furnace slag and secondary modified coconut coir.

[0034] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0035] 1. This invention, through the gradient design of slag particle size, can not only effectively regulate the soil pH value, but also significantly enhance the soil's resistance to acid rain. Slag of different particle sizes can gradually release minerals such as calcium and magnesium, thereby maintaining the stability of soil pH value and providing favorable conditions for healthy plant growth.

[0036] 2. This invention significantly improves the aeration and permeability of the substrate by combining perlite with a bimodal particle size distribution with modified coconut coir with a multi-level porous structure, allowing water and air to circulate freely in the substrate, thus providing an ideal growth medium for virus-free potato seed.

[0037] 3. This invention uses nano-diatomite as a controlled-release fertilizer, which can stably supply plants with necessary nutrients for a long time, meeting the nutritional needs of plants throughout their entire growth period, thereby improving the survival rate and yield of seed potatoes; at the same time, the application of compound microbial agents can improve the soil microbial environment, promote the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms, inhibit the growth of pathogens, and thus enhance the disease resistance and growth vitality of seed potatoes, thereby improving the overall economic benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0038] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0039] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0040] To further illustrate the various embodiments, the present invention provides accompanying drawings, which are part of the disclosure of the present invention. These drawings are mainly used to illustrate the embodiments and can be used in conjunction with the relevant descriptions in the specification to explain the operating principles of the embodiments. With reference to these drawings, those skilled in the art should be able to understand other possible implementation methods and the advantages of the present invention.

[0041] According to embodiments of the present invention, a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate and its preparation method are provided.

[0042] The present invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0043] Modified coconut coir 25-35 parts, blast furnace slag 10-15 parts, perlite 15-20 parts, nano diatomite 15-20 parts, straw biochar 10-15 parts, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent 3-5 parts, compound microbial agent 1-2 parts, tourmaline powder 5-8 parts, attapulgite 8-12 parts, desulfurized gypsum 5-10 parts, vermiculite 10-16 parts, seaweed extract 1-2 parts, and nano zeolite 5-8 parts.

[0044] Preferably, the modified coconut coir has a particle size range of two levels, with the first level of modified coconut coir accounting for 70% and a particle size range of 1.0-3.0 mm; and the second level of modified coconut coir accounting for 30% and a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm.

[0045] Blast furnace slag is divided into two particle size ranges: Grade I and Grade II. Grade I blast furnace slag accounts for 60% with a particle size range of 1.0-2.0 mm, while Grade II blast furnace slag accounts for 40% with a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm.

[0046] Preferably, the perlite has a particle size range of 1 grade and 2 grade, wherein 1 grade perlite accounts for 40%-45% and has a particle size range of 1.0-3.0 mm; and 2 grade perlite accounts for 55%-60% and has a particle size range of 0.1-1.0 mm.

[0047] Vermiculite is classified into two particle size ranges: Grade I vermiculite accounts for 40%, with a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm; Grade II vermiculite accounts for 60%, with a particle size range of 0.1-0.5 mm.

[0048] Preferably, the particle size of the nano-diatomite ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 mm;

[0049] The particle size range of straw biochar is 2.0-4.0 mm;

[0050] The particle size range of tourmaline powder is 0.05-0.15 mm;

[0051] The particle size range of attapulgite is 0.02-0.08 mm;

[0052] The particle size range of desulfurized gypsum is 0.1-0.5 mm.

[0053] Preferably, the compound microbial agent is a compound microbial solution containing 0.2% trehalose.

[0054] like Figure 1 As shown, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate is also provided, the preparation method comprising:

[0055] S1. Place the perlite in an 800-watt microwave field for expansion treatment for 3 minutes, and spray the expanded perlite with 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the perlite surface to the composite microbial agent.

[0056] It should be noted that the perlite has a bimodal particle size distribution: secondary particles of 0.1-1.0 mm account for 55%-60%, and primary particles of 1.0-3.0 mm account for 40%-45%, and it has undergone microwave expansion and silane coupling agent surface treatment.

