Perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention provides a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power utilization device and a power generation device. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer which are stacked, wherein the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer which are stacked; the material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or a derivative thereof and an additive, the additive comprises a polymer containing at least one modified functional group, and the modified functional group comprises at least one of an element containing lone pair electrons and a group containing a pi bond. The perovskite solar cell is high in efficiency.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power consumption device and a power generation device. BACKGROUND

[0002] The statements herein merely provide background information related to the present application and do not necessarily constitute the prior art.

[0003] Perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy by using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite-type crystal materials. They are the third generation of solar cells and have many advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process and low production cost. In recent years, they have been extensively studied.

[0004] Fullerene or its derivative is an organic semiconductor material, which can be used as an electron transport layer material in perovskite solar cells. However, such perovskite solar cells generally have low efficiency. SUMMARY

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell with high efficiency, and a photovoltaic module, a power consumption device and a power generation device comprising the perovskite solar cell.

[0006] The first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked, the functional layer comprising an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer stacked; the material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or its derivative and an additive, the additive comprises a polymer containing at least one modified functional group, and the modified functional group comprises one or more of an element containing a lone pair of electrons and a group containing a π bond.

[0007] The above-mentioned perovskite solar cell, by adding a polymer containing a specific modified functional group to the functional layer using fullerene or its derivative as the electron transport material, is more conducive to the transmission of electrons, reduces the series resistance of the device, and thus improves the efficiency of the device.

[0008] In some embodiments, the modified functional group comprises one or more of a pyridyl group, an ester group, an amide group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group and a phenyl group. Using these groups as the modified functional group of the polymer is more conducive to improving the uniformity of fullerene or its derivative and reducing halogen vacancy defects in the perovskite layer, thereby obtaining better device efficiency.

[0009] In some embodiments, the structural unit in the polymer comprises one or more of the following structures:

[0010]

[0011] wherein R0represents the modified functional group;

[0012] R1, R2, and R3each independently comprise H or C1-C5 alkyl.

[0013] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises one or more of poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine) polystyrene, poly(4-vinylpyridine) poly(butyl methacrylate), polymethacrylic acid, poly(isopropyl acrylamide) polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid, and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene.

[0014] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 10 3 ~10 7 .

[0015] In some embodiments, the polymer has a mass percentage of 0.1% to 8% of the mass of the fullerene or derivative thereof. Controlling the mass percentage of the polymer can result in lower shunt resistance and higher efficiency. Further, the polymer has a mass percentage of 0.2% to 5% of the mass of the fullerene or derivative thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the fullerene or derivative thereof comprises one or more of C60, C70, PCBM, PC61BM, and PC71BM.

[0017] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite type metal halide with a chemical formula of ABX3;

[0018] wherein A comprises one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , MA + , and FA + ;

[0019] B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ ;

[0020] X comprises one or more of I - , Br - , and Cl - .

[0021] In a second aspect of the present application, the preparation method of the perovskite solar cell is provided, and the method comprises the following steps: preparing the functional layer on the surface of the first electrode layer;

[0022] preparing the second electrode layer on the surface of the functional layer;

[0023] The preparation of the functional layer comprises the steps of preparing an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer, and the step of preparing the electron transport layer comprises: mixing the fullerene or the derivative thereof and the additive, and film forming.

[0024] In a third aspect of the present application, a photovoltaic module is provided, comprising the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect.

[0025] In a fourth aspect of the present application, an electric device is provided, comprising the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect or the photovoltaic module of the third aspect.

[0026] In a fifth aspect of the present application, a power generation device is provided, comprising the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect or the photovoltaic module of the third aspect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0027] For better describing and illustrating the embodiments or examples provided by the present application, one or more drawings can be referred to. The additional details or examples used for describing the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any one of the disclosed applications, the presently described embodiments or examples, and the best mode presently understood of these applications. Moreover, the same reference numbers are used to represent the same components throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0028] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] In order to facilitate the understanding of the present application, the present application will be described more fully below with reference to the related drawings. The preferred embodiments of the present application are shown in the drawings. However, the present application can be implemented in many different forms, and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. On the contrary, the purpose of providing these embodiments is to make the disclosure of the present application more thorough and comprehensive.

[0030] "RANGES" disclosed herein can be defined with both a lower and an upper limit, and a given range is defined with a selected lower limit and a selected upper limit that define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner can be either inclusive or exclusive of the endpoints, either endpoint can be included or excluded independently of the other, and can be arbitrarily combined in any permutation. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also contemplated. In addition, if a minimum range value of 1 and 2 are listed, and if a maximum range value of 3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise indicated, a numerical range "a-b" indicates a shorthand way of describing each and every number that is an integer within the given range of a and b, wherein a and b are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between 0 and 5 have been listed herein, and "0-5" is merely a shorthand way of describing those numerical combinations. In addition, when a parameter is stated to be an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing the parameter as, for example, integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For example, when a parameter is stated to be an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0031] "AT LEAST ONE" in the present application means "one or more", and "more" means, unless otherwise specified, greater than 2 or equal to 2.

[0032] All embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions, if not otherwise specified.

[0033] Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of the application. The appearances of the phrase in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are they necessarily mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is explicitly understood that the embodiments described herein are combinable with each other. Reference herein to "an implementation" has a similar understanding.

