Composite ecological zone construction technology for arbor, shrub and grass ditches on edge of black soil cultivated land in northeast China

Abstract

The invention discloses a northeast black soil cultivated land edge arbor, shrub and grass ditch composite ecological zone construction technology, an arbor, shrub and grass ditch composite ecological zone is constructed on the rainfall outflow side edge of a target cultivated land parcel according to a target cultivated land edge natural shoreline, and the arbor, shrub and grass ditch composite ecological zone comprises a herbaceous plant zone, a shrub plant zone, an arbor plant zone and an ecological ditch zone. Based on the protection and barrier effects of the ecological vegetation belts and the water source conservation and pollutant degradation effects of the ecological ditch wetland, the ecological regulation and control principle of biodiversity and the multifunctional mechanism of an ecological system are utilized, and through the arbor-shrub-grass composite vegetation belts and the ecological ditch construction technology on the edges of the cultivated land, soil water and soil loss and non-point source pollution are intercepted and reduced; plant species composition, ecological ditch scale and layout mode are appropriately adjusted, biological diversity is adaptively recovered, an ecological barrier zone is constructed, systematic technical support is provided for water and soil loss protection of the black soil cultivated land, ecological-production collaborative development of the black soil cultivated land is served, and protection and utilization of the black land are assisted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of farmland soil and water conservation and protection forest belt construction, and specifically to a method for improving soil and water loss in cultivated land, increasing farmland biodiversity, and thus improving cultivated land fertility and productivity by constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of cultivated land. The method is specifically a technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil cultivated land in Northeast China. Background Art

[0002] Northeast China's black soil farmland is concentrated and contiguous, with a deep, fertile soil and high organic matter content. It is an important commercial grain base and strategic grain reserve. However, due to the impact of continuous reclamation and other factors, the thickness of the black soil layer, the organic matter and nutrient content, the soil structure, and the water storage capacity of this black soil farmland have undergone significant changes.

[0003] Currently, farmland slope protection technologies commonly employ concrete or gravel structures, or plant single plants such as vetiver, alfalfa, or trees. While these methods can stabilize soil in the short term, they have significant drawbacks. The lack of a multi-layered planting system results in a relatively single ecological function. The systematic integration of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants with ditch engineering fails, resulting in a separation between soil and water conservation and pollution interception. Furthermore, when selecting plant species, insufficient consideration is given to economically important plants with dual ecological and production benefits, and even less consideration is given to plants such as nectar plants that attract pests. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention addresses the above-mentioned problems based on the protection and barrier function of ecological vegetation belts, the water conservation and pollutant degradation function of ecological ditch wetlands, and the use of biodiversity ecological regulation principles and ecosystem multifunctional mechanisms. Through "near-natural" measures, the construction technology of tree-shrub-grass composite vegetation belts and ecological ditches on the edge of cultivated land is used to intercept and reduce soil erosion and non-point source pollution. In addition, according to the different geographical regions, cultivated land slopes, and crop planting requirements of black soil, the plant species composition, ecological ditch scale and layout are appropriately adjusted, biodiversity is adaptively restored, and ecological barrier belts are constructed. This provides systematic technical support for the protection of black soil cultivated land from soil erosion, serves the coordinated development of "ecology-production" of black soil cultivated land, and helps the protection and utilization of black soil.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: A technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt on the edge of black soil cultivated land in Northeast China includes the following steps: Step 1: Determine the location, width and structure of the ecological belt Based on the original natural shoreline at the edge of the target cultivated land, a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is constructed at the outflow side of the target cultivated land. The width of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is 5-15m. The tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt includes herbaceous plant belts, shrub plant belts, tree plant belts and ecological ditch belts. Step 2: Configuration of each functional zone Willow or poplar trees are planted in the tree belt, blue indigo, four-season rose and Lespedeza are planted in the shrub belt, alfalfa and sheepgrass are planted in the herb belt, and reeds and cattails are planted on the slopes and bottom of the ecological ditch belt; Step 3: Management of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt The plants in the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt, tree plant belt and ecological ditch belt will be monitored within 2-3 months after being planted. Based on the monitoring results, management measures such as plant replanting and rejuvenation, weed control, ditch shoreline stabilization and tree shaping will be implemented.