[0057] S2. Following the order of particle size from largest to smallest, the primary layer, secondary layer, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent, tourmaline powder, attapulgite, desulfurized gypsum, vermiculite, seaweed extract, and nano zeolite are mixed in sequence to generate a composite matrix.

[0058] Preferably, the primary layer comprises primary perlite, primary modified coconut coir, primary blast furnace slag and straw biochar, and the secondary layer comprises secondary perlite, nano diatomite, secondary blast furnace slag and secondary modified coconut coir.

[0059] S3. Spray the composite microbial agent evenly onto the composite matrix to ensure that the material moisture content is maintained between 45% and 50%, and dry it at a low temperature of 55°C until the material moisture content drops below 8%. Then, use an irradiation dose of 10 kGry to perform irradiation sterilization treatment.

[0060] Preferably, the process of placing the perlite in an 800-watt microwave field for expansion for 3 minutes, followed by spraying the expanded perlite with a 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the composite microbial agent to the perlite surface, further includes:

[0061] Coconut coir was carbonized in an oxygen-deficient environment at 600℃ for 2 hours. The carbonized coconut coir was then crushed and sieved to obtain modified coconut coir with a two-stage particle size distribution.

[0062] It should be noted that the modified coconut coir with dual-graded particle size includes: 60%-70% with 1.0-3.0 mm particles, 30%-40% with 0.5-1.0 mm particles, and a porosity ≥85%.

[0063] Blast furnace slag was soaked in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metals. The soaked blast furnace slag was then washed and dried, and graded by gradient sieving to obtain blast furnace slag of different particle sizes for separate storage.

[0064] Preferably, the blast furnace slag is soaked in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metal components. The soaked blast furnace slag is then washed and dried, and graded by gradient sieving to obtain slag of different particle sizes for separate storage.

[0065] The dried blast furnace slag is placed in a natural environment to cool to room temperature, and the agglomerated blast furnace slag particles are crushed.

[0066] The metal screens are stacked in descending order of aperture size, with a receiving tray placed at the bottom to collect the finest blast furnace slag particles, ensuring the stability of the entire screen assembly.

[0067] Take a preset amount of cooled blast furnace slag and spread it evenly on the top metal screen. Set the screening time according to the dispersion of blast furnace slag particles, and use a vibrating screener to screen until no blast furnace slag particles fall.

[0068] The metal screens are separated layer by layer, and the first, second, third and fourth particles that are separated are collected and classified.

[0069] Preferably, the first particle (coarse particle) has a particle size greater than 2 mm, the second particle (medium particle) has a particle size range of 0.85-2 mm, the third particle (fine particle) has a particle size range of 0.42-0.85 mm, and the fourth particle (extremely fine particle) has a particle size less than 0.42 mm.

[0070] Weigh the blast furnace slag particles in each particle size range, record the percentage, and then pack the blast furnace slag particles of different sizes into sealed bags and label the corresponding particle size ranges.

[0071] It should be noted that the blast furnace slag, after acid washing and screening, has a particle size of 0.5-2.0 mm, of which 0.5-1.0 mm accounts for 40%-45% and 1.0-2.0 mm accounts for 55%-60%, with Pb content ≤5mg / kg and Cd ≤0.3mg / kg.

