Battery diagnosis device and battery diagnosis method

Abstract

The invention discloses a battery diagnosis device and a battery diagnosis method. The battery diagnosis apparatus includes: a data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first sectional line representing a state of charge (SOC)-voltage relationship of a battery cell including an active material having a multiphase characteristic; and a processor configured to generate a plurality of comparison profile lines based on the plurality of electrode profile lines included in the electrode profile map. The processor is configured to select one of the plurality of comparison profile lines as a second profile line by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profile lines with the first profile line, and determine a positive electrode participation start point as a diagnostic factor indicating a state of health (SOH) of the battery cell based on the second profile line.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to techniques for non-destructively diagnosing the condition of a battery.

[0002] This application claims priority from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0182338 filed in Korea on December 14, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] In recent years, demand for portable electronic products such as laptop computers, cameras, and mobile phones has rapidly increased, and with the widespread development of electric vehicles, accumulators for energy storage, robots, and satellites, much research is being conducted on high-performance batteries that can be repeatedly recharged.

[0004] Currently, commercially available batteries include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, lithium batteries, etc., and among them, lithium batteries have little or no memory effect, so they have received more attention than nickel-based batteries because they have the advantages of being rechargeable whenever convenient, having a very low self-discharge rate and a high energy density.

[0005] While much research is being conducted on these batteries in terms of increasing capacity and density, improvements in lifespan and safety are also important. In order to improve battery safety, the current state of the battery must be accurately diagnosed.

[0006] Accurately diagnosing the internal state of a battery cell is essential for safety and longevity. To diagnose the internal state of a battery cell without disassembling it, relational data showing the correspondence between full-cell capacity and full-cell voltage (which can be referred to as a full-cell profile, etc.) is primarily used.

[0007] Conventionally, the degradation state of each electrode of a battery cell is diagnosed by analyzing the relationship data of the battery cell. This conventional diagnosis method can be considered to be effective only when the overall profile of each electrode of the battery cell remains almost the same as when the battery cell was shipped, even if the battery cell is degraded compared to the factory.

[0008] However, in the case of some types of battery cells that include positive and / or negative electrodes with multi-phase characteristics (in which at least two phases are present together), the multi-phase characteristics change as the battery cell deteriorates. As a result, the overall design of the multi-phase electrode may become significantly distorted compared to when it was shipped from the factory. Therefore, if conventional diagnostic methods are applied to battery cells with multi-phase characteristics, the accuracy of diagnosing the degradation state of each electrode may be greatly degraded. Summary of the Invention

[0009] Technical issues

[0010] The present disclosure is designed to solve the problems of the related art, and thus the present disclosure aims to provide a battery diagnostic device and a battery diagnostic method, which can determine at least one diagnostic factor related to the degradation state of a battery cell containing an active material with multi-phase characteristics in at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

[0011] These and other purposes and advantages of the present disclosure can be understood from the following detailed description and will become more fully apparent from the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Moreover, it will be readily understood that the purposes and advantages of the present disclosure can be achieved by the means shown in the appended claims and their combinations.

[0012] Technical Solution

[0013] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a battery diagnostic device is provided, comprising: a data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; and a processor configured to generate a plurality of comparative profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile map. The processor is configured to select a comparative profile from the plurality of comparative profiles as a second profile by comparing each of the plurality of comparative profiles with the first profile; and to determine, based on the second profile, a positive electrode participation starting point as a diagnostic factor representing a degradation state of the battery cell.

[0014] The electrode profile diagram may include multiple reference positive electrode profiles associated with multiple degradation states of the positive electrode of the battery cell. Active materials having multi-phase characteristics may be included in the positive electrode of the battery cell. At least two of the multiple reference positive electrode profiles may each be a degraded positive electrode profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of the positive electrode half-cell.

[0015] The processor may be configured to determine a comparison value based on at least two reference positive profiles. The comparison value may be greater than a threshold value.

[0016] The electrode profile may include a plurality of reference negative electrode profiles associated with a plurality of degradation states of the negative electrode of the battery cell.An active material having multi-phase characteristics may be included in the negative electrode of the battery cell.

[0017] Each of at least two reference negative electrode profiles among the plurality of reference negative electrode profiles may be a deteriorated negative electrode profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a negative electrode half cell.

[0018] The processor may be configured to determine a comparison value based on at least two reference negative profiles. The comparison value may be greater than a threshold value.

[0019] The processor may be configured to generate a plurality of comparative profiles by performing an adjustment operation on each of the plurality of electrode profiles according to a plurality of adjustment levels.

[0020] The adjustment operation may include at least one of a scaling operation or a shifting operation based on the capacity relationship values ​​of the battery cells.

[0021] The processor may be configured to determine a plurality of comparison values ​​by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile.The second profile may be associated with a minimum comparison value among the plurality of comparison values.

[0022] The processor may be configured to generate profile adjustment data associated with the second profile. The profile adjustment data may include at least one of positive electrode state data based on the adjusted positive electrode profile and negative electrode state data based on the adjusted negative electrode profile. The adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile may be generated by adjusting two electrode profiles from the plurality of electrode profiles. The adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile may be used to generate the second profile.

[0023] The processor may generate a second profile based on voltage difference data representing a voltage difference between the adjusted positive profile and the adjusted negative profile.

[0024] The positive electrode status data may include a positive electrode participation start point, and may further include at least one of a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, and a positive electrode loading amount.

[0025] The negative electrode state data may include at least one of a negative electrode participation start point, a negative electrode participation end point, a negative electrode scaling factor, and a negative electrode load amount.

[0026] The processor may be configured to limit at least one of a voltage range and a state of charge (SOC) range of the battery cell based on the diagnostic factor.

[0027] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a battery pack is provided, including the battery diagnostic device.

[0028] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a battery system is provided, comprising the above-mentioned battery pack.

[0029] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a remote diagnosis server is provided, comprising the battery diagnosis device.

[0030] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a battery diagnosis method is provided, including: obtaining a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell, the battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; generating a plurality of comparison profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile diagram; selecting a comparison profile from the plurality of comparison profiles as a second profile by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile; and determining a positive electrode participation starting point as a diagnostic factor representing a degradation state of the battery cell based on the second profile.

[0031] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a computer-readable medium storing instructions for diagnosing a battery cell is provided. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions cause the one or more processors to perform operations including: obtaining a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; generating a plurality of comparative profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile map; selecting a comparative profile from the plurality of comparative profiles as a second profile by comparing each of the plurality of comparative profiles with the first profile; and determining, based on the second profile, a positive electrode participation starting point as a diagnostic factor representing a degradation state of the battery cell.

[0032] Beneficial effects

[0033] According to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one diagnostic factor related to a degradation state of a battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics may be accurately determined.

[0034] Furthermore, according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one degradation parameter indicating a degradation state of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and / or available lithium of a battery cell may be determined based on at least one diagnostic factor.

[0035] Furthermore, according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, safety and long life of battery cells can be achieved by adjusting (limiting) allowable usage conditions (eg, voltage range, SOC range, current, etc.) of battery cells based on diagnosis results of the battery cells.

[0036] The effects of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-described effects, and those skilled in the art will clearly understand these and other effects from the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the foregoing disclosure, serve to provide a further understanding of the technical features of the present disclosure, and therefore the present disclosure is not to be construed as being limited to the accompanying drawings.

[0038] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is a diagram exemplarily illustrating a battery diagnostic device, a battery system, and a charging station according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 2 and Figure 3 is a graph referred to to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of an electrode that does not have multi-phase characteristics.

[0040] Figure 4 and Figure 5 is a graph referred to to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of an electrode having multi-phase characteristics.

[0041] Figures 6 to 9 is a diagram referred to for describing an electrode profile used in diagnosis of a battery cell having multi-phase characteristics.

[0042] Figure 10 is a graph referred to to describe an example of each of a reference positive electrode profile and a reference negative electrode profile.

[0043] Figure 11 and Figure 12 is a graph referenced to exemplarily describe measuring a full-monomer profile.

[0044] Figures 13 to 15 is a diagram referred to to describe an example of a process of generating cutting line adjustment result information using cutting line adjustment logic.

[0045] Figures 16 to 18 is a diagram referred to to describe another example of a process of generating cutting line adjustment result information using cutting line adjustment logic.

[0046] Figure 19 FIG. 1 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a battery diagnosis method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] Figure 20 is referred to to describe the Figure 19 FIG4 is a diagram of the open circuit voltage (OCV) estimation process performed in the method shown in FIG4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The subject matter of this specification will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and illustrate, by way of illustration, specific exemplary embodiments. Any embodiment or implementation described herein as "exemplary" should not be construed as preferred or advantageous, for example, over other embodiments or implementations; rather, it is intended to reflect or indicate that the embodiment(s) are "exemplary" embodiments(s). Subject matter may be embodied in a variety of different forms, and thus, the covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not limited to any exemplary embodiment set forth herein; the exemplary embodiments are provided merely for illustration. Likewise, the reasonably broad scope of the subject matter is intended to be claimed or covered. In particular, for example, the subject matter may be embodied as a method, apparatus, component, or system. Thus, embodiments may, for example, take the form of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof (other than software itself). Accordingly, the following detailed description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense.

[0049] Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have subtle meanings suggested or implied by the context beyond those explicitly stated. Likewise, the phrase "in one embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, and the phrase "in another embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment. For example, the claimed subject matter is intended to include, in whole or in part, a combination of exemplary embodiments.

[0050] The terms used below should be interpreted in their broadest reasonable manner, even when used in conjunction with the detailed description of certain specific examples of the present disclosure. Indeed, certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any term intended to be interpreted in any limited manner will be explicitly and specifically defined as such in this detailed description. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and illustrative only and are not limitations of the claimed features.

[0051] In this disclosure, the term "based on" means "based at least in part on". Terms including ordinal numbers such as "first", "second", etc. can be used to distinguish one element from another among various elements, but are not intended to limit the elements by terminology. Unless the context otherwise dictates, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents. The term "exemplary" is used in the sense of "example" rather than "ideal". The term "or" is intended to be inclusive and means any one, any one, several or all of the listed items. The terms "include", "comprising", "containing", "covering" or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method or product that includes a list of elements does not necessarily include only those elements, but may include other elements that are not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products or devices. Relative terms such as "substantially" and "approximately" are used to indicate a possible variation of ±5% of a stated or understood value.

[0052] In addition, throughout the specification, when a part is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another part, it is not limited to the case where they are “directly connected” or “directly coupled”, but also includes the case where they are “indirectly connected” or “indirectly coupled” with one or more elements being arranged between them.

[0053] In addition, the term "unit" as used herein refers to a processing unit of at least one function or operation, and this may be implemented by hardware and software alone or in combination.

[0054] Figure 1 is a diagram exemplarily illustrating a battery diagnostic device, an electric vehicle battery system, and a charging station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0055] refer to Figure 1The battery system 1 includes a system controller 2, a battery pack 10, an inverter 30, and a motor 40. The charging terminal P+ and the discharging terminal P- of the battery pack 10 can be electrically connected to a charging station 300 via a charging cable or the like. The battery system 1 is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrical system that uses a battery as a power source, such as an electric vehicle.

[0056] The system controller 2 (e.g., an ECU: Electronic Control Unit) is configured to transmit a key-on signal to the battery management system 100 in response to a user switching a start button (not shown) provided in the battery system 1 to the on position. The system controller 2 is also configured to transmit a key-off signal to the battery management system 100 in response to a user switching the start button to the off position. The charging station 300 can communicate with the system controller 2 and supply charging power selected from constant power, constant current, and constant voltage via the charge terminal P+ and discharge terminal P− of the battery pack 10.

[0057] The battery pack 10 includes a battery 11 , a relay 20 , and a battery management system 100 .