[0006] Preferably, in step 1, when the target cultivated land is concentrated and contiguous over a large area, multiple ecological belts are constructed in sections, with a belt spacing of 300-1000m.

[0007] Furthermore, in cultivated land without gullies (i.e., with mild soil erosion), the distance between ecological zones is 500-1000m; in cultivated land with gullies (i.e., with severe soil erosion), the distance between ecological zones is 300-500m.

[0008] Preferably, the width of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of a plot with erosion gullies (i.e., severe soil and water erosion) is 10-15m, and the width of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of a plot without erosion gullies (i.e., slight soil and water erosion) is 5-10m.

[0009] Preferably, the arrangement of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is as follows: a herbaceous plant belt, a shrub plant belt, a tree plant belt and an ecological ditch belt are arranged in sequence from the edge of the cultivated land to the direction away from the cultivated land.

[0010] Preferably, for plots of land with insufficient space at the edge of cultivated land and no erosion gullies (i.e., slight soil and water loss), the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt and tree plant belt should be arranged in a three-dimensional manner in the tree-shrub-grass-channel composite ecological belt, that is, the three functional belts should be mixed and planted in a three-dimensional manner within the same width.

[0011] Preferably, the width of the ecological ditch belt is 3-8m, and the distance between the upper end of the slope of the ecological ditch belt and the nearest row of trees is 0.2-0.5m.

[0012] Preferably, the herbaceous plant belt width is 2m, and the herbaceous plants are planted by seed sowing or transplanting, wherein the chinensis belt width is 1m, and the seed planting density is 0.15-0.22kg / m 2 , Transplanting density 3-9 trees / m 2The width of alfalfa is 1m, and the seed planting density is 0.10-0.13 kg / m 2 , Transplanting density 3-6 trees / m 2 The width of the shrub plant belt is 3m and the row spacing of different shrub species is 0.7-0.8m. Among them, Lespedeza is planted in 1-2 rows with a spacing of 0.3m, Four Seasons Rose is planted in 1-2 rows with a spacing of 0.6m, and Indigo fruit is planted in 1-2 rows, staggered, with a spacing of 1m; the width of the tree plant belt is 2m, poplar or willow is planted in 1-2 rows, with a spacing of 1.7m between two trees.

[0013] Preferably, in step 2, when there are some functional zones at the edge of the target cultivated land, ecological restoration and structural supplementation are carried out on the missing functional zones based on the missing status of the existing functional zones.

[0014] Preferably, crops with economic value in the herb belt, shrub belt, tree belt and ecological ditch belt are harvested in time to improve the economic benefits of the farmland ecosystem, and the above-ground parts of reeds and cattails in the ecological ditch belt are cut in November every autumn to ensure the water storage space and purification function of the ditch.

[0015] Through the above technical solutions, it can be seen that compared with the existing technology, the present invention provides a technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt on the edge of black soil cultivated land in Northeast China, which has the following beneficial effects: The present invention uses a composite ecological belt of trees, shrubs, grasses and ditches at the edge of farmland to reduce and block soil erosion in the black soil farmland of Northeast China and improve biodiversity. The present invention constructs a three-dimensional space of tree-shrub-grass-ditch biodiversity at the edge of the field, so that different vegetation belts can work together to stabilize the soil, retain nutrients and conserve water. Trees, shrubs and grasses provide diverse plants and provide habitats for organisms such as farmland pests. The intensive and all-round improvement of ecological conditions has achieved the goal of improving the microclimate of farmland; conserving water, reducing water loss by more than 30%, reducing sediment erosion by 60%, reducing total nitrogen by 63% and reducing total phosphorus by more than 45%; increasing the biodiversity of beneficial insects in farmland by more than 5%, reducing the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, and improving the ecological function of farmland. At the same time, the economic value of berries and forage grass is used to increase the economic benefits of farmland by about 5%. It solves the long-standing problems of soil erosion and nutrient loss in the region, which in turn leads to a decline in soil quality and a lack of biodiversity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0017] Example 1 This experiment was conducted in 2024 on dryland farmland in Dongliao County, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province. The plot is located on the edge of the upper reaches of the Dongliao River, with low hills 1 km away on either side and a tributary of the upper reaches of the Liao River in the center. The farmland is high in the east and low in the west, resulting in frequent soil erosion during the rainy season. Corn was cultivated.