[0072] To facilitate understanding of the above technical solutions of the present invention, the preparation method of the breeding substrate in the actual process of the present invention will be described in detail below. The preparation method includes:

[0073] I. Co-design of components and particle size

[0074] As shown in Table 1, the substrate of the present invention is composed of the following components in parts by volume to improve the high-efficiency propagation performance of the propagation substrate:

[0075] Table 1: Volumetric composition of the propagation substrate

[0076] Element Volume Particle size range (mm) Core Functions Modified coconut coir 25-35 Versions 1.0-3.0 (70%) 0.5-1.0 (accounting for 30%) After carbonization, a multi-level porous framework is formed, with a porosity ≥85%. Blast furnace slag 10-15 0.5-1.0（40%） 1.0-2.0（60%） Calcium and magnesium slow-release formula regulates pH (6.5-7.0) and enhances resistance to acid rain. perlite 15-20 0.1-1.0 (55%-60% fine particles) 1.0-3.0 (40%-45% coarse particles) Bimodal distribution structure with fine particles for water retention and coarse particles for air permeability Nano diatomite 15-20 0.01-0.1 <![CDATA[Load-controlled fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O = 12-10-18)]]> Straw biochar 10-15 2.0-4.0 Adsorption of pathogens (inhibition rate of Fusarium ≥90%) Polyacrylamide water-retaining agent 3-5 Crosslinking degree 0.8%-1.2%, water absorption ratio ≥250 Compound microbial agents 1-2 <![CDATA[Containing Trichoderma harzianum (≥2×10 8 CFU / g) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]]> Tourmaline powder 5-8 0.05-0.15 It releases negative ions and far-infrared rays, promoting photosynthesis and metabolism in plants and enhancing their stress resistance; tourmaline powder is not commonly found in the field of propagation substrates, but its unique physicochemical properties can provide additional support for plant growth. Attapulgite 8-12 0.02-0.08 It has good adsorption and ion exchange properties, enabling it to adsorb heavy metal ions, reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals on plants, and improve the structure and fertilizer retention of the substrate. Desulfurized gypsum 5-10 0.1-0.5 It regulates the pH value of saline-alkali soil, improves soil structure, and promotes nutrient absorption by plants. vermiculite 10-16 Fine particles 0.1-0.5 (60%); coarse particles 0.5-1.0 (40%) It retains water and fertilizer, and increases the aeration and buffering capacity of the substrate.

[0077] II. Explanation of Experimental Data

[0078] Permeability and Structural Stability: A planting trial was conducted at a certain base. Using the substrate of this invention (using the optimal ratio in the examples), the average yield of the original seed reached 335 seeds / m², while the yield of the control group using the traditional substrate was only 250 seeds / m². The seedling mortality rate of the substrate of this invention was 1.8%, while that of the control group was as high as 8%. After four consecutive plantings, the permeability of the substrate of this invention remained good, maintaining above 80% of the initial level, while the traditional substrate showed a significant decrease in permeability and structural collapse after the second planting. This indicates that this invention, through reasonable component and particle size design, effectively solves the problems of insufficient permeability and structural collapse after long-term cultivation of the traditional substrate.

[0079] pH stability: The pH value of the substrate was monitored at multiple test sites in different regions. The pH fluctuation range of the substrate of this invention was controlled within ±0.15, providing a stable growth environment for plants. In contrast, traditional substrates exhibit larger pH fluctuations during planting, reaching up to ±0.5, which seriously affects plant growth. For example, in acidic soil environments, the blast furnace slag in the substrate of this invention can continuously and slowly release calcium and magnesium ions, effectively regulating the pH value to a suitable range and enhancing the substrate's resistance to acid rain.

[0080] Disease resistance: In greenhouse planting trials, for crops susceptible to Fusarium infection, the infection rate of Fusarium in plants using the substrate of this invention was only 5%, while the infection rate in the control group was as high as 50%. This is attributed to the efficient adsorption of pathogens by straw biochar and the synergistic disease resistance effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the compound microbial agent.

[0081] Heavy metal adsorption and safety: Experiments were conducted in heavy metal-contaminated soil in an arid region. Crops grown using the substrate of this invention showed a heavy metal adsorption rate of ≥92%, effectively reducing the heavy metal content in crops and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. In contrast, traditional substrates have a weaker adsorption capacity for heavy metals, and the heavy metal content in crops often exceeds the standard.