[0058] The battery 11 includes at least one battery cell BC. Figure 1 In the embodiment, the battery 11 is exemplarily shown as including a plurality of battery cells (BC1 to BC N , N is a natural number of 2 or greater). Multiple battery cells (BC1 to BC N ) can be provided with the same electrochemical specifications. In the following, when multiple battery cells (BC1 to BC N ) When common features are found in the battery cells, the reference symbol “BC” will be given to the battery cells. The charging station 300 can perform charging and discharging cycles required for diagnosing the battery cells BC by cooperating with the inverter 30 having a discharging function.

[0059] The battery cell BC includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The battery cell BC may include at least one unit cell as an electrochemical element that can be repeatedly charged and discharged. The battery cell BC is the diagnosis target of the battery diagnosis device 302.

[0060] The relay 20 is electrically connected in series to the battery 11 through a power path connecting the battery 11 and the inverter 30. Figure 1 , a relay 20 is shown connected between the positive terminal of the battery 11 and the charge and discharge terminal P+. The relay 20 is controlled to switch on and off in response to a switching signal from the battery management system 100. The relay 20 may be a mechanical contactor that switches on and off by the magnetic force of a coil, or a semiconductor switch such as a MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor).

[0061] The inverter 30 is configured to convert DC current from the battery 11 included in the battery pack 10 into AC current in response to a command from the battery management system 100 or the system controller 2. The AC current power from the inverter 30 is used to drive the motor 40. For example, a three-phase AC current motor can be used as the motor 40. Components in the battery system 1 that receive discharge power from the battery 11, such as the inverter 30 and the motor 40, can be collectively referred to as electrical loads.

[0062] The battery management system 100 includes a sensing unit 110 and a control circuit 130. The battery management system 100 may further include a communication circuit 150.

[0063] The sensing unit 110 includes a voltage sensor 111. The sensing unit 110 may further include a current sensor 112. The sensing unit 110 may generate voltage measurement information and current measurement information to be explained later.

[0064] The voltage sensor 111 is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the battery cell BC and is configured to detect the voltage across the battery cell BC (also referred to as the "full-cell voltage") and generate a voltage signal representing a detection value of the detected voltage. The voltage sensor 111 may be implemented as one or a combination of two or more known voltage detection elements, such as a voltage measurement IC.

[0065] The current sensor 112 is connected in series to the battery 11 through the current path between the battery 11 and the inverter 30. The current sensor 112 is configured to detect the current (also referred to as "charging and discharging current") flowing through the battery 11 and generate a current signal representing the detection value of the detected current. N ) are connected in series, so the current flowing in the battery 11 is the same as the current flowing in the battery cell BC. The current sensor 112 can be implemented as one or a combination of two or more known current detection elements such as a shunt resistor, a Hall effect element, etc.

[0066] The communication circuit 150 is configured to support wired or wireless communication between the control circuit 130 and the system controller 2. Wired communication may be, for example, CAN (Controller Area Network) communication, and wireless communication may be, for example, ZigBee or Bluetooth communication. The type of communication protocol is not particularly limited, as long as it supports both wired and wireless communication between the control circuit 130 and the system controller 2. The communication circuit 150 may include an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker) that provides information received from the control circuit 130 and / or the system controller 2 in a form recognizable to a user (driver).

[0067] The control circuit 130 is operatively coupled to the relay 20, the voltage sensor 111, and the communication circuit 150. Operable coupling of two components means that the two components are directly or indirectly connected to enable sending and receiving signals in one direction or both directions.

[0068] Control circuit 130 can collect voltage signals from voltage sensor 111 and current signals from current sensor 112. In this specification, "detection signal" can refer to either the voltage signal alone or both. Specifically, control circuit 130 can use an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) built into it to convert each analog signal collected from sensors 111 and 112 into a digital value and record the digital value. Alternatively, each of voltage sensor 111 and current sensor 112 can include an ADC and transmit the digital value to control circuit 130.

[0069] The control unit 130 may be referred to as a "battery controller" and may be implemented in hardware using at least one of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a digital signal processing device (DSPD), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, or an electrical unit for performing other functions.

[0070] The memory 131 may include at least one type of storage medium, such as a flash memory type, a hard disk type, a solid-state drive (SSD) type, a silicon disk drive (SDD) type, a multimedia card micro type, a random access memory (RAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or a programmable read-only memory (PROM). The memory 131 may store data and programs required for the computational operations of the control circuit 130. The memory 131 may also store data representing the results of the computational operations performed by the control circuit 130.

[0071] When the relay 20 is turned on, the battery 11 enters the charging mode or the discharging mode. If the relay 20 is turned off while the battery 11 is being used in the charging mode or the discharging mode, the battery 11 switches to the rest mode.

[0072] The control circuit 130 can turn on the relay 20 in response to a key-on signal. The control circuit 130 can turn off the relay 20 in response to a key-off signal. The key-on signal is a signal requesting a switch from the rest mode to the charging or discharging mode. The key-off signal is a signal requesting a switch from the charging or discharging mode to the rest mode. Alternatively, the system controller 2 may be responsible for turning on / off the relay 20 rather than the control circuit 130.

[0073] In this specification, measurement information (e.g., time-series data) for a particular parameter indicates the history of changes in that parameter over time. Furthermore, a profile (or curve) representing the correspondence between any two parameters acquired at the same timing in the same period can be a mapping of the two measurement information items for the two parameters, allowing them to be represented in a two-dimensional graph, or a polynomial equation obtained by applying a predetermined curve-fitting logic to a set of two mapped measurement information items. The degree of the highest term in the polynomial equation can be predetermined.

[0074] The battery diagnosis device 302 includes a data acquisition unit 310 , a processor 320 , and a memory unit 330 .

[0075] The charging station 300 may include a stimulus application device 301 and a battery diagnostic apparatus 302. Alternatively, the battery diagnostic apparatus 302 may be configured independently of the charging station 300. For example, the battery diagnostic apparatus 302 may be configured to be included in a remote diagnostic server (not shown), the battery pack 10, or the battery system 1. The remote diagnostic server may be located remotely from the charging station 300. When the battery diagnostic apparatus 302 is included in the remote diagnostic server, the data acquisition unit 310 of the battery diagnostic apparatus 302 may perform diagnostic procedures on the battery cells BC through remote communication with the stimulus application device 301 and / or the battery system 1.

[0076] If the battery diagnostic device 302 is included in the battery pack 10 instead of the charging station 300 or the remote diagnostic server, the battery management system 100 can be omitted from the battery pack 10. In other words, the processor 320 can be responsible for all functions of the control circuit 130 of the battery management system 100. For example, the data acquisition unit 310 can be included as a subcomponent of the processor 320 and can be responsible for all functions of the communication circuit 150 of the battery management system 100. In addition, the data acquisition unit 310 can collect voltage measurement information and current measurement information from the sensing unit 110.

[0077] The stimulus applying device 301 may include a charger that provides charging power for normal charging of the battery pack 10. The stimulus applying device 301 may apply various electrical stimuli to the battery cells BC alone or in cooperation with the inverter 30 for diagnosing the battery cells BC.

[0078] The data acquisition unit 310 is configured to support wired or wireless communication between the processor 320 and the system controller 2. The data acquisition unit 310 may transmit the result of the diagnosis of the battery cells BC performed by the processor 320 to the battery system 1.

[0079] In terms of hardware, the processor 320 may be implemented using at least one of an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a DSPD (Digital Signal Processing Device), a PLD (Programmable Logic Device), an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), a microprocessor, and electrical units for performing other functions.

[0080] Combine Figures 1 to 20 The disclosed apparatus 300 and system 1 and the various elements included therein (which enable implementation of the methods and processes according to the present disclosure) may be implemented by the processor 320 using multiple microprocessors executing software or firmware, or may be implemented using one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and associated software. In other examples, a combination of ASICs, discrete electronic components (e.g., transistors), and microprocessors may be used to implement the apparatus 300 or system 1 and the various elements included therein, which enable implementation of the methods and processes according to the present disclosure. Figures 1 to 20 In some embodiments, components shown as separate components may be replaced by a single component. In addition, some of the components shown may be additional or may be replaced by other components.

[0081] Memory unit 330 may include at least one type of storage medium, such as a flash memory type, a hard disk type, a solid-state drive (SSD) type, a silicon disk drive (SDD) type, a multimedia card micro type, a random access memory (RAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or a programmable read-only memory (PROM). Memory unit 330 may store data representing the results of computational operations performed by processor 320. Memory unit 330 may also store data sets and software used to diagnose the degradation state of a battery cell BC.

[0082] In one embodiment, the memory unit 330 may store a set of instructions that can be executed to cause the processor 320 to perform any one or more of the methods or processes based on the functionality disclosed in this disclosure. The memory unit 330 may communicate via one or more wires or buses. Similarly, although not explicitly shown, Figure 1The components shown in the figure can be coupled to each other via one or more wires and buses in any suitable manner known to those of ordinary skill in the art to facilitate signal or data communication and operation of the device 300 or system 1 according to the present disclosure. Memory unit 330 can be main memory, static memory, or dynamic memory. Memory unit 330 can include, but is not limited to, computer-readable storage media, such as various types of volatile and non-volatile storage media, including, but not limited to, random access memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable read-only memory, flash memory, and the like. In one embodiment, memory unit 330 can include cache or random access memory for processor 320. Memory unit 330 can be a processor's cache memory, system memory, or other memory. Memory unit 330 can be operable to store instructions executable by processor 320. Functions, actions, or tasks shown in the figures or described herein can be performed by processor 300 executing instructions stored in memory unit 330. The functions, actions, or tasks are independent of a particular type of instruction set, storage medium, processor, or processing strategy, and may be performed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firmware, microcode, etc., operating alone or in combination. Likewise, processing strategies may include multi-processing, multi-tasking, etc. The computer-readable storage medium described in conjunction with the memory unit 330 according to the present disclosure may be non-transitory and tangible.

[0083] Also described are computer-readable media having instructions stored thereon, the instructions being configured to cause one or more computers to perform any of the methods described herein. Computer-readable media may include volatile or non-volatile, removable or non-removable media implemented in any method or technology capable of storing information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Generally, the functionality of the computing devices described herein may be implemented in computing logic embodied in hardware or software instructions, which may be written in a programming language such as C, C++, COBOL, JAVA, or similar. TM , PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript, ASPX, Microsoft .NET such as C# TMThe computing logic may be compiled into an executable program or written in an interpreted programming language. Generally, the functionality described herein may be implemented as logic modules that may be replicated to provide greater processing power, merged with other modules, or divided into sub-modules. The computing logic may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium (e.g., non-transitory medium such as memory or storage media) or computer storage device and may be stored and executed by one or more general-purpose or special-purpose processors to create a special-purpose computing device configured to provide the functionality described herein.

[0084] The applications and functions disclosed in the aforementioned and following embodiments can be realized by combining, for example, Figure 1 The description provided by the system 1 shown in the embodiment is implemented by programming the device 300. That is, the device 300 or system 1 in the foregoing and following embodiments can utilize, for example, a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions being configured to cause one or more computers or processors to perform any method described herein.

[0085] In the present disclosure, a target battery cell BC as a diagnosis object includes at least one active material having multi-phase characteristics. Specifically, the target battery cell BC includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and at least one of the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode and the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode has multi-phase characteristics.

[0086] The absence of multiphase characteristics in the positive electrode can mean that its positive electrode active material does not have multiphase characteristics. The absence of multiphase characteristics in the negative electrode can mean that its negative electrode active material does not have multiphase characteristics. In other words, the fact that the positive electrode does not have multiphase characteristics can mean that the positive electrode contains only one type of positive electrode active material that does not have multiphase characteristics. Similarly, the fact that the negative electrode does not have multiphase characteristics can mean that the negative electrode contains only one type of negative electrode active material that does not have multiphase characteristics. Multiphase characteristics will be described later.

