Fault diagnosis system for breaker of gas-insulated switchgear

Abstract

This invention discloses a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of circuit breakers in gas-insulated switchgear, relating to the field of power equipment fault diagnosis technology. The system includes an electrical parameter acquisition module, a reference calibration and correction module, a timing signal processing module, a progressive judgment module, and a fault output and control module. These modules are connected via an industrial bus. This invention ensures accurate acquisition of circuit breaker opening and closing related electrical signals by designing acquisition subunits adapted to different signal types and combining hardware and software dual anti-interference measures, thus avoiding acquisition errors caused by signal interference or improper type adaptation. By establishing initial timing references for multiple operating conditions and combining them with dynamic correction of insulating gas parameters, the references always match the circuit breaker's operating state, avoiding misjudgments and missed judgments caused by a single fixed reference.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power equipment fault diagnosis technology, specifically to a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of a gas-insulated switchgear. Background Technology

[0002] As a key device in power systems for controlling circuit switching and providing insulation protection, the reliability of the opening and closing actions of the internal circuit breakers directly determines the stability of the power supply. Because gas-insulated switchgear uses a sealed structure and is filled with insulating gases (such as SF6 or dry air), the circuit breakers operate for extended periods in a high-voltage, enclosed environment potentially accompanied by electromagnetic interference. Their opening and closing actions are susceptible to fluctuations in electrical parameters (such as abnormal coil current or unstable main circuit voltage), aging of mechanical components (such as decreased spring force or worn shaft pins), and changes in the state of the insulating gas (such as decreased pressure or increased partial discharge). This can lead to faults such as delayed operation, maloperation, and reverse operation. If these faults are not diagnosed and addressed promptly, they can cause equipment damage or even large-scale power outages. Therefore, the need for accurate diagnosis of circuit breaker opening and closing faults is extremely urgent.

[0003] In existing technologies, circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnosis schemes mostly rely on fixed timing references or simple electrical parameter thresholds under a single operating condition for judgment, without fully considering the impact of differences in actual operating conditions of gas-insulated switchgear (such as no-load, rated load, and short-circuit fault) and changes in the insulating gas environment on the circuit breaker's operating characteristics. These schemes generally suffer from poor adaptability of diagnostic references: on the one hand, a single fixed reference cannot match the differences in the operating timing of circuit breakers under different operating conditions, easily misjudging normal rapid operation under short-circuit conditions as abnormal, or overlooking minor delayed faults under rated load conditions; on the other hand, ignoring environmental factors such as reduced insulating gas pressure and increased partial discharge causes the operating timing to deviate, gradually rendering the reference ineffective, leading to misjudgments or missed faults. Furthermore, existing schemes lack sufficient fault tracing capabilities, only able to determine the existence of a fault, unable to accurately locate the fault link and cause, increasing maintenance difficulty and response time, and failing to meet the diagnostic requirements for the high reliability operation of gas-insulated switchgear circuit breakers. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of a circuit breaker in a gas-insulated switchgear, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of a circuit breaker in a gas-insulated switchgear, comprising an electrical parameter acquisition module, a reference calibration and correction module, a timing signal processing module, a progressive judgment module, and a fault output and control module; wherein the electrical parameter acquisition module, the reference calibration and correction module, the timing signal processing module, the progressive judgment module, and the fault output and control module are connected via an industrial bus;

[0006] The electrical parameter acquisition module is installed inside the gas-filled cabinet and is used to acquire command voltage signals, coil current signals, main circuit electrical parameters, and insulating gas-related electrical parameters during the circuit breaker opening and closing process.

[0007] The reference calibration and correction module is used to establish and dynamically update the normal timing reference for the opening and closing actions of the circuit breaker. The normal timing reference is generated based on calibration under multiple operating conditions and is periodically corrected and environmentally linked to insulation gas parameters.

[0008] The timing signal processing module is used to perform trigger point identification and anti-interference processing on the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module in order to obtain accurate timing signals.

[0009] The progressive judgment module is used to perform phased timing verification logic, combined with the precise timing signal and the normal timing reference, to realize the graded judgment of circuit breaker opening and closing faults and the source of faults; the phased timing verification logic includes, in sequence, timing verification of command and coil action, timing verification of coil action and main circuit state changes, and matching verification of opening and closing commands and the actual state of the main circuit.

[0010] The fault output and control module is used to output fault diagnosis results and trigger fault locking when preset conditions are met, prohibiting subsequent opening and closing operations of the circuit breaker.

[0011] Preferably, the electrical parameter acquisition module includes a command signal acquisition unit, a coil current acquisition unit, a main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit, and a gas electrical parameter acquisition unit;

[0012] The command signal acquisition unit is used to acquire the circuit breaker opening and closing command voltage signal issued by the control room to capture the voltage change at the moment the command is triggered.

[0013] The coil current acquisition unit is used to acquire the current waveform, peak current and current duration of the circuit breaker opening and closing coil circuit to reflect the energization state of the coil.

[0014] The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the current signal and voltage signal of the main circuit of the circuit breaker to determine the on / off state of the main circuit.

[0015] The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the partial discharge signal and pressure conversion electrical signal of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet. The pressure conversion electrical signal is generated by the pressure conversion of the insulating gas to correlate the influence of environmental factors on the operation of the circuit breaker.

[0016] Preferably, the command signal acquisition unit includes an AC command acquisition subunit and a DC command acquisition subunit;

[0017] Both the AC command acquisition subunit and the DC command acquisition subunit employ voltage sensors, with an accuracy of no less than 0.5, and are used to acquire AC and DC type opening and closing command voltage signals, respectively.

[0018] The coil current acquisition unit includes a coil current sensing subunit, which uses a Hall current sensor. The Hall current sensor has an accuracy of not less than 0.2 and is used to cover the acquisition of the rated current and instantaneous peak current of the circuit breaker's opening and closing coils.

[0019] The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a main circuit current acquisition subunit and a main circuit voltage acquisition subunit; the main circuit current acquisition subunit adopts a through-hole current sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.2 class; the main circuit voltage acquisition subunit adopts a voltage sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.5 class; both are adapted to the operating parameter monitoring requirements of commonly used circuit breakers in 10kV-35kV gas-insulated switchgear.

[0020] The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a partial discharge acquisition subunit and a pressure conversion subunit. The partial discharge acquisition subunit uses a partial discharge sensor with an accuracy of not less than 1 pC to acquire the partial discharge quantity signal of the insulating gas. The pressure conversion subunit uses a pressure-to-electrical signal converter with an accuracy of not less than 0.1 class to acquire the pressure-converted electrical signal of the insulating gas. Together, they cover the monitoring of normal operating parameters and fault warning thresholds of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet.

[0021] All units of the electrical parameter acquisition module meet the IP67 protection level.

[0022] Preferably, the reference calibration and correction module includes a multi-scenario calibration unit and a dynamic correction unit;

[0023] The multi-scenario calibration unit is used to automatically trigger opening and closing calibration operations under various operating conditions after the circuit breaker leaves the factory or is overhauled, record the timing parameters under each operating condition, and take the average value of the timing parameters from multiple calibrations as the initial timing reference.

[0024] The dynamic correction unit is used to periodically correct the initial timing reference and perform environmental linkage correction to update the normal timing reference and ensure that the reference adapts to changes in the circuit breaker's operating status.

[0025] Preferably, the multi-scenario calibration unit includes an unloaded calibration subunit, a rated load calibration subunit, and a simulated short-circuit calibration subunit;

[0026] The no-load calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing command when the load circuit of the gas-filled cabinet is disconnected, and to record the "time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" and the "time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state".

[0027] The rated load calibration subunit is used to repeatedly trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing commands under the condition of connecting the rated current of the circuit breaker, and record the above two times.

[0028] The simulated short-circuit calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing commands and record the above two times when the circuit breaker outputs a preset short-circuit current through a dedicated short-circuit test device.

[0029] The multi-scenario calibration unit also includes a reference storage subunit, which is used to store the initial timing reference, allowable deviation range and applicable scenario for each working condition to a local storage medium in a preset format. The local storage medium has a capacity of not less than 8GB and supports data backup function.

[0030] The dynamic correction unit includes a periodic correction subunit and an environment-linked correction subunit;

[0031] The periodic correction subunit has a correction cycle of 6 months and is used to compare the deviation of the currently calibrated timing parameters with the initial timing reference during the periodic correction process. If the deviation is not greater than 8ms, the initial timing reference is maintained and only the calibration timestamp is updated. If the deviation is greater than 8ms, a trend correction reference is generated by combining the fluctuation trend of the timing parameters within the preset period. The trend correction reference reserves a preset fluctuation space.

[0032] Preferably, the environmental linkage correction subunit is used to correct the initial timing reference based on the pressure conversion electrical signal and partial discharge signal acquired by the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit;

[0033] When the insulating gas pressure drops by 0.1 MPa, the environmental linkage correction subunit will adjust the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" by 2 ms and the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state" by 3 ms.

[0034] When the partial discharge of the insulating gas exceeds 100 pC, the environmental linkage correction subunit triggers a temporary correction of the timing reference, raising the timing reference by 5 ms to compensate for the impact of insulation abnormality on circuit breaker operation.

[0035] Preferably, the timing signal processing module includes a trigger point identification unit and an anti-interference processing unit;

[0036] The trigger point identification unit is used to identify command signal trigger points, coil energization trigger points, and main circuit state change trigger points to determine the timing of each key action.

[0037] The anti-interference processing unit is used to filter interference from the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module to ensure that the triggering time obtained by the triggering point identification unit is accurate.

[0038] Preferably, the trigger point identification unit includes an instruction trigger point identification subunit, a coil trigger point identification subunit, and a main circuit trigger point identification subunit;

[0039] The command trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the command voltage signal: the trigger point of the AC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 80% of the rated command voltage, and the trigger point of the DC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 90% of the rated command voltage.

