Method and device for generating on-off keying signal in mobile communication

Abstract

The invention provides a method and a device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication, and particularly describes various solutions for generating the on-off keying signal related to a reading device and Internet of Things equipment. The reading device may generate an OOK signal having a discrete Fourier transform extended orthogonal frequency division multiplexed waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexed waveform. The reading apparatus may send an OOK signal to the IoT device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to mobile communications, and more particularly, to on-off keying (OOK) signal generation for a reading device and an Internet of Things (IoT) device in mobile communications. Background Art

[0002] Unless otherwise indicated herein, the methods described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of being included in this section.

[0003] Wireless communication systems can be widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. A typical wireless communication system can use multiple access technologies to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of these multiple access technologies can include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate within a region or even globally. An example of a telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the ongoing mobile broadband evolution driven by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements related to latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., related to the Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR can be based on the 4G long term evolution (LTE) standard. There is a need for further improvement in 5G NR technology. These improvements can also be applied to other multiple access technologies and telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.

[0005] Traditionally, IoT devices can use on-off keying (OOK) to synchronize with a reading device (e.g., a user equipment reader or a network node). However, IoT devices cannot directly use / read traditional 5G NR signals, such as synchronization signals (SS).

[0006] Therefore, how to provide OOK signals for IoT transmission in a wireless communication environment such as 5G NR becomes an important issue for newly developed wireless communication networks. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The following summary of the invention is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting. That is, the following summary of the invention is intended to introduce the concepts, highlights, advantages, and benefits of the novel and non-obvious technologies described herein. Specific embodiments will be further described in the following detailed description. Therefore, the following summary of the invention is not intended to identify the basic features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it used to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0008] The objective of the present disclosure is to propose solutions, concepts, designs, systems, methods, and apparatuses related to the generation of on-off keying (OOK) signals for reading devices and Internet of Things (IoT) devices in mobile communications. It is believed that by implementing one or more of the solutions described herein, the above problems can be avoided or alleviated.

[0009] In one aspect, a method may involve a reader device generating an OOK signal having a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform. The method may also involve the reader device sending the OOK signal to an IoT device.

[0010] In another aspect, a method may involve an IoT device receiving an OOK signal from a reader device, where the OOK signal is formed by a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform. The method may also involve the IoT device performing backscatter transmission based on the OOK signal.

[0011] In another aspect, a reader device may involve a transceiver that wirelessly communicates with at least one network node during operation. The device may also involve a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver such that, during operation, the processor may generate an OOK signal having a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform. The processor may also send the OOK signal to an IoT device via the transceiver.

[0012] It should be noted that although the descriptions provided herein can be made in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks, and network topologies, such as fifth-generation systems (5GS) and 4G EPS mobile networks, the concepts, solutions, and any variations / derivatives thereof proposed can be implemented in other types of wireless and wired communication technologies, networks, and network topologies, such as but not limited to: Ethernet, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) / Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), sixth-generation (6G) systems, and any future-developed network technologies. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The accompanying drawings contain information for further understanding of the present disclosure and form part of the present disclosure. These drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, are used to explain the principles of the present disclosure. It should be noted that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, as some components may be shown out of proportion to their actual size in order to clearly illustrate the concepts of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an example scenario of a communication environment in which various solutions and schemes according to the present disclosure can be implemented.

[0015] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of an example scenario describing the A-IoT transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of another example scenario describing the A-IoT transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an example scenario describing a reading device or IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram describing another example scenario of a reading device or an IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram describing another example scenario of a reading device or an IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a communication process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 8 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a transmission architecture between a network node and an A-IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 9 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a transmission process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 10 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a guard band configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 11 It is a schematic diagram describing another example scenario of a guard band configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 12 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a guard band configuration process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 13 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a DFT-s-OFDM-based transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 14 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a DFT-s-OFDM-based communication process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 15 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a CP-OFDM-based transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 16 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a CP-OFDM-based communication process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 17 It is a schematic diagram describing an example scenario of a DFT-s-OFDM-based data processing process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 18 is a schematic diagram depicting an example scenario of a data processing flow based on CP-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 19 is a schematic diagram depicting an example scenario of another data transmission flow based on DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 20 is a block diagram depicting an example communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 21 is a flowchart depicting an example process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 22 is a flowchart depicting an example process according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. Detailed Embodiments

[0036] Detailed embodiments and implementations of the claimed subject matter are disclosed herein. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments and implementations are merely illustrative of the claimed subject matter, which can be embodied in various forms. The present invention, however, can be implemented in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art. In the following description, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments and implementations.

[0037] Overview

[0038] According to embodiments of the present invention, various techniques, methods, schemes, and / or solutions related to the generation of on-off keying (OOK) signals associated with user equipment and mobile communication network equipment are involved. According to the present invention, multiple possible solutions can be implemented alone or in combination. That is, although these possible solutions may be described separately below, two or more of these possible solutions can be implemented in one or another combination.

[0039] Figure 1FIG. 100 is a schematic diagram of an example scenario 100 of a communication environment in which various solutions and aspects according to the present disclosure may be implemented. Scenario 100 involves a user equipment (UE) 110 that wirelessly communicates with a network 120 (e.g., a wireless network including a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and a terrestrial network (TN)) via a terrestrial network node 125 (e.g., an evolved Node-B (eNB), a Next Generation Node-B (gNB), or a transmission / reception point (TRP)) and / or a non-terrestrial network node 128 (e.g., a satellite). For example, the terrestrial network node 125 and / or the non-terrestrial network node 128 may form an NTN serving cell to wirelessly communicate with the UE 110. In some embodiments, the UE 110 may be an IoT device, e.g., a narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) UE or an enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UE (e.g., a bandwidth reduced low complexity (BL) UE or a coverage enhancement (CE) UE). In such a communication environment, as described below, the UE 110, the network 120, the terrestrial network node 125, and the non-terrestrial network node 128 may implement various aspects related to an improved OOK signal generation process according to the present invention. It should be noted that although the various proposed aspects may be described separately or individually below, in actual implementations, some or all of the proposed aspects may be used or implemented jointly. Of course, each proposed aspect may also be used or implemented separately or individually.

[0040] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a reading device (e.g., the UE 110) may generate an OOK signal having a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform. The reading device may then transmit the OOK signal to an IoT device (e.g., an ambient IoT (A-IoT) device).

[0041] In an embodiment, the reading device may perform DFT calculations and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) calculations. Additionally, the reading device may add a cyclic prefix (CP) to the OOK signal.

[0042] In an embodiment, the reading device may perform transform precoding on the OOK signal.

[0043] In an embodiment, the reading device may receive a power adjustment indication from a network node (e.g., network node 125). The reading device may send a power adjustment signal to the IoT device according to the power adjustment indication.

[0044] In an embodiment, the reading device may determine a specific equation according to the resource configuration for the OOK signal from the network node. Then, the reading device may generate a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform according to the specific equation.

[0045] In an embodiment, the reading device may determine an IoT power information element (IE). Then, the reading device may send the IoT power IE to the IoT device.

[0046] In an embodiment, the reading device may determine whether to perform at least one of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and code block segmentation to generate the OOK signal.

