Perovskite solar cell, preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention provides a perovskite solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a power utilization device and a power generation device, and the perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a hole transmission layer and a perovskite layer which are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode and are sequentially arranged along a first direction. The hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport layer, and the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monomolecular layer and a polymer; the first direction is a light incidence direction. The perovskite solar cell provided by the invention has high stability.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a perovskite solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, an electricity-using device and an electricity-generating device. BACKGROUND

[0002] Solar cells, as an ideal renewable energy, are attracting more and more attention. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy through photoelectric effect or photochemical effect.

[0003] Perovskite solar cells have been widely concerned and have strong application potential due to their good optical absorption coefficient, light emission quantum efficiency, long-range charge transport and low-cost manufacturing process. Therefore, people have increasingly high requirements for perovskite solar cells, especially the requirement for further improving the stability thereof. SUMMARY

[0004] The present application is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and aims to provide a perovskite solar cell with high stability and a preparation method thereof.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides, in a first aspect, a perovskite solar cell, which comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence along a first direction between the first electrode and the second electrode, the hole transport layer comprising a first hole transport layer, the first hole transport layer comprising a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer; the first direction being a light incidence direction. In the present application, the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer together constitute the first hole transport layer, and the π-π stacking interaction generated by the groups of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer and the characteristic that the polymer is not easy to peel off from the interface are utilized to slow down the peeling process of the self-assembled monolayer from the bottom under the action of the built-in electric field and / or the external electric field, which helps to improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0006] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer is 1:10-10:1. By making the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer to the polymer in the above range, the stability of the perovskite solar cell is improved while the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is also improved.

[0007] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a P-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer. In the present application, the P-type polymer and / or the insulating polymer, together with the self-assembled monolayer, form a first hole transport layer, which can slow down the process of peeling off the self-assembled monolayer from the bottom under the action of the built-in electric field and / or the external electric field, and is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell. Further, the P-type polymer has conductivity, which is conducive to the extraction and transmission of holes, and is conducive to improving the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, the P-type polymer comprises at least one of a polymer of N4,N4'-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4'-bis(4-vinylphenyl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (poly-VNPB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), and the insulating polymer comprises at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl fluoride. In this way, the stability of the battery can be improved.

[0009] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies the structure shown in the following general formula: Q-L-A, wherein Q is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group, L is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain, and A is selected from an oxygen-containing acid group. In the present application, the oxygen-containing acid group A can be combined with metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or metal ions such as trivalent nickel, thereby playing a role of passivating metal ions and anchoring. The substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group makes the self-assembled small molecule compound have an energy level that is compatible with the perovskite layer material in the solar cell, which is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) the substituent of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group includes any one of a halogen group, an alkoxy group, an oxygen-containing acid group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 6-15 ring-forming atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group having 5-15 ring-forming atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms; (2) the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain includes any one of a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having 2-11 carbon atoms, an alkoxy-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having 2-11 carbon atoms, an oxygen-containing acid-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having 2-11 carbon atoms, an aromatic-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having 6-15 ring-forming atoms, or a heteroaromatic-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain having 5-15 ring-forming atoms; and (3) the oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group. In this way, by regulating the structure of the material of the self-assembled monolayer, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell can be further improved.

[0011] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer includes at least one of [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), [4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), and [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). In this application, the self-assembled monomolecular material is selected from the above-mentioned materials, which has good hole transport efficiency and good energy level matching with the perovskite layer, and is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0012] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer, the material of the self-assembled monolayer includes one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and 4PACz, and the polymer includes one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride. In this application, the above-mentioned combination is selected as the material of the first hole transport layer, which is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0013] In some embodiments, the first hole transport layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 5 nm. Within this thickness range, the stability of the solar cell can be improved without affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0014] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport layer disposed between the first hole transport layer and the first electrode. In the present application, the second hole transport layer can be matched with the energy level of the perovskite layer, which is conducive to the extraction and transport of hole carriers.

[0015] In some embodiments, the second hole transport layer has a thickness of 20 nm to 80 nm. In the present application, a suitable thickness of the second hole transport layer within the above range can help improve the hole extraction and transport capacity.

[0016] In some embodiments, the second hole transport layer comprises a metal oxide.

[0017] In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises nickel oxide. In the present application, on the one hand, the polymer fills the voids in the SAM layer, which can delay the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom. On the other hand, the polymer fills the voids in the SAM, which can hinder the high-valence nickel ions (such as Ni 3+ ) from passing through the gaps of the SAM layer and contacting the perovskite layer, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0018] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. In the present application, the electron transport layer can help extract and transport the electrons generated by the perovskite layer to the second electrode, thereby improving the electron transport rate.