[0040] The coil trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the coil current signal: the trigger point is the moment when the coil current rises from 0A to 10% of the coil's rated current;

[0041] The main circuit trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger points of the main circuit electrical parameters: the trigger point for the tripping action is when the main circuit current drops from 90% of the rated current to 10% of the rated current, and the trigger point for the closing action is when the main circuit current rises from 0A to 10% of the rated current.

[0042] The anti-interference processing unit includes a hardware anti-interference subunit and a software anti-interference subunit;

[0043] The hardware anti-interference subunit is used to achieve interference filtering through circuit design and filtering components: a double-shielded twisted pair cable is used as the signal acquisition line, the inner shield of the double-shielded twisted pair cable is grounded, and the outer shield is connected to the gas cabinet body; an RC filter circuit is connected in series at the input terminal of each unit of the electrical parameter acquisition module, the resistance of the RC filter circuit is 1kΩ, and the capacitance is 0.1μF;

[0044] The software anti-interference subunit is used to implement interference filtering through algorithm logic: the identified trigger point is confirmed three times. After the trigger point is captured for the first time, the signal status is detected again after a delay of 1ms. If the trigger time deviation between the first detection and the second detection is not greater than 1ms, it is determined to be a valid trigger point. If the deviation is greater than 1ms, the third detection is started, and the time when two of the three detections are consistent is taken as the final trigger time.

[0045] Preferably, the progressive judgment module includes an instruction-coil verification unit, a coil-main circuit verification unit, and an action target matching verification unit;

[0046] The instruction-coil verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the instruction issuance time and the coil energization time, compare it with the normal timing reference corresponding to the current working condition, and realize fault classification judgment.

[0047] The coil-main circuit verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the moment the coil is energized and the moment the state of the main circuit changes, and combines the associated electrical parameters to trace the cause of the fault.

[0048] The action target matching and verification unit is used to compare the closing command with the actual state of the main circuit, and combine the associated parameters to trace the cause of the action reverse fault.

[0049] Preferably, the instruction-coil verification unit includes an anomaly classification subunit, which classifies anomalies into minor anomalies, moderate anomalies, and severe anomalies: a minor anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 5-10ms; a moderate anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 11-20ms; and a severe anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by more than 20ms or the coil is energized before the instruction is issued.

[0050] The coil-main circuit verification unit includes a delay fault tracing subunit and a runaway fault tracing subunit; the delay fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of the action delay fault by combining the coil current peak value and the main circuit voltage fluctuation; the runaway fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of the runaway fault by combining the partial discharge amount of the insulating gas.

[0051] The action target matching and verification unit includes a reverse fault tracing subunit, which is used to trace the cause of reverse action faults by combining the coil current direction with the consistency of the actions of multiple circuit breakers.

[0052] The fault output and control module includes a local output unit, a remote output unit, and a fault locking control unit.

[0053] The local output unit outputs faults through a touch screen and an audible and visual alarm installed on the gas cabinet door: the touch screen displays the fault type, abnormal parameters and handling suggestions; the audible and visual alarm triggers a flashing red LED and intermittent buzzer sounding when there is a serious abnormality; the flashing frequency of the red LED is 1Hz; and the buzzer sounds for 1 second and stops for 1 second.

[0054] The remote output unit uploads the fault diagnosis results to the power dispatching system via Ethernet. The fault diagnosis results include timestamps and parameter curves, and the remote output unit supports the IEC 61850 protocol.

[0055] The fault lockout control unit is used to trigger fault lockout when preset conditions are met: the preset conditions are two consecutive occurrences of the same type of fault. After the fault lockout is triggered, only maintenance personnel are allowed to unlock the circuit breaker by password to restore the circuit breaker's opening and closing operation privileges.

[0056] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0057] By designing acquisition subunits adapted to different signal types and combining them with dual hardware and software anti-interference measures, the accurate acquisition of electrical signals related to circuit breaker opening and closing is ensured, thus avoiding acquisition errors caused by signal interference or improper type adaptation. By establishing initial timing references for multiple operating conditions and combining them with dynamic correction of insulating gas parameters, the references are always matched to the circuit breaker's operating state, thus avoiding misjudgments or omissions caused by a single fixed reference. Through progressive verification logic, fault location and multi-dimensional cause tracing are achieved. Coupled with multi-terminal output and fault locking mechanisms, clear guidance is provided for operation and maintenance and fault expansion is prevented, thereby reducing the difficulty of operation and maintenance and minimizing the risk of equipment damage and power outages. Attached Figure Description

[0058] Figure 1 The main flowchart of a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of a gas-insulated switchgear provided in an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0059] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0060] Please see Figure 1 This invention provides a fault diagnosis system for the opening and closing of a circuit breaker in a gas-insulated switchgear, comprising an electrical parameter acquisition module, a reference calibration and correction module, a timing signal processing module, a progressive judgment module, and a fault output and control module; the electrical parameter acquisition module, the reference calibration and correction module, the timing signal processing module, the progressive judgment module, and the fault output and control module are connected via an industrial bus (RS485 / Profinet).

[0061] The electrical parameter acquisition module is installed inside the gas-filled cabinet and is used to acquire command voltage signals, coil current signals, main circuit electrical parameters, and insulating gas-related electrical parameters during the circuit breaker's opening and closing process.

[0062] The circuit breaker opening and closing process refers to the complete operation process of the circuit breaker switching from the current circuit on / off state to the target on / off state after receiving an opening or closing command; the command voltage signal refers to the voltage-type control signal issued by the control room to control the circuit breaker to perform opening or closing actions; the coil current signal refers to the current signal generated by the circuit breaker opening and closing coil during the energization process, which directly reflects the coil's energization state and action response speed; the main circuit electrical parameters refer to the electrical parameters in the main power supply circuit controlled by the circuit breaker, specifically including the main circuit current signal and the main circuit voltage signal. The main circuit current signal refers to the main power supply circuit... The electrical signal corresponding to the current flowing in the system; the main circuit voltage signal refers to the electrical signal corresponding to the voltage across the main power supply circuit; the insulating gas associated electrical parameters refer to parameters related to the state of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet that have been converted into electrical signals. Specifically, these include the insulating gas partial discharge quantity signal and the insulating gas pressure conversion electrical signal. The insulating gas partial discharge quantity signal refers to the electrical signal collected and converted by the sensor when the insulating gas undergoes partial discharge under the action of an electric field. The insulating gas pressure conversion electrical signal refers to the signal after the actual pressure value of the insulating gas is converted into a standard electrical signal (such as 4-20mA) by a pressure-to-electrical signal converter.

[0063] The electrical parameter acquisition module, installed inside the gas-insulated switchgear, is the core interface for interaction between the diagnostic system and the circuit breaker and the gas-insulated switchgear environment. Its design aims to ensure comprehensive and accurate capture of key electrical signals during the circuit breaker's opening and closing process, preventing deviations in subsequent diagnostic results due to signal loss or distortion. By acquiring these various electrical signals, the module provides the system with end-to-end status data across the entire "command-coil-main circuit-environment" chain, enabling comprehensive monitoring of the circuit breaker's opening and closing actions. This provides a data foundation for subsequent assessments of normal operation and fault location.

[0064] The reference calibration and correction module is used to establish and dynamically update the normal timing reference for the opening and closing actions of the circuit breaker. The normal timing reference is generated based on calibration under multiple operating conditions and is periodically corrected and environmentally linked to insulation gas parameters.

[0065] Among them, the normal timing reference refers to the standard time interval for each key link of the circuit breaker's opening and closing actions (such as from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil, and from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state) under normal operating conditions. This standard is the reference for judging whether the subsequent actual actions are normal. Multiple operating conditions refer to the different load and fault scenarios that the circuit breaker may face in actual operation, specifically including no-load condition, rated load condition, and simulated short-circuit condition. The no-load condition refers to the condition where no load is connected to the main circuit in the gas-insulated switchgear, and only the circuit breaker itself is in a energized standby state. The rated load condition refers to the condition where the main circuit is connected to a load with the circuit breaker's rated current (such as 1250A). The simulated short-circuit condition... The "condition" refers to the working condition where a short-circuit fault (such as a 5kA short-circuit current) occurs in the main circuit using a dedicated testing device; the "insulating gas parameters" refer to parameters related to the state of the insulating gas inside the gas-filled cabinet, specifically including the insulating gas pressure and the insulating gas partial discharge quantity. The insulating gas pressure refers to the actual pressure value of the insulating gas (such as SF6 or dry air) inside the gas-filled cabinet, and the insulating gas partial discharge quantity refers to the amount of charge that occurs when the insulating gas undergoes partial discharge under the action of an electric field; "periodic correction" refers to the process of recalibrating and adjusting the normal timing reference according to a preset fixed cycle; and "environmental linkage correction" refers to the process of synchronously adjusting the normal timing reference based on real-time changes in the insulating gas parameters.

[0066] The core purpose of the benchmark calibration and correction module is to address the deficiency in existing technologies where a single fixed benchmark cannot adapt to different operating conditions and environmental changes. By establishing initial benchmarks based on multiple operating conditions and dynamically correcting them according to environmental parameters during operation, it ensures that the normal timing benchmark always matches the actual operating state of the circuit breaker, thereby improving the accuracy of subsequent fault diagnosis. The implementation idea of ​​this module is as follows: first, after the circuit breaker leaves the factory or is overhauled, initial benchmark calibration is completed by simulating different actual operating conditions. Then, the benchmark is periodically checked during daily operation, and adjusted according to changes in environmental parameters such as insulating gas pressure and partial discharge, to avoid benchmark failure due to differences in operating conditions or environmental changes, which could lead to misjudgments.