[0047] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of an example scenario 200 of the A-IoT transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 200 involves a reading device, an A-IoT device network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) that are part of a wireless network (e.g., LTE network, 5G / NR network, IoT network, or 6G network). Referring Figure 2 , the network node (e.g., gNB) may establish a connection with the reading device (e.g., UE or UE reader) via a wired cable. This configuration may eliminate the need for a new air interface between the network node and the A-IoT device. A new air interface between the reading device and the A-IoT device may not be introduced. As Figure 2 shown, the network node may access the A-IoT device via the reading device. That is, the reading device may be an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and the network node.

[0048] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram describing another example scenario 300 of the A-IoT transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Scenario 300 involves a reading device, an A-IoT device, and a network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) that are part of a wireless network (e.g., LTE network, 5G / NR network, IoT network, or 6G network). Referring Figure 3, a network node (e.g., gNB) can establish a connection with a reading device (e.g., UE or UE reader) via a wireless air interface. The air interface can be an NR-Uu interface to minimize the specification changes of the reading device. In addition, the air interface between the reading device and the A-IoT device can be determined based on the use cases and requirements corresponding to the reading device and the A-IoT device.

[0049] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of an example scenario 400 of a reading device or an IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Refer to Figure 4 , the IoT device can be designed with specific goals. The IoT device can be designed for power consumption during transmission or reception (≤1 μW or ≤10 μW), and for complexity, aiming to be comparable to ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) ISO18000-6C (EPC C1G2). In addition, as Figure 4 shown, the IoT device may not have energy storage or independent signal generation and amplification capabilities. The IoT device can rely on backscatter transmission. The IoT device may require a backscatter activation power threshold, an experience reflection loss, and a long-distance carrier source to send signals for positioning. As Figure 4 shown, the IoT device can include a low pass filter (LPF) for suppressing adjacent sub-carrier interference (ASCI) and adjacent carrier interference (ACI). The IoT device can also include an envelope detector (ED) supporting OOK signals. The IoT device can also include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digital baseband processing. The IoT device can also include a digital baseband (DBB) for sequence matching. The IoT device can also include a modulator (or switch) controlled by an incoming signal to add payload data for OOK modulation. The IoT device can also include a radio frequency energy harvester that converts RF signals into an energy source.

[0050] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of another example scenario 500 of a reading device or an IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Refer toFigure 5 , IoT devices can be designed with specific goals. Additionally, as Figure 5 shown, IoT devices can have energy storage but no independent signal generation. IoT devices can rely on backscatter transmission. The stored energy can be used for signal amplification. IoT devices may also require a backscatter activation power threshold, experience reflection losses, and require a long-distance carrier source for positioning. As Figure 5 shown, IoT devices can include an LPF for suppressing ASCI and ACI. IoT devices may also include an ED that supports OOK signals. IoT devices may also include an ADC for digital baseband processing. IoT devices may also include a DBB for sequence matching. IoT devices may also include a modulator controlled by an incoming signal to add payload data for OOK modulation. IoT devices may also include an RF energy harvester that converts RF signals into an energy source. IoT devices may also include additional energy harvesters for different types of environmental sources, such as RF radios, solar energy, thermal energy, and piezoelectric power sources. IoT devices may also include energy memories, such as capacitors and solid-state batteries. IoT devices may also include a reflection amplifier to amplify the signal input to the tag and the signal backscattered to the reading device.

[0051] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of another example scenario 600 of a reading device or an IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Referring to Figure 6 , IoT devices can be designed with specific goals. For example, IoT devices can be designed for power consumption during transmission or reception (≤1 μW or ≤10 μW), and for complexity that is much lower than that of Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT). Additionally, as Figure 6 shown, IoT devices can have energy storage, independent signal generation, and an active RF component for transmission. IoT devices may also have mobility management capabilities, at least for cell selection and reselection. As Figure 6As shown, the IoT device may include an LPF for suppressing ASCI and ACI. The IoT device may also include an ED supporting an OOK signal. The IoT device may also include an ADC for digital baseband processing. The IoT device may also include a DBB for synchronization, payload decoding, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The IoT device may also include an RF energy harvester that converts RF signals into an energy source. The IoT device may also include additional energy harvesters for different types of environmental sources, such as RF radios, solar energy, thermal energy, and piezoelectric power sources. The IoT device may also include energy storage, such as capacitors and solid-state batteries. The IoT device may also include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a power amplifier (PA) to amplify received and transmitted signals.

[0052] Figure 7 A schematic diagram showing an example scenario of a communication process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 700 involves a reading device, an A-IoT device, and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) that are part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). Referring Figure 7 , there may be an innovative air interface for communication between a reading device (e.g., a UE reading or a network node (e.g., a gNB)) and an A-IoT device. As Figure 7 shown, the communication process is initiated when the reading device powers the A-IoT device and sends a command. The command may include basic communication parameters, such as the tag rate, the tag data encoding method, and the total number of available time periods. When the A-IoT device has collected sufficient energy, the A-IoT device can be activated and the command from the reading device. After the A-IoT device decodes the command, the A-IoT device can randomly select a time period from the available range and generate a random sequence. Then, the A-IoT device can send the random sequence to the reading device during the selected time period. The random sequence may be modulated by frequency modulation 0 (FM0), and there may be a known preamble sequence before the random sequence. In response to the random sequence from the A-IoT device, the reading device can decode the random sequence and send an acknowledgment to the A-IoT device at a predetermined time aligned with the A-IoT rate configuration. The above reading device may be a node, such as a UE, a UE reading, a relay, an IAB node, an NR / LTE UE, a repeater, or a base station (gNB).

[0053] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication link from the UE to the A-IoT device (U2A link) may use a modulation scheme such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) or OOK to facilitate data transmission using pulse interval encoding (PIE). The U2A link may include two types of preambles. One preamble is a long U2A preamble for initial transmission, and the other preamble is a short U2A preamble for subsequent signaling. The UE may send a long U2A preamble and a control signal (or command) that specifies the control parameters of the A-IoT device.

[0054] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication link from the A-IoT device to the UE (A2U link) may use ASK or phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. The A-IoT may use FM0 baseband or Miller modulation controlled by the UE or gNB via the A2U link to encode backscattered data. The A2U link signaling may be initiated using one of two Miller subcarrier preambles based on a command or control signal. The A-IoT device may use backscatter modulation to transmit data based on the reflection coefficient of its antenna. The A2U link may be used to transmit electronic product code (EPC) and protocol-control (PC) information.

[0055] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, existing network node (e.g., gNB) hardware may be used to generate an OOK signal for an A-IoT device using backscatter transmission.

[0056] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of an example scenario 800 of the transmission architecture between a network node and an A-IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 800 involves an A-IoT device and a network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) that are part of a wireless network (e.g., LTE network, 5G / NR network, IoT network, or 6G network). The network node may also be regarded as a reading device, that is, scenario 800 may also be applied to another reading device, e.g., UE reading. Refer to Figure 8, the transmitting end of the network node (e.g., gNB TX) can perform signal generation, waveform shaping, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) multiplexing operation, and cyclic prefix (CP) addition. The receiving end of the A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT RX) can perform low pass filter (LPF) function, analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) operation, energy detection, packet detection, and synchronization (or OOK demodulation). The transmitting end of the A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT TX) can perform ASK or PSK modulation, reflection coefficient adjustment, and LNA operation.