[0087] In this specification, the new product state has the same concept as the BOL (Beginning of Life) state. For example, until the cumulative charge and discharge capacity reaches a predetermined set capacity from the time of completion of manufacturing, it can be called the BOL state, and after the cumulative charge and discharge capacity reaches the set capacity, it can be called the MOL (Mid-Life) state.

[0088] Figure 2 and Figure 3 is a graph referred to to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of an electrode that does not have multi-phase characteristics.

[0089] First, in Figure 2In FIG. 1 , the curve indicated by reference symbol BOL shows a positive electrode profile indicating the corresponding relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode having no multi-phase characteristics is in the BOL state. P_BOL Indicates the total cathode capacity of the cathode without multi-phase characteristics at the BOL state. Figure 2 The curve indicated by the reference symbol MOL is a positive electrode profile that shows the correspondence between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode without multi-phase characteristics is in the MOL (Mid-Life) state. The MOL state is a state that deteriorates from the BOL state. Therefore, the positive electrode capacity when the positive electrode voltage reaches V2 on the positive electrode profile MOL is less than Q P_BOL .

[0090] Next, in Figure 3 The curve indicated by the reference symbol BOL is Figure 2 The same as the positive electrode cross section BOL shown in FIG. In addition, the curve indicated by the reference symbol MOL' is Figure 2 The positive electrode cross-section line MOL shown in FIG. 1 is enlarged along the horizontal axis to have a capacity range consistent with the capacity range of the positive electrode cross-section line BOL.

[0091] It should be noted that the positive electrode cross section MOL' is almost the same as the positive electrode cross section BOL. Specifically, in the entire capacity range (0 to Q P_BOL ), the voltage difference between the positive electrode cross section MOL' and the positive electrode cross section BOL is maintained close to 0. In other words, in the case of a positive electrode without multi-phase characteristics, the overall shape of the positive electrode cross section in the MOL state is almost unchanged compared to the BOL state. Therefore, assuming V P_BOL (Q) represents the polynomial equation corresponding to the positive electrode profile in the BOL state, V P_MOL (Q) represents the polynomial equation corresponding to the positive electrode profile in the MOL state, then it can be considered that the following two relational expressions are satisfied:

[0092] [Relational expression 1] V P_MOL (Q) = V P_BOL (Q × Q P_BOL / Q P_MOL )

[0093] [Relational expression 2] V P_BOL (Q) = V P_MOL (Q × Q P_MOL / Q P_BOL )

[0094] V P_MOL (Q) represents the positive electrode voltage of the positive electrode cross section MOL corresponding to the positive electrode capacity Q. P_MOL(Q) represents the positive electrode voltage of the positive electrode cross section BOL corresponding to the positive electrode capacity Q. P_MOL It represents the positive electrode capacity when the positive electrode voltage of the positive electrode section line MOL is V2, that is, the total positive electrode capacity in the MOL state.

[0095] Figure 4 and Figure 5 is a graph referred to to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of an electrode having multi-phase characteristics.

[0096] First, in Figure 4 In FIG, the curve indicated by reference symbol BOL is a positive electrode profile showing the correspondence relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode having multi-phase characteristics is in the BOL state. P_BOL Indicates the total cathode capacity of the cathode with multi-phase characteristics at the BOL state. Figure 4 , the curve indicated by reference symbol MOL is a positive electrode profile showing the correspondence relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode having multi-phase characteristics is in an MOL (Mid-Life) state.

[0097] Next, in Figure 5 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference symbol BOL is Figure 4 The same as the positive electrode cross section BOL shown in FIG. In addition, the curve indicated by the reference symbol MOL' is Figure 4 The positive electrode section line MOL shown in FIG is enlarged along the horizontal axis to have a Figure 4 The capacity range of the positive electrode cross-section line BOL shown in FIG.

[0098] and Figure 3 On the contrary, Figure 5 In the figure, the positive electrode cross section MOL' is significantly different from the positive electrode cross section BOL. Specifically, the voltage difference between the positive electrode cross section MOL' and the positive electrode cross section BOL is large enough to be non-negligible. The section is widely distributed in the entire capacity range (0 to Q P_BOL ). That is, when the positive electrode includes at least one positive electrode active material with multi-phase characteristics, the overall shape of the positive electrode profile in the MOL state changes significantly compared to the BOL state. Therefore, the above two relational expressions are invalid for positive electrodes with multi-phase characteristics.

[0099] At the same time, reference Figures 2 to 5 The contents described for the positive electrode are also common to the negative electrode.

[0100] From now on, the multiphase characteristics of electrode active materials that may be common to the positive and negative electrodes will be described.

[0101] Multiphase behavior refers to the property of a particular type of electrode active material that changes phase during the charge and discharge process. For example, among various types of electrode active materials, so-called manganese-rich (also known as "high manganese") cathode active materials are representative of multiphase behavior.

[0102] Manganese-rich lithium transition metal oxides and can be used as ternary positive electrode materials LiNi a Co b Mn c A positive electrode active material in which the specific gravity (c) of manganese in O2 (a, b, c ≥ 0; a + b + c = 1) is increased to a specific value (e.g., 0.5) or more.

[0103] Based on the manganese-rich structure, the multiphase characteristics of the positive electrode active material will be described. During charge and discharge, at least a portion of the manganese-rich structure undergoes a phase transition between a first phase having a layered structure and a second phase having a spinel-like structure. The main reaction in the first phase may be a Ni-redox reaction, that is, a redox reaction of nickel. The main reaction in the second phase may be an M / O redox reaction, that is, a redox reaction of manganese and oxygen.

[0104] The form of the positive electrode cross section of the manganese-rich positive electrode can be determined by the capacity-voltage characteristics depending on the first phase and the capacity-voltage characteristics depending on the second phase. When the manganese-rich positive electrode degrades from the BOL state to the MOL state, the phase change characteristics between the first phase and the second phase are significantly changed compared to the phase change characteristics in the BOL state, and as a result, the positive electrode cross section in the MOL state (for example, Figure 5 The MOL' curve in the figure) and the cathode profile in the BOL state (e.g., Figure 5 The difference in the form of the BOL curves in the figure is clearly presented.

[0105] The negative electrode active material having multi-phase characteristics may be a silicon-based active material (e.g., pure Si, SiO, SiC, etc.). In the case of a silicon-based active material, a phase transition occurs between a first phase of a crystal structure and a second phase of an amorphous structure during charging and discharging in the BOL state. In addition, a portion of the crystal structure of the silicon-based active material may be irreversibly amorphized due to charging and discharging. Therefore, as the negative electrode containing the silicon-based active material as the negative electrode active material deteriorates, the ratio of the first phase to the second phase may gradually increase. As described above for the positive electrode active material, as the negative electrode deteriorates, the capacity-voltage characteristics of each phase of the negative electrode active material also gradually change, and thus the shape of the negative electrode cross section changes significantly compared to the BOL state.

[0106] Figures 6 to 9 is a diagram referred to in order to describe an electrode cross-sectional diagram used in diagnosis of a battery cell.

[0107] The electrode cross-sectional diagram may include a plurality of electrode cross-sectional lines. Each electrode cross-sectional line in the electrode cross-sectional diagram may be associated with a positive electrode or a negative electrode of a target cell BC.

[0108] refer to Figure 8 and Figure 9 , m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) can be confirmed, and they can be electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram. m and n are natural numbers of 2 or greater. Rp[1] can be a reference positive electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the positive electrode in the BOL state. Rn[1] can be a reference negative electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the negative electrode in the BOL state.

[0109] The electrode profile map may be pre-stored in the memory unit 330 or may be received from the outside by the data acquisition unit 310 through a communication channel.

[0110] Figure 6 Shows the degraded positive electrode profile (Rp _D_1 to Rp _D_a ). a is a natural number greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to m. If the positive electrode of the target cell BC contains an active material having a multi-phase characteristic, the deteriorated positive electrode profile (Rp _D_1 to Rp _D_a ) are associated with multiple degradation states of the positive electrode of the target cell BC.

[0111] The degraded positive electrode profile (Rp) can be obtained in advance based on the results of tests previously performed on (multiple) reference cells. _D_1 to Rp _D_a ). The reference cell can be manufactured to have the same level of positive electrode performance and negative electrode performance as a new battery cell that has been verified as a good product. A new battery cell refers to a battery cell in a new product state.

[0112] In detail, a degraded positive electrode profile (Rp) can be prepared in advance based on measurement information representing the capacitance-voltage relationship of a positive electrode half cell forced to degrade from a BOL state through various cycle tests. _D_1 to Rp _D_a The cathode half cell may be a cathode of a reference cell manufactured to have the same electrochemical specifications as the target cell BC.

[0113] Each cycle test may be different from the other cycle tests in at least one of temperature conditions, charge and discharge voltage range conditions, and charge and discharge current rate conditions. As an example, the first degraded positive electrode profile (Rp _D_1) can be based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode half-cell obtained by disassembling the reference cell, at which a predetermined number of charge and discharge cycles are performed, wherein the temperature condition, the charge and discharge voltage range condition, and the charge and discharge current rate condition are set to 25 [°C], 4.6 to 2.0 [V], and 2 [C], respectively. As another example, the a-th degraded positive electrode profile (Rp _D_a ) Based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode half cell obtained by disassembling another reference cell, a predetermined number of charge and discharge cycles can be performed at the other reference cell, wherein the temperature condition, the charge and discharge voltage range condition, and the charge and discharge current rate condition are set to 35 [°C], 4.5 to 2.0 [V], and 1 [C], respectively.

[0114] When the cathode of the target cell BC contains active materials with multi-phase characteristics, the degraded cathode profile (Rp _D_1 to Rp _D_a ) (e.g., Rp _D_1 、Rp _D_a ) can be included in the electrode profile diagram as a reference positive electrode profile. For example, Rp _D_1 =Rp[2], Rp _D_a =Rp[m].

[0115] refer to Figure 7 , when c is a natural number less than a, the two degraded positive electrode profiles (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) has a non-small voltage difference over the entire capacity range. Two degraded positive electrode profiles Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 The comparison value between the two profiles may exceed a predetermined threshold, which may be due to deviations in the multi-phase characteristics of the positive electrode active material. The comparison value between any two profiles may be referred to as a "profile error."

[0116] At least one of the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) may be a simulated positive electrode profile. The simulated positive electrode profile may be obtained by synthesizing the degraded positive electrode profile (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) at a predetermined ratio. p_D_1 to R p_D_a ) to obtain at least two degraded positive electrode profiles. For example, Figure 7 When d is a natural number less than or equal to b, the simulated positive electrode profile (Rp _S_d ) is obtained by synthesizing two degraded positive electrode profiles (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) and obtain the new positive electrode profile.

[0117] Of course, by synthesizing two deteriorated positive electrode profiles (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ), it is possible to generate a profile line located at the degraded positive electrode (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ). As an example, when two degraded positive electrode profiles (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) are synthesized individually at multiple ratios to generate two deteriorated positive electrode profiles (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) between a predetermined number of simulated positive electrode profiles.

[0118] Due to the degradation of the positive electrode profile (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) are associated with different degradation states, so each simulated cathode profile is also associated with a different degraded cathode profile (Rp _D_c 、Rp _D_c+1 ) is associated with the degradation state of the positive electrode.

[0119] Each simulated positive electrode profile may already be included in the electrode profile map. Alternatively, the processor 320 may generate at least one simulated positive electrode profile based on the two degraded positive electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map, and add each generated simulated positive electrode profile to the electrode profile map.

[0120] Figure 8 Shows the degraded positive electrode profile (Rp _D_1 to Rp _D_a ) and b simulated positive electrode profiles (Rp _S_1 to Rp _S_b ) is a set of m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]). In this case, m=a+b.