[0018] Step 1: Determine the location, width and structure of the ecological belt Based on the terrain slope of the target black soil farmland and the original natural shoreline conditions at the edge, a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt was constructed on both the western and southern edges of the atmospheric precipitation outflow of the target farmland. Both ecological belts on both sides are single ecological belts. The west side has serious soil and water loss, and the width of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological zone is 15m; the south side has slight soil and water loss, and the width of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological zone is 10m; The direction of setting up the grass, shrub, tree and canal composite ecological belt at the edge of the cultivated land is to lay out the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt, tree plant belt and ecological ditch belt in sequence from the edge of the cultivated land to the direction away from the cultivated land; Step 2: Construction of ecological belt The plant species selected for the grass-shrub-tree-canal composite ecological zone are as follows: tree species are poplars and willows suitable for the target plot's geographical area; shrubs are economic native species such as blue indigo, four-season rose, and Lespedeza bicolor; and herbaceous plants are perennial native forage grasses such as alfalfa and Leymus chinensis. All are planted or transplanted in mid-April. There is sufficient space at the edge of the cultivated land. The layout of the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt and tree plant belt in the grass, shrub, tree and canal composite ecological belt is a flat layout one by one. From the inside to the outside of the cultivated land edge, the herbaceous vegetation belt is 2m, which is planted by seeds or transplanted seedlings. Among them, the herbaceous vegetation belt is 1m (seed planting density is 0.20kg / m 2 , seedling transplanting density 8 trees / m 2 ), alfalfa 1m (seed planting density 0.12 kg / m 2 , seedling transplanting density 4 trees / m 2 ); shrub belt 3m, with 0.7m spacing between rows of different shrub species, 1 row of Lespedeza bicolor with 0.3m spacing between plants; 2 rows of Four Seasons Rose with 0.6m spacing between plants; 1 row of Indigo Fruit with 1m spacing between plants in staggered planting; 2m tree belt, 1 row of Poplar or Willow with 1.7m spacing between trees; Based on the precipitation intensity, catchment area, and soil erosion conditions of the plot, the ecological ditch belt is set at a width of 8m on the west side and 5m on the south side. Reeds and cattails are planted on the slopes and bottoms of the ecological ditch belts, and the above-ground parts are cut in November each year. The upper end of the ditch slope is 0.5m away from the nearest row of trees. Step 3: Management of the composite ecological zone Monitoring and management are carried out during the critical survival period of three months after the establishment of plants in the composite ecological zone, and systematic nurturing and management measures such as replanting and rejuvenation, weed control, ditch and bank stabilization, and tree shaping are implemented to ensure the sustained and stable ecological benefits; Shrub fruits and forage grasses with economic value such as medicinal, edible and ornamental purposes in the ecological zone are harvested and cut in a timely manner.

[0019] By comparing the soil erosion and soil nutrient conditions at the edges of plots of the same size with and without the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt at the edge of cultivated land, the sample survey and verification showed that the implementation of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt achieved multi-dimensional improvement. In July 2024, the corn cultivated land test site with the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt was implemented, and the surface runoff of cultivated land formed by precipitation was 50.46 m 3 / hm 2 , the sediment content in the runoff is 538 kg / hm 2 , total nitrogen in runoff is 0.23 kg / hm 2 , total phosphorus is 0.045 kg / hm 2 In the control farmland test site without the ecological belt, the surface runoff from precipitation was 79.94m 3 / hm 2 , the sediment content in the runoff is 1397 kg / hm 2 , total nitrogen in runoff is 0.62 kg / hm 2 , total phosphorus is 0.09 kg / hm 2 The reduction rates were 36.88%, 61.46%, 63.28% and 49.82% respectively. In terms of the synergistic improvement of biological and economic benefits, the density of soil animals (mites and springtails) in the composite ecological zone reached 1000-2100 / m 2 In traditional farmland without the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt, the density of soil animals (mites and springtails) is 800-1150 / m 2 , 10%-50% lower than in the ecological belt. Meanwhile, the Leymus chinensis and alfalfa pasture belts and the blue indigo fruit and four-season rose economic shrub belts in the ecological belts create a compound "ecological-production" benefit. Through pasture sales and cash crop processing, the economic benefits of farmland have increased by about 5%.