[0057] The transmitted OOK signal can include a preamble, data payload, and CRC. The preamble can be generated by an OFDM sequence. The OFDM sequence can be known to the A-IoT device, UE, or gNB. The preamble can be used by the A-IoT device for synchronization, packet detection, and backscatter transmission. For example, the OFDM sequence can be used to overlay on the OOK symbol. The CRC type can be CRC-4, CRC-8, CRC-16, or CRC-32. Additionally, the CRC type can be based on the error detection requirements of the A-IoT device.

[0058] Waveform shaping can be performed to generate the OOK waveform. The OOK waveform can have on and off periods in the time domain. A waveform shaping module can be required to perform waveform shaping. The waveform shaping module can be the least squares solution of linear matrix multiplexing to minimize the squared error between the IFFT output and the target OOK waveform.

[0059] The IFFT module can multiplex the A-IoT signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz and the remaining physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) signal with a bandwidth (e.g., 15 MHz). The multiplexing operation can require guard resource blocks (RBs) between the A-IoT signal and the NR PDSCH signal to prevent interference.

[0060] The CP addition operation can be performed to prevent interference of A-IoT signals with NR PDSCH signals. However, for A-IoT devices with OOK receivers, the CP may be redundant since it can cause inter-symbol interference in OOK demodulation. To help A-IoT devices remove the CP, the reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can broadcast auxiliary information (e.g., subcarrier spacing (SCS), CP type, and symbol index) in the system information block (SIB) or query command.

[0061] An LPF is needed to suppress ASCI and adjacent channel interference (ACI). The LPF requirement can be based on the A-IoT signal position. Different signal positions may require different guard band RBs to prevent interference. The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can send the configuration regarding the signal position and the number of guard band RBs to the A-IoT device via the NR signal or channel.

[0062] The ADC can use a small number of bits and a low sampling rate to save power consumption. If the reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) requests ADC information, the A-IoT device can report its ADC range, bits, or sampling rate. The ADC range can be related to the interference level, and a higher interference requires a wider ADC range.

[0063] The energy detector (ED) can perform energy detection by extracting the absolute amplitude based on the correct direct current (DC) level. To obtain the correct DC level, the reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can send a preamble before data parsing. The preamble can be used by the A-IoT device for automatic gain control (AGC), time and frequency synchronization, and DC level estimation.

[0064] The packet detection module can monitor specific time, frequency, and sequence for energy harvesting and A-IoT signal detection. If the traffic is on-demand and does not require periodic reporting, the monitoring operation can be continuous. When the A-IoT device establishes a connection with the reading device, the known time, frequency resources, and sequence can be provided by the network from the reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading).

[0065] In an example, after packet detection and coarse synchronization are completed, the A-IoT device can use a preamble or CRC for fine synchronization. In another example, if a reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) provides channel coding and modulation type via an NR channel or signal, the A-IoT device can perform OOK demodulation.

[0066] If a packet is detected and the OOK signal is successfully parsed, the A-IoT device transmission can backscatter the detected and parsed OOK signal by ASK or PSK modulation based on the uplink preamble, data, and CRC of the OOK signal. If a reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) provides an indication or configuration via an NR channel or signal, the A-IoT device can backscatter or reflect an OFDM signal in the OOK signal.

[0067] The reflection factor is used to control the reflection level of the output waveform. The reflection factor can modulate the output signal for the input information, e.g., the preamble, data payload, and CRC of the OOK signal. The A-IoT device can only select to reflect or not reflect the received OOK signal, so the output signal can be ASK or FSK. The modulation type can be configured by a reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) via an NR channel or signal based on the capability report via the NR channel.

[0068] The LNA can be a reflection amplifier for UL power control. The amplifier power can be configured by a reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) via an NR channel or signal. The A-IoT device can control its UL power by adjusting the LNA based on the received signal power.

[0069] Figure 9 A schematic diagram of an example scenario 900 of a transmission process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 900 relates to an A-IoT device and a network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) where the field is part of a wireless network (e.g., LTE network, 5G / NR network, IoT network, or 6G network). The network node can also be regarded as a reading device, i.e., scenario 900 can also be applied to another reading device, e.g., UE reading. Refer to Figure 9 , the transmission process can include the following steps: broadcast sequence and command, broadcast auxiliary information, request parameter report, provide coding and modulation type, and provide modulation type. The corresponding actions of the A-IoT device in response to each network action are also described.

[0070] During the transmission process, the network node can initiate all actions. The network node can broadcast sequences and commands. The A-IoT device can use the sequences and commands for synchronization and packet detection. Then, the network can broadcast auxiliary information. The A-IoT device can use the auxiliary information for CP removal and resource allocation. To manage the interference level, the network can also request a parameter report from the A-IoT device. Then, the A-IoT device can report its parameters to the network node for interference management. For demodulation, the network can provide the coding and modulation types to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device can use the provided coding and modulation types for demodulation. Finally, the network node can provide the modulation type to the A-IoT device, and then, the A-IoT device can adjust its modulation type based on the provided information.

[0071] As Figure 9 shown, the A-IoT device can perform several key behaviors to meet the corresponding network signaling requirements.

[0072] For synchronization and packet detection, the A-IoT device can utilize the received sequences for synchronization and packet detection. The detection period can be initiated from a defined frame and controlled by the minimum value in a set determined by the sequence period. During the detection period, all sequence block indices can be mapped to packet detection opportunities at least once. The network node can broadcast the sequences and commands indicating the start of a packet. The sequence period can be derived from the relevant system information.

[0073] For the operations of CP removal and resource allocation, the A-IoT device can use the received auxiliary information. The allocation period initiated from a defined frame can be determined by the minimum value in a set according to the CP configuration period. During the allocation period, all CP block indices can be mapped to resource allocation opportunities at least once. The network node can broadcast the auxiliary information including the relevant parameters in SIBs or query commands. The CP configuration period can be derived from the relevant system information.

[0074] The A-IoT device can also manage the interference level by reporting its parameters to the network node. The reporting period initiated from a defined frame can be determined by the minimum value in a set according to the configuration period. During the reporting period, all block indices can be mapped to interference management opportunities at least once. The network can request the A-IoT device to report its parameters. The configuration period can be derived from the relevant system information.

[0075] For demodulation, the A-IoT device can use the provided coding and modulation types. The demodulation period initiated from a defined frame can be determined by the minimum value in a set according to the configuration period. During the demodulation period, all block indices can be mapped to demodulation opportunities at least once. The network can provide specific coding and modulation types for demodulation. The configuration period can be derived from the relevant system information.

[0076] An A-IoT device can adjust its modulation type based on the information provided by the network. The adjustment period initiated from the defined frame can be determined by the minimum value in the set according to the configuration period. During the adjustment period, all modulation block indices can be mapped to the adjustment opportunity at least once. The network can provide a specific modulation type based on the capability report of the A-IoT device. The modulation configuration period can be derived from the relevant system information.

[0077] As Figure 9 shown, a reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can perform several key behaviors to meet the corresponding signaling requirements of the A-IoT device.