[0082] III. Performance Testing and Quality Assessment Steps

[0083] Physical performance testing: The porosity of the matrix was measured to ensure it is ≥85% to guarantee good air permeability and water permeability. The microstructure of the matrix was observed using an electron microscope to check the formation of the hierarchical porous framework and the uniformity of the distribution of each component.

[0084] Chemical performance testing: The pH value of the substrate was measured to ensure it remained between 6.5 and 7.0, with a pH fluctuation of ±0.15 during planting. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the substrate's adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions, verifying its adsorption effect. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content and release rate in the controlled-release fertilizer loaded with nano-diatomaceous earth, ensuring it met design requirements (N-P₂O₅-K₂O=12-10-18).

[0085] Biological performance testing: The number of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the compound microbial agent was determined by plate counting method to ensure that the Trichoderma harzianum content was ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g. Pathogen inhibition tests were conducted by mixing the substrate with pathogens such as Fusarium and measuring the inhibition rate of straw biochar against pathogens, ensuring it was ≥90%. Plant cultivation trials were conducted to observe plant growth, measure plant yield, quality, and other indicators, and comprehensively evaluate the substrate's reproductive performance.

[0086] Through performance testing and quality assessment steps, it is possible to effectively check whether there are any unqualified conditions in the substrate, thereby comprehensively evaluating its preparation quality and ensuring that the breeding substrate of the present invention can meet the requirements of efficient breeding.

[0087] IV. Preparation Method

[0088] 1. Raw material pretreatment

[0089] Coconut coir modification: carbonized at 600℃ in an oxygen-deficient environment for 2 hours, then crushed and sieved into two-stage particle sizes;

[0090] Slag treatment: Soak in 5% hydrochloric acid for 2 hours to remove heavy metals (Pb≤5mg / kg, Cd≤0.3mg / kg), wash with water, dry and then screen in a gradient.

[0091] (1) Specific screening method

[0092] Prepare tools and equipment. Screen set: Select standard metal screens [mesh size combinations of 10 mesh (2 mm), 20 mesh (0.85 mm), 40 mesh (0.42 mm), 60 mesh (0.25 mm)], and stack them from top to bottom according to the aperture size from largest to smallest.

[0093] Vibrating screen (optional): Improves screening efficiency; if no equipment is available, the screen can be manually vibrated.

[0094] Receiving tray: Placed below the bottom screen to collect the finest particles.

[0095] Electronic scale / measuring cup: Used to weigh or record the weight or volume of particles of various sizes.

[0096] (2) Screening operation steps

[0097] A. Cooling and Pre-crushing

[0098] Allow the dried slag to cool naturally to room temperature (to avoid high temperature damage to the screen or electrostatic adsorption). If the slag clumps together, gently crush or tap it to loosen it and ensure that the particles are dispersed independently.

[0099] B. Assemble the screen

[0100] The screens are stacked in order of decreasing aperture (e.g., 10 mesh → 20 mesh → 40 mesh → 60 mesh), with the receiving tray placed at the bottom.

[0101] Fix the screen assembly to prevent displacement during the screening process.

[0102] C. Feeding and Screening

[0103] Take an appropriate amount of cooled slag (the amount screened at one time should not exceed 1 / 3 of the screen capacity) and spread it evenly on the top screen.

[0104] Mechanical screening: Start the vibrating screen and set the time to 5-10 minutes (adjust according to the particle dispersion).

[0105] Manual sieving: Hold the sieve frame with both hands, shake it horizontally back and forth and gently tap the side wall for about 10-15 minutes until no particles fall.

[0106] D. Collection and Classification

[0107] Separate the screens layer by layer and collect the particles from each screen layer:

[0108] Coarse particles (>2 mm): Remain on a 10-mesh sieve and can be re-crushed or stored separately (to enhance matrix permeability).

[0109] Medium particles (0.85-2 mm): retained by a 20-mesh sieve, suitable as the main component of cultivation substrate.