[0067] The timing signal processing module is used to perform trigger point identification and anti-interference processing on the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module in order to obtain accurate timing signals.

[0068] Trigger point identification refers to the process of determining the specific moments corresponding to each key stage of the circuit breaker's opening and closing actions (such as command issuance, coil energization, and changes in the main circuit state) from the collected continuous electrical signals; anti-interference processing refers to the process of reducing or eliminating the impact of electromagnetic interference, pulse interference, etc., on the collected signals in the power system through hardware design or software algorithms; accurate timing signals refer to signal data that can accurately reflect the timing of each key action after trigger point identification and anti-interference processing, and the time accuracy of this data must meet the requirements of fault diagnosis (usually with an error of no more than 1ms).

[0069] The timing signal processing module is the core component connecting raw signal acquisition and subsequent fault diagnosis. Its design aims to address signal interference caused by the complex electromagnetic environment of power systems, as well as the ambiguity of critical moments in the raw signals. Through trigger point identification, this module can extract the specific moments of critical actions such as command issuance, coil energization, and main circuit on / off from continuous voltage and current signals, providing a foundation for subsequent timing interval calculations. Through anti-interference processing, this module can filter out noise in the signal (such as electromagnetic interference from high-voltage equipment and pulse signals caused by poor line contact), ensuring the accuracy of the extracted trigger moments and avoiding misjudgments of trigger points due to interference signals, thereby guaranteeing the accuracy of subsequent timing verification.

[0070] The progressive judgment module is used to perform phased timing verification logic, combined with the precise timing signal and the normal timing reference, to realize the graded judgment of circuit breaker opening and closing faults and the source of faults. The phased timing verification logic includes, in sequence, timing verification of command and coil action, timing verification of coil action and main circuit state changes, and matching verification of opening and closing commands and the actual state of the main circuit.

[0071] The phased timing verification logic refers to a logical flow that verifies the consistency of action timing and target in three stages, following the sequence of "command and coil action → coil action and main circuit state change → opening / closing command and actual main circuit state". The timing verification of command and coil action refers to comparing the actual time difference between the "command issuance time" and the "coil energization time" with a normal timing reference to determine whether the response from command to coil action is normal. The timing verification of coil action and main circuit state change refers to comparing the actual time difference between the "coil energization time" and the "main circuit state change time" with a normal timing reference to determine whether the connection from coil action to main circuit opening / closing is normal. The process of responding normally; the matching and verification of the opening and closing commands with the actual state of the main circuit refers to comparing the "opening and closing command type" (opening or closing) with the "actual on / off state of the main circuit" (disconnected or connected) to determine whether the action result is consistent with the command target; the graded judgment refers to classifying the fault into different severity levels (such as minor abnormality, moderate abnormality, and severe abnormality) based on the degree of deviation between the actual timing difference and the normal reference; the fault cause tracing refers to the process of combining the collected multiple electrical signals (such as coil current peak value, main circuit voltage fluctuation, and insulating gas parameters) to analyze the specific causes of the fault (such as electrical problems, mechanical problems, and environmental problems).

[0072] The progressive judgment module is the core decision-making layer of the diagnostic system. Its design aims to achieve accurate location and classification of circuit breaker opening and closing faults through a phased, progressive verification logic, avoiding the problems of "false judgments due to a single verification dimension" and "only being able to determine the existence of a fault but not its cause" in existing technologies. The module's implementation approach is as follows: starting from the entire link of "command transmission → coil action → main circuit response → action target matching," each stage focuses on verifying a key link. The verification results of the previous stage provide the basis for the next stage. If the previous stage has already identified a fault, the faulty link can be quickly located without subsequent verification; if the previous stage is normal, the next link is verified, ultimately achieving a complete diagnosis of "fault existence → faulty link → fault cause." Simultaneously, the graded judgment provides maintenance personnel with a reference for the urgency of the fault, facilitating the priority handling of serious faults.

[0073] The fault output and control module is used to output fault diagnosis results and trigger fault locking when preset conditions are met, prohibiting subsequent opening and closing operations of the circuit breaker.

[0074] The fault diagnosis result refers to the fault-related information output by the progressive judgment module, specifically including the fault type (such as command transmission delay, insufficient coil power, reverse operation), fault severity level (minor abnormality, moderate abnormality, severe abnormality), abnormal parameters (such as timing deviation value, abnormal current / voltage value), and fault cause tracing results (such as joint oxidation, coil aging, coil reverse connection). The preset condition refers to the condition pre-set by the system to trigger fault locking, which in this application is specifically "the same type of fault occurs in two consecutive opening and closing operations". Fault locking refers to the control action of the system prohibiting the circuit breaker from performing subsequent opening and closing operations. The purpose of this action is to prevent the fault from continuing to expand and causing damage to the circuit breaker or a power system accident. Prohibiting the circuit breaker from performing subsequent opening and closing operations refers to the process of cutting off the transmission path of the opening and closing command or sending a prohibition signal to the control unit so that the circuit breaker cannot respond to new opening and closing commands.

[0075] The fault output and control module is the core of the interaction between the diagnostic system and maintenance personnel and the power dispatching system. Its design aims to ensure that fault information is transmitted to relevant personnel in a timely and clear manner, while simultaneously achieving "fault mitigation" through fault locking to prevent the fault from escalating. The module's implementation approach is twofold: firstly, it meets the real-time viewing needs of on-site maintenance personnel through local output (such as touchscreens and audible / visual alarms); secondly, it meets the remote monitoring needs of the power dispatching center through remote output (such as Ethernet uploads), achieving dual monitoring from both the field and remote locations. Furthermore, through the fault locking mechanism, it actively prevents circuit breaker operation when a fault recurs, preventing further damage caused by the fault (such as continuous mechanical jamming that could lead to complete mechanism failure), thus ensuring the safety of the power system and equipment.

[0076] In one optional embodiment, the electrical parameter acquisition module includes a command signal acquisition unit, a coil current acquisition unit, a main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit, and a gas electrical parameter acquisition unit;

[0077] The command signal acquisition unit is used to acquire the circuit breaker opening and closing command voltage signal issued by the control room to capture the voltage change at the moment the command is triggered.

[0078] The coil current acquisition unit is used to acquire the current waveform, peak current and current duration of the circuit breaker opening and closing coil circuit to reflect the energization state of the coil.

[0079] The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the current signal and voltage signal of the main circuit of the circuit breaker to determine the on / off state of the main circuit.

[0080] The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the partial discharge signal and pressure conversion electrical signal of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet. The pressure conversion electrical signal is generated by the pressure conversion of the insulating gas to correlate the influence of environmental factors on the operation of the circuit breaker.

[0081] The instruction signal acquisition unit is a functional unit specifically designed to capture the voltage signal of the opening and closing instructions from the control room. It needs to be installed close to the coil control circuit. Its core function is to accurately capture the voltage change at the moment the instruction is triggered, avoiding misjudgment of circuit breaker malfunctions due to delays in the instruction transmission path. The coil current acquisition unit is a functional unit that collects the energized current signal of the opening and closing coils. It needs to be connected in series with the coil circuit. By tracking the current waveform, peak value, and duration, it directly reflects the electrical response speed and power supply stability of the coil, providing direct evidence for judging problems such as coil aging and abnormal power supply voltage. The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit collects the current and voltage signals of the main power supply circuit of the circuit breaker. The functional unit, numbered 1, requires the current acquisition component to be mounted on the main circuit copper busbar, and the voltage acquisition component to be connected in parallel across the main circuit. Its core function is to verify whether the main circuit completes the switching action according to the command, and it is the key basis for judging whether the opening and closing results are valid. The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit is a functional unit that collects the electrical signals of the insulating gas state in the gas-filled cabinet. The partial discharge acquisition component needs to be arranged close to the circuit breaker contacts, and the pressure conversion component needs to be installed at the gas valve interface. By collecting the partial discharge quantity and pressure conversion signal, the influence of the insulation environment on the mechanical action of the circuit breaker can be correlated, so as to avoid missing hidden problems such as increased frictional resistance caused by gas leakage and circuit abnormalities caused by partial discharge.

[0082] In one possible implementation, the signal transmission of the four acquisition units can adopt a "time-division multiplexing" communication strategy. That is, the command signal acquisition unit and the coil current acquisition unit use a high-frequency transmission rate of 1kHz, because they need to synchronously capture the instantaneous signals of command triggering and coil response; the main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit and the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit use a transmission rate of 0.5kHz, because the main circuit state changes relatively smoothly and the gas parameter fluctuation period is longer. Through the time-division scheduling of the industrial bus, signal congestion caused by simultaneous transmission of multiple units can be avoided, ensuring the stability and timeliness of data transmission.

[0083] For example, in one feasible implementation, the four units of the electrical parameter acquisition module are configured and work together as follows: the command signal acquisition unit uses a voltage sensor with an accuracy of 0.5, connected in parallel to the control line from the control room to the opening and closing coil (approximately 10cm from the coil to reduce electromagnetic interference), and acquires the AC220V opening command voltage signal in real time; the coil current acquisition unit uses a Hall current sensor with a range of 0-20A and an accuracy of 0.2, connected in series in the coil circuit, and simultaneously acquires the coil current waveform when the command signal is triggered, recording a peak value of 9A and a duration of 40ms; the main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit uses a through-type current sensor with a range of 0-2000A and an accuracy of 0.2 (mounted on the main circuit copper busbar) and a current sensor with a range of 0- A 40kV voltage sensor with an accuracy of 0.5 (connected in parallel to the main circuit input) detected a drop in the main circuit current from 1250A to 125A (the tripping action was completed) 30ms after the coil was energized, while the voltage remained normal. The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit uses a partial discharge sensor with a range of 0-500pC and an accuracy of 1pC (attached 5cm above the circuit breaker contacts) and a pressure-to-electrical signal converter with a range of 0-1.0MPa and an accuracy of 0.1 (installed on the SF6 gas valve). It acquired a partial discharge quantity of 20pC and a pressure-to-electrical signal corresponding to 0.6MPa (normal pressure). The data acquired by the four units are transmitted to the subsequent modules through double-shielded twisted-pair cables, forming a complete data chain of "command-coil-main circuit-environment".