[0121] When the negative electrode of the target monomer BC contains active materials with multi-phase characteristics, Figure 9 The reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) shown in the figure can be prepared in advance by applying the above-mentioned methods for the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) to the negative electrode of the reference cell. For example, at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) can be degraded negative electrode profiles prepared in advance based on measurement information representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a negative electrode half-cell that is forcibly degraded from a BOL state through various cycle tests. The negative electrode half-cell can be the negative electrode of the reference cell. In Figure 9 In, Q N_BOL It represents the total negative electrode capacity of the negative electrode with multi-phase characteristics in the BOL state.

[0122] Similar to the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]), the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) are associated with multiple degradation states of the negative electrode. Furthermore, due to the multi-phase nature of the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode half-cell, a comparison value between at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) may exceed a threshold value.

[0123] The threshold value becomes a criterion for determining whether multi-phase characteristics exist. As described above, an electrode having an active material with multi-phase characteristics has a capacity-voltage relationship that is greatly different between multiple degradation states. Therefore, the form of the electrode profile in one degradation state is significantly different from the form of the electrode profile in another degradation state, and the comparison value is a quantitative value indicating the degree of difference in form between the two profiles. Therefore, the fact that the comparison value between any two reference positive electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram is greater than or equal to the threshold value indicates that the positive electrode of the target cell BC contains an active material with multi-phase characteristics. Similarly, the fact that the comparison value between any two reference negative electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram is greater than or equal to the threshold value indicates that the negative electrode of the target cell BC contains an active material with multi-phase characteristics.

[0124] If the cathode of the target cell BC includes an active material having multi-phase characteristics, the processor 320 may determine a comparison value between at least two of the m reference cathode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]).

[0125] If the negative electrode of the target cell BC includes an active material having a multi-phase characteristic, the processor 320 may determine a comparison value between at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]).

[0126] At the same time, it is not necessary for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the target cell BC to contain an active material having a multi-phase characteristic in order to serve as a diagnostic target according to the present disclosure, and when only one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode contains an active material having a multi-phase characteristic, the target cell BC can serve as a diagnostic target. Therefore, if only the positive electrode of the target cell BC has a multi-phase characteristic and the negative electrode does not have a multi-phase characteristic, then n=1, and in this case, it is sufficient to prepare only a single reference negative electrode profile (e.g., Rn[1]) representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the negative electrode in the BOL state. Similarly, if only the negative electrode of the target cell BC has a multi-phase characteristic and the positive electrode does not have a multi-phase characteristic, then m=1, and in this case, it is sufficient to prepare only a single reference positive electrode profile (e.g., Rp[1]) representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the positive electrode in the BOL state.

[0127] For reference, as the positive or negative electrode deteriorates more, the voltage changes more due to the change in capacity. Taking this into account, each of the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) can be normalized to have the same positive electrode capacity range (0 to Q) as the positive electrode profile in the BOL state. P_BOL ) the same positive electrode capacity range. In addition, each of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) can be normalized to have the same negative electrode capacity range (0 to Q) as the negative electrode profile in the BOL state. N_BOL ) the same negative electrode capacity range. This can also be achieved by Figure 8 The two end points of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) in Figure 9 This is confirmed by the fact that the two end points of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) match.

[0128] although Figure 9 Although not shown in the figure, the electrode profile diagram may include multiple reference whole-cell profiles. Each reference whole-cell profile is a profile obtained by synthesizing one of m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and one of n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]), and represents the corresponding relationship between the whole-cell capacity and the whole-cell voltage when the reference cell is in a specific degradation state.

[0129] For example, after obtaining capacity-voltage measurement information of a reference cell that has been forced to degrade through a specific cycle test, capacity-voltage measurement information of each of the positive and negative electrodes obtained by disassembling the corresponding reference cell can be obtained. After completing the specific cycle test, a reference full-cell profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the reference cell, a reference positive electrode profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode of the reference cell, and a reference negative electrode profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the negative electrode of the reference cell can be included in the electrode profile diagram.

[0130] Figure 10 is a graph referred to to describe an example of each of the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile. Figure 10 In the graph, the horizontal axis (X axis) represents capacity (Ah), and the vertical axis (Y axis) represents voltage. For ease of explanation, assume that Figure 10 and Figures 12 to 18 In the graph of FIG. 1 , the numbers marked on the horizontal axis (X-axis) represent the full cell capacity during the charging process.

[0131] refer to Figure 10 , the memory unit 330 may store a reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and a reference negative profile (Rn[j]).

[0132] When i is a natural number less than or equal to m, the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is Figure 8 When j is a natural number less than or equal to n, the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) is one of the m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) shown in FIG. Figure 9 One of the n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) shown in .

[0133] When m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) are combined, there are a total of m×n pairs, which will be referred to as the first to m×n electrode profile pairs. For example, if m=20 and n=10, the first to 200th electrode profile pairs can be determined based on the electrode profile diagram.

[0134] The reference positive electrode cross-section (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode cross-section (Rn[j]) may be two electrode cross-sections included in the kth electrode cross-section pair among the first to m×n cross-section pairs. k may be a natural number less than or equal to m×n and may be the same as i×j. As an example, if i=3 and j=2, then k=6. As another example, if i=2 and j=1, then k=2.

[0135] The reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) may be a profile that represents the relationship between the positive electrode voltage and positive electrode capacity of a reference cell. The positive electrode voltage of a reference cell refers to the potential difference between the reference electrode (not shown) of the reference cell and the potential of the positive electrode of the reference cell. The positive electrode profile may also be referred to as a positive electrode half-cell profile.

[0136] The reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) may be a profile that represents the relationship between the negative electrode voltage and negative electrode capacity of a reference cell. The negative electrode voltage of a reference cell refers to the potential difference between the reference electrode and the negative electrode of the reference cell. The negative electrode profile may also be referred to as a negative half-cell profile.

[0137] The potential of the reference electrode (not shown) may be, for example, the redox potential of lithium. The positive electrode voltage may be simply referred to as the positive electrode potential, and the negative electrode voltage may be simply referred to as the negative electrode potential.

[0138] Each of the positive electrode voltage and the negative electrode voltage may be an open circuit voltage (OCV) or a closed circuit voltage (CCV).

[0139] In this specification, the first electrical stimulus refers to an electrical stimulus that causes the difference between the OCV and CCV of a battery cell to be equal to or less than a reference value, and the second electrical stimulus refers to an electrical stimulus that causes the difference between the OCV and CCV of a battery cell to be greater than a reference value. For example, the first electrical stimulus may be charging using a first current rate, and the second electrical stimulus may be charging using a second current rate greater than the first current rate. As another example, the first electrical stimulus may be discharging using a first current rate, and the second electrical stimulus may be discharging using a second current rate greater than the first current rate.

[0140] At least one of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) can be aligned along the horizontal axis so that the common capacity range ( Figure 10 The synthesis results of a portion of the 5 to 50 Ah (in ) match the reference full monomer profile (R[k]). Figure 10 An example is shown in which the reference negative electrode section line (Rn[j]) is aligned to be shifted rightward based on a start point (a point corresponding to capacity 0) which is one of two end points of the reference positive electrode section line (Rp[i]).

[0141] from Figure 10 It can be seen that the ends of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are offset from each other. In other words, the capacity range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the capacity range of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) do not match and only partially overlap. Therefore, the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) indicates the full-cell voltage of the reference cell within a portion of the capacity range shared by the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]). In other words, the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) is an example of a full-cell voltage profile obtained by directly subtracting a portion of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) from a portion of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]).

[0142] The reference full-cell profile (R[k]) may represent a corresponding relationship between full-cell capacity and full-cell voltage when a new battery cell verified as a good product is forced to degrade through arbitrary cycle conditions.

[0143] The reference full cell profile (R[k]) may represent the corresponding relationship between the voltage and capacity of the reference cell within at least a voltage range of interest (e.g., 3.0 V to 4.0 V). The lower and upper limits of the voltage range of interest may be a first set voltage ( Figure 10 3.0V) and the second set voltage ( Figure 10 4.0V in the CMOS).

[0144] If the total cell voltage of any battery cell (including the reference cell) is equal to the first set voltage, the SOC can be set to 0%. When the total cell voltage of any battery cell (including the reference cell) is equal to the second set voltage, the SOC can be set to 100%. Figure 10 , the reference cell can reach a fully charged state (SOC 100%) from a fully discharged state (SOC 0%) through a charging capacity of 45Ah.

[0145] In this specification, the positive electrode participation starting point on the positive electrode section line of any battery cell indicates the positive electrode voltage and positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) when the total cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the first set voltage. Furthermore, the negative electrode participation starting point on the negative electrode section line of the corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) when the total cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the first set voltage. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation starting point and the negative electrode participation starting point can be equal to the first set voltage.

[0146] Furthermore, the positive electrode participation endpoint on the positive electrode section line of any battery cell indicates the positive electrode voltage and positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) when the full cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage. Furthermore, the negative electrode participation endpoint on the negative electrode section line of the corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) when the full cell voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation endpoint and the negative electrode participation endpoint can be equal to the second set voltage.

[0147] In this specification, at least one of the positive electrode participation starting point and the positive electrode participation end point may be referred to as the positive electrode point, and at least one of the negative electrode participation starting point and the negative electrode participation end point may be referred to as the negative electrode point. In addition, the positive electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the positive electrode section line of a specific battery cell may mean the capacity difference between any one of the two endpoints of the positive electrode section line and the specific point. The positive electrode SOC at a specific point on the positive electrode section line of any battery cell may mean the ratio of the capacity difference between any one of the two endpoints of the positive electrode section line (for example, the low capacity point) and the specific point to the capacity difference between the two endpoints of the positive electrode section line. The capacity difference between the two endpoints of the positive electrode section line may be referred to as the total positive electrode capacity.

[0148] Similarly, the negative electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the negative electrode section line of any battery cell can refer to the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the negative electrode section line (or the positive electrode section line) and the specific point. The negative electrode SOC at a specific point on the negative electrode section line of any battery cell can refer to the ratio of the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the negative electrode section line (or the positive electrode section line) (e.g., the low-capacity point) and the specific point to the capacity difference between the two endpoints of the negative electrode section line. The capacity difference between the two endpoints of the negative electrode section line can be referred to as the total negative electrode capacity.

[0149] In memory unit 330, information indicating the voltage at each of the reference positive electrode participation starting point (pi0), the reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0), the reference negative electrode participation starting point (ni0), and the reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) may be pre-recorded. The reference positive electrode participation starting point (pi0) and the reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0) are the positive electrode participation starting point and the positive electrode participation end point, respectively, on the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]). The reference negative electrode participation starting point (ni0) and the reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) are the negative electrode participation starting point and the negative electrode participation end point, respectively, on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0150] The voltage difference between the reference positive electrode participation starting point (pi0) and the reference negative electrode participation starting point (ni0) may be equal to a first set voltage (e.g., 3.0 V). The voltage difference between the reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0) and the reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) may be equal to a second set voltage (e.g., 4.0 V).

[0151] Figure 11 and Figure 12 is a graph referenced to exemplarily describe a process of obtaining a measured full-body profile.

[0152] Figure 11 The graph depicted in FIG shows an example of a change in the full-cell voltage of a target cell over time due to intermittent application of a second electrical stimulus. The target cell is a battery cell to be diagnosed by the battery diagnostic device. The target cell may be a new battery cell that needs to be verified as a good product, or a battery cell that has been verified as a good product and is no longer a new product due to deterioration.

[0153] refer to Figure 11 , the processor 320 may control the stimulation applying device 301 to intermittently apply the second electrical stimulation to the target cell BC.

[0154] The process for controlling the stimulation applying device 301 to diagnose the target cell BC may be performed during a state change period until the electrical state of the target cell BC (e.g., full cell voltage) changes from an initial state (e.g., a first set voltage) to a target state (e.g., a second set voltage).