[0019] The second aspect of the present application provides a preparation method of the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect of the present application, characterized in that it comprises: forming a hole transport layer comprising a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; forming a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer; and forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer; wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer. In this way, a perovskite solar cell with high stability can be prepared.

[0020] The third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, which comprises the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect or prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0021] Since the photovoltaic module of the present application comprises the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the perovskite solar cell.

[0022] The fourth aspect of the present application provides a power generation device, which comprises the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0023] Since the power generation device of the present application comprises the perovskite solar cell provided by the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the perovskite solar cell.

[0024] The fifth aspect of the present application provides a power consumption device, which comprises the perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the second aspect.

[0025] Since the power consumption device of the present application comprises the perovskite solar cell provided by the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the perovskite solar cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 Structure diagram of the perovskite solar cell of an embodiment of the present application.

[0027] Figure 2 Structure diagram of the first hole transport layer in the perovskite solar cell of an embodiment of the present application.

[0028] Figure 3 Structure diagram of the perovskite solar cell of an embodiment of the present application.

[0029] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0030] 10 perovskite solar cell; 11 first electrode; 12 second electrode; 13 hole transport layer; 14 perovskite layer; 15 electron transport layer; 131 first hole transport layer; 132 second hole transport layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the perovskite solar cell and the preparation method thereof of the present application are specifically disclosed with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there will be cases where unnecessary detailed description is omitted. For example, there will be cases where detailed description of matters well known and repeated description of actually identical structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present application, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0032] The ranges disclosed herein are intended to be "open" ranges, meaning that the upper and lower limits of the ranges are not included. The ranges can be "closed" ranges, meaning that the upper and lower limits of the ranges are included. The ranges can be any combination of open and closed ranges. For example, if a range of 60-120 and a range of 80-110 are listed, it is understood that a range of 60-110 and a range of 80-120 are also contemplated. In addition, if a minimum range value of 1 and 2 are listed, and if a maximum range value of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise indicated, a numerical range "a-b" means a range of any combination of the numbers a and b, wherein a and b are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" means that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed herein, and "0-5" is merely a shorthand for listing all of those numbers. Also, when a parameter is stated to be an integer > 2, it is equivalent to disclose that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0033] All embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions, if not specifically stated otherwise.

[0034] All technical features and optional technical features of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions, if not specifically stated otherwise.

[0035] The terms used in the present application have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art, if not specifically stated otherwise.

[0036] The values of the parameters mentioned in the present application can be measured by various test methods commonly used in the art, if not specifically stated otherwise. For example, the test methods given in the present application can be used.

[0037] The term "layer" used in the present application refers to any substantially layer-like structure. The layer can have a thickness that varies over the extent of the layer. Typically, the layer has a thickness that is approximately constant. The "thickness" of a layer used in the present application refers to the average thickness of the layer. The thickness of a layer can be easily measured using conventional methods.

[0038] If not specifically stated otherwise, the present application refers to a layer being on / positioned on another layer includes the case where the first layer is directly on the second layer, i.e., the two layers are in direct contact, and the case where there are other layers (e.g., a third layer) interposed between the first layer and the second layer.

[0039] The term "perovskite" as used in this application refers to a material having a three- dimensional crystal structure related to that of CaTi03, or a layer material including a structure related to that of CaTi03. Materials having a three-dimensional crystal structure related to that of CaTi03are known, and can be referred to as perovskites having a "3D perovskite structure," or as "3D perovskites." Materials including layers of perovskite material are known, and are referred to in the art as "2D layered perovskites." When receiving sunlight, electrons in a perovskite are excited, and the electrons transition from a valence band to a conduction band, creating an electron-hole pair. Unless otherwise specified, references to "perovskite" in this application refer to 3D perovskite materials. The perovskite can be represented by the general chemical formula ABX3, where A is typically a large-radius cation. For example, A includes at least one of CH(NH2)2 + , CH3NH3 + , K + , Rb + , Cs + . B is a small-radius cation, and B includes, but is not limited to, at least one of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ . X is an anion, and X includes, for example, at least one of Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , OH - , CP - , CN - , SeCN - . When a perovskite includes more than one A cation, the different A cations can be distributed in the A sites in an ordered or disordered manner. When a perovskite includes more than one B cation, the different B cations can be distributed in the B sites in an ordered or disordered manner. When a perovskite includes more than one X anion, the different X anions can be distributed in the X sites in an ordered or disordered manner.

[0040] A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect or photochemical effect. Solar cells are receiving increasing attention as an ideal renewable energy source.