[0034] It is understood by those skilled in the art that the order of writing each step in the method of each embodiment or example does not mean a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. If not specifically stated, all steps of the present application can be performed in sequence or randomly, preferably in sequence. For example, the method comprises steps (a) and (b), which means that the method can comprise steps (a) and (b) in sequence, or steps (b) and (a) in sequence. For example, the method also comprises step (c), which means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order, for example, the method can comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0035] In the present application, the open technical features or technical solutions described by the words "containing", "including", "comprising" and the like do not exclude additional members other than the listed members, and can be regarded as providing both a closed feature or solution composed of the listed members and an open feature or solution including additional members in addition to the listed members. For example, A includes a1, a2 and a3, and unless otherwise specified, it can also include other members or can not include additional members, and can be regarded as providing both the feature or solution that "A is composed of a1, a2 and a3" and the feature or solution that "A includes a1, a2 and a3, and also includes other members".

[0036] In the present application, unless otherwise specified, A (such as B) means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it can be understood that A is not limited to B.

[0037] When fullerene or its derivative is used as an electron transport layer material of perovskite solar cell, due to the large electron affinity of fullerene or its derivative, the carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cell is short and the electron transport capacity is limited, which is manifested as low device efficiency and high series resistance.

[0038] An embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer which are stacked, the functional layer comprising an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer which are stacked.

[0039] The material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or its derivative and an additive, the additive comprises a polymer comprising at least one modified functional group, and the modified functional group comprises one or more of an element comprising a lone pair of electrons and a group comprising a π bond.

[0040] The perovskite solar cell described above is able to reduce the pairing and agglomeration of the fullerene or its derivative by adding a polymer containing a specific modified functional group into a functional layer using fullerene or its derivative as an electron transport material, the modified functional group in the polymer is able to bond with the active group (such as ester group) in the fullerene or its derivative, and then the fullerene or its derivative is able to be dispersed uniformly in the layer structure, and the orientation is more conducive to the transmission of electrons, and the series resistance of the device is reduced, and then the efficiency of the device is improved.

[0041] In addition, the polymer has the above-mentioned modified functional group with a lone pair of electrons, which is able to pair with defects such as halogen vacancies in the perovskite layer, and then the stability of the device as a whole is improved.

[0042] Without limitation, the element containing a lone pair of electrons can be one or more of S element, F element, N element, and O element.

[0043] In some embodiments, the fullerene or its derivative and the additive in the electron transport layer are in a mixed state. It can be understood that the mixed state means a physical mixing between the two.

[0044] In some embodiments, the fullerene or its derivative includes one or more of C60, C70, PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester), PC61BM ([6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester), and PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester).

[0045] In some embodiments, the modified functional group includes one or more of pyridyl group, ester group, amide group, carboxyl group, cyano group, and phenyl group. Using these groups as the modified functional group of the polymer is more conducive to improving the uniformity of the fullerene or its derivative and reducing the halogen vacancy defects of the perovskite layer, and then a better device efficiency is obtained. Further, the modified functional group includes one or more of pyridyl group, ester group, amide group, carboxyl group, and phenyl group.

[0046] In some embodiments, the modified functional group includes pyridyl group, or a combination of pyridyl group and phenyl group, or a combination of pyridyl group and ester group, a combination of carboxyl group and amide group, a combination of ester group and carboxyl group, a combination of phenyl group and cyano group.

[0047] In some embodiments, the structural unit in the polymer includes one or more of the following structures:

[0048]

[0049] In the above structure, R0 represents the modified functional group described above;

[0050] R1, R2, and R3 each independently include H or C1-C5 alkyl.

[0051] Without limitation, the polymer includes one or more of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), poly(4-vinylpyridine)polystyrene (P4VPCS), poly(4-vinylpyridine)poly(butyl methacrylate) (P4VPCBMA), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA), poly(isopropylacrylamide)polymethacrylic acid (PIPAACMAA), polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid (PMMACMAA), and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene (PNACS).

[0052] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight-average molecular weight of 10. 3 ~10 7 .

[0053] In some embodiments, the polymer accounts for 0.1% to 8% of the mass of the fullerene or its derivative. Reasonably controlling the mass percentage of the polymer can achieve lower series resistance and higher efficiency. Specifically, the mass percentage of the polymer in the fullerene or its derivative includes, but is not limited to: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, or any range between the foregoing. Further, the mass percentage of the polymer in the fullerene or its derivative is 0.2% to 5%.

[0054] Without limitation, the polymer in the electron transport layer provided in the embodiments of this application can be measured by ion mass spectrometry (mass spectrum), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 1 Analysis was performed using methods such as 1H-NMR. Compared to other components, polymers have a larger molecular weight, so ion mass spectrometry (IMS) can detect their presence. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can detect characteristic peaks of polymers, such as carboxylic acid groups, ester groups, and ethers, which are not present in other layers. Using deuterated organic solvents such as DMSO-d6 to dissolve substances in the electron transport layer, the characteristic peaks of the polymer appear on the 1H NMR spectrum. Furthermore, the mass percentage of the polymer relative to fullerenes or their derivatives can be calculated by using the ratio of characteristic peaks of different substances in ion mass spectrometry and 1H NMR.

[0055] In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite layer includes a perovskite-type metal halide with the chemical formula ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0056] In some embodiments, A comprises one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , MA + , and FA + .

[0057] In some embodiments, B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ . Further, B comprises Pb 2+ . With the material of perovskite layer containing lead and the above-mentioned additives, the efficiency of single-junction perovskite solar cell can be improved.

[0058] In some embodiments, X comprises one or more of halogen or halogen-like. The halogen comprises one or more of I - , Br - , and Cl - . The halogen-like comprises SCN - , CN - , etc. Further, X comprises one or both of I - , Br - . X can be I - , Br - , or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, X is I - .

[0059] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite layer is 500 nm to 800 nm.

[0060] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 30 nm to 50 nm.

[0061] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked.

[0062] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer can comprise, but not