[0155] refer to Figure 11 In the graph, the target cell BC's total cell voltage exhibits an upward trend as it repeats a sawtooth pattern. Each sawtooth voltage rise segment is caused by the application of the second electrical stimulus, and each voltage drop segment is caused by the interruption of the second electrical stimulus. In other words, each voltage drop segment represents the change in the target cell BC's total cell voltage during each rest period within the state change period. During each rest period, the target cell BC is placed in an unloaded state, neither charging nor discharging.

[0156] During the state change period, the processor 320 may repeatedly record the current measurement value of the target cell BC to generate current measurement information. The capacity of the target cell BC is based on the ampere count of the current measurement value, so the current measurement information may refer to capacity measurement information.

[0157] The processor 320 can control the stimulation application device 301 to initiate a rest period for the second electrical stimulation whenever a predetermined rest condition is met during the state change period. In other words, when the rest condition is met, the application of the second electrical stimulation can be temporarily stopped. For example, at least one of (i) a change in the current integrated value to a threshold integrated value, (ii) a change in the state of charge (SOC) to a threshold SOC, and (iii) the duration of the application of the second electrical stimulation reaching a threshold time can be preset as a rest condition. For example, if the total current integrated value during the state change period is 40Ah and the threshold integrated value is 2Ah, a total of 20 rest periods can be permitted during the state change period.

[0158] Processor 320 may determine at least one of a threshold integral value, a threshold SOC, and a threshold time based on the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results of the target cell BC. At least one of the threshold integral value, SOC, and time may have a predetermined positive (or negative) correspondence with the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results, and relationship data defining this correspondence (a data table for controlling the rest period) may be pre-stored in memory unit 330. Due to the predetermined positive (or negative) correspondence, as the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results decrease, at least one of the threshold integral value, SOC, and time also decreases. Therefore, as the target cell BC degrades over time, rest periods are provided at short intervals within the state change period, thereby preventing a decrease in the number of data points included in the voltage measurement information indicating the temporal change history of all-cell voltages during the rest period of the state change period.

[0159] The processor 320 may obtain at least one of a threshold integral value, a threshold SOC, and a threshold time mapped to the full charge capacity, SOH, or a previous diagnosis result from the data table for rest period control. The processor 320 may control the intermittent application process of the second electrical stimulation during the state change period using at least one of the threshold integral value, the threshold SOC, and the threshold time obtained from the data table for rest period control.

[0160] When a reference time has passed since the start time of the rest period of the second electrical stimulation, the processor 320 may control the stimulation application device 301 to resume application of the second electrical stimulation. The reference time may be predetermined so that the polarization caused by the second electrical stimulation can be sufficiently resolved. For example, the reference time, which serves as the length of the rest period, may be the time required for the polarization at the start time of the rest period to become 10% or less.

[0161] During each rest period of the second electrical stimulation, the full-cell voltage of the target cell BC is measured at least once. As an example, the processor 320 may record the measured full-cell voltage at the end of each rest period of the second electrical stimulation as the OCV of the target cell BC. As another example, the full-cell voltage may be measured at least three times during each rest period of the second electrical stimulation, and the processor 320 may estimate the OCV of the target cell BC for each rest period based on the three full-cell voltage measurements during each rest period.

[0162] Therefore, voltage measurement information may be generated by recording OCV a plurality of times with a time difference during a state change period. Figure 11 Each OCV point marked in OCV ) is an example of a data point representing an OCV measurement value of voltage measurement information.

[0163] The inventors of the present disclosure have recognized through numerous experiments that the voltage measurement information generated in the above-described manner using the second electrical stimulation has high consistency with the voltage measurement information generated when the first electrical stimulation is actually applied to the target cell BC.

[0164] From now on, the advantages of the diagnosis method based on the intermittent application of the second electrical stimulation rather than the continuous application of the first electrical stimulation will be described.

[0165] The conditions related to the diagnosis of target monosomic BC are assumed to be as follows.

[0166] (i) First electrical stimulation = charging at 0.05 C

[0167] (ii) Second electrical stimulation = charging at 3.0 C

[0168] (iii) Length of rest period of second electrical stimulation = 12 minutes

[0169] (iv) Total capacity change during the state change period = 80% of the full charge capacity (FCC) of the target cell BC

[0170] (v) Threshold integral value = 3% of the fully charged capacity of the target cell BC

[0171] Then, the time taken for the target cell BC to change from the initial state to the target state by continuously applying the first electrical stimulation is 1 / 0.05*80%=16 hours.

[0172] In contrast, the time required for the target cell BC's charge capacity to increase by the threshold integral value through the second electrical stimulation is 0.03 / 3 * 80% = 0.008 hours. Furthermore, since a rest period is granted every time the charge capacity increases by 3%, a total of 26 rest periods are permitted during the state change period. Therefore, the time required for the target cell BC to change from its initial state to its target state through the intermittent application of the second electrical stimulation is (0.008 hours + 0.2 hours) * 26 = 5.4 hours.

[0173] In other words, compared with the method of continuously applying the first electrical stimulation, the method of intermittently applying the second electrical stimulation is advantageous in shortening the time for acquiring the entire monomer section line.

[0174] exist Figure 12 In the graph, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah), and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage.

[0175] refer to Figure 12 Based on the capacity measurement information and voltage measurement information of the target cell BC, the processor 320 can generate a measured full-cell profile M representing the corresponding relationship between the capacity and voltage of the target cell BC (also referred to as the "full-cell voltage"). The measured full-cell profile M can also be referred to as a QV profile or a Q-OCV profile. The measured full-cell profile M can be used as the "first profile" in the claims.

[0176] Here, the full cell voltage is the voltage across the target cell BC and is distinguished from the positive and negative voltages described above. In other words, the full cell voltage of the target cell BC can be regarded as the difference between the positive and negative voltages of the target cell BC.

[0177] In order to generate the measurement full-cell profile M, current measurement information and voltage measurement information mapped to the state change period may be used.

[0178] Specifically, each data point of the current measurement information and the voltage measurement information is indexed in chronological order. Therefore, the processor 320 can generate the capacity measurement information by sequentially integrating the data points of the current measurement information. In addition, the processor 320 can generate a measured full-cell profile M by applying a curve fitting algorithm to a set of multiple Q-OCV pairs included in the capacity-voltage measurement information, which is a data set to which the capacity measurement information and the voltage measurement information are mapped. The reference full-cell profile (R[k]), the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]), the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]), and the measured full-cell profile M can be polynomial equations in which the order of the highest term is predetermined.

[0179] Similar to the reference full-cell profile (R[k]), the measured full-cell profile M may represent the corresponding relationship between the capacity of the target cell BC and the full-cell voltage (eg, OCV) within at least a voltage range of interest (eg, 3.0 V to 4.0 V).

[0180] like Figure 12 As shown in , there is a certain degree of difference between the measured full-cell section line M and the reference full-cell section line (R[k]). If the reference full-cell section line (R[k]) is appropriately adjusted, the difference from the measured full-cell section line M can be reduced.

[0181] At the same time, Figure 10 and Figure 12 In the graph of , Ah is used as the unit on the horizontal axis, but the unit can be expressed in other forms. For example, the unit on the horizontal axis can be percentage %, which represents SOC (state of charge) instead of Ah.

[0182] The processor 320 may generate a plurality of comparative profiles based on the plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map. Specifically, the processor 320 may generate a plurality of comparative profiles by performing an adjustment operation (also referred to as "profile adjustment logic") on each of the plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map according to a plurality of adjustment levels.

[0183] The profile adjustment logic may include at least one of a scaling operation and a shifting operation. When executing the profile adjustment logic, the processor 320 may generate multiple comparison profiles by repeating the adjustment and synthesis processes for each of the two electrode profiles (Rp[i], Rn[j]) of the kth electrode profile pair according to multiple adjustment levels. The comparison profiles may also be referred to as "comparative full-cell profiles." Here, each comparison profile generated based on the kth electrode profile pair may be a full-cell profile, where two adjusted electrode profiles are synthesized (combined) as the result of adjusting each of the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]). In other words, when the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) is the result of subtracting a portion of the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) from a portion of the reference positive profile (Rp[i]), the comparison profiles may be considered to be the result of subtracting a portion of the adjusted negative profile from a portion of the adjusted positive profile. Each comparison profile may be referred to as an "adjusted reference full-cell profile."

[0184] The processor 320 may be configured to generate k-th profile adjustment data by comparing each of a plurality of comparison profiles generated according to the k-th electrode profile pair with the measured whole-cell profile M.

[0185] The processor 320 may select any one comparison profile having a minimum comparison value with the measured whole-unit profile M from among the plurality of comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The processor 320 may determine a comparison value for each of the plurality of comparison profiles for the measured whole-unit profile M, and determine that the k-th comparison value is equal to the minimum value among the plurality of comparison values.

[0186] In this regard, various methods known at the time of filing this application can be used to determine the comparison value between the two sections. For example, the integral value of the absolute value of the area between the two sections, MSE (mean square error), or RMSE (root mean square error) can be used as the comparison value.

[0187] Processor 320 may generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with a k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data may include information representing at least one of the following: a k-th comparison value, a k-th representative profile, a k-th adjusted positive profile, and a k-th adjusted negative profile. The k-th representative profile is a comparison profile mapped to a minimum comparison value among a plurality of comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0188] The kth adjusted positive electrode profile and the kth adjusted negative electrode profile are two adjusted electrode profiles used to synthesize the kth representative profile. The information representing the kth adjusted positive electrode profile includes the kth adjusted positive electrode profile itself and / or at least one diagnostic factor that can be determined based on the kth adjusted positive electrode profile. The information representing the kth adjusted negative electrode profile includes the kth adjusted negative electrode profile itself and / or at least one diagnostic factor that can be determined based on the kth adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0189] When k is assigned to each natural number from 1 to m×n, and the above process is performed a total of m×n times, first through m×n-th section adjustment data are generated. Processor 320 may select any one of the first through m×n-th section adjustment data as the information that most closely represents the current charge and discharge performance (current state of degradation) of the target cell BC. If the k-th comparison value among the first through m×n-th comparison values ​​is the smallest, then the k-th representative section line among the first through m×n-th representative sections may be used as the "second section line" in the claims.

[0190] According to this configuration of the present disclosure, even if the target cell BC is not disassembled or manufactured in the form of a 3-electrode battery, information on the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the target cell BC can be individually and accurately estimated.

[0191] If the target cell BC is a new battery cell, the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile can be more easily analyzed and utilized to diagnose whether a defect occurs in the target cell BC, and if so, what type of defect it is.

[0192] If the battery cell is used after the target cell BC is verified as a good product, how much the target cell BC has deteriorated can be determined for each diagnosis item indicating a degradation state through the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0193] In the following, reference Figures 13 to 18 , a profile adjustment logic implemented as one of the parameters (diagnostic factors) involved in estimating the current charge and discharge performance of the target cell BC will be described.

[0194] Figures 13 to 15 is a diagram referred to to describe an example of a process of generating a comparison profile for comparison with a measured full-cell profile M from a k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0195] Will refer to Figures 13 to 15 The explained profile adjustment logic proceeds in the following order: a first routine is used to set the four points (positive pole participation start, positive pole participation end, negative pole participation start, negative pole participation end) to correspond to the voltage range of interest (see Figure 13), a second routine for performing the shift operation (see Figure 14 ) and a third routine for performing the scaling operation (see Figure 15 ). That is, the section line adjustment logic according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes first to third routines.

[0196] First, refer to Figure 13 , the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are Figure 10 The same as those shown in .

[0197] The processor 320 determines the positive electrode participation starting point (pi), the positive electrode participation end point (pf), the negative electrode participation starting point (ni), and the negative electrode participation end point (nf) on the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0198] Either the positive electrode participation starting point (pi) or the negative electrode participation starting point (ni) depends on the other. As an example, the processor 320 may divide the positive electrode voltage range from the starting point to the end point (or the second set voltage) of the two endpoints of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) into multiple small voltage segments, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi). Each small voltage segment may have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01V). Next, the processor 320 may set a point on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) that is lower than the positive electrode participation starting point (pi) by a first set voltage (e.g., 3V) as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni). As another example, the processor 320 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the starting point to the end point of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni). Next, the processor 320 may search for a point in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is greater than the negative electrode participation starting point (ni) by a first set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi).