[0041] Perovskite solar cells are divided into two categories, i.e., a normal structure (n-i-p) and an inverted structure (p-i-n), according to the extraction ability of perovskite bottom materials to electrons or holes in the perovskite.

[0042] In the normal n-i-p perovskite solar cell, the order of layers is transparent conductive glass substrate, electron transport layer, perovskite layer, hole transport layer and conductive electrode along the light incident direction. In the inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cell, the order of layers is transparent conductive glass substrate, hole transport layer, perovskite layer, electron transport layer and conductive electrode along the light incident direction.

[0043] N-type polymers are a major type of conductive polymers, which usually have electron conductivity, and the conduction mechanism is mainly derived from the electron carriers. The molecular structure of these polymers usually contains electron donors and electron acceptors, and the interaction between them can make electrons transfer between molecules, such as 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothiopheno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT), N,N'-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDIN) and the like.

[0044] P-type polymers are another major type of conductive polymers, which usually have hole conductivity, and the conduction mechanism is mainly derived from the hole carriers. The molecular structure of these polymers usually contains donors that provide energy to holes and acceptors that accept holes, such as poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the like.

[0045] Insulating polymers refer to polymers without conductivity, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and the like.

[0046] Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) refers to a two-dimensional monolayer formed on a solid surface by physical and chemical interaction of molecules with the substrate surface and between molecules.

[0047] Perovskite solar cells have good optical absorption coefficient, luminescence quantum efficiency, low-cost manufacturing process and many other advantages, and have strong application potential. However, the stability of perovskite solar cells still needs to be improved.

[0048] In view of this, the application provides a perovskite solar cell with high stability, and a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power utilization device comprising the perovskite solar cell.

[0049] The perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application comprises: a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence along a first direction between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport layer, and the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer; and the first direction is a light incidence direction.

[0050] It is found through research that in an inverted perovskite solar cell, the self-assembled monolayer and the perovskite have an easily adjustable energy level alignment, and the hole transport layer is commonly used in perovskite solar cells. When the self-assembled monolayer as a hole transport layer contacts with the first electrode (for example, fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO), in the FTO|SAM system, the anchoring group of the SAM will peel off from the bottom under the action of the built-in electric field and / or the external electric field in the solar cell, thereby reducing the stability. In the present application, the polymer is added in the SAM layer, so that the polymer fills the gap in the self-assembled monolayer and interacts with the SAM material through π-π stacking. The polymer itself is not easy to peel off from the bottom, so the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom can be delayed, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0051] The various aspects of the perovskite solar cell of the present application will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0052] Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell of an embodiment of the present application is shown in the schematic diagram. As shown in the figure, Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell 10 comprises: a first electrode 11, a second electrode 12, a hole transport layer 13 and a perovskite layer 14 arranged in sequence along the light incidence direction (i.e. the first direction) between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12. The hole transport layer 13 comprises a first hole transport layer 131, and the first hole transport layer 131 is arranged between the first electrode 11 and the perovskite layer 14.

[0053] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer 131, the polymer fills the gap between the self-assembled monolayers. Figure 2 The structure of the first hole transport layer 131 in the perovskite solar cell of an embodiment of the present application is shown in the schematic diagram. As shown in the figure, the first hole transport layer 131 is arranged between the first electrode 11 and the perovskite layer 14. The first hole transport layer 131 is formed by a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer, and the polymer is located in the gap between the self-assembled monolayers.

[0054] The material containing the self-assembled monolayer described above in the first hole transport layer 131 can achieve efficient carrier transport, thereby enhancing the performance of the solar cell. However, the anchoring groups of the SAM layer can be peeled off from the bottom under the built-in electric field and / or the external electric field, thereby resulting in reduced stability. In the present application, the first hole transport layer 131 contains the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer, the polymer can fill the gaps between the SAM layers and generate π-π stacking interactions, and the polymer itself is not easy to be peeled off from the bottom, which can delay the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom, thereby enhancing the stability of the cell.

[0055] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer 131, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer is 1:10-10:1. Illustratively, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer is 1:10, 3:10, 1:1, 10:7, 10:5, 10:2, 10:1, or a range between any two of them. As a test method for the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer, a method commonly used in the art can be used. For example, the first hole transport layer 131 is dissolved with a good solvent for the two substances, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, etc., then the SAM is extracted with water, and after the liquid separation, the water phase and the organic phase are rotary evaporated to obtain the actual mass of the two components, i.e. the mass ratio can be obtained.

[0056] In the present application, the polymer has a functional group capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction, such as a carbon-carbon double bond, a carbon-carbon triple bond, a carboxyl and a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl and an amino group, etc. In some embodiments, the polymer can be obtained by polymerization of the polymer monomer after annealing treatment during preparation, and the polymer can be formed by annealing treatment, which is simple in preparation method. In other embodiments, the polymer and the SAM can also be mixed directly.