[0110] Fine particles (0.42-0.85 mm): retained by a 40-mesh sieve, used to mix with other materials to adjust water retention.

[0111] Extremely fine particles (<0.42 mm): fall into the receiving tray below a 60-mesh sieve. The proportion needs to be controlled (excessive amount may cause caking).

[0112] E. Recording and Storage

[0113] Weigh the particles in each size range and record the percentage (e.g., medium-sized particles should account for more than 60%).

[0114] Different particle sizes of slag should be placed in sealed bags or containers and labeled with the particle size range to avoid confusion.

[0115] F. Precautions

[0116] Screen cleaning: Clean the residual particles in the screen holes promptly after screening (using a soft brush or compressed air) to prevent clogging.

[0117] Particle size selection: For tomato cultivation, it is recommended to use 0.5-2 mm particles as the main material (taking into account both air permeability and water and fertilizer retention capacity).

[0118] Repeated screening: If there are too many fine particles after the first screening, the coarse particles can be crushed again and screened a second time.

[0119] Safety precautions: Wear a mask and gloves during operation to avoid inhaling dust or coming into contact with sharp particles.

[0120] Gradient screening allows for precise control of slag particle size distribution, optimizing its function in the cultivation substrate (such as coarse particles draining water and fine particles retaining water), while avoiding the risk of heavy metal residues (pre-treated to meet standards).

[0121] (3) Perlite activation: After microwave expansion (800W, 3 minutes), spray with 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the bacterial agent.

[0122] 2. Mixing process:

[0123] (1) Mix layer by layer according to particle size from large to small

[0124] Coarse-grained perlite (1.0-3.0 mm) → modified coconut coir (1.0-3.0 mm) → slag (1.0-2.0 mm) → straw biochar;

[0125] Fine-grained perlite (0.1-1.0 mm) → Nano-diatomite → Slag (0.5-1.0 mm) → Modified coconut coir (0.5-1.0 mm);

[0126] Spray with a bacterial agent solution containing 0.2% trehalose, with humidity controlled at 45%-50%; dry at 55℃ until moisture content ≤8%, and sterilize by irradiation (dose 10kGy).

[0127] (2) Technical effects

[0128] Breakthrough in permeability: The saturated water conductivity reaches 48 cm / h (3.2 times higher than traditional vermiculite), which can quickly drain excess water, provide sufficient oxygen for plant roots, and meet the needs of potato virus-free seed stock for good permeability in rainy environments.

[0129] Structural stability: After four consecutive uses, the porosity remains at ≥75% (compared to 60% after one use in traditional substrates), effectively maintaining the substrate's aeration and water retention, ensuring a good growth environment for plant roots during multiple cultivation cycles, and reducing the problems of low seed potato survival rate and poor quality caused by substrate structure collapse.

[0130] Environmental safety: The leaching of heavy metals Pb and Cd is 30% and 50% lower than the national standard limits, respectively. Through the adsorption of heavy metals by components such as attapulgite, the risk of heavy metal pollution to soil and agricultural products is effectively reduced, ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production and the safety of agricultural products.

[0131] Yield increase: The number of tubers per plant increases by 25% in the original seed, with a uniformity (CV value) of ≤12%, improving the yield and quality of seed potatoes. The tubers are also of uniform size, which is beneficial for seed potato sales and subsequent planting. At the same time, by optimizing the substrate formula and performance, resource waste in the seed potato production process is reduced. Compared with traditional substrates, this substrate can reduce seed potato production costs by more than 30% by reducing seed potato mortality, increasing yield, and reducing dependence on expensive raw materials.