[0199] Each of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) and the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) depends on the other. As an example, the processor 320 may divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the end point of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf). Next, the processor 320 may set a point on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) that is lower than the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) by a second set voltage (e.g., 4V) as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf). As another example, the processor 320 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary point between two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf). Next, the processor 320 may search for a point in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is greater than the negative electrode participation end point (nf) by a second set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation end point (pf).

[0200] If the positive pole participation starting point (pi), the positive pole participation end point (pf), the negative pole participation starting point (ni) and the negative pole participation end point (nf) are completely determined, the processor 320 shifts at least one of the reference positive pole profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative pole profile (Rn[j]) to the left or right along the horizontal axis.

[0201] refer to Figure 14 , the processor 320 can shift the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) to the left (towards low capacity) or shift the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) to the right (towards high capacity), or shift both of them so that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi) and the negative electrode participation starting point (ni) on the horizontal axis match.

[0202] Alternatively, the processor 320 shifts the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) to the left or the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) to the right, or both, so that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) and the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) on the horizontal axis match.

[0203] and Figure 13 compared to, Figure 14The figure shows a case where only the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is shifted leftward to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]'). As a result, the capacity value at the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') matches the capacity value at the negative electrode participation starting point (ni). The adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') is the result of applying the adjustment process to the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]), which adjusts the voltage difference between the left-shifted positive electrode participation starting point (pi) and the negative electrode participation starting point (ni). As a result, the two points (pi, pi') differ only in capacity value and have the same voltage. The two points (pf, pf') also differ only in capacity value and have the same voltage.

[0204] If an adjustment result profile (Rp[i]′, Rn) in which at least one of the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) is shifted is ensured, the processor 320 scales the capacity range of at least one of the adjustment result profiles (Rp[i]′, Rn).

[0205] according to Figure 14 In the example shown in , the processor 320 performs an additional adjustment process to shrink or expand at least one of the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]′) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) along the horizontal axis.

[0206] refer to Figure 15 , the processor 320 can generate an adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") by shrinking or expanding the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') so that the size of the capacity range between the two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') matches the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M. At this time, any one point (pi') of the two points (pi', pf') can be fixed. Therefore, the capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf") of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") can match the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M.

[0207] Furthermore, processor 320 can generate an adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') by shrinking or expanding the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) so that the capacity range between two points (ni, nf) on the reference positive electrode profile (Rn[j]) matches the capacity range of the full-cell profile M. In this case, any point (ni) of the two points (ni, nf) can be fixed. Therefore, the capacity difference between the two points (ni, nf') on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') can match the capacity range of the full-cell profile M.

[0208] exist Figure 15 The adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") is the contraction Figure 14The results of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') are shown in Figure 2, and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') is the expansion Figure 14 The results for the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are shown in FIG.

[0209] The positive electrode participation endpoint (pf") on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") corresponds to the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]'). The negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') corresponds to the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0210] The capacity difference between the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M. Similarly, the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation starting point (ni) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M.

[0211] In addition, the capacity range of the two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') matches the capacity range of the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]').

[0212] The processor 320 may generate a comparison profile S using the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]'). The processor 320 may generate the comparison profile S based on the voltage difference data between the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]'). The voltage difference data may represent a capacity-voltage difference relationship in a common capacity range of the two profiles (Rp[i]", Rn[j]'). In other words, the processor 320 may generate the comparison profile S by subtracting the profile between the two points (pi, pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") from the profile between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rn[j]').

[0213] The processor 320 may calculate a comparison value between the comparison section line S and the measured whole-unit section line M.

[0214] The processor 320 can map at least two of the adjusted positive pole profile (Rp[i]”), the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[j]’), the positive pole participation starting point (pi), the positive pole participation end point (pf”), the negative pole participation starting point (ni), the negative pole participation end point (nf’), the positive pole scaling factor, the negative pole scaling factor, the comparison profile S and the comparison value to each other and record them in the memory unit 330.

[0215] The positive electrode scaling factor may represent a ratio of the capacity difference between the two ends of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") to the capacity difference between the two ends of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]). The positive electrode scaling factor may represent a ratio of the capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf") to the capacity difference between the two points (pi0, pf0). Alternatively, the positive electrode scaling factor may represent a ratio of the positive electrode capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf") to the positive electrode capacity difference between the two points (pi0, pf0). Alternatively, the positive electrode scaling factor may represent a ratio of the positive electrode SOC difference between the two points (pi', pf") to the positive electrode SOC difference between the two points (pi0, pf0).

[0216] The negative electrode scaling factor may represent the ratio of the capacity difference between the two ends of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') to the capacity difference between the two ends of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor may represent the ratio of the capacity difference between two points (ni, nf') to the capacity difference between two points (ni0, nf0). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor may represent the ratio of the negative electrode capacity difference between two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode capacity difference between two points (ni0, nf0). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor may represent the ratio of the negative electrode SOC difference between two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode SOC difference between two points (ni0, nf0).

[0217] Meanwhile, as described above, when the positive voltage range of the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) is divided into multiple small voltage segments, boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments may be set as positive participation starting points (pi).

[0218] For example, if the positive electrode voltage range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is divided into 100 small voltage ranges, there may be 100 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi). In addition, if the voltage range greater than or equal to the second set voltage in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is divided into 40 small voltage ranges, there may be 40 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation end point (pf). In this case, at least 4000 different comparison profiles can be generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0219] Of course, those skilled in the art will readily understand that as the size of the small voltage segment decreases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated increases, and conversely, as the size of the small voltage segment increases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated decreases.

[0220] As described above, the processor 320 may generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with the k-th representative profile having the smallest k-th comparison value among the comparison values ​​of the plurality of comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data may be recorded in the memory unit 330.

[0221] Figures 16 to 18 is a diagram referred to to describe another example of a process for generating a comparison profile for comparison with a measured full-cell profile M from a k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). For reference, Figures 16 to 18 The embodiment shown in Figures 13 to 15 Therefore, it is usually used to describe Figures 13 to 15 The embodiments shown in Figures 16 to 18 The terms or reference numerals of the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings should be understood as being limited to each embodiment.

[0222] To refer to Figures 16 to 18 Another example of the explained section line adjustment logic proceeds in the following order: The fourth routine (see Figure 16 ), set the fourth point (positive electrode participation start point, positive electrode participation end point, negative electrode participation start point and negative electrode participation end point) of the fifth routine (see Figure 17 ) and a sixth routine that performs the shift operation (see Figure 18 ). That is, the section line adjustment logic according to another embodiment of the present disclosure includes fourth to sixth routines.

[0223] refer to Figure 16 , the processor 320 generates an adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]′) and an adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]′) by applying a positive scaling factor and a negative scaling factor selected from the scaling value range to the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]), respectively.

[0224] The scaling value range can be predetermined or can vary based on the ratio (R[k]) of the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M to the size of the capacity range of the reference full-cell profile. As an example, assuming that the positive and negative scaling factors can be selected from values ​​at intervals of 0.1% within the scaling value range (e.g., 90 to 99%) (i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, ... 98.9%, 99%), 91 values ​​can be selected as the positive and negative scaling factors, respectively. In this case, based on 91×91=8281 adjustment levels (combinations of positive and negative scaling factors), up to 8281 adjusted profile pairs can be generated based on the kth electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). An adjusted profile pair refers to a combination of an adjusted positive profile and an adjusted negative profile.

[0225] refer to Figure 16 , the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]') show the results of applying the positive scaling factor and the negative scaling factor as one of multiple adjustment levels to the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]), respectively.

[0226] When the positive polarity scaling factor and the negative polarity scaling factor are less than 100%, the adjusted positive polarity profile (Rp[i]') is obtained by shrinking the reference positive polarity profile (Rp[i]) along the horizontal axis, and the adjusted negative polarity profile (Rn[j]') is also obtained by shrinking the reference negative polarity profile (Rn[j]) along the horizontal axis. For ease of understanding, the reference positive polarity profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative polarity profile (Rn[j]) are shown with their starting points fixed and the remaining portions shrunk to the left along the horizontal axis.

[0227] refer to Figure 17 , the processor 320 determines the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'), the positive electrode participation end point (pf'), the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rp[i]').

[0228] Either the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') or the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') may depend on the other. Furthermore, either the positive electrode participation end point (pf') or the negative electrode participation end point (nf') may depend on the other. Furthermore, either the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') or the positive electrode participation end point (pf') may be set based on the other.

[0229] That is, if any one of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'), the positive electrode participation end point (pf'), the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') is set, the capacity range of the full-cell profile M can be measured by the first set voltage, the second set voltage and / or the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M (for example, Figure 12 The remaining three points are automatically set using the 45Ah-5Ah=40Ah in the figure.

[0230] As an example, the processor 320 may divide the positive electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point (or the second set voltage) of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') into multiple small voltage segments, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'). Next, the processor 320 may set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) that is lower than the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') by a first set voltage (e.g., 3V) as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni').

[0231] As another example, processor 320 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments in the multiple small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation starting points (ni'). Next, processor 320 may search for a point on the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is greater than the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') by a first set voltage, and select the searched point as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi').

[0232] As another example, the processor 320 may divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the endpoint of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf'). Next, the processor 320 may search for a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') that is lower than the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') by a second set voltage (e.g., 4V), and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf').

[0233] As another example, the processor 320 may divide the negative electrode voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') into multiple small voltage segments of predetermined sizes, and then set the boundary points of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation end point (nf'). Next, the processor 320 may search for a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') that is a second set voltage greater than the negative electrode participation end point (nf'), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').

[0234] If any one of the positive pole participation starting point (pi'), the positive pole participation end point (pf'), the negative pole participation starting point (ni'), and the negative pole participation end point (nf') is determined, the processor 320 may additionally determine the remaining three points based on the determined point.

[0235] For example, if the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') is first determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') having a capacity value greater than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the positive electrode participation end point (pf'). In addition, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') that is lower than the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') by a first set voltage, and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni'). In addition, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') having a capacity value greater than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').

[0236] As another example, when the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') is first determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') having a capacity value that is smaller than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'). In addition, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') that is lower than the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') by a second set voltage and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf'). In addition, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') having a capacity value that is smaller than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni').

[0237] As another example, when the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') is determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') having a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') by the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M as the negative electrode participation end point (nf'). In addition, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') that is higher than the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') by a first set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'). In addition, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') having a capacity value that is greater than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') by the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').

[0238] As another example, when the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') is determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') having a capacity value that is smaller than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the negative electrode participation starting point (ni'). In addition, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') that is higher than the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') by a second set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf'). In addition, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') having a capacity value that is smaller than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') by the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the positive electrode participation starting point (pi').

[0239] If the positive electrode participation starting point (pi'), the positive electrode participation end point (pf'), the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') are completely determined based on the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor pair, the processor 320 can shift at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') to the left or right along the horizontal axis so that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') and the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') match or the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation starting point (pf') and the negative electrode participation starting point (nf') match.

[0240] Figure 18 The adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]") shown in Figure 17 ') is shifted to the right. Therefore, the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') and the negative electrode participation starting point (ni") match each other on the horizontal axis. Relatedly, the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf') is equal to the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation starting point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf'). Therefore, if the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation starting point (pi') and the negative electrode participation starting point (ni") match each other, the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') also match each other on the horizontal axis.