[0057] In some embodiments, the polymer includes a P-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer.

[0058] In some embodiments, the polymer is an insulating polymer, which has no conductivity, and is formed in the gaps of the self-assembled monolayer, which can delay the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom, thereby enhancing the stability of the perovskite solar cell. For example, the insulating polymer includes polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc., but is not limited thereto.

[0059] In some embodiments, the polymer is a P-type polymer, which on one hand fills the gaps of the self-assembled monolayer, delays the process of SAM peeling off from the bottom, and improves the stability of the perovskite solar cell, and on the other hand, the P-type polymer itself also has conductivity, which is conducive to the extraction and transmission of hole carriers, and thus improves the migration efficiency of hole carriers, and further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. Optionally, the polymer material in the first hole transport layer comprises a P-type polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one of a polymer of N4,N4'-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4'-bis(4-vinylphenyl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (poly-VNPB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).

[0060] In some embodiments, the material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies the structure shown in the following general formula: Q-L-A, wherein Q is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group, L is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain, and A is selected from an oxygen-containing acid group. In this application, the oxygen-containing acid group A can be combined with metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or metal ions such as trivalent nickel, so as to play a role of passivating metal ions and anchoring. The substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group makes the self-assembled small molecule compound have an energy level suitable for other functional layer materials in the solar cell, so as to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. The organic compound formed by the organic combination of Q, L and A can form an aggregate with an ordered structure through intermolecular interaction, has strong self-assembly ability, and thus a flat self-assembled structure can be prepared. When used for preparing a solar cell, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell can be improved.

[0061] In some embodiments, the substituent of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group in the material of the self-assembled monolayer comprises any one of a halogen group, an alkoxy group, an oxygen-containing acid group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group with 6-15 ring-forming atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group with 5-15 ring-forming atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group with 1-5 carbon atoms. In this application, the structure of the substituent of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl or triphenylamine group makes the organic compound have a more suitable energy level for perovskite materials, and further improves the performance of the solar cell when applied to prepare a hole transport layer of the solar cell.

[0062] In some embodiments, in the material of the self-assembled monolayer, the substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain includes any one of a halogen group, an alkoxy group, an oxygen-containing acid group, an aromatic group having 6-15 ring-forming atoms, a heteroaromatic group having 5-15 ring-forming atoms, or an unsubstituted alkylene chain having 2-11 carbon atoms. By adjusting the number of carbon atoms in L and its substituents, the hydrophobicity of the organic compound is improved while reducing the steric hindrance of the organic compound, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0063] Non-limiting examples of L include the following structures:

[0064]

[0065] wherein represents a connection site.

[0066] In some embodiments, in the material of the self-assembled monolayer, the oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group.

[0067] In some embodiments, the halogen group includes any one of F, Cl, Br, and I.

[0068] In some embodiments, the heteroatom in the heteroaromatic group is selected from at least one of N, O, and S, so that the organic compound has an energy level more suitable for commonly used metal oxide hole transport materials and perovskite materials, and when applied to prepare a passivation film of a solar cell, the performance of the solar cell is further improved.

[0069] In some embodiments, the alkoxy group is generally represented by RO-, and examples include methoxy (CH3O-), ethoxy (C2H5O-), propoxy (C3H7O-), and the like.

[0070] In some embodiments, the self-assembled monomolecule includes at least one of [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), [4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). The self-assembled monomolecule material is selected from the above-mentioned materials, has good hole transport efficiency, and has good energy level matching with the perovskite layer, which is conducive to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0071] In some embodiments, in the first hole transport layer 131, the material of the self-assembled monomolecule layer includes one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and 4PACz, and the polymer includes one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, PE, PP, PS, PA, and PVC. Optionally, the first hole transport layer 131 includes at least one combination of MeO-4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PTAA, MeO-4PACz and P3HT, MeO-4PACz and PEDOT:PSS, Me-4PACz and poly-VNPB, 4PACz and poly-VNPB, MeO-4PACz and PE, MeO-4PACz and PP, MeO-4PACz and PS, MeO-4PACz and PA, and MeO-4PACz and PVC.

[0072] In the present application, the thickness of the first hole transport layer is not particularly limited and a thickness conventionally used in the art can be used. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first hole transport layer of the present application is 1 nm to 5 nm. The thickness of the first hole transport layer in the above range is conducive to improving the hole carrier transport efficiency in the perovskite solar cell, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Illustratively, the thickness of the first hole transport layer can be 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, or a range between any two of them.