[0078] The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can broadcast sequences and commands. The broadcast period can start from the defined frame and be determined by the sequence period to ensure that all sequence block indices are broadcast at least once during the broadcast period. The A-IoT device may need to receive the broadcast in the ready state reported in the relevant system information.

[0079] The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can broadcast auxiliary information for certain operations and resources. The broadcast period can start from the defined frame and be determined by the auxiliary configuration period to ensure that all auxiliary block indices are broadcast at least once during the broadcast period. The A-IoT device can request the auxiliary information within the request period obtained from the relevant system information.

[0080] The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can use the reported parameters from the A-IoT device to manage the interference level. The management period can start from the defined frame and be determined by the interference management configuration period to ensure that all management block indices are used at least once during the management period. The A-IoT device can report its parameters within the reporting period obtained from the relevant system information.

[0081] The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can provide the coding and modulation type to the A-IoT device. The providing period can start from the defined frame and be determined by the providing configuration period to ensure that all providing block indices are provided at least once during the providing period. The A-IoT device can request the coding and modulation type within the request period obtained from the relevant system information.

[0082] The reading device (e.g., gNB or UE reading) can provide the modulation type based on the capabilities reported by the A-IoT device. The providing period can start from the defined frame and be determined by the providing configuration period to ensure that all providing block indices are provided at least once during the providing period. The A-IoT device can report its capabilities within the reporting period obtained from the relevant system information.

[0083] The configuration and signaling of adjacent subcarriers and adjacent carrier guard resource blocks for A-IoT signals may be necessary to ensure effective interference prevention and optimal performance in a communication network.

[0084] Figure 10 An example scenario 1000 of guard band configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1000 involves an A-IoT device and a reading device (e.g., a network node or a UE). Referring to Figure 10 , for the deployment location of A-IoT signals, different numbers of guard resource blocks (e.g., blank resource blocks) may be required. The guard resource blocks can be configured by the network node and transmitted from the network node to the UE for reading or the A-IoT device via NR signals and channels.

[0085] As Figure 10 shown, adjacent subcarrier guard resource blocks (ASRBs) can be added on both sides of the A-IoT signal bandwidth. For 30KHz SCS, the range of ASRBs can be from 0.5RB to 2RB, or for 15KHz SCS, the range can be from 1RB to 4RBs. The ASRBs can be used to protect the A-IoT signal from adjacent subcarrier NR signals (e.g., PDSCH) or in-cell interference. In addition, as Figure 10 shown, when the channel bandwidth exceeds 10MHz or the A-IoT signal bandwidth is less than 5MHz, adjacent carrier guard resource blocks (ACRBs) can be added on one side of the A-IoT signal bandwidth. For 30KHz SCS, the range of ACRBs can be from 1RB to 3RB, or for 15KHz SCS, the range can be from 2RB to 6RB. The ACRBs can be used to protect the A-IoT signal from interference from adjacent carrier NR signals, e.g., inter-cell interference.

[0086] Figure 11 Another example scenario 1100 of guard band configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1100 involves an A-IoT device and a reading device (e.g., a network node or a UE). Referring to Figure 11 , when the channel bandwidth is less than 10MHz or the A-IoT signal bandwidth exceeds 5MHz, ACRBs can be added on both sides of the A-IoT signal bandwidth in the 5G network.

[0087] For 30 KHz SCS, the range of ACRB can be from 1 RB to 3 RBs, or for 15 KHz SCS, the range can be from 2 RBs to 6 RBs. The ACRB can be used to protect A-IoT signals from interference by adjacent carrier NR signals, e.g., inter-cell interference. The number of ACRBs can be configured by the network node and read by the UE or A-IoT device via the NR signals and channels from the network node.

[0088] Figure 12 An example scenario 1200 of a guard band configuration process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1200 involves an A-IoT device and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) that are part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). The network node can also be regarded as a reading device, i.e., scenario 1200 can also be applied to another reading device, e.g., UE reading. Referring Figure 12 , the network node can initiate the process by configuring and transmitting guard resource blocks to the A-IoT device. After receiving the configuration, the A-IoT device can adjust its guard resource blocks accordingly. Then, the network node can send or transmit the number of ASRBs and ACRBs to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device can add guard resource blocks (i.e., ASRBs and ACRBs) on both sides or one side of its signal bandwidth based on the guard band configuration of the network node.

[0089] As Figure 12 shown, the A-IoT device can perform several key behaviors to meet the corresponding network signal requirements.

[0090] A-IoT signals can be deployed at various positions within the channel bandwidth. Depending on the position, different numbers of guard resource blocks may be required. These guard blocks can be blank resource blocks. The guard resource blocks can be used to mitigate interference and ensure signal integrity. The network node can configure and transmit guard resource blocks to the A-IoT device via the NR signals and channels to allow the A-IoT device to adapt to different deployment positions.

[0091] ASRBs can be added on both sides of the A-IoT signal bandwidth. The ASRBs can be used to protect the A-IoT signals from adjacent subcarrier NR signals (e.g., PDSCH) or in-cell interference. For 30 KHz SCS, the range of ASRBs can be from 0.5 RB to 2 RBs, or for 15 KHz SCS, the range can be from 1 RB to 4 RBs. The network node can configure and transmit the number of ASRBs to the A-IoT device to allow the A-IoT device to dynamically adjust according to changes in the interference environment.

[0092] According to the channel bandwidth and the A-IoT signal bandwidth, the ACRB can be added to one or both sides of the A-IoT signal bandwidth. The ACRB can be used to protect the A-IoT signal from interference by adjacent carrier NR signals, e.g., inter-cell interference. For 30KHz SCS, the range of the ACRB can be from 1RB to 3RB, or for 15KHz SCS, the range can be from 2RB to 6RB. The network node can configure and transmit the number of ACRBs to the A-IoT device so that the A-IoT device can effectively manage inter-cell interference.

[0093] These behaviors and signaling requirements can enable the A-IoT device to effectively manage interference and maintain optimal performance in the 5G network.

[0094] Non-uniform synchronization in wireless communication can lead to reduced efficiency, latency, increased power consumption, and data errors. Therefore, the communication quality of the signal can be vulnerable to interference and noise, especially in areas with dense devices or poor signal conditions.

[0095] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, existing UE hardware can generate an on-off keying (OOK) signal with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform for use in an A-IoT device using backscatter transmission.

[0096] Figure 13 An example scenario 1300 of a DFT-s-OFDM-based transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1300 involves an A-IoT device and a UE (or UE reader). The UE can be regarded as a reading device. Refer Figure 13 , if the UE reader supports DFT-s-OFDM uplink (UL) transmission, the UE reader can spread the A-IoT symbol over the entire signal bandwidth without using other UL NR signals multiplexed in the same OFDM symbol. That is, the UE reader can communicate with the A-IoT device using its UL transmission.

[0097] DFT-s-OFDM modulation can have a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than CP-OFDM modulation. Therefore, a UE reader using DFT-s-OFDM modulation for data transmission can have a higher / better average power to improve uplink coverage performance. For the OOK signal sent from the UE reader to the A-IoT device, DFT-s-OFDM modulation can be selected to obtain better coverage. For subsequent physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission or A-IoT signal transmission, the network node can dynamically reconfigure the UE reader according to the coverage conditions.