[0241] refer to Figure 18, the processor 320 can use the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]") to generate a comparison profile U. The processor 320 can generate the comparison profile U based on the voltage difference data between the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]"). The voltage difference data can represent the capacity-voltage difference relationship in the common capacity range of the two profiles (Rp[i]', Rn[j]"). In other words, the processor 320 can generate the comparison profile U by subtracting the profile between the two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') from the profile between the two points (ni", nf") of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rn[j]"). The processor 320 may generate the comparison profile U by subtracting the profile between two points (pi′, pf′) of the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]′) from the profile between two points (ni′, nf′) of the adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]″).

[0242] The processor 320 may calculate a comparison value between the comparison section line U and the measured whole-unit section line M.

[0243] The processor 320 can map the positive pole profile (Rp[i]'), the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[j]"), the positive pole participation starting point (pi'), the positive pole participation end point (pf'), the negative pole participation starting point (ni"), the negative pole participation end point (nf"), the positive pole scaling factor, the negative pole scaling factor, the comparison profile U and at least two of the comparison values ​​to each other and record them in the memory unit 330.

[0244] As described above, the processor 320 may generate a comparison profile corresponding to each pair of positive and negative scaling factors selected from the scaling value range. Since there are multiple pairs of positive and negative scaling factors, it is obvious that the comparison profile will also be generated in multiple numbers.

[0245] The processor 320 may generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with the k-th representative profile having the smallest k-th comparison value among the comparison values ​​of the plurality of comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data may be recorded in the memory unit 330.

[0246] The processor 320 may acquire at least one diagnostic factor from any one section adjustment data (associated with the second section line) mapped to the minimum comparison value among the first to m×n section adjustment data.

[0247] Specifically, the section line adjustment data associated with the second section line includes at least one of positive state data and negative state data.

[0248] The positive electrode state data is based on the adjusted positive electrode profile used to generate the second profile. As an example, when Figure 15 When the comparison profile S shown in FIG is determined as the second profile, at least one of the positive pole point (pi'), the positive pole point (pf"), the positive pole scaling factor, and the positive pole load of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") can be included in the positive electrode state data as a diagnostic factor. As another example, when Figure 18 When the comparison profile U shown in is determined to be the second profile, at least one of the positive pole point (pi'), the positive pole point (pf'), the positive pole scaling factor and the positive pole load of the adjusted positive pole profile (Rp[i]') can be included in the positive pole status data as a diagnostic factor.

[0249] The negative electrode state data is based on the adjusted negative electrode profile used to generate the second profile. As an example, when Figure 15 When the comparison profile S shown in FIG is determined as the second profile, at least one of the negative pole point (ni), the negative pole point (nf'), the negative pole scaling factor, and the negative pole load of the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[i]') may be included in the negative pole state data as a diagnostic factor. As another example, when Figure 18 When the comparison profile U shown in is determined to be the second profile, at least one of the negative pole point (ni"), the negative pole point (nf"), the negative pole scaling factor and the negative pole load of the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[j]") can be included in the negative pole status data as a diagnostic factor.

[0250] For reference, when the target cell BC is in a new product state, when the above-mentioned profile adjustment logic is executed, at least one value of the positive pole participation starting point, positive pole participation end point, negative pole participation starting point, negative pole participation end point, positive pole scaling factor and negative pole scaling factor in the BOL state may have been recorded in the memory unit 330.

[0251] Figure 19 FIG. 1 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a battery diagnosis method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 19 The battery diagnosis method may be executed by the battery diagnosis device 302 .

[0252] In step S1910, the processor 320 acquires, through the data acquisition unit 310, a first profile indicating a capacity-voltage relationship of a target cell BC including an active material having a multi-phase characteristic (see Figure 12 Reference numeral M in FIG).

[0253] As an example, the first profile M may be generated in the battery system 1 and then transmitted to the battery diagnostic apparatus 302 , and the data acquisition unit 310 may receive the first profile M through a communication channel. Alternatively, the data acquisition unit 310 may generate the first profile M by processing capacity-voltage measurement information of the target cell BC collected from the battery system 1 .

[0254] In step S1920, the processor 320 generates a plurality of comparative profiles based on the plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram. Figures 1 to 18 As described, processor 320 generates a plurality of comparative profiles from each of the first to m×n electrode profile pairs by combining m reference positive profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]). Therefore, the number of comparative profiles generated in step S1920 may be at least twice the number of m×n.

[0255] In step S1930 , the processor 320 compares each of the plurality of comparison cross-sections generated in step S1920 with the first cross-section, and selects one comparison cross-section from among the plurality of comparison cross-sections as the second cross-section.

[0256] Specifically, the processor 320 generates first to m×nth cross-section line adjustment data from the first to m×nth electrode cross-section line pairs (see Figures 13 to 15 and / or Figures 16 to 18 ). Next, the processor 320 may select any one comparison profile having the smallest comparison value among the first to m×n th comparison values ​​indicated by the first to m×n th profile adjustment data as the second profile.

[0257] In step S1940, processor 320 determines at least one diagnostic factor indicating the degradation state of target cell BC based on the second profile. In step S1940, the positive electrode participation starting point is determined as the diagnostic factor, and other diagnostic factors may be additionally determined.

[0258] Specifically, the processor 320 may determine at least one diagnostic factor indicating the current degradation state of the target cell BC based on the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile. Figure 15 The comparison profile S shown in FIG has the minimum comparison value for the first profile M, then in step S1940, it is determined Figure 15 As another example, if Figure 18 The comparison profile U shown in FIG has the minimum comparison value for the first profile M, then it is determined Figure 18pi' shown in FIG is used as a diagnostic factor, and pf', ni", nf", etc. can be determined as additional diagnostic factors.

[0259] In step S1950, the processor 320 estimates at least one degradation parameter based on the at least one diagnostic factor determined in step S1940. For reference, the at least one degradation parameter may be included in the profile adjustment data as a diagnostic factor.

[0260] In step S1960, processor 320 limits at least one of the voltage range and SOC range permissible for the target cell BC based on the at least one diagnostic factor determined in step S1940. Alternatively or in combination therewith, the permissible current permissible for the target cell BC may be limited (eg, adjusted downward).

[0261] Memory unit 330 may pre-store relationship data indicating a predetermined positive or negative correlation between the level of change (e.g., increase, decrease, rate of increase, rate of decrease) of at least one diagnostic factor from the BOL state and a limit level. In other words, as the level of change of at least one diagnostic factor increases, at least one of the permissible voltage range and SOC range for the target cell BC may gradually decrease. This decrease in range means at least one of increasing the lower limit of the range or decreasing the upper limit of the range. For example, if the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) at the positive electrode end point decreases from the value in the BOL state, the upper limit of the permissible voltage range and / or SOC range for the target cell BC may be limited to a specific level.

[0262] In step S1970, processor 320 may use data acquisition unit 310 to transmit the diagnostic result of the target cell BC to battery system 1. The diagnostic result includes at least one of the following: the at least one diagnostic factor acquired in step S1940, the at least one degradation parameter estimated in step S1950, and the voltage range and SOC range limited in step S1960. Visual and / or audible information indicating the diagnostic result may be output to the user via battery system 1.

[0263] At least one of step S1950, step S1960 and step S1970 may be performed according to Figure 19 Omitted from the method.

[0264] In the computer readable medium according to the present disclosure, it is possible to store Figures 1 to 19 The instructions in the computer-readable medium, when executed by the processor 320, cause the processor 320 to perform at least one of the diagnostic procedures described.

[0265] Figure 20 is referred to to describe the Figure 19The open circuit voltage (OCV) estimation process performed in the method shown in FIG. Figure 11 as well as Figure 20 , the processor 320 may estimate the OCV for each voltage drop section based on the voltage measurement information for the state change period.

[0266] Figure 20 Reference numeral 2000 is Figure 11 The voltage measurement information in the specific voltage drop section corresponding to the specific rest period includes the measurement values ​​of the full-cell voltage measured three or more times during the specific rest period. One of the measurement values ​​of the full-cell voltage measured three or more times may be D OCV . t R Indicates the time point at which the reference time has passed since the start time point of the rest period. R The part is shown with a solid line, and at t R The subsequent portion is shown with a dotted line.

[0267] The processor 320 can determine an estimated OCV value of the target cell BC for each rest period by applying the OCV estimation logic to the measured value of the full cell voltage for each rest period, which is different from D OCV Therefore, if a total of X rest periods are granted during the state change period and the full-cell voltage is measured three times for each rest period, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that the voltage measurement information acquired in step S1910 includes 3X full-cell voltage measurement values, and X OCV estimation values ​​can be determined based on the 3X full-cell voltage measurement values.

[0268] During the rest period, the full cell voltage of the target cell BC gradually converges toward the OCV corresponding to the SOC of the target cell BC. The behavior of the full cell voltage of the target cell BC in a specific rest period can be equivalent to the voltage response of the primary RC circuit, such as the following formula 1.

[0269] <Formula 1>

[0270]

[0271] In formula 1, t is the time elapsed from the start time of a specific rest period, V full (t) is the total cell voltage at t, V OCV is the actual OCV, V S is the full-cell voltage at the starting time point of a specific rest period, and τ is a time constant determined by the internal resistance and capacity of the target cell BC.

[0272] In Formula 1, V full(t) is measurable, so V OCV 、V S and τ are unknown. Since there are three unknown values, we can use V full The following formula 2 can be used to estimate the OCV of each rest period.

[0273] <Formula 2>

[0274]

[0275] In formula 2, t1, t2, and t3 are the sequential measurement timings of the voltage of all cells. The time difference between t1 and t2 can be the same as the time difference between t2 and t3. Figure 20 In, t R and t3 are shown as different, but t R = t3 is also possible. In this case, V full (t3) = D OCV .

[0276] The processor 320 can calculate V OCV Determine D in the same way OCV_C .

[0277] The processor 320 can calculate the voltage of the three cells per rest period by repeatedly converting the three full-cell voltage measurements (V full (t1), V full (t2), V full (t3)) is replaced by a single OCV value (D OCV_C ) process to determine X OCV estimates.

[0278] For reference, D OCV is the measured value of the full-cell voltage at the end of the rest period (before the polarization is fully resolved), and D OCV_C is the full cell voltage in a state where polarization is completely resolved (i.e., V OCV ). Therefore, it can be considered that D OCV_C than D OCV Closer to the actual OCV of the target monomer BC.

[0279] In step S1910, the processor 320 can extract the voltage measurement information from the capacity-voltage measurement information, and then convert the D of each rest period indicated by the voltage measurement information into OCV Change (correct) to DO CV_CThe processor 320 may generate the corrected voltage measurement information by applying curve fitting logic to the X OCV estimation values ​​(ie, D OCV_C ) and data points based on capacity measurement information to generate a measurement full monomer profile M.

[0280] From now on, we will describe the Figure 19 The degradation parameters estimated in step S1950 are summarized in Table 1 below, which summarizes the degradation parameters and the formula that can be used to determine each degradation parameter.

[0281] Table 1

[0282]

[0283] Each variable listed in Table 1 is a diagnostic factor that may be acquired in step S 1940. Definitions of the degradation parameters and variables in Table 1 may be as follows.

[0284] <Degradation Parameters>

[0285] P SOH : Cathode SOH (healthy state) of target cell BC

[0286] N SOH : Negative electrode SOH of target monomer BC

[0287] L SOH : Available lithium SOH of target monomer BC

[0288] F SOH : All monomer SOH of target monomer BC

[0289] P LOSS : Positive electrode loss rate of target monomer BC

[0290] N LOSS : Negative electrode loss rate of target monomer BC

[0291] L LOSS : Available lithium loss rate of target monomer BC

[0292] F LOSS : Total monomer loss rate of target monomer BC

[0293] P loading_MOL : cathode loading amount of target monomer BC

[0294] N loading_MOL : Negative electrode loading of target monomer BC

[0295] As any battery cell deteriorates, at least one of the total positive electrode capacity, total negative electrode capacity, available lithium amount, and total full cell capacity of the corresponding battery cell may gradually decrease from the value in the BOL state. The total full cell capacity may represent the capacity difference between the two end points of the full cell section line. For example, the total full cell capacity may refer to the full charge capacity (FCC). The available lithium amount may represent the total amount of lithium that can contribute to the charging and discharging of the battery cell. SOH It can express the maintenance rate of the total positive electrode capacity. SOH It can express the maintenance rate of the total negative electrode capacity. SOH It can indicate the maintenance rate of available lithium. SOH It can express the maintenance rate of the total monomer capacity.