[0020] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. The same and similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to each other. The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables professionals and technicians in this field to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to professionals and technicians in this field, and the general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but will conform to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt on the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Determine the location, width and structure of the ecological belt Based on the original natural shoreline at the edge of the target cultivated land, a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is constructed at the outflow side of the target cultivated land. The width of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is 5-15m. The tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt includes herbaceous plant belts, shrub plant belts, tree plant belts and ecological ditch belts. Step 2: Configuration of each functional zone Willow or poplar trees are planted in the tree belt, blue indigo, four-season rose and Lespedeza are planted in the shrub belt, alfalfa and sheepgrass are planted in the herb belt, and reeds and cattails are planted on the slopes and bottom of the ecological ditch belt; Step 3: Management of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt The plants in the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt, tree plant belt and ecological ditch belt will be monitored within 2-3 months after being planted. Based on the monitoring results, management measures such as plant replanting and rejuvenation, weed control, ditch shoreline stabilization and tree shaping will be implemented.

2. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, when the target cultivated land is concentrated and continuous, multiple ecological belts are constructed in sections, with a belt spacing of 300-1000 meters.

3. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 2, characterized in that: In cultivated land without gullies, the distance between ecological zones is 500-1000m; in cultivated land with gullies, the distance between ecological zones is 300-500m.

4. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological zone at the edge of the plot with erosion gullies is 10-15m, while the width of the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological zone at the edge of the plot without erosion gullies is 5-10m.

5. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific layout of the tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt is as follows: herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt, tree plant belt and ecological ditch belt are arranged in sequence from the edge of the cultivated land to the direction away from the cultivated land.

6. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: In plots where there is insufficient space at the edge of cultivated land and no erosion gullies are formed, the herbaceous plant belt, shrub plant belt and tree plant belt are arranged in a three-dimensional manner in the tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt, that is, the three functional belts are mixed and planted in a three-dimensional manner within the same width.

7. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of the ecological ditch belt is 3-8m, and the distance between the top of the ecological ditch belt slope and the nearest row of trees is 0.2-0.5m.

8. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of the herbaceous plant belt is 2m. The herbaceous plants are planted by seed sowing or transplanting. The width of the chinensis belt is 1m, and the seed planting density is 0.15-0.22kg / m 2 , Transplanting density 3-9 trees / m 2 The width of alfalfa is 1m, and the seed planting density is 0.10-0.13 kg / m 2 , Transplanting density 3-6 trees / m 2 ; The shrub plant belt is 3m wide and the row spacing of different shrub species is 0.7-0.8m. Among them, Lespedeza is planted in 1-2 rows with a plant spacing of 0.3m, Four Seasons Rose is planted in 1-2 rows with a plant spacing of 0.6m, and Indigo Fruit is planted in 1-2 rows, staggered, with a plant spacing of 1m; the tree plant belt is 2m wide, poplar or willow is planted in 1-2 rows, with a distance of 1.7m between two trees.

9. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-ditch composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, when some functional zones already exist at the edge of the target cultivated land, other missing functional zones are supplemented and constructed.

10. The technology for constructing a tree-shrub-grass-canal composite ecological belt at the edge of black soil farmland in Northeast China according to claim 1, characterized in that: Crops with economic value in the herb belt, shrub belt, tree belt and ecological ditch belt are harvested in time.