[0084] In one optional embodiment, the command signal acquisition unit includes an AC command acquisition subunit and a DC command acquisition subunit;

[0085] Both the AC command acquisition subunit and the DC command acquisition subunit employ voltage sensors, with an accuracy of no less than 0.5, and are used to acquire AC and DC type opening and closing command voltage signals, respectively.

[0086] The coil current acquisition unit includes a coil current sensing subunit, which uses a Hall current sensor. The Hall current sensor has an accuracy of not less than 0.2 and is used to cover the acquisition of the rated current and instantaneous peak current of the circuit breaker's opening and closing coils.

[0087] The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a main circuit current acquisition subunit and a main circuit voltage acquisition subunit; the main circuit current acquisition subunit adopts a through-hole current sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.2 class; the main circuit voltage acquisition subunit adopts a voltage sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.5 class; both are adapted to the operating parameter monitoring requirements of commonly used circuit breakers in 10kV-35kV gas-insulated switchgear.

[0088] The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a partial discharge acquisition subunit and a pressure conversion subunit. The partial discharge acquisition subunit uses a partial discharge sensor with an accuracy of not less than 1 pC to acquire the partial discharge quantity signal of the insulating gas. The pressure conversion subunit uses a pressure-to-electrical signal converter with an accuracy of not less than 0.1 class to acquire the pressure-converted electrical signal of the insulating gas. Together, they cover the monitoring of normal operating parameters and fault warning thresholds of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet.

[0089] All units of the electrical parameter acquisition module meet the IP67 protection level to adapt to the enclosed and dusty operating environment of the gas-filled cabinet and ensure long-term stable operation.

[0090] The AC command acquisition subunit and DC command acquisition subunit are sub-modules under the command signal acquisition unit adapted to different voltage types. Although they use voltage sensors of the same precision (0.5 class), they require differentiated input circuits designed for signal characteristics: AC commands require the addition of a power frequency filter component to filter out 50Hz or 60Hz grid interference; DC commands require the addition of a capacitor component to suppress voltage ripple and avoid acquisition errors caused by different command types. The coil current sensing subunit is the core signal conversion component of the coil current acquisition unit. It uses Hall current sensing technology to convert the large current of the coil into a small signal that can be accurately acquired. It also has an anti-electromagnetic interference shielding structure to ensure the acquisition accuracy of key parameters such as current peak value and waveform. The main circuit current acquisition subunit and the main circuit voltage acquisition subunit... The unit is a specialized acquisition component under the main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit: the main circuit current acquisition subunit adopts a through-hole structure to adapt to the acquisition requirements of large currents (usually hundreds to thousands of amps) in the main circuit, avoiding the influence of traditional series sensors on the main circuit; the main circuit voltage acquisition subunit adopts a high-voltage isolation design to adapt to the acquisition requirements of high voltages (usually 10kV-35kV) in the main circuit, ensuring the safety of the acquisition process; the partial discharge acquisition subunit is the component in the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit that captures weak discharge signals, and needs to have high sensitivity at the 1pC level to capture tiny partial discharge phenomena in insulating gases; the pressure conversion subunit is the component that converts the pressure of insulating gases into standard electrical signals, and needs to have linear conversion characteristics to ensure accurate correspondence between pressure values ​​and electrical signals (such as 4-20mA).

[0091] In one possible implementation, the sensor range of the sub-unit can be adapted to different voltage levels of gas-insulated switchgear (e.g., 10kV, 20kV, 35kV): the main circuit voltage acquisition sub-unit of the 10kV gas-insulated switchgear uses a voltage sensor with a range of 0-15kV, while the 35kV gas-insulated switchgear uses a voltage sensor with a range of 0-40kV; the coil current sensing sub-unit can select a Hall sensor with a corresponding range (0-15A, 0-20A, 0-25A) according to the rated coil current (e.g., 8A, 10A, 12A). Through the flexible adaptation of the sub-unit range, the diagnostic system can be compatible with gas-insulated switchgear of different specifications, improving the versatility of the system.

[0092] For example, in one feasible implementation, the sub-units of the electrical parameter acquisition unit are configured as follows: the AC command acquisition sub-unit uses a 0.5-class voltage sensor, with a 50Hz power frequency filter added to the input circuit, to acquire the AC220V closing command voltage signal, with the trigger point identified when the voltage rises to 176V; the DC command acquisition sub-unit uses the same type of 0.5-class voltage sensor, with a 100μF capacitor added to the input circuit to suppress ripple, to acquire the DC24V opening command voltage signal, with the trigger point identified when the voltage rises to 21.6V; the coil current sensing sub-unit uses a 0.2-class Hall current sensor (range 0-20A), with an RC filter (1kΩ resistor + 0.1μF capacitor) added to the output circuit, to acquire the current signal when the coil is energized, recording the peak value as 11A; the main circuit current acquisition sub-unit... The system employs a 0.2-class through-hole current sensor (range 0-2000A), adapted to a main circuit with a rated current of 1250A, to acquire data on the process of current dropping from 1125A to 125A during circuit breaker tripping. The main circuit voltage acquisition subunit uses a 0.5-class voltage sensor (range 0-40kV), adapted to a 35kV gas-insulated switchgear, to acquire a stable main circuit voltage of 35kV. The partial discharge acquisition subunit uses a 1pC precision partial discharge sensor, transmitting signals via shielded cables, and acquires a partial discharge quantity of 15pC. The pressure conversion subunit uses a 0.1-class pressure-to-electrical signal converter (range 0-1.0MPa), outputting a 4-20mA standard signal, corresponding to an insulating gas pressure of 0.6MPa. All subunits are housed in IP67 protective enclosures and installed in their respective positions within the gas-insulated switchgear, working together to accurately acquire multiple types of signals.

[0093] In one optional embodiment, the reference calibration and correction module includes a multi-scenario calibration unit and a dynamic correction unit;

[0094] The multi-scenario calibration unit is used to automatically trigger opening and closing calibration operations under various operating conditions after the circuit breaker leaves the factory or is overhauled, record the timing parameters under each operating condition, and take the average value of the timing parameters from multiple calibrations as the initial timing reference.

[0095] The dynamic correction unit is used to periodically correct the initial timing reference and perform environmental linkage correction to update the normal timing reference and ensure that the reference adapts to changes in the circuit breaker's operating status.

[0096] The multi-scenario calibration unit is a functional unit that collects and calculates the initial normal timing reference by simulating typical operating conditions of the circuit breaker in actual operation. Its design logic is based on the differences in the operating characteristics of the circuit breaker under different operating conditions: under short-circuit conditions, the electromagnetic force generated by the short-circuit current in the main circuit will accelerate the circuit breaker's operating speed; under no-load conditions, the lack of load resistance results in a relatively slow operating speed; under rated load conditions, the electromagnetic force generated by the load current and the mechanical resistance are in a balanced state, and the operating speed is between the two. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate three typical operating conditions: no-load, rated load, and simulated short circuit. Under each operating condition, the opening and closing operations are repeated multiple times, and the average value of the timing parameters is taken as the initial reference to ensure that the reference can cover the main scenarios in actual operation. The dynamic correction unit is a functional unit that adjusts the initial timing reference according to the changes in operating time and environmental parameters. Its design logic is based on the operating characteristics of the circuit breaker: after long-term operation, mechanical components (such as springs and shafts) will age, resulting in a slower operating speed; a decrease in insulating gas pressure will increase the frictional resistance of mechanical components, further delaying the operation; an increase in partial discharge will affect circuit stability, resulting in operation fluctuations. Therefore, the benchmark needs to be checked at fixed intervals and adjusted in conjunction with parameters such as insulating gas pressure and partial discharge to ensure that the benchmark always matches the current operating state of the circuit breaker.

[0097] In one possible implementation, the number of operating conditions for the multi-scenario calibration unit can be expanded according to the application scenario of the gas-insulated switchgear: for industrial power distribution scenarios where short-circuit faults occur frequently, operating conditions that "simulate 2kA, 8kA, and 12kA multi-level short-circuit currents" can be added to refine the timing reference under different short-circuit severity levels; the periodic correction cycle of the dynamic correction unit can be adaptively adjusted according to the operating time of the circuit breaker: the correction cycle for newly commissioned circuit breakers is set to 12 months (for stable operating conditions), and the correction cycle for circuit breakers that have been in operation for more than 5 years is set to 3 months (for faster aging), reducing unnecessary calibration operations through cycle optimization while ensuring timely updating of the reference.

[0098] For example, in one feasible implementation, the two units of the reference calibration and correction module operate as follows: After the circuit breaker maintenance is completed, the multi-scenario calibration unit automatically triggers a calibration process under three operating conditions: Under no-load conditions, the main circuit load is disconnected, and three opening and closing commands are triggered. The "time from command issuance to coil energization" is recorded as 49ms, 50ms, and 51ms, respectively, and the average value of 50ms is taken as the initial reference for this operating condition. The "time from coil energization to main circuit state change" is 99ms, 100ms, and 101ms, respectively, and the average value of 100ms is taken. Under rated load conditions, a rated current of 1250A is applied, and the opening and closing are repeated three times. The average values ​​of the above two times are 52ms and 105ms, respectively. Under simulated short-circuit conditions, the short circuit is... The testing device outputs a 5kA short-circuit current, obtaining average values ​​of 48ms and 95ms respectively. All initial references are stored on the local SD card. The dynamic correction unit triggers periodic corrections every 6 months. During one correction, it was detected that the current calibration value of "time from command issuance to coil energization" under no-load conditions was 58ms (initial reference 50ms, deviation 8ms). Considering the trend of an average monthly increase of 1ms over the past 6 months, the reference was corrected to 59ms. At the same time, when the insulating gas pressure drops from 0.6MPa to 0.55MPa (a decrease of 0.05MPa), the dynamic correction unit increases the reference of "time from command issuance to coil energization" by 1ms and the reference of "time from coil energization to main circuit state change" by 1.5ms to ensure that the reference is adapted to the current environment.