[0098] The OOK signal (or A-IoT waveform) can be generated by transforming precoding operations and / or CP-OFDM operations. The transform precoding can be least square (LS) precoding or FFT (or DFT) precoding. By using a flat spectrum in the frequency domain, the robustness against frequency selective fading can be enhanced. Before performing DFT precoding or LS precoding, a flat spectrum can be achieved by covering the OOK symbols with an OFDM sequence.

[0099] To reduce the complexity of waveform generation for network nodes or UEs to read, the frequency domain samples of the A-IoT subcarrier band mapped to the IFFT can be pre-stored. The memory requirements for the pre-stored information can depend on the number of bandwidth sizes supported by the A-IoT device.

[0100] Figure 14 An example scenario 1400 of a communication process based on DFT-s-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1400 involves a UE (or UE to read), an A-IoT device, and a network node (such as a macro / micro base station) that is part of a wireless network (such as an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). Referring Figure 14 , the network node (such as a gNB) can send an instruction to the UE to read. Then, the UE to read can transmit the instruction to the A-IoT device via the OOK signal. The A-IoT device can generate a DFT-s-OFDM waveform and / or adjust its power level according to the indication from the UE to read. The UE to read can report operations or activities related to the A-IoT device to the network node. In addition, the network node can also send a specific signal to the A-IoT device via the UE to read to trigger the A-IoT device to send its status information to the UE to read. Then, the UE to read can send the status information of the A-IoT device to the network node.

[0101] The behavior and data processing operations of the A-IoT device can be performed according to the configuration or signal received from the UE to read or the network node. The configuration or instruction can be used to indicate how the A-IoT device processes data of different sizes, generates waveforms, adjusts power levels, and actively sends status information.

[0102] The UE reads can configure or send signaling to the A-IoT device via RRC messages in the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). For example, if the DFT-S-OFDM waveform is used in the PUSCH or other DL NR channels (such as the physical random access channel (PRACH) or the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)), the UE reads can use n / 2 BPSK or the A-IoT waveform (such as ASK or FSK).

[0103] The equations for generating the A-IoT waveform can be reused for the PRACH, or for all physical channels and signals other than the PRACH. The equations can include several parameters, which can be configured by the network node via system information (SI) messages or RRC messages in the PDSCH.

[0104] The A-IoT power information element (IE) configured by the network node via the RRC message for the CP-OFDM scenario (i.e., transform precoding is disabled) can be used to boost the transmission power of the A-IoT device, such as the transmission power of the PUSCH or the PRACH. The boosting size can be determined according to the number of layers used by the PUSCH. For an increased number of layers, the boosting size can become larger.

[0105] Figure 15 An example scenario 1500 of a CP-OFDM-based transmission architecture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1500 involves an A-IoT device and a UE (or UE reads). The UE can be regarded as a reading device. Refer to Figure 15 , if the UE reads support CP-OFDM UL, then Figure 15 the transmission architecture can be similar to the transmission architecture between the network node and the A-IoT device (such as Figure 8 the transmission architecture). The difference between the two transmission architectures is that the UE reads can communicate with the A-IoT device using its UL transmission. Therefore, if the UE reads are compatible with CP-OFDM UL, the IFFT module can be used for PUSCH multiplexing with the A-IoT signal.

[0106] The DC subcarrier can be excluded to prevent potential interference from local oscillator leakage.

[0107] The A-IoT waveform can be generated by reusing the equations for PRACH or all other physical channels and signals other than PRACH. The equation can include several parameters, for example, the total number of subcarriers, common resource blocks, point A, resource element index, length of the PRACH sequence, PRACH subcarrier spacing, subcarrier spacing of the associated uplink bandwidth part (BWP), and subcarrier spacing of the first resource block allocated to PRACH. The network node can adjust the parameters via an SI message or an RRC message transmitted in the PDSCH.

[0108] The A-IoT power IE can be configured by the network node via an RRC message for the CP-OFDM scenario (i.e., when transform precoding is not enabled). Compared with the transmission power of PUSCH or PRACH, the A-IoT power IE can be used to enhance the transmission power of the A-IoT device. The range of power boost can depend on the number of layers used for PUSCH.

[0109] Figure 16 An example scenario 1600 of a CP-OFDM-based communication process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1600 involves a UE (or UE read), an A-IoT device, and a network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) that can be part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). Referring Figure 16 , the network node can send an instruction to the UE read. Then, the UE read can send an instruction to the A-IoT device via a signal. The A-IoT device can generate a waveform or adjust its power level according to the instruction. Then, the UE read can report an action or operation related to the A-IoT device to the network node. In addition, the network node can also send a specific signal to the A-IoT device via the UE read to trigger the A-IoT device to send its status information to the UE read. Then, the UE read can send the status information of the A-IoT device to the network node. The A-IoT device can communicate only with the UE read and not directly with the network node.

[0110] The A-IoT device can operate according to the signal received from the UE read. The UE read can communicate with the network node via the Uu interface and send the instruction of the network node to the A-IoT device. For example, the A-IoT device can receive a signal from the UE read, which can indicate a request to send data. In another example, the A-IoT device can receive an instruction from the UE read to adjust its power level.

[0111] When the A-IoT device receives a signal read by the UE, the A-IoT device can generate its own waveform using a specific equation indicated in the signal. In an example, waveform generation may involve parameters such as 12 subcarriers, 7 common resource blocks, and a PRACH sequence length of 839. In another example, for different configurations, waveform generation may involve 24 subcarriers, 14 common resource blocks, and a PRACH sequence length of 1393. When the waveform is generated, the A-IoT device can send the waveform to the UE read.

[0112] The A-IoT device can adjust its transmission power according to the A-IoT power IE read from the UE. For example, if the UE read receives an instruction from the network node to use two layers for PUSCH, the UE read can determine the A-IoT power IE according to the instruction and send the A-IoT power IE to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device can increase its transmission power by 3 dB according to the A-IoT power IE. Correspondingly, if the UE read receives a power reduction command from the network node, the A-IoT device can reduce its transmission power by 2 dB.

[0113] The actions of the A-IoT device can be triggered by certain conditions, such as receiving a specific signal read from the UE. For example, when the A-IoT device receives a specific signal read from the UE, it can be triggered to send its status information. In another example, when the A-IoT device receives a power control command read from the UE, it can adjust its power level.

[0114] Improvements may be needed for optimizing the A-IoT data processing flow, especially for error detection of small data, resource allocation of medium data, and decision-making for large data segmentation.

[0115] Figure 17 An example scenario 1700 of a data processing flow based on DFT-s-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1700 involves a UE (or UE read), an A-IoT device, and a network node (such as a (macro / micro) base station) that can be part of a wireless network (such as an LTE network, 5G / NR network, IoT network, or 6G network). Referring Figure 17 , the application of code block segmentation, CRC bits, and rate matching for different data sizes can be discussed. Figure 17 Methods for scrambling and sequence generation can also be shown.

[0116] For small-sized data (e.g., data size less than 12 bits), the A-IoT device may not perform code block segmentation or addition of CRC bits. The A-IoT device may decode the received data based on the redundancy generated by a specific block encoding and decoding method (e.g., Manchester code) used by the UE to read or by the network node. Additionally, the A-IoT device may use rate matching to ensure that the bits are precisely adapted within the allocated resources. If an increase in the number of bits is required, the A-IoT device may use repetition to meet the required bit count.