[0073] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer further includes a second hole transport layer, such as Figure 3As shown, the second hole transport layer 132 is disposed between the first hole transport layer 131 and the first electrode 11. Further, the second hole transport layer 132 comprises metal oxide. In the present application, the disposition of the first hole transport layer 131 and the second hole transport layer 132 can be matched with the energy level of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial for the extraction and transport of hole carriers.

[0074] In some embodiments, the second hole transport layer 132 comprises nickel oxide, denoted as NiO x , where 1 < x < 1.5. By such disposition, on the one hand, the polymer fills the gaps in the SAM layer, which can delay the process of SAM peeling from the bottom, thereby improving the stability of the battery, on the other hand, the NiO x As a hole transport layer, high-valence nickel ions (such as Ni 3+ ) can pass through the gaps of the SAM layer and contact the perovskite layer, which will react with the perovskite material, thereby reducing the stability of the battery. In the present application, by disposing the first hole transport layer between the second hole transport layer comprising NiO x and the like and the perovskite layer, the polymer fills the gaps in the SAM layer, which can block the reaction of high-valence nickel ions such as Ni 3+ with perovskite, thereby improving the stability of the battery.

[0075] The layer formed by the self-assembled material usually has many gaps, and there is a risk that the high-valence nickel ions in the nickel oxide layer migrate to the perovskite layer through these gaps and react with the perovskite components, which will cause degradation of the perovskite material and reduce the stability of the perovskite solar cell. In the present application, the second hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer, and the polymer fills the gaps in the self-assembled monolayer, which can effectively block the high-valence nickel ions in the second hole transport layer from migrating to the perovskite layer and reacting with the perovskite components therein, thereby effectively improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0076] The thickness of the second hole transport layer is not particularly limited in the present application. The thickness commonly used in the art can be used. Exemplarily, the thickness of the second hole transport layer is 20 nm to 80 nm. Exemplarily, the thickness of the second hole transport layer can be 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm,

[0077] 80 nm, or a value between any two of them.

[0078] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer, which is disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The disposition of the electron transport layer is helpful for the extraction and transport of the electrons in the electron-hole pairs generated by the perovskite layer to the second electrode, thereby improving the electron transport rate.

[0079] In some embodiments, the first electrode 11 described above can also be referred to as a bottom electrode, which refers to the electrode that first receives incident light and is used to collect holes. The material used for the first electrode 11 includes a transparent conductive material. The present application does not have a particular limitation on the transparent conductive material included in the first electrode 11. Illustratively, the transparent conductive material includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide.

[0080] In some embodiments, the second electrode 12 described above can also be referred to as a top electrode. This refers to the electrode that last receives incident light and is used to collect electrons. The material used for the second electrode 12 includes a conductive material. The present application does not have a particular limitation on the conductive material included in the second electrode 12. For example, the conductive material includes at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and a carbon elemental material, wherein the inorganic conductive material includes at least one of the transparent conductive material described above, a metal and an alloy thereof, and the carbon elemental material. Illustratively, the metal and the alloy thereof include at least one of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Illustratively, the carbon elemental material includes at least one of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Illustratively, the organic conductive material includes at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, and polyacetylene.

[0081] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 14 described above, as a light absorption layer, includes a perovskite material. The chemical general formula of the perovskite material can be represented as ABX3, wherein A is usually a larger radius cation. For example, A includes at least one of CH(NH2)2 + , CH3NH3 + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + . B is a smaller radius cation, and B includes, but is not limited to, at least one of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ . X is an anion, and for example, X includes Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , and OH -, CP - , CN - , SeCN - at least one of inorganic halide material, organic halide material, and organic-inorganic halide perovskite material. In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes at least one of CH3NH3PbI3 (abbreviated as MAPbI3), CH(NH2)2PbI3 (abbreviated as FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3 (abbreviated as CsFAMA), CsPbI3, CsPbI2Br, CsPbIBr2, Cs2NaInCl6, Cs2KBiCl6, Cs2AgInCl6. The thickness of the perovskite layer 14 is not particularly limited, and a thickness of the perovskite layer commonly used in the art can be used.

[0082] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer 15 described above includes an electron transport material. The electron transport material is not particularly limited. Illustratively, the electron transport material includes at least one of fullerene and its derivatives (e.g., C 60 , PCBM, etc.), metal oxide (e.g., an oxide containing at least one of magnesium, cadmium, zinc, indium, lead, tungsten, bismuth, mercury, titanium, silver, manganese, iron, vanadium), silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. The thickness of the electron transport layer 15 is not particularly limited, and a thickness of the electron transport layer commonly used in the art can be used.