[0099] In one optional embodiment, the multi-scenario calibration unit includes an unloaded calibration subunit, a rated load calibration subunit, and a simulated short-circuit calibration subunit;

[0100] The no-load calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing command when the load circuit of the gas-filled cabinet is disconnected, and to record the "time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" and the "time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state".

[0101] The rated load calibration subunit is used to repeatedly trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing commands under the condition of connecting the rated current of the circuit breaker, and record the above two times.

[0102] The simulated short-circuit calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing commands and record the above two times when the circuit breaker outputs a preset short-circuit current through a dedicated short-circuit test device. The dedicated short-circuit test device is an existing device in the power testing field, which is used to output a preset short-circuit current and will not be described in detail here.

[0103] The multi-scenario calibration unit also includes a reference storage subunit, which is used to store the initial timing reference, allowable deviation range and applicable scenario for each working condition to a local storage medium in a preset format. The local storage medium has a capacity of not less than 8GB and supports data backup function.

[0104] The dynamic correction unit includes a periodic correction subunit and an environment-linked correction subunit;

[0105] The periodic correction subunit has a correction cycle of 6 months and is used to compare the deviation of the currently calibrated timing parameters with the initial timing reference during the periodic correction process. If the deviation is not greater than 8ms, the initial timing reference is maintained and only the calibration timestamp is updated. If the deviation is greater than 8ms, a trend correction reference is generated by combining the fluctuation trend of the timing parameters within the preset period. The trend correction reference reserves a preset fluctuation space.

[0106] The system includes several calibration components: The no-load calibration subunit simulates the no-load condition of the main circuit, acquiring the basic operating timing sequence of the circuit breaker under no-load resistance. This timing sequence serves as a reference for other operating conditions, reflecting the original performance of the circuit breaker's mechanical components. The rated load calibration subunit simulates the rated current condition of the main circuit, acquiring the timing sequence of the circuit breaker during daily load operation. This timing sequence closely resembles the actual operating scenario and is the core benchmark for determining whether daily opening and closing are normal. The simulated short-circuit calibration subunit simulates the short-circuit fault condition of the main circuit, acquiring the operating timing sequence of the circuit breaker under emergency fault conditions to ensure diagnostic accuracy in fault scenarios and avoid misjudgments caused by changes in operating characteristics during short circuits. The reference storage subunit... The component storing reference data and correction records must have large-capacity storage (no less than 8GB) and data backup capabilities. The stored content includes the initial reference for each operating condition, the reference after each correction, environmental parameters at the time of correction (such as gas pressure and partial discharge), and the correction time. This facilitates subsequent tracking of reference changes and verification of reference validity. The periodic correction subunit is a component that verifies the reference at fixed intervals. Its core function is to offset the impact of mechanical component aging on timing through recalibration, ensuring that the reference matches the current mechanical performance of the circuit breaker. The environmental linkage correction subunit is a component that adjusts the reference based on insulating gas parameters. Its core function is to offset the impact of environmental changes on operating timing by correlating gas pressure and partial discharge, ensuring that the reference matches the current insulation environment.

[0107] In one possible implementation, the reference storage subunit can be equipped with a "data encryption" function, using the AES-128 encryption algorithm to encrypt the stored reference data and correction records to prevent data tampering from causing the reference to fail; at the same time, it supports "cloud backup" to synchronize the locally stored data to a remote server to avoid the loss of reference data due to damage to the local storage medium (such as damage to the SD card), and to ensure the security and integrity of the reference data.

[0108] For example, in one feasible implementation, the subunits of the reference calibration and correction unit work together in the following manner: the no-load calibration subunit disconnects the main circuit load, triggers the opening and closing command, and records the "time from command issuance to coil energization" as 50ms and the "time from coil energization to main circuit state change" as 100ms; the rated load calibration subunit connects a rated current of 1250A through a voltage regulator and load resistor, repeats the opening and closing three times, and takes the average value to obtain the above two times as 52ms and 105ms respectively; the simulated short-circuit calibration subunit controls a dedicated short-circuit test device to output a 5kA short-circuit current, and records the times as 48ms and 95ms respectively; the reference storage subunit stores the initial reference, calibration time (e.g., day X month X day, 2024), and operator information for these three operating conditions in the format of "operating condition-parameter-time" to an 8GB SD card, and... The system is encrypted and synchronized to the cloud server in real time. The periodic correction subunit automatically triggers calibration after 6 months (on [Date] 2025). It detects that the current value of "time from command issuance to coil energization" under no-load conditions is 59ms (initially 50ms, deviation 9ms). Based on the trend of increasing by 1ms per month over the past 6 months, a corrected benchmark of 60ms is generated. The environmental linkage correction subunit receives signals from the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit in real time. When it detects that the insulating gas pressure drops from 0.6MPa to 0.5MPa (a decrease of 0.1MPa), it raises the benchmark of "time from command issuance to coil energization" by 2ms (from 60ms to 62ms) and the benchmark of "time from coil energization to main circuit state change" by 3ms (from 100ms to 103ms). At the same time, it stores the correction records (pressure value, correction magnitude, time) in the benchmark storage subunit.

[0109] In an optional embodiment, the environmental linkage correction subunit is used to correct the initial timing reference based on the pressure conversion electrical signal and partial discharge signal acquired by the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit;

[0110] When the insulating gas pressure drops by 0.1 MPa, the environmental linkage correction subunit will adjust the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" by 2 ms and the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state" by 3 ms.

[0111] When the partial discharge of the insulating gas exceeds 100 pC, the environmental linkage correction subunit triggers a temporary correction of the timing reference, raising the timing reference by 5 ms to compensate for the impact of insulation abnormality on circuit breaker operation.

[0112] Among them, the insulating gas pressure is the actual pressure value of the insulating gas (such as SF6, dry air) in the gas-filled switchgear. A decrease in pressure will lead to a decline in the gas insulation performance, and at the same time weaken the sealing performance of the circuit breaker mechanical components (such as pistons and cylinders), increase frictional resistance, and thus cause a delay in opening and closing actions. Therefore, the timing reference needs to be adjusted upward proportionally according to the pressure drop. The partial discharge of the insulating gas is the amount of charge that occurs when the insulating gas undergoes partial discharge under the action of an electric field. An increase in the amount of partial discharge means that there are impurities, moisture or deterioration of insulation performance in the gas, which may lead to abnormal breakdown of the main circuit and affect the stability of opening and closing actions. Therefore, the timing reference needs to be temporarily adjusted upward when the amount of partial discharge exceeds the threshold to cope with the action fluctuations caused by insulation abnormalities. The temporary correction of the timing reference is a short-term adjustment mechanism that is different from the periodic correction. When the amount of partial discharge returns to the normal range, the reference needs to be automatically restored to the original value to avoid misjudgment caused by long-term use of an excessively high reference.

[0113] In one possible implementation, the environmental linkage correction subunit can adjust the correction coefficient according to the type of insulating gas: SF6 gas has better insulation performance, and the timing reference is adjusted up by 2ms for every 0.1MPa decrease in pressure; dry air has relatively weak insulation performance, and the timing reference is adjusted up by 3ms for every 0.1MPa decrease in pressure. By differentiating the correction coefficient, the characteristics of different insulating gases can be adapted, and the accuracy of the reference correction can be further improved.

[0114] For example, in one feasible implementation, the environmental linkage correction subunit operates as follows: This subunit receives the output signal from the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit in real time. When it detects that the value corresponding to the insulating gas pressure conversion electrical signal drops from 0.6MPa (standard pressure) to 0.4MPa (a decrease of 0.2MPa), it calculates, according to the preset correction rules (for every 0.1MPa drop in pressure, the "time from command issuance to coil energization" benchmark is increased by 2ms, and the "time from coil energization to main circuit state change" benchmark is increased by 3ms), that the former benchmark needs to be increased by 4ms (2ms×2) and the latter by 6ms (3ms×2). If the current no-load condition is... The baselines are 50ms and 100ms, respectively. After correction, the baselines become 54ms and 106ms. At the same time, when the partial discharge signal is detected to rise from 20pC (normal range) to 120pC (exceeding the 100pC threshold), the sub-unit triggers a temporary correction, raising the two baselines by 5ms to 59ms and 111ms respectively. After 24 hours, when the partial discharge recovers to 30pC, the sub-unit automatically cancels the temporary correction, and the baselines fall back to 54ms and 106ms. All parameters of the entire correction process (pressure value, partial discharge, correction amplitude, correction time) are synchronized to the baseline storage sub-unit for easy subsequent traceability.

[0115] In one optional embodiment, the timing signal processing module includes a trigger point identification unit and an anti-interference processing unit;

[0116] The trigger point identification unit is used to identify command signal trigger points, coil energization trigger points, and main circuit state change trigger points to determine the timing of each key action.

[0117] The anti-interference processing unit is used to filter interference from the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module to ensure that the triggering time obtained by the triggering point identification unit is accurate.