[0117] For medium-sized data (e.g., data size in the range of 12 bits to 19 bits), the A-IoT device may perform addition of CRC bits for error detection at the network node, but not perform code block segmentation. The A-IoT device may use a specific method (e.g., Manchester code) for channel encoding and decoding to protect the data (or information) transmission. Additionally, the A-IoT device may apply rate matching to ensure that the bits are accurately adapted within the allocated resources.

[0118] For large-sized data (e.g., data size greater than 19 bits), the A-IoT device may perform code block segmentation based on the number of bits to be transmitted. The code block segmentation may generate up to two code blocks. CRC bits may be added for error detection, and a specific method (e.g., Manchester code) may be used for channel encoding and decoding. Rate matching may be performed to ensure that the bits are accurately adapted within the allocated resources. Additionally, the A-IoT device may decode the segmented blocks and reassemble them for further processing.

[0119] To randomize the transmitted bit stream and minimize interference with neighboring devices, the A-IoT device may perform scrambling operations. The scrambling sequence generator may be initialized according to the configuration to generate a scrambling sequence. The configuration may include a device-specific identifier and the values of specific configuration parameters. The A-IoT device may use the same scrambling sequence to descramble the received bit stream.

[0120] Rate matching may be used to process each channel coding segment separately. This rate matching may include two stages. One stage may be bit selection, and the other stage may be bit interleaving. Bit selection may reduce the number of channel coding bits to match the capacity of the allocated air interface resources. Bit interleaving may be used to rearrange the bit sequence. Then, the A-IoT device may perform the inverse operation (or process) of rate matching to restore the original bit sequence.

[0121] The UE (or UE read) can support sending A-IoT signals (or OOK signals) via the CP-OFDM waveform or the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. The UE can select CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for sending A-IoT signals according to network conditions (such as data type) and UE capabilities. When the UE does not support MIMO, the UE can select DFT-s-OFDM for single-stream transmission. The network node can indicate to the UE which waveform to use via control signaling.

[0122] Figure 18 An example scenario 1800 of a data processing flow based on CP-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1800 involves a UE (or UE read), an A-IoT device, and a network node (such as a (macro / micro) base station) that can be part of a wireless network (such as an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). Referring to Figure 18 , the processes of code block segmentation, CRC bits, and rate matching for different data sizes can be discussed. Figure 18 The methods of scrambling and sequence generation can also be shown.

[0123] For small-sized data (e.g., data size less than 12 bits), the A-IoT device may not perform code block segmentation or addition of CRC bits. The A-IoT device can decode the received data according to the redundancy generated by a specific block encoding and decoding method (such as Manchester encoding) used by the UE read or the network node. In addition, the A-IoT device can perform rate matching to precisely fit the bits within the allocated resources. If an increase in the number of bits is required, the A-IoT device can use repetition to meet the required bit count.

[0124] For medium-sized data (e.g., data size in the range of 12 bits to 19 bits), the A-IoT device can perform addition of CRC bits for error detection at the network node but still does not perform code block segmentation. The A-IoT device can use a specific method (such as Manchester encoding) for channel encoding and decoding to decode during data (or information) transmission. In addition, the A-IoT device can perform rate matching to ensure that the bits accurately fit within the allocated resources. In addition, the A-IoT device can decode the segmented blocks and reassemble them for further processing.

[0125] For large-sized data (e.g., data size greater than 19 bits), the A-IoT device can perform code block segmentation according to the number of bits to be transmitted. The code block segmentation can generate up to two code blocks. CRC bits can be added for error detection, and a specific method (e.g., Manchester coding) can be used for channel encoding and decoding. In addition, the A-IoT device can perform rate matching to accurately adapt the bits to the allocated resources. In addition, the A-IoT device can decode the segmented blocks and reassemble them for further processing.

[0126] To decode the transmitted bitstream and reduce interference with neighboring devices, the A-IoT device can perform descrambling. The descrambling sequence generator can be initialized according to the configuration to generate a descrambling sequence. The configuration can include a device-specific identifier and the values of specific configuration parameters. The A-IoT device can use the same descrambling sequence to descramble the received bitstream.

[0127] The rate matching function supported by the UE read or the network node can be used to independently process each channel coding segment. This matching can have two stages. One stage can be bit selection, and the other stage can be bit interleaving. Bit selection can reduce the number of channel coding bits to match the capacity of the allocated air interface resources. Bit interleaving can be used to rearrange the bit sequence. Then, the A-IoT device can perform the inverse operation (or process) of rate matching to restore the original bit sequence.

[0128] The signaling between the A-IoT device and the UE read can ensure that the data is transmitted accurately and efficiently. The UE read can send signals indicating the data size, whether CRC bits are added, and whether code block segmentation is used. The A-IoT device can confirm the signal, decode the received data, check for errors, and send an acknowledgment signal to the UE read.

[0129] Figure 19 An example scenario 1900 of a data transmission process based on DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Scenario 1900 involves a UE (or UE read), an A-IoT device, and a network node (e.g., (macro / micro) base station) that can be part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network, or a 6G network). Referring Figure 19 , the A-IoT device can receive data of different sizes from a reading device (e.g., a UE read or a network node). The A-IoT device can perform different operations according to the data size. The A-IoT device also receives a descrambling sequence from the reading device to adjust its descrambling process accordingly. After decoding the received data and checking for errors, the A-IoT device can transmit or send an acknowledgment signal to the reading device.

[0130] The operation or behavior of an A-IoT device can vary according to the configuration or signaling received from a reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node). The configuration or signal may affect how the A-IoT device processes received data of small, medium, or large sizes.

[0131] When the A-IoT device receives small-sized data, the A-IoT device may not perform (or may not expect) code block segmentation or adding CRC bits. However, if the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a signal or configuration indicating the use of code block segmentation or CRC bits, the A-IoT device can adjust its decoding process accordingly. For example, the A-IoT device can use a specific decoding method to process the segmented blocks or use CRC bits for error detection.

[0132] When the A-IoT device receives medium-sized data, the A-IoT device can perform (or expect) adding CRC bits for error detection but not perform (or not expect) code block segmentation. If the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a signal indicating the use of code block segmentation, the A-IoT device can adjust its decoding process according to the signal to process the segmented data. Similarly, if the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a configuration indicating a different error detection method, the A-IoT device can also adjust its decoding process according to the different method.

[0133] When the A-IoT device receives large-sized data, the A-IoT device can perform (or expect) code block segmentation. If the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a configuration specifying the size limit of each code block, the A-IoT device can adjust its decoding process according to the configuration to process smaller blocks. Similarly, if the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a signal indicating the use of a specific channel encoding and decoding method, the A-IoT device can adjust its decoding process according to the specific channel encoding and decoding method to decode the data according to the specific channel encoding and decoding method.

[0134] The descrambling sequence generator of the A-IoT device can be initialized according to a configuration (or formula), which can include a device-specific identifier and the values of specific configuration parameters. However, if the reading device (e.g., UE reading or network node) sends a configuration specifying a different configuration (or formula) or parameters for the descrambling sequence, the A-IoT device can adjust its descrambling process accordingly.