[0083] Method for producing a perovskite solar cell

[0084] The method for preparing the perovskite solar cell of the present application is not particularly limited, and can be prepared by the following method. The method for preparing includes: preparing a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; preparing a perovskite layer on the first hole transport layer; and forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer, wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer.

[0085] The preparation of the first electrode is not particularly limited, and can be prepared by a method commonly used in the art.

[0086] In the present application, the preparation method of the first hole transport layer includes but is not limited to doctor blade coating, slot coating, etc. Illustratively, self-assembled monolayer material and polymer material are dissolved in a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol and chlorobenzene (volume ratio of isopropyl alcohol to chlorobenzene is 3:1) at a mass ratio of 1:10 to 10:1 to prepare a first hole transport material solution, and the first hole transport material solution is spin-coated on the above-mentioned first electrode at a speed of 3000-5000 rpm for 20-30 s. After spin-coating, annealing is performed at 80-120°C for 5-10 min to obtain the first hole transport layer. Further, the solvent can also be selected from one or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, and chloroform.

[0087] The preparation method of the perovskite layer in the present application is not particularly limited, and a method commonly used in the art can be used, such as spin coating, doctor blade coating, slot coating, etc. Illustratively, perovskite components are weighed according to the proportion, dissolved in a solvent, filtered through an organic filter membrane after stirring to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, and the perovskite precursor solution is spin-coated on the above-mentioned first hole transport layer at 2000 rpm for 15 s, and then spin-coated on the perovskite precursor solution at 3000 rpm for 40 s. At the 10th second, 200 μL of chlorobenzene is added, annealing is performed at 120°C for 20 min, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer is formed after cooling to room temperature.

[0088] The preparation method of the second electrode in the present application is not particularly limited, and a method commonly used in the art can be used, such as evaporation, coating, magnetron sputtering, etc. Illustratively, a metal electrode Ag is plated on the above-mentioned electron transport layer to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0089] The present application also includes preparing a second hole transport layer between the first electrode and the first hole transport layer. The preparation method of the second hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and a method commonly used in the art can be used, such as doctor blade coating, slot coating, evaporation, etc. Illustratively, a second hole transport material is weighed and dissolved in deionized water to obtain a second hole transport material dispersion, and the second hole transport material dispersion is spin-coated on the above-mentioned first electrode at a speed of 3000-5000 rpm for 20-30 s. After spin-coating, annealing is performed at 80-120°C for 5-10 min to obtain the second hole transport layer.

[0090] The present application also includes preparing an electron transport layer between the perovskite layer and the second electrode. The preparation method of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, and a method commonly used in the art can be used, such as spin coating, evaporation, etc. Illustratively, the perovskite battery stack obtained above is placed in an evaporation machine, C60 is evaporated on the above-mentioned perovskite layer, and then SnO2 is evaporated to form an electron transport layer.

[0091] The second aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic module. Generally, the photovoltaic module comprises the perovskite solar cell, a solder strip connecting the plurality of perovskite solar cells, a junction box for current transmission, and a cell packaging component.

[0092] In some embodiments, the cell packaging component comprises a photovoltaic glass, which covers the perovskite solar cell and protects the perovskite solar cell. Meanwhile, the photovoltaic glass has very good light transmittance and high hardness, and can adapt to large diurnal temperature range and harsh weather environment.

[0093] In some embodiments, the cell packaging component comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film, which is arranged between the photovoltaic glass and the perovskite solar cell and used for bonding the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell.

[0094] In some embodiments, the cell packaging component comprises a photovoltaic backboard, which also protects the perovskite solar cell.

[0095] Optionally, the material of the photovoltaic backboard can be glass, polyvinyl fluoride composite film or thermoplastic elastomer. The material of the photovoltaic backboard has the characteristics of insulation, waterproofness, aging resistance, etc.

[0096] In some embodiments, the cell packaging component comprises a solar aluminum frame, which comprises an aluminum alloy material and has the characteristics of high strength and good corrosion resistance. The solar aluminum frame can support and protect the solar cell.

[0097] The third aspect of the present application provides a power generation device comprising the perovskite solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0098] The fourth aspect of the present application provides a power consumption device comprising the perovskite solar cell provided in the above embodiments.

[0099] In some embodiments, the power consumption device can also be a lighting device, an energy storage device, etc., and the embodiments of the present application include but are not limited to this. For example, the power consumption device can be a solar water heater, a solar street lamp, a solar photovoltaic generator, etc.

[0100] Embodiments

[0101] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present application are described. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain the present application, and cannot be understood as a limitation of the present application. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents used are commercially available, and the equipment used is conventional equipment.

[0102] The present application is further illustrated by the following examples.