[0132] Example 1 (Optimal Ratio)

[0133] 1. A method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free original seed high-efficiency propagation substrate, comprising the following components: 30g modified coconut coir (21g of primary modified coconut coir with a thickness of 1.0-3.0 mm and 9g of secondary modified coconut coir with a thickness of 0.5-1.0 mm), 12g blast furnace slag (7.2g of primary blast furnace slag with a thickness of 1.0-2.0 mm and 4.8g of secondary blast furnace slag with a thickness of 0.5-1.0 mm), 18g perlite (7.2g of primary perlite with a thickness of 1.0-3.0 mm and 10.8g of secondary perlite with a thickness of 0.1-1.0 mm), 18g nano diatomaceous earth, 12g straw biochar, 4g water-retaining agent, and 1.5g microbial agent.

[0134] 2. Application Effect

[0135] At a certain base, the average yield of original seed was 335 seeds / m², the seedling mortality rate was 1.8%, the substrate permeability was maintained for 4 crops, and the pH fluctuated by ±0.15.

[0136] Tests were conducted in a similar arid and semi-arid environment in a certain region. The root development of the planted crops was significantly better than that of the control group. The average taproot length reached 25 cm, while the control group had 18 cm. The average number of lateral roots per plant was 30, while the control group had 20. Furthermore, the substrate in this embodiment exhibited outstanding water retention performance. Even after five consecutive days without irrigation, the relative water content of the crop leaves remained above 70%, while the control group only had about 50%.

[0137] Example 2 (Low-Cost Solution)

[0138] 1. A method for preparing a high-efficiency propagation substrate for virus-free potato seed culture with high water permeability, consisting of the following components: 25g coconut coir, 10g slag, 15g perlite, 15g diatomaceous earth, 10g biochar, 3g water-retaining agent, and 1g microbial agent.

[0139] 2. Application Effect

[0140] In a trial in an arid region, it saved 35% of water and had a heavy metal adsorption rate of ≥92%.

[0141] An experiment was conducted in slightly polluted farmland in a certain region. When wheat was planted using this low-cost substrate, the content of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium in the wheat grains decreased by 85% and 80% respectively compared with conventional soil, meeting food safety standards. Simultaneously, the wheat yield per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) reached 450 kg, a 10% increase compared to conventional soil cultivation. Furthermore, analysis of the soil microbial community revealed that the use of this substrate doubled the number of beneficial microorganisms such as Bacillus, effectively improving the soil ecological environment.

[0142] Example 3 (Suitable for high humidity and rainy areas)

[0143] 1. A method for preparing a high-efficiency propagation substrate for virus-free potato seed culture with high water permeability, consisting of the following components: 35g coconut coir, 15g slag, 20g perlite (12g fine particles and 8g coarse particles), 20g diatomaceous earth, 15g biochar, 5g water-retaining agent, and 2g microbial agent.

[0144] 2. Application Effect

[0145] Tested in a rainy area of ​​a certain region, the water permeability was 50cm / h, with no water accumulation or root rot, and the yield increased by 22%.

[0146] An experiment was conducted in a high-humidity environment in a certain region. When vegetables were grown using this substrate, even after a week of continuous rainfall totaling 200 mm, the root systems of the vegetables maintained good aeration and no root rot occurred. In contrast, 30% of the vegetables in the control group showed root rot and death. Furthermore, the substrate in this example demonstrated significant effectiveness in nutrient retention; the leaves of the grown vegetables contained 15%-20% more nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than the control group, resulting in a marked improvement in taste and quality, and approximately 10% higher vitamin C content.

[0147] Example 4 (Adaptation for Saline-Alkali Land Improvement)

[0148] 1. A method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free original seed high-efficiency propagation substrate, which consists of the following components: 28 g of modified coconut coir (20 g of 1.0-3.0 mm and 8 g of 0.5-1.0 mm), 10 g of desulfurized gypsum, 16 g of vermiculite (9.6 g of fine particles and 6.4 g of coarse particles), 20 g of nano diatomaceous earth, 14 g of humic acid biochar, 6 g of water-retaining agent, and 2.5 g of salt-tolerant bacterial agent.