[0135] Exemplary Embodiments

[0136] Figure 20FIG. 2000 shows an exemplary communication system 2000 that includes at least an exemplary communication device 2010 and an exemplary network device 2020 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Each of the communication device 2010 and the network device 2020 may perform various functions to implement the schemes, techniques, processes, and methods related to OOK signal generation described herein, including the various proposed designs, concepts, schemes, and methods described above, as well as the schemes related to user equipment and network devices in mobile communication, including the above scenarios / schemes and the processes 2100 and 2200 described below.

[0137] The communication device 2010 may be part of an electronic device, which may be a UE, for example, a portable or mobile device, a wearable device, a wireless communication device, or a computing device. For example, the communication device 2010 may be implemented in a smart phone, a smart watch, a personal digital assistant, an electronic control unit (ECU) in a vehicle, a digital camera, or a computing device such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a notebook computer. The communication device 2010 may also be part of a machine type device, which may be an IoT, NB-IoT, eMTC, IIoT UE such as a fixed or stationary device, a home appliance, a roadside unit (RSU), a wired communication device, or a computing device. For example, the communication device 2010 may be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart refrigerator, a smart door lock, a wireless speaker, or a home control center. Alternatively, the communication device 2010 may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated-circuit (IC) chips, such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors. The communication device 2010 may include Figure 20 at least some of the components shown, such as, for example, a processor 2012. The communication device 2010 may also include one or more other components (such as, for example, an internal power supply, a display device, and / or a user interface device) that are not related to the schemes proposed in the present invention, and thus, for simplicity and conciseness, such components of the communication device 2010 are neither shown Figure 20 nor described below.

[0138] The network device 2020 may be part of an electronic device, which may be a network node such as a satellite, a base station, a small cell, a router, or a gateway of an IoT network. For example, the network device 2020 may be implemented in a satellite or in an eNB / gNB / TRP in a 4G / 5G / B5G / 6G, NR, IoT, NB-IoT, or IIoT network. Alternatively, the network device 2020 may be implemented in the form of one or more IC chips, such as but not limited to one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more RISC or CISC processors. The network device 2020 may include Figure 20 at least some of those components shown, e.g., the processor 2022. The network device 2020 may also include one or more other components (e.g., an internal power supply, a display device, and / or a user interface device) that are not relevant to the proposed solution of the present invention, and thus, for simplicity and conciseness, such components of the network device 2020 are neither shown in Figure 20 nor described below.

[0139] In one aspect, each of the processor 2012 and the processor 2022 may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more RISC processors, or one or more CISC processors. That is, although the singular term "processor" is used herein to refer to the processor 2012 and the processor 2022, according to the present invention, in some embodiments, each of the processor 2012 and the processor 2022 may include multiple processors, while in other embodiments, it may include a single processor. In another aspect, each of the processor 2012 and the processor 2022 may be implemented in the form of hardware (and optionally firmware) having electronic components, the electronic components including, for example but not limited to, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors, and / or one or more varactor diodes, which are configured and arranged to implement a specific purpose according to the present invention. In other words, in at least some embodiments, each of the processor 2012 and the processor 2022 is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, set up, and configured to perform specific tasks, the specific tasks including OOK signal generation in devices (e.g., represented by the communication device 2010) and networks (e.g., represented by the network device 2020) according to various embodiments of the present invention.

[0140] In some embodiments, the communication device 2010 may further include a transceiver 2016 coupled to the processor 2012. The transceiver 2016 is capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some embodiments, the transceiver 2016 may be capable of wireless communication with different types of UEs and / or wireless networks of different radio access technologies (RATs). In some embodiments, the transceiver 2016 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown), for example, four antenna ports. That is, the transceiver 2016 may be equipped with a plurality of transmit antennas and a plurality of receive antennas for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication.

[0141] In some embodiments, the network device 2020 may further include a transceiver 2026 coupled to the processor 2022. The transceiver 2026 is capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some embodiments, the transceiver 2026 may be capable of wireless communication with different types of UEs and / or wireless networks of different RATs. In some embodiments, the transceiver 2026 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown), for example, four antenna ports. That is, the transceiver 2026 may be equipped with a plurality of transmit antennas and a plurality of receive antennas for MIMO wireless communication.

[0142] In some embodiments, the communication device 2010 may further include a memory 2014 coupled to the processor 2012 and accessible by the processor 2012 for storing data therein. In some embodiments, the network device 2020 may further include a memory 2024 coupled to the processor 2022 and accessible by the processor 2022 for storing data therein. Each of the memory 2014 and the memory 2024 may be of the random access memory (RAM) type, such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), thyristor RAM (T-RAM), and / or zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM). Alternatively, each of the memory 2014 and the memory 2024 may include a read-only memory (ROM) type, such as mask ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), and / or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM). Alternatively, each of the memory 2014 and the memory 2024 may include a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) type, such as flash memory, solid-state memory, ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), and / or phase change memory.

[0143] Each of the communication device 2010 and the network device 2020 can be a communication entity capable of communicating using the various solutions of the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, the capabilities of the communication device 2010 as a UE and the network device 2020 as a network node (e.g., a TRP) are described below in conjunction with processes 2100 and 2200.

[0144] Figure 21 An example process 2100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Process 2100 can be an example implementation of the above scenario / solution, either in part or in whole, regarding the generation of OOK signals of the present disclosure. Process 2100 can represent aspects of an implementation of the functional characteristics of the communication device 2010 and / or the network device 2020. Process 2100 can include one or more operations, actions, or functions as shown in one or more blocks 2110 and 2120. Although shown as discrete blocks, depending on the required implementation, the individual blocks of process 2100 can be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or deleted. In addition, the blocks of process 2100 can be executed in the Figure 21 order shown, or in a different order. Process 2100 can be implemented by the communication device 2010 or any suitable reading device. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 2100 is described below in the context of the communication device 2010. Process 2100 can start at block 2110.

[0145] In block 2110, process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 of the communication device 2010 generating an OOK signal having a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform. Process 2100 can continue from block 2110 to block 2120.

[0146] In block 2120, process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 sending the OOK signal to the IoT device via the transceiver 2016.

[0147] In some embodiments, process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 performing DFT calculations. Process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 performing IDFT calculations. Process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 adding a CP to the OOK signal.

[0148] In some embodiments, process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 performing transform precoding on the OOK signal.

[0149] In some embodiments, process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 receiving a power adjustment indication from the network node via the transceiver 2016. Process 2100 can involve the processor 2012 sending a power adjustment signal to the IoT device via the transceiver 2016.

[0150] In some embodiments, process 2100 may involve the processor 2012 determining an equation based on the resource configuration of an OOK signal from a network node. Process 2100 may involve the processor 2012 generating a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform based on the equation.

[0151] In some embodiments, process 2100 may involve the processor 2012 determining an IoT power IE. Process 2100 may involve the processor 2012 sending the IoT power IE to an IoT device via the transceiver 2016.

[0152] In some embodiments, process 2100 may involve the processor 2012 determining whether to perform at least one of CRC and code block segmentation to generate an OOK signal.