[0103] Example 1

[0104] Production of a perovskite solar cell:

[0105] 1) Preparation of the first electrode layer: FTO conductive glass was used as the first electrode, and the FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm was sequentially placed in detergent, deionized water, and anhydrous ethanol and ultrasonically cleaned for 30 minutes, and then dried. The dried FTO glass was treated with ultraviolet ozone for 15 min, and the next step was performed.

[0106] 2) Preparation of the second hole transport layer on the first electrode layer: 10 mg of NiOx nanoparticles was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of deionized water to obtain a NiOx nanoparticle dispersion. Then, the FTO conductive glass after the above treatment was spin-coated with the NiOx nanoparticle dispersion at 4000 rpm for 30 s, and after spin-coating, annealing was performed at 100°C for 5 min to obtain a second hole transport layer with a thickness of 80 nm.

[0107] 3) Preparation of the first hole transport layer on the second hole transport layer: 0.3 mg of MeO-4PACz and 1 mg of VNPB were dissolved in 1 mL of a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and chlorobenzene (CB) (V CB :V IPA = 1:3) to obtain a first hole transport material solution. Then, the second hole transport layer was spin-coated with the first hole transport material solution at 4000 rpm for 30 s, and after spin-coating, annealing was performed at 100°C for 5 min to obtain a first hole transport layer with a thickness of 5 nm.

[0108] 4) Preparation of the perovskite layer on the first hole transport layer: 691.52 mg of lead iodide (PbI2), 245.06 mg of formamidinium iodide (FAI), 19.49 mg of cesium iodide (CsI), and 20.26 mg of methylammonium chloride (MACl) were dissolved in 0.8 mL of a mixed solvent of DMF and 0.2 mL of DMSO, stirred for 3 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, and spin-coated with the perovskite precursor solution on the first hole transport layer at 2000 rpm for 15 s and 3000 rpm for 40 s, with 200 μL of chlorobenzene being added at the 10th second of spin-coating, and annealing at 120°C for 20 min, and then cooled to room temperature to form a perovskite layer with a thickness of about 600 nm.

[0109] 5) Preparation of the electron transport layer on the perovskite layer: the FTO conductive glass sheet with the second and first hole transport layers and the perovskite layer formed thereon was placed in an evaporation machine, and C 60 7 nm of SnO2 30 nm of SnO2 were evaporated to form an electron transport layer.

[0110] 6) Preparing a second electrode layer on the electron transport layer: placing the above obtained sheet into an evaporation machine, evaporating a metal electrode Ag with a thickness of 110 nm, to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0111] Energy conversion efficiency

[0112] The prepared perovskite solar cell is tested by using Keithley 2400 SMU under AM1.5G solar irradiation at 1000 W / m 2 The anode of the Keithley 2400 SMU is connected to the anode of the perovskite solar cell (i.e. the hole end), the cathode is connected to the cathode of the perovskite solar cell (i.e. the electron end), the starting voltage is set to -0.1 V, the ending voltage is set to 1.2 V, the scanning mode is set to reverse scan, and the test is performed. The measured output power (P out ) of the cell, the incident light power (P opt ) are recorded respectively. The energy conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cell is calculated by using the following formula: PCE = P out / P opt

[0113] Stability test

[0114] The above obtained perovskite solar cell is placed on a heating table under nitrogen atmosphere at 85°C, periodically taken out, and the energy conversion efficiency is tested according to the above test method, the value of each test is recorded, and the time elapsed when the energy conversion efficiency is stably lower than 80% (T80 at 85°C) is recorded. The longer the time is, the more stable the cell is.

[0115] Example 2

[0116] The perovskite solar cell is prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer is PTAA, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and PTAA is 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg respectively.

[0117] The performance test is performed in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0118] Example 3

[0119] The perovskite solar cell is prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer is P3HT, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and P3HT is 0.3 mg and 0.25 mg respectively.

[0120] The performance test is performed in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0121] Example 4

[0122] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer of the first hole transport layer was PEDOT:PSS, and the mass of MeO-4PACz and PEDOT:PSS was 0.3 mg and 2 mg, respectively.

[0123] The performance test was carried out in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0124] Example 5

[0125] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the self-assembled monomolecular material and the polymer of the first hole transport layer were Me-4PACz and poly-VNPB, respectively.

[0126] The performance test was carried out in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0127] Example 6

[0128] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the self-assembled monomolecular material and the polymer of the first hole transport layer were 4PACz and poly-VNPB, respectively.

[0129] Comparative Example 1

[0130] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the first hole transport layer was not formed.