[0149] 2. Application Effect

[0150] An experiment was conducted on saline-alkali land in a certain region, where cotton was planted. After one growth cycle, the soil pH decreased from 8.5 to 7.8, and the salinity decreased by 30%. The cotton germination rate reached 90%, while the control group only reached 60%. The average number of bolls per cotton plant was 18, an increase of 4 compared to the control group, and the seed cotton yield reached 300 kg per mu, an increase of 25% compared to the control group. At the same time, soil microbial activity was tested, and it was found that after using the substrate, the activity of enzymes related to nutrient transformation, such as urease and phosphatase, increased by 30%-40%, effectively improving the soil fertility of the saline-alkali land.

[0151] Example 5 (Suitable for soilless cultivation in greenhouses)

[0152] 1. A method for preparing a highly permeable, efficient propagation substrate for virus-free potato seed stock, comprising the following components: 32g coconut coir (22g 1.0-3.0mm, 10g 0.5-1.0mm), 13g volcanic rock (5.2g 0.5-1.0mm, 7.8g 1.0-2.0mm), 17g perlite (10.2g fine particles, 6.8g coarse particles), 16g nano-diatomaceous earth, 13g earthworm biochar, 4.5g water-retaining agent, and 2g beneficial bacteria agent.

[0153] 2. Application Effect

[0154] A soilless tomato cultivation experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a certain region. Compared with traditional soilless cultivation substrates, the tomato plants using this substrate grew more robustly, with stem diameter increasing by 15% and leaf thickness by 10%. Fruit firmness increased by 20%, making them easier to store and transport. The soluble solids content of the fruit reached 7%, 1% higher than the control group, resulting in better taste. Furthermore, the nutrient solution utilization rate of this substrate increased by 20%, effectively reducing production costs. Throughout the entire growth cycle, the incidence of tomato diseases and pests decreased by 30%, reducing pesticide use and improving the safety of agricultural products.

[0155] In summary, by utilizing the above-mentioned technical solutions of this invention, the gradient design of slag particle size not only effectively regulates the soil pH value but also significantly enhances the soil's resistance to acid rain. Slag of different particle sizes can gradually release minerals such as calcium and magnesium, thereby maintaining the stability of the soil pH value and providing favorable conditions for healthy plant growth. By combining perlite with a bimodal particle size distribution with modified coconut coir with a multi-level porous structure, the aeration and permeability of the substrate are significantly improved, allowing water and air to circulate freely within the substrate, thus providing an ideal growth medium for virus-free potato seed stock. By using nano-diatomaceous earth as a controlled-release fertilizer, the necessary nutrients can be stably supplied to plants for a long time, meeting the nutritional needs of plants throughout their entire growth cycle, thereby improving seed potato survival rate and yield. At the same time, the application of compound microbial agents can improve the soil microbial environment, promote the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms, inhibit the growth of pathogens, and thus enhance the disease resistance and growth vitality of seed potatoes, improving overall economic benefits.