[0153] Figure 22 An example process 2200 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Process 2200 may be an example implementation of the above scenario / scheme, whether in part or in whole, regarding the generation of an OOK signal of the present disclosure. Process 2200 may represent an aspect of an implementation of the functional characteristics of the communication device 2010 and / or the network device 2020. Process 2200 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as shown by one or more blocks 2210 and 2220. Although shown as discrete blocks, depending on the desired implementation, the various blocks of process 2200 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or deleted. Additionally, the blocks of process 2200 may be executed in the Figure 22 order shown, or in a different order. Process 2200 may be implemented by the communication device 2010 or any suitable IoT device. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 2200 is described below in the context of the communication device 2010. Process 2200 may start at block 2210.

[0154] In block 2210, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 of the communication device 2010 receiving an OOK signal from a reading device via the transceiver 2016, where the OOK signal is formed by a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform. Process 2200 may proceed from block 2210 to block 2220.

[0155] In block 2220, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 performing backscatter transmission based on the OOK signal.

[0156] In some embodiments, the OOK signal is generated by using transform precoding.

[0157] In some embodiments, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 receiving a power adjustment indication from a network node via the transceiver 2016. Process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 sending a power adjustment signal to the IoT device via the transceiver 2016.

[0158] In some embodiments, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 determining an equation based on the resource configuration of an OOK signal from a network node. Process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 generating a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform according to the equation.

[0159] In some embodiments, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 determining an IoT power information element (IE). Process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 sending the IoT power IE to the IoT device via the transceiver 2016.

[0160] In some embodiments, process 2200 may involve the processor 2012 determining whether to perform at least one of CRC and code block segmentation to generate an OOK signal.

[0161] The subject matter described herein sometimes shows different components contained within or connected to different other components. It should be understood that such described architectures are merely examples, and in fact, many other architectures with the same functionality can be implemented. In a conceptual sense, any setting of components that achieve the same function is effectively "associated" so as to achieve the desired function. Therefore, any two components combined herein to achieve a specific function can be regarded as "associated" with each other so as to achieve the required function, regardless of the architecture or intermediate components. Similarly, any two components so associated can also be regarded as "operatively connected" or "operatively coupled" to each other to achieve the required functionality, and any two components that can be so associated can also be regarded as "operatively coupled" to each other to achieve the required functionality. Specific examples of operable couplings include, but are not limited to, physically matchable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0162] In addition, with regard to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those skilled in the art can appropriately convert from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural according to the context and / or application. For clarity, various singular / plural permutations may be explicitly set forth herein.

[0163] In addition, those skilled in the art will understand that, generally speaking, the terms used herein, particularly the terms used in the appended claims, such as the subject matter of the appended claims, are generally intended to be "open" terms. For example, the term "comprising" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to", the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least", and the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to". Those skilled in the art will further understand that if a specific number of introduced claim recitations is desired, such an intention will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such a recitation, there is no such intention. For example, for the purpose of illustration, the following appended claims may contain the use of introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed as implying that a claim recitation introduced by the indefinite article "a" or "an" will limit any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to an embodiment containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrase "one or more" or "at least one", and the indefinite article such as "a" or "an", e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"; the same applies to the use of definite articles introducing claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of introduced claim recitations is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such a recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number. For example, a bare recitation of "two recitations" without any other modifiers means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. In addition, in those cases, the convention is similar to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc.". Generally, in the sense that those skilled in the art understand the convention, the use of such a construction, such as "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" will include but not be limited to systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. In those cases where the convention is similar to "at least one of A, B, or C". Generally, such a construction is intended to be used in the sense that those skilled in the art understand the convention. For example, "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" will include but not be limited to systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together. Those skilled in the art will further understand that, whether in the specification, the claims, or the drawings, any disjunctive word and / or phrase that actually presents two or more alternative terms should be understood to cover the possibility of including one of the terms, any one of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibility of "A" or "B" or "A and B".

[0164] From the foregoing, it will be understood that the various embodiments of the present invention have been described for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, and the true scope and spirit are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication, comprising: The processor of the reading device generates an on-off keying signal having a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing CP-OFDM waveform; as well as The processor sends the on-off keying signal to the IoT device.

2. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: The generating the on-off keying signal comprises: A discrete Fourier transform calculation is performed by the processor; performing, by the processor, an inverse discrete Fourier transform calculation; and A cyclic prefix is ​​added to the on-off keying signal.

3. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: Further including: The processor performs transform precoding on the on-off keying signal.

4. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: Further including: receiving, by the processor, a power adjustment indication from a network node; and The processor sends a power adjustment signal to the IoT device.

5. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: Further including: determining, by the processor, an equation based on a resource configuration for the on-off keying signal from a network node; and The processor generates the DFT-s-OFDM waveform or the CP-OFDM waveform according to the equation.

6. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: Further including: determining, by the processor, an IoT power information element; and The processor sends the IoT power information element to the IoT device.

7. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 1, wherein: Further including: A determination is made by the processor whether to perform at least one of a cyclic redundancy check and a code block segmentation to generate the on-off keying signal.

8. A method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication, comprising: The processor of the IoT device receives an on-off keying signal from the reading device, wherein the on-off keying signal is formed by a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveform; and Backscatter transmission is performed by the processor according to the on-off keying signal.

9. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 8, wherein: The on-off keying signal is generated by using transform precoding.

10. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 8, wherein: Further including: receiving, by the processor, a power adjustment signal from the reading device; and The processor performs power management according to the power adjustment signal.

11. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 8, wherein: Further including: determining, by the processor, an equation based on a resource configuration for the on-off keying signal; and The backscatter transmission is generated by the processor according to the equation.

12. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 8, wherein: Further including: receiving, by the processor, an IoT power information element from the reading device; and The processor performs power management according to the IoT power information element.

13. The method for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 8, wherein: Further including: A determination is made by the processor whether at least one of a cyclic redundancy check and a code block segmentation is performed on the on-off keying signal.

14. A device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication, comprising: a transceiver for wirelessly communicating with at least one network node of a wireless network during operation; as well as A processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver such that, during operation, the processor performs the following operations: generating an on-off keying signal having a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing DFT-s-OFDM waveform or a cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing CP-OFDM waveform; and The on-off keying signal is sent to the IoT device via the transceiver.

15. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 14, wherein: In generating the on-off keying signal, the processor performs discrete Fourier transform calculation and inverse discrete Fourier transform calculation, and adds CP to the on-off keying signal.

16. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 15, wherein: The processor is further configured to perform operations comprising: Transform precoding is performed on the on-off keying signal.

17. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 14, wherein: The processor is further configured to perform operations comprising: receiving a power adjustment indication from the network node via the transceiver; and A power adjustment signal is sent to the IoT device via the transceiver.

18. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 14, wherein: The processor is further configured to perform operations comprising: determining an equation based on a resource configuration for the on-off keying signal from the network node; and The DFT-s-OFDM waveform or the CP-OFDM waveform is generated according to the equation.

19. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 14, wherein: The processor is further configured to perform operations comprising: Identify IoT power information elements; and An Internet of Things power information element is sent to the Internet of Things device via the transceiver.

20. The device for generating an on-off keying signal in mobile communication according to claim 14, wherein: The processor is further configured to perform operations comprising: A determination is made by the processor whether to perform at least one of a cyclic redundancy check and a code block segmentation to generate the on-off keying signal.

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