[0118] Among them, the trigger point identification unit is a functional unit that extracts the key action moments of the circuit breaker opening and closing from the continuous electrical signal. Its core task is to "discretize" the continuous voltage and current signals into specific time values ​​(such as the time t1 when the command is issued, the time t2 when the coil is energized, and the time t3 when the main circuit state changes). These time values ​​are the basis for calculating the timing difference (t2-t1, t3-t2). If the trigger point identification is incorrect, all subsequent timing checks will fail. To ensure accurate identification, differentiated triggering rules need to be designed for different signal characteristics: command voltage signals need to be identified according to voltage thresholds (80% of rated voltage for AC and 90% of rated voltage for DC); coil current signals need to be identified according to current thresholds (10% of rated current); and main circuit current signals need to be identified according to the current variation range (from 90% to 10% of rated current when opening and from 0 to 10% when closing). The anti-interference processing unit is a functional unit that reduces electromagnetic interference and pulse interference in the power system. High-voltage equipment in the power system generates strong electromagnetic interference, and poor line contact generates pulse interference. These interferences can cause noise to be mixed into the acquired signal. If not processed, interference pulses can easily be misjudged as trigger points. Therefore, anti-interference processing requires a combination of hardware and software solutions: at the hardware level, interference introduction is reduced by optimizing line design and adding filtering components; at the software level, residual noise is further filtered through algorithmic logic.

[0119] In one possible implementation, the trigger point identification unit can adopt the logic of "multi-parameter collaborative confirmation": when identifying the trigger point of the main circuit state change, it not only refers to the main circuit current signal (from 90% of the rated current to 10%), but also synchronously refers to the main circuit voltage signal (under the trip command, the voltage rises from 0V to the rated voltage, indicating that the main circuit is disconnected). Only when both the current and voltage signals meet the conditions is it determined to be a valid trigger point, further reducing the probability of false judgment.

[0120] For example, in one feasible implementation, the two units of the timing signal processing module work together in the following manner: The anti-interference processing unit first processes the signal input from the electrical parameter acquisition module: at the hardware level, electromagnetic interference is reduced by using double-shielded twisted-pair cables (inner layer grounded, outer layer connected to the cabinet), and an RC filter circuit with a 1kΩ resistor and a 0.1μF capacitor connected in series at the input of each acquisition unit to filter high-frequency pulse interference above 10kHz; at the software level, all signals are "smoothed" (using a 5-point moving average algorithm) to further eliminate residual noise. The trigger point identification unit extracts the trigger point from the purified signal: in the command voltage signal (AC220V), the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 176V is identified as t1=100ms (the moment the command is issued); in the coil current signal, the moment when the current rises from 0A to 1A (10% of the coil's rated current of 10A) is identified as t2=148ms (the moment the coil is energized); in the main circuit current signal (rated 1250A), the moment when the current drops from 1125A to 125A is identified as t3=246ms (the moment the main circuit trips). Through anti-interference processing, the trigger point identification error is controlled within ±0.5ms, providing accurate timing data for subsequent calculation of timing differences (t2-t1=48ms, t3-t2=98ms).

[0121] In one optional embodiment, the trigger point identification unit includes an instruction trigger point identification subunit, a coil trigger point identification subunit, and a main circuit trigger point identification subunit;

[0122] The command trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the command voltage signal: the trigger point of the AC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 80% of the rated command voltage, and the trigger point of the DC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 90% of the rated command voltage.

[0123] The coil trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the coil current signal: the trigger point is the moment when the coil current rises from 0A to 10% of the coil's rated current;

[0124] The main circuit trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger points of the main circuit electrical parameters: the trigger point for the tripping action is when the main circuit current drops from 90% of the rated current to 10% of the rated current, and the trigger point for the closing action is when the main circuit current rises from 0A to 10% of the rated current.

[0125] The anti-interference processing unit includes a hardware anti-interference subunit and a software anti-interference subunit;

[0126] The hardware anti-interference subunit is used to achieve interference filtering through circuit design and filtering components: a double-shielded twisted pair cable is used as the signal acquisition line, the inner shield of the double-shielded twisted pair cable is grounded, and the outer shield is connected to the gas cabinet body; an RC filter circuit is connected in series at the input terminal of each unit of the electrical parameter acquisition module, the resistance of the RC filter circuit is 1kΩ, and the capacitance is 0.1μF;

[0127] The software anti-interference subunit is used to implement interference filtering through algorithm logic: the identified trigger point is confirmed three times. After the trigger point is captured for the first time, the signal status is detected again after a delay of 1ms. If the trigger time deviation between the first detection and the second detection is not greater than 1ms, it is determined to be a valid trigger point. If the deviation is greater than 1ms, the third detection is started, and the time when two of the three detections are consistent is taken as the final trigger time.

[0128] The instruction trigger point identification submodule is specifically designed to extract the trigger point of the instruction voltage signal. Due to the different signal characteristics of AC and DC instructions (AC has a power frequency cycle, while DC has no fluctuations), differentiated trigger logic needs to be designed: AC instructions require a 1ms delay after the voltage reaches the threshold to avoid false triggering due to instantaneous fluctuations within the power frequency cycle; DC instructions require continuous monitoring for 2ms after the voltage reaches the threshold to avoid ripple interference. The coil trigger point identification submodule is specifically designed to extract the trigger point of the coil current signal. The coil current generates a peak value the instant it is energized; this submodule needs to filter out peak interference and focus on the "initial moment when the current starts to appear," i.e., the moment when the current first reaches 10% of the rated current. The main circuit trigger point identification submodule is specifically designed to extract the trigger point of the main circuit current signal. The main circuit current is large and arcing interference occurs during switching. It needs to be judged by both "current change range + duration" (e.g., when the current drops from 90% to 10% during opening and then remains for 1ms) to avoid false triggering due to instantaneous fluctuations caused by arcing. The hardware anti-interference sub-module reduces interference at the source of signal transmission. It needs to use double-shielded twisted-pair cable (inner layer grounded to prevent conducted interference, outer layer connected to the cabinet to prevent radiated interference) and connect an RC filter circuit in series at the input of the acquisition unit (to filter high-frequency pulses). The software anti-interference sub-module filters residual interference through algorithms. The core adopts a "three-confirmation" mechanism: after the initial capture of the trigger point, it is checked again after a delay of 1ms and 2ms. The two consistent times are taken as the final trigger point to ensure the elimination of instantaneous interference.

[0129] In one possible implementation, the software anti-interference subunit can add "signal trend judgment" logic: when confirming the trigger point three times, it not only compares the time deviation, but also judges the trend of signal change (e.g., the command voltage signal should continue to rise to the rated value; if the voltage drops after the trigger point, it is judged as interference). By judging the trend, false triggering can be further eliminated, which is especially suitable for scenarios with instantaneous pulse interference.

[0130] For example, in one feasible implementation, each subunit of the timing signal processing unit operates as follows: The hardware anti-interference subunit first processes the acquired signal: a double-shielded twisted-pair cable is used to connect each acquisition unit to the signal processing module. The inner shielding layer is grounded through a 4Ω grounding resistor, and the outer shielding layer is connected to the gas-insulated cabinet (grounding resistance ≤ 1Ω) to suppress external electromagnetic interference. An RC filter circuit with a 1kΩ resistor and a 0.1μF capacitor is connected in series at the input of the command signal acquisition unit to filter 50Hz power frequency interference in the AC command. The software anti-interference subunit performs three confirmations on the filtered signal: the command voltage signal (AC220V) is first captured at a trigger point of 100ms (voltage 176V). After a 1ms delay, the detected voltage is 185V (still ≥ 176V), and the second confirmation time is 100ms; after a 2ms delay, the detected voltage is 198V, and the third confirmation time is 100ms. 100ms is taken as the final command trigger time t1. The instruction trigger point identification subunit determines t1=100ms based on this moment; the coil trigger point identification subunit identifies the moment when the current rises to 1A (10% of the rated 10A) from the coil current signal as t2=148ms (three confirmation deviations are all ≤0.5ms); the main circuit trigger point identification subunit identifies the moment when the current drops from 1125A to 125A from the main circuit current signal as t3=246ms (three confirmation deviations are all ≤0.5ms). The processing results of all subunits are summarized to form a precise timing signal (t1=100ms, t2=148ms, t3=246ms), which is transmitted to the progressive judgment module.

[0131] In one optional embodiment, the progressive judgment module includes an instruction-coil verification unit, a coil-main circuit verification unit, and an action target matching verification unit;

[0132] The instruction-coil verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the instruction issuance time and the coil energization time, compare it with the normal timing reference corresponding to the current working condition, and realize fault classification judgment.

[0133] The coil-main circuit verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the moment the coil is energized and the moment the state of the main circuit changes, and combines the associated electrical parameters to trace the cause of the fault.

[0134] The action target matching and verification unit is used to compare the closing command with the actual state of the main circuit, and combine the associated parameters to trace the cause of the action reverse fault.

[0135] The command-coil verification unit is a functional unit that determines whether the "command transmission → coil action" stage is normal. Its core function is to calculate the timing difference between the "command issuance time" and the "coil energization time," comparing it to the normal baseline for the current operating condition. If the timing difference is within the allowable deviation, the stage is considered normal and proceeds to the next stage for verification. If the timing difference exceeds the tolerance, a fault in the "command transmission stage" (such as a broken command line or a false coil trigger) is directly identified, eliminating the need for further verification and reducing the diagnostic process. The coil-main circuit verification unit is a functional unit that determines whether the "coil action → main circuit response" stage is normal. Its core function is to calculate the timing difference between the "coil energization time" and the "main circuit state change time." Sequence difference, compared with the normal benchmark: If the difference exceeds the limit, it is necessary to trace the cause by combining multiple types of signals—insufficient coil current peak indicates electrical problems (such as coil aging), main circuit voltage fluctuations indicate power grid problems, excessive partial discharge of insulating gas indicates environmental problems, and normal coil current and voltage indicate mechanical problems (such as jamming); the action target matching verification unit is a functional unit that judges whether the "action result is consistent with the command target". The core is to compare the "opening and closing command type" with the "actual on and off state of the main circuit": if they are inconsistent, it is necessary to check for action reverse faults (such as coil reverse connection, transmission component reverse). The timing difference of such faults may be normal, but the action result is wrong, which is easily missed by existing technology.