[0131] The performance test was carried out in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0132] Comparative Example 2

[0133] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the first hole transport layer only included the polymer poly-VNPB and did not include the self-assembled monomolecular material.

[0134] The performance test was carried out in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0135] Comparative Example 3

[0136] The perovskite solar cell was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the first hole transport layer only included the self-assembled monomolecular material MeO-4PACz and did not include the polymer material.

[0137] The performance test was carried out in the same manner as Example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0138] Table 1

[0139]

[0140] From the data in Table 1, it can be seen that, compared with the perovskite solar cells prepared in Comparative Examples 1-3, the perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 1-6 have a hole transport layer comprising a first hole transport layer (comprising a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer) and a second hole transport layer, the stability of the perovskite solar cells is significantly improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is obviously improved.

[0141] Examples 7-8

[0142] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Examples 1-2, except that step 2) was omitted, and no second hole transport layer was formed. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0143] Table 2

[0144]

[0145] The perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 7 and 8 in Table 2, by using a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer as the first hole transport layer, compared with Comparative Examples 1-3, the stability of the perovskite solar cells is significantly improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is also improved.

[0146] Examples 9-10

[0147] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer material to the polymer material was different, as shown in Table 3 below.

[0148] The tests were carried out according to the same method as Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0149] Table 3

[0150]

[0151] As can be seen from Table 3, by adjusting the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer in the first hole transport layer to be in the range of 1:10-10:1, compared with Comparative Examples 1-3, the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cells are improved, and the technical effects of the present application can be achieved.

[0152] Examples 11-15

[0153] Perovskite solar cells were prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that the polymer in the first hole transport layer was polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide or polyvinyl chloride. The tests were carried out according to the same method as Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 4.

[0154] Table 4

[0155]

[0156] As seen from Table 4, by using the above-mentioned polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide or polyvinyl chloride for the polymer of the first hole-transporting layer, both the thermal stability and the PCE of the battery are improved.

[0157] The present application is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above-described embodiments are merely examples, and embodiments having substantially the same configuration as the technical idea and exerting the same effects as the technical idea within the scope of the technical solution of the present application are included in the technical scope of the present application. Furthermore, within the scope of the gist of the present application, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art, other modes constructed by combining part of the configuration elements of the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized by, The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence between the first electrode and the second electrode along a first direction, The hole transport layer comprises a first hole transport layer, and the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer. The first direction is a light incidence direction.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the first hole transport layer, the mass ratio of the self-assembled monolayer and the polymer is 1:10-10:

1. 3.The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The polymer comprises a P-type polymer and / or an insulating polymer.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The P-type polymer comprises at least one of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, and PEDOT:PSS, and / or the insulating polymer comprises at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl fluoride.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies a structure shown in the following general formula: Q-L-A Q is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group or a triphenylamine group, L is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain, and Q is selected from an oxygen-containing acid group.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The material of the self-assembled monolayer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) The substituent group of the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group or the triphenylamine group comprises any one of a halogen group, an alkoxy group, an oxygen-containing acid group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group with 6-15 ring-forming atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group with 5-15 ring-forming atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group with 1-5 carbon atoms; (2) The substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain comprises any one of a halogen group, an alkoxy group, an oxygen-containing acid group, an aromatic group with 6-15 ring-forming atoms, a heteroaromatic group with 5-15 ring-forming atoms, and a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene chain with 2-11 carbon atoms; (3) The oxygen-containing acid group is selected from any one of a phosphonic acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, The material of the self-assembled monolayer comprises at least one of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, 4PACz, Br-4PACz, MeO-2PACz, Me-2PACz, 2PACz, and Br-2PACz.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, The first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer, wherein the material of the self-assembled monolayer comprises one or more of MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and 4PACz, and the polymer comprises one or more of poly-VNPB, PTAA, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, The thickness of the first hole transport layer is 1-5 nm.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, The hole transport layer further comprises a second hole transport layer, and the second hole transport layer is arranged between the first hole transport layer and the first electrode.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, The thickness of the second hole transport layer is 20-80 nm.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that, The second hole transport layer comprises a metal oxide.

13. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, The metal oxide comprises nickel oxide.

14. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the second electrode.

15. The method of producing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by, Comprise: forming a hole transport layer comprising a first hole transport layer on a first electrode; forming a perovskite layer on the hole transport layer; forming a second electrode on the perovskite layer; wherein the first hole transport layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer and a polymer.

16. A photovoltaic module, characterized by The photovoltaic module comprises the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 14, or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of claim 15.

17. A power generation device characterized by comprising: The power generation device comprises the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 14, or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of claim 15.

18. An electrical device, comprising: The power consumption device comprises the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 14, or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method of claim 15.

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