[0296] P SOH With P LOSS sum, N SOH With N LOSS The sum of L SOH With L LOSS The sum of F SOH With F LOSS The sum of can be equal to 1. LOSS Can be equal to P LOSS With L LOSS sum.

[0297] The positive electrode loading of a specific battery cell refers to the amount of positive electrode active material per unit area of ​​the positive electrode of the corresponding battery cell. The negative electrode loading of a specific battery cell refers to the amount of negative electrode active material per unit area of ​​the negative electrode of the corresponding battery cell. The unit of loading can be mAh / cm 2 or mg / cm 2 In Table 1, P loading_ref represents the reference positive electrode loading, and N loading_ref The reference negative electrode loading capacity is predetermined to represent the positive electrode loading capacity of a normal battery cell when it leaves the factory. The reference negative electrode loading capacity is predetermined to represent the negative electrode loading capacity of a normal battery cell when it leaves the factory.

[0298] <variable>

[0299] pi BOL : The positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) at the starting point of positive electrode participation when the target monomer BC is in the BOL state

[0300] pi MOL : The current cathode participation starting point of the target monomer BC (e.g., Figure 15 The positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) shown in pi')

[0301] pf BOL: The positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) at the end point when the target monomer BC is in the BOL state

[0302] pf MOL : The current cathode participation endpoint of the target monomer BC (e.g., Figure 15 pf"), the positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC)

[0303] ni BOL : Negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC) at the starting point of negative electrode participation when the target monomer BC is in the BOL state

[0304] ni MOL : The current negative electrode participation starting point of the target monomer BC (e.g., Figure 15 The negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC) shown in ni)

[0305] nf BOL : When the target monomer BC is in the BOL state, the negative electrode capacity of the negative electrode at the end point (negative electrode SOC)

[0306] nf MOL : The current negative electrode participation endpoint of the target monomer BC (e.g., Figure 15 The negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC) shown in nf')

[0307] ps BOL : positive electrode scaling factor when the target monomer BC is in the BOL state

[0308] ps MOL : Current positive scaling factor of the target monomer BC

[0309] ns BOL : Negative scaling factor when the target monomer BC is in the BOL state

[0310] ns MOL : Current negative scaling factor of target cell BC

[0311] The process of determining the diagnostic factor using the above profile adjustment logic can be repeated periodically or aperiodically throughout the life of the target cell BC. Thus, when the target cell BC is in the MOL state, the diagnostic factor (pi) is the same as when it is in the BOL state. BOL 、pf BOL 、ni BOL 、nf BOL 、ps BOL 、ns BOL ) and degradation parameters (P SOH 、N SOH , L SOH 、F SOH 、P LOSS 、NLOSS , L LOSS 、F LOSS 、P loading 、N loading ) may have been recorded in the memory unit 330 or the like. For example, the diagnostic factor (pi BOL 、pf BOL 、ni BOL 、nf BOL 、ps BOL 、ns BOL ) can be the value of the target cell BC when it leaves the factory. In addition, during the entire life of the target cell BC, the processor 320 can MOL 、pf MOL 、ni MOL 、nf MOL 、ps MOL 、ns MOL ) and / or degradation parameter (P SOH 、N SOH , L SOH 、F SOH 、P LOSS 、N LOSS , L LOSS 、F LOSS 、P loading_MOL 、N loading_MOL ) is recorded in the memory unit 330.

[0312] With PS MOL Proportional P loading_MOL can be included in the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile as a diagnostic factor rather than as a degradation parameter. MOL Proportional N loading_MOL Rather than being a degradation parameter, it may be included in the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile.

[0313] The degradation characteristics based on each diagnostic factor of a battery cell including a positive electrode active material having multi-phase characteristics, such as manganese-rich, will be further described.

[0314] With P LOSS increases, the redox reaction of oxygen (oxygen-redox) increases and pf MOL Maybe from pf BOL Reduce. pf MOL The reduction of can promote the increase of the positive electrode voltage at the positive electrode participation end point, thereby further increasing the oxygen-redox reaction. Therefore, the processor 320 can be based on Figure 19 Method to identify pf MOL The decrease of P in the target monosomic BC is used to diagnose theLOSS In addition, the processor 320 can respond to pf MOL The increase in cathode voltage at the cathode participation endpoint is suppressed by reducing the upper limit of the voltage range allowed for the target monomer BC due to the decrease in , which can make the oxygen-redox reaction slower.

[0315] In the early part of the BOL state, the redox reaction of manganese (Mn-redox) increases, so the amount of available lithium may increase compared to the time of shipment, and each of the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) at the positive electrode participation starting point and the negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) at the negative electrode participation starting point may decrease compared to the time of shipment. The increase in the amount of available lithium may result in an increase in the total whole-cell capacity. After the early part of the BOL state, the amount of available lithium stops increasing. Thereafter, each of the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) at the positive electrode participation starting point and the negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) at the negative electrode participation starting point gradually increases, which is an indicator of degradation indicating that the amount of available lithium is decreasing. Therefore, the processor 320 may be based on Figure 19 The method of identifying pi MOL Increase and / or ni MOL The increase in the diagnostic target monomer BC L LOSS and N LOSS At least one of is increasing. In addition, the processor 320 may respond to pi MOL Increase and / or ni MOL The upper limit of the voltage range allowed for the target cell BC is reduced as the voltage increases.

[0316] The redox reaction of oxygen (O-redox) and the redox reaction of manganese (Mn-redox) tend to increase together, and as a result, pi MOL With pf MOL The gap between them narrows, and as P LOSS Increase, ps MOL and / or P loading_MOL The processor 320 may be based on Figure 19 The method of identifying ps MOL and / or P loading_MOL The decrease of P in the target monosomic BC is used to diagnose the LOSS In addition, the processor 320 may respond to the ps MOL and / or P loading_MOL The upper limit of the voltage range and / or SOC range allowed for the target cell BC is reduced by reducing the voltage range and / or SOC range allowed for the target cell BC.

[0317] When the negative electrode is exposed to a low potential region by charging and discharging the target cell BC, the crystal structure of the negative electrode changes, and the products of side reactions (e.g., SEI, solid electrolyte interface) accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode, resulting in a decrease in the reactivity of the negative electrode. In other words, N LOSS Reduce, and nf MOL Reduce accordingly. MOL The increase and nf MOL The decrease in ns MOL and / or N loading_MOL The processor 320 can be based on Figure 19 Method to identify nf MOL 、ns MOL and / or N loadin g _MOL The reduction of N in the target monomer BC is used to diagnose LOSS In addition, the processor 320 may respond to nf MOL 、ns MOL and / or N loading_MOL The upper limit of the voltage range and / or SOC range allowed for the target cell BC is reduced by reducing the voltage range and / or SOC range allowed for the target cell BC.

[0318] The embodiments of the present disclosure described above are not only implemented by the device and method, but can also be implemented by a program that executes functions corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of the present disclosure or a recording medium having the program recorded thereon, and based on the disclosure content of the previously described embodiments, those skilled in the art can easily implement such an implementation.

[0319] While the present disclosure has been described above with respect to a limited number of embodiments and drawings, it is not limited thereto, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made thereto within the technical aspects of the present disclosure and the equivalent scope of the appended claims.

[0320] In addition, since those skilled in the art can make many substitutions, modifications and changes to the present disclosure without departing from the technical aspects of the present disclosure, the present disclosure is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments and drawings, and some or all of the embodiments can be selectively combined to allow various modifications.

Claims

1. A battery diagnostic device comprising: a data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell, the battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; as well as a processor configured to generate a plurality of comparison profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map, Wherein, the processor is configured to: selecting a comparison profile line from the plurality of comparison profile lines as a second profile line by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profile lines with the first profile line; as well as A positive electrode participation starting point is determined based on the second profile as a diagnostic factor indicating a degradation state of the battery cell.

2. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein: The electrode profile includes a plurality of reference positive electrode profiles associated with a plurality of degradation states of the positive electrode of the battery cell, and The active material having the multi-phase characteristic is included in the positive electrode of the battery cell.

3. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 2, wherein: Each of at least two reference positive electrode profiles among the plurality of reference positive electrode profiles is a deteriorated positive electrode profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a positive electrode half cell.

4. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 3, wherein: The processor is configured to determine a comparison value based on the at least two reference positive profiles, and The comparison value is greater than a threshold.

5. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein: The electrode profile includes a plurality of reference negative electrode profiles associated with a plurality of degradation states of the negative electrode of the battery cell, and The active material having the multi-phase characteristic is included in the negative electrode of the battery cell.

6. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 5, wherein: Each of at least two reference negative electrode profiles among the plurality of reference negative electrode profiles is a deteriorated negative electrode profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a negative electrode half cell.

7. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 6, wherein: The processor is configured to determine a comparison value based on the at least two reference negative profiles, and The comparison value is greater than a threshold.

8. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein: The processor is configured to generate the plurality of comparative profiles by performing an adjustment operation on each of the plurality of electrode profiles according to a plurality of adjustment levels.

9. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 8, wherein: The adjustment operation includes at least one of a scaling operation or a shifting operation based on the capacity relationship values ​​of the battery cells.

10. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 8, wherein: The processor is configured to determine a plurality of comparison values ​​by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile, and The second section line is associated with the minimum comparison value among the multiple comparison values.

11. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 10, wherein: The processor is configured to generate section line adjustment data associated with the second section line, The profile adjustment data includes at least one of positive electrode state data associated with the adjusted positive electrode profile and negative electrode state data associated with the adjusted negative electrode profile. The adjusted positive electrode section line and the adjusted negative electrode section line are generated by adjusting two electrode section lines among the plurality of electrode section lines, and The adjusted positive electrode section line and the adjusted negative electrode section line are used to generate the second section line.

12. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein: The processor is configured to generate the second profile based on voltage difference data representing a voltage difference between the adjusted positive profile and the adjusted negative profile.

13. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein: The positive electrode state data includes the positive electrode participation starting point, and further includes at least one of a positive electrode participation end point, a positive electrode scaling factor, and a positive electrode loading amount.

14. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein: The negative electrode state data includes at least one of a negative electrode participation starting point, a negative electrode participation end point, a negative electrode scaling factor, and a negative electrode load.

15. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein: The processor is configured to limit at least one of a voltage range and a state of charge range of the battery cells based on the diagnostic factor. 16 . A battery pack comprising the battery diagnostic device according to claim 1 . 17 . A battery system comprising the battery diagnosis device according to claim 1 . 18 . A remote diagnosis server comprising the battery diagnosis device according to claim 1 .

19. A battery diagnosis method comprising: obtaining a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell, the battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; generating a plurality of comparative profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map; selecting a comparison profile line from the plurality of comparison profile lines as a second profile line by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profile lines with the first profile line; as well as A positive electrode participation starting point is determined based on the second profile as a diagnostic factor indicating a degradation state of the battery cell.

20. A computer-readable medium storing instructions for diagnosing a battery cell, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: obtaining a first profile representing a capacity-voltage relationship of the battery cell, the battery cell including an active material having multi-phase characteristics; generating a plurality of comparative profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in the electrode profile map; selecting a comparison profile line from the plurality of comparison profile lines as a second profile line by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profile lines with the first profile line; as well as A positive electrode participation starting point is determined based on the second profile as a diagnostic factor indicating a degradation state of the battery cell.

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