[0136] In one possible implementation, the three verification units can be enhanced with a "fault history data association" function: when the command-coil verification unit determines "command transmission delay", it automatically associates with similar fault records from the past three months. If the fault is found to occur frequently in rainy weather, the auxiliary cause for tracing the source may be "water ingress and oxidation of the command line connector"; when the coil-main circuit verification unit determines "action delay", it associates with historical coil current data. If the current peak value continues to decrease, the auxiliary cause for tracing the source may be "gradual aging of the coil". By associating with historical data, the accuracy of fault cause tracing is improved.

[0137] For example, in one feasible implementation, the three units of the progressive judgment module work progressively as follows: First, the command-coil verification unit receives timing signals (t1=100ms, t2=148ms), calculates the timing difference t2-t1=48ms, compares it with the normal reference (48ms) of the current simulated short-circuit condition, and determines that this link is normal; Second, the coil-main circuit verification unit calculates the timing difference t3-t2=246ms-148ms=98ms, compares it with the normal reference (95ms) of the simulated short-circuit condition, and the deviation is 3ms. Combining the coil current signal (peak 11A, rated 10A, normal), the main circuit voltage signal (stable 35kV), and the partial discharge of insulating gas (20pC), the cause may be "slight oxidation of the main circuit contacts, increased contact resistance leading to delay in switching on and off"; Finally, the action target matching verification unit compares the "opening command" with the actual state of the main circuit (current drops from 1250A to 125A, already disconnected), and determines that the action target is consistent and there is no reverse fault. The three units work together to complete the diagnosis and output the result "slight delay in the coil-main circuit link, possibly due to slight oxidation of the contacts", which is then transmitted to the fault output and control module.

[0138] In an optional embodiment, the instruction-coil verification unit includes an anomaly classification subunit, which classifies anomalies into minor anomalies, moderate anomalies, and severe anomalies: a minor anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 5-10ms; a moderate anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 11-20ms; and a severe anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by more than 20ms or the coil is energized before the instruction is issued.

[0139] The coil-main circuit verification unit includes a delay fault tracing subunit and a runaway fault tracing subunit; the delay fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of the action delay fault by combining the coil current peak value and the main circuit voltage fluctuation; the runaway fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of the runaway fault by combining the partial discharge amount of the insulating gas.

[0140] The action target matching and verification unit includes a reverse fault tracing subunit, which is used to trace the cause of reverse action faults by combining the coil current direction with the consistency of the actions of multiple circuit breakers.

[0141] The fault output and control module includes a local output unit, a remote output unit, and a fault locking control unit.

[0142] The local output unit outputs faults through a touch screen and an audible and visual alarm installed on the gas cabinet door: the touch screen displays the fault type, abnormal parameters and handling suggestions; the audible and visual alarm triggers a flashing red LED and intermittent buzzer sounding when there is a serious abnormality; the flashing frequency of the red LED is 1Hz; and the buzzer sounds for 1 second and stops for 1 second.

[0143] The remote output unit uploads the fault diagnosis results to the power dispatching system via Ethernet. The fault diagnosis results include timestamps and parameter curves, and the remote output unit supports the IEC 61850 protocol.

[0144] The fault lockout control unit is used to trigger fault lockout when preset conditions are met: the preset conditions are two consecutive occurrences of the same type of fault. After the fault lockout is triggered, only maintenance personnel are allowed to unlock the circuit breaker by password to restore the circuit breaker's opening and closing operation privileges.

[0145] The anomaly classification subunit is a module that classifies faults in the command-coil verification unit into levels based on the timing difference deviation: minor anomalies (5-10ms), moderate anomalies (11-20ms), and severe anomalies (>20ms). This provides maintenance personnel with a reference for the urgency of faults, prioritizing the handling of severe faults. The delay fault tracing subunit is a module in the coil-main circuit verification unit that analyzes the causes of action delays. By correlating the coil current peak (to determine electrical problems) and the main circuit voltage fluctuation (to determine power grid problems), it distinguishes whether the delay fault is due to electrical causes (such as insufficient coil power) or mechanical causes (such as jamming). The runaway fault tracing subunit is a module in the coil-main circuit verification unit that analyzes the causes of main circuit runaway. By correlating the partial discharge of insulating gas (to determine environmental factors), it analyzes the causes of runaway. The system includes several functional units: a fault detection unit and a fault lockout unit. The fault lockout unit analyzes the causes of reverse actions by correlating the coil current direction (to determine wiring problems) and the consistency of multiple circuit breaker actions (to determine control problems). The local output unit outputs fault information at the gas-filled cabinet site, displaying the fault type, abnormal parameters, and handling suggestions on a touchscreen, and alerting on-site personnel with an audible and visual alarm (red LED light + buzzer). The remote output unit uploads fault information to the remote dispatch system, supporting the IEC 61850 protocol to ensure real-time data reception at the dispatch center. The fault lockout control unit prevents the circuit breaker from operating when a preset condition is met (two consecutive identical faults), preventing the fault from escalating and causing equipment damage or power outages.

[0146] In one possible implementation, the remote output unit can add a "fault warning prediction" function: based on historical fault data and current fault trends (such as the peak coil current decreasing by 0.5A per month), it can predict serious faults that may occur within the next month (such as insufficient coil power) and upload the warning information to the scheduling system, thereby upgrading from "passive diagnosis" to "active warning" and reducing the probability of fault occurrence.

[0147] For example, in a feasible implementation, the sub-units and units of claim 10 cooperate in the following manner: The anomaly grading sub-unit, in the command-coil verification, calculates a timing difference of 60ms (no-load reference 50ms, deviation 10ms), classifying it as a moderate anomaly, with the possible cause being "aging of the command line conductor"; the delay fault tracing sub-unit, in the coil-main circuit verification, calculates a timing difference of 115ms (no-load reference 100ms, deviation 15ms), combined with a coil current peak of 7A (rated 10A, below 80%), tracing the cause as "insufficient coil power (coil aging)"; the reverse... During the action target matching verification, the fault tracing subunit found that the main circuit current did not rise under the closing command (remaining at 0A). Combined with the fact that the coil current direction was opposite to the normal direction, the cause was traced to "reverse connection of the coil positive and negative terminals". The local output unit displayed "insufficient coil power (moderate abnormality)" and "reverse connection of coil (serious abnormality)" and handling suggestions ("replace the coil, change the coil wiring terminals") on the 7-inch touch screen. At the same time, the red LED flashed at a frequency of 1Hz and the buzzer sounded "1 second on, 1 second off". The remote output unit uploaded the fault information (including timestamp, coil current waveform, and timing difference data) to the power dispatching system via Ethernet according to the IEC 61850 protocol. After the fault lockout control unit detected the "insufficient coil power" fault twice, it automatically cut off the control signal of the opening and closing command line, prohibiting the circuit breaker from operating. After the maintenance personnel entered the 6-digit password "123456" to unlock, they replaced the coil and changed the wiring terminals. The fault was eliminated and the system returned to normal operation.

[0148] In this embodiment, by designing acquisition sub-units adapted to different signal types and combining hardware and software dual anti-interference measures, the accurate acquisition of electrical signals related to circuit breaker opening and closing is ensured, thus avoiding acquisition errors caused by signal interference or improper type adaptation. By establishing initial timing references for multiple operating conditions and combining them with dynamic correction of insulating gas parameters, the references are always matched to the circuit breaker's operating state, thus avoiding misjudgment or missed judgment of faults caused by a single fixed reference. Through progressive verification logic, fault location and multi-dimensional cause tracing are realized. Coupled with multi-terminal output and fault locking mechanisms, clear guidance is provided for operation and maintenance and fault expansion is prevented, thereby reducing the difficulty of operation and maintenance and reducing the risk of equipment damage and power outages.

[0149] Furthermore, it should be noted that the combination of the various technical features in this case is not limited to the combination methods described in the claims of this case or the combination methods described in the specific embodiments. All technical features described in this case can be freely combined or combined in any way, unless they contradict each other.

[0150] It should be noted that the above examples are merely specific embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is obviously not limited to the above embodiments, with many similar variations. All modifications that can be directly derived or conceived by those skilled in the art from the content disclosed in this invention should fall within the protection scope of this invention.

[0151] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnosis system for an air chamber, characterized by, It includes an electrical parameter acquisition module, a reference calibration and correction module, a timing signal processing module, a progressive judgment module, and a fault output and control module; the electrical parameter acquisition module, the reference calibration and correction module, the timing signal processing module, the progressive judgment module, and the fault output and control module are connected via an industrial bus; The electrical parameter acquisition module is installed inside the gas-filled cabinet and is used to acquire command voltage signals, coil current signals, main circuit electrical parameters, and insulating gas-related electrical parameters during the circuit breaker opening and closing process. The reference calibration and correction module is used to establish and dynamically update the normal timing reference for the opening and closing actions of the circuit breaker. The normal timing reference is generated based on calibration under multiple operating conditions and is periodically corrected and environmentally linked to insulation gas parameters. The timing signal processing module is used to perform trigger point identification and anti-interference processing on the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module in order to obtain accurate timing signals. The progressive judgment module is used to perform phased timing verification logic, combined with the precise timing signal and the normal timing reference, to realize the graded judgment of circuit breaker opening and closing faults and the source of faults. The phased timing verification logic includes, in sequence, timing verification of command and coil action, timing verification of coil action and main circuit state changes, and matching verification of opening and closing commands and the actual state of the main circuit. The fault output and control module is used to output fault diagnosis results and trigger fault locking when preset conditions are met, prohibiting subsequent opening and closing operations of the circuit breaker.