[0156] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate, used to achieve the preparation of a highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate, characterized in that, This highly permeable potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: Modified coconut coir 25-35 parts, blast furnace slag 10-15 parts, perlite 15-20 parts, nano diatomite 15-20 parts, straw biochar 10-15 parts, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent 3-5 parts, compound microbial agent 1-2 parts, tourmaline powder 5-8 parts, attapulgite 8-12 parts, desulfurized gypsum 5-10 parts, vermiculite 10-16 parts, seaweed extract 1-2 parts, and nano zeolite 5-8 parts; The preparation method includes: S1. Place the perlite in an 800-watt microwave field for expansion treatment for 3 minutes, and spray the expanded perlite with 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the perlite surface to the composite microbial agent. S2. Following the order of particle size from largest to smallest, the primary layer, secondary layer, polyacrylamide water-retaining agent, tourmaline powder, attapulgite, desulfurized gypsum, vermiculite, seaweed extract, and nano zeolite are mixed sequentially to generate a composite matrix. The primary layer includes primary perlite, primary modified coconut coir, primary blast furnace slag, and straw biochar. The secondary layer includes secondary perlite, nano diatomaceous earth, secondary blast furnace slag, and secondary modified coconut coir. The particle size range of the perlite is divided into primary and secondary layers. The particle size range of the modified coconut coir is divided into primary and secondary layers. The particle size range of the blast furnace slag is divided into primary and secondary layers. S3. Spray the composite microbial agent evenly onto the composite matrix to ensure that the material moisture content is maintained between 45% and 50%, and dry it at a low temperature of 55°C until the material moisture content drops to below 8%. Then, use an irradiation dose of 10 kGry to perform irradiation sterilization treatment. The process of placing perlite in an 800-watt microwave field for expansion for 3 minutes, and then spraying the expanded perlite with a 1% silane coupling agent to improve the adhesion of the composite microbial agent to the perlite surface, includes the following steps: Coconut coir was carbonized in an oxygen-deficient environment at 600℃ for 2 hours. The carbonized coconut coir was then crushed and sieved to obtain modified coconut coir with a two-stage particle size distribution. Blast furnace slag was soaked in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metal components. The soaked blast furnace slag was then washed and dried, and combined with gradient sieving to obtain blast furnace slag with different particle sizes for separate storage and later use.

2. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of soaking blast furnace slag in a 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours to remove heavy metals, followed by washing and drying of the soaked blast furnace slag, and then graded by gradient sieving to obtain slag of different particle sizes for separate storage and future use includes: The dried blast furnace slag is placed in a natural environment to cool to room temperature, and the agglomerated blast furnace slag particles are crushed. The metal screens are stacked in descending order of aperture size, and a receiving tray is placed at the bottom to collect the finest blast furnace slag particles, ensuring the stability of the entire screen assembly. Take a preset amount of cooled blast furnace slag and spread it evenly on the top metal screen. Set the screening time according to the dispersion of blast furnace slag particles, and use a vibrating screener to screen until no blast furnace slag particles fall. The metal screens are separated layer by layer, and the first, second, third and fourth particles that are screened out are collected and classified separately. Weigh the blast furnace slag particles in each particle size range, record the percentage, and then pack the blast furnace slag particles of different sizes into sealed bags and label the corresponding particle size ranges.

3. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first particle has a diameter greater than 2 mm, the second particle has a diameter range of 0.85-2 mm, the third particle has a diameter range of 0.42-0.85 mm, and the fourth particle has a diameter less than 0.42 mm.

4. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, The primary modified coconut coir accounts for 70% and has a particle size range of 1.0-3.0 mm; the secondary modified coconut coir accounts for 30% and has a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm. The primary blast furnace slag accounts for 60% and has a particle size range of 1.0-2.0 mm; the secondary blast furnace slag accounts for 40% and has a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm.

5. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, The primary perlite comprises 40%-45% and has a particle size range of 1.0-3.0 mm; the secondary perlite comprises 55%-60% and has a particle size range of 0.1-1.0 mm. The vermiculite has a particle size range of 1 and 2, with 1-grade vermiculite accounting for 40% and a particle size range of 0.5-1.0 mm; and 2-grade vermiculite accounting for 60% and a particle size range of 0.1-0.5 mm.

6. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, The particle size range of the nano-diatomite is 0.01-0.1 mm; The particle size range of the straw biochar is 2.0-4.0 mm; The particle size range of the tourmaline powder is 0.05-0.15 mm; The particle size range of the attapulgite soil is 0.02-0.08 mm; The particle size range of the desulfurized gypsum is 0.1-0.5 mm.

7. The method for preparing the high-permeability potato virus-free primary seed high-efficiency propagation substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound microbial agent is a compound microbial solution containing 0.2% trehalose.

Images