2. The breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air tank according to claim 1, characterized by, The electrical parameter acquisition module includes a command signal acquisition unit, a coil current acquisition unit, a main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit, and a gas electrical parameter acquisition unit; The command signal acquisition unit is used to acquire the circuit breaker opening and closing command voltage signal issued by the control room to capture the voltage change at the moment the command is triggered. The coil current acquisition unit is used to acquire the current waveform, peak current and current duration of the circuit breaker opening and closing coil circuit to reflect the energization state of the coil. The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the current signal and voltage signal of the main circuit of the circuit breaker to determine the on / off state of the main circuit. The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire the partial discharge signal and pressure conversion electrical signal of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet. The pressure conversion electrical signal is generated by the pressure conversion of the insulating gas to correlate the influence of environmental factors on the operation of the circuit breaker.

3. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air tank according to claim 2, characterized by, The command signal acquisition unit includes an AC command acquisition subunit and a DC command acquisition subunit; Both the AC command acquisition subunit and the DC command acquisition subunit employ voltage sensors, with an accuracy of no less than 0.5, and are used to acquire AC and DC type opening and closing command voltage signals, respectively. The coil current acquisition unit includes a coil current sensing subunit, which uses a Hall current sensor. The Hall current sensor has an accuracy of not less than 0.2 and is used to cover the acquisition of the rated current and instantaneous peak current of the circuit breaker's opening and closing coils. The main circuit electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a main circuit current acquisition subunit and a main circuit voltage acquisition subunit; the main circuit current acquisition subunit adopts a through-hole current sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.2 class; the main circuit voltage acquisition subunit adopts a voltage sensor with an accuracy of not less than 0.5 class; both are adapted to the operating parameter monitoring requirements of commonly used circuit breakers in 10kV-35kV gas-insulated switchgear. The gas electrical parameter acquisition unit includes a partial discharge acquisition subunit and a pressure conversion subunit. The partial discharge acquisition subunit uses a partial discharge sensor with an accuracy of not less than 1 pC to acquire the partial discharge quantity signal of the insulating gas. The pressure conversion subunit uses a pressure-to-electrical signal converter with an accuracy of not less than 0.1 class to acquire the pressure-converted electrical signal of the insulating gas. Together, they cover the monitoring of normal operating parameters and fault warning thresholds of the insulating gas in the gas-filled cabinet. All units of the electrical parameter acquisition module meet the IP67 protection level.

4. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air tank according to claim 3, characterized by The benchmark calibration and correction module includes a multi-scenario calibration unit and a dynamic correction unit; The multi-scenario calibration unit is used to automatically trigger opening and closing calibration operations under various operating conditions after the circuit breaker leaves the factory or is overhauled, record the timing parameters under each operating condition, and take the average value of the timing parameters from multiple calibrations as the initial timing reference. The dynamic correction unit is used to periodically correct the initial timing reference and perform environmental linkage correction to update the normal timing reference and ensure that the reference adapts to changes in the circuit breaker's operating status.

5. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air tank according to claim 4, characterized by The multi-scenario calibration unit includes an unloaded calibration subunit, a rated load calibration subunit, and a simulated short-circuit calibration subunit. The no-load calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing command when the load circuit of the gas-filled cabinet is disconnected, and to record the "time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" and the "time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state". The rated load calibration subunit is used to repeatedly trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing commands under the condition of connecting the rated current of the circuit breaker, and record the above "time from the issuance of the command to the coil being energized" and "time from the coil being energized to the change of the main circuit state". The simulated short-circuit calibration subunit is used to trigger the circuit breaker opening and closing command when the circuit breaker outputs a preset short-circuit current through a dedicated short-circuit test device, and to record the "time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" and the "time from the energization of the coil to the change in the state of the main circuit". The multi-scenario calibration unit also includes a reference storage subunit, which is used to store the initial timing reference, allowable deviation range and applicable scenario for each working condition to a local storage medium in a preset format. The local storage medium has a capacity of not less than 8GB and supports data backup function. The dynamic correction unit includes a periodic correction subunit and an environment-linked correction subunit; The periodic correction subunit has a correction cycle of 6 months and is used to compare the deviation between the currently calibrated timing parameters and the initial timing reference during the periodic correction process. If the deviation is no greater than 8ms, the initial timing reference is maintained, and only the calibration timestamp is updated; If the deviation is greater than 8ms, a trend correction benchmark is generated by combining the fluctuation trend of the time series parameters within the preset period. The trend correction benchmark reserves a preset fluctuation space.

6. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air insulated switchgear according to claim 5, characterized by, The environmental linkage correction subunit is used to correct the initial timing reference based on the pressure conversion electrical signal and partial discharge signal acquired by the gas electrical parameter acquisition unit. When the insulating gas pressure drops by 0.1 MPa, the environmental linkage correction subunit will adjust the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the issuance of the command to the energization of the coil" by 2 ms and adjust the timing reference corresponding to "the time from the energization of the coil to the change of the main circuit state" by 3 ms. When the partial discharge of the insulating gas exceeds 100 pC, the environmental linkage correction subunit triggers a temporary correction of the timing reference, raising the timing reference by 5 ms to compensate for the impact of insulation abnormality on circuit breaker operation.

7. The breaker switching failure diagnostic system for an air insulated switchgear according to claim 1, characterized by, The timing signal processing module includes a trigger point identification unit and an anti-interference processing unit; The trigger point identification unit is used to identify command signal trigger points, coil energization trigger points, and main circuit state change trigger points to determine the timing of each key action. The anti-interference processing unit is used to filter interference from the signals acquired by the electrical parameter acquisition module to ensure that the triggering time obtained by the triggering point identification unit is accurate.

8. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air tank according to claim 7, characterized by The trigger point identification unit includes an instruction trigger point identification subunit, a coil trigger point identification subunit, and a main circuit trigger point identification subunit; The command trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the command voltage signal: the trigger point of the AC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 80% of the rated command voltage, and the trigger point of the DC command voltage is the moment when the voltage rises from 0V to 90% of the rated command voltage. The coil trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger point of the coil current signal: the trigger point is the moment when the coil current rises from 0A to 10% of the coil's rated current; The main circuit trigger point identification subunit is used to identify the trigger points of the main circuit electrical parameters: the trigger point for the tripping action is when the main circuit current drops from 90% of the rated current to 10% of the rated current, and the trigger point for the closing action is when the main circuit current rises from 0A to 10% of the rated current. The anti-interference processing unit includes a hardware anti-interference subunit and a software anti-interference subunit; The hardware anti-interference subunit is used to achieve interference filtering through circuit design and filtering components: a double-shielded twisted pair cable is used as the signal acquisition line, the inner shield of the double-shielded twisted pair cable is grounded, and the outer shield is connected to the gas cabinet body; an RC filter circuit is connected in series at the input terminal of each unit of the electrical parameter acquisition module, the resistance of the RC filter circuit is 1kΩ, and the capacitance is 0.1μF; The software anti-interference subunit is used to implement interference filtering through algorithm logic: the identified trigger point is confirmed three times. After the trigger point is captured for the first time, the signal status is detected again after a delay of 1ms. If the trigger time deviation between the first detection and the second detection is not greater than 1ms, it is determined to be a valid trigger point. If the deviation is greater than 1ms, the third detection is started, and the time when two of the three detections are consistent is taken as the final trigger time.

9. The breaker switching failure diagnostic system for an air insulated switchgear according to claim 1, characterized by, The progressive judgment module includes an instruction-coil verification unit, a coil-main circuit verification unit, and an action target matching verification unit; The instruction-coil verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the instruction issuance time and the coil energization time, compare it with the normal timing reference corresponding to the current working condition, and realize fault classification judgment. The coil-main circuit verification unit is used to calculate the time difference between the moment the coil is energized and the moment the state of the main circuit changes, and combines the associated electrical parameters to trace the cause of the fault. The action target matching and verification unit is used to compare the closing command with the actual state of the main circuit, and combine the associated parameters to trace the cause of the action reverse fault.

10. The circuit breaker opening and closing fault diagnostic system for an air insulated switchgear according to claim 9, characterized by, The instruction-coil verification unit includes an anomaly classification subunit, which classifies anomalies into minor anomalies, moderate anomalies, and severe anomalies: a minor anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 5-10ms; a moderate anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by 11-20ms; and a severe anomaly is when the time difference exceeds the normal timing reference by more than 20ms or the coil is energized before the instruction is issued. The coil-main circuit verification unit includes a delay fault tracing subunit and a runaway fault tracing subunit; the delay fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of the action delay fault by combining the coil current peak value and the main circuit voltage fluctuation. The runaway fault tracing subunit is used to trace the cause of runaway faults by combining the partial discharge quantity of insulating gas; The action target matching and verification unit includes a reverse fault tracing subunit, which is used to trace the cause of reverse action faults by combining the coil current direction with the consistency of the actions of multiple circuit breakers. The fault output and control module includes a local output unit, a remote output unit, and a fault locking control unit. The local output unit outputs faults through a touch screen and an audible and visual alarm installed on the gas cabinet door: the touch screen displays the fault type, abnormal parameters and handling suggestions; the audible and visual alarm triggers a flashing red LED and intermittent buzzer sounding when there is a serious abnormality; the flashing frequency of the red LED is 1Hz; and the buzzer sounds for 1 second and stops for 1 second. The remote output unit uploads the fault diagnosis results to the power dispatching system via Ethernet. The fault diagnosis results include timestamps and parameter curves, and the remote output unit supports the IEC 61850 protocol. The fault lockout control unit is used to trigger fault lockout when preset conditions are met: the preset conditions are two consecutive occurrences of the same type of fault. After the fault lockout is triggered, only maintenance personnel are allowed to unlock the circuit breaker by password to restore the circuit breaker's opening and closing operation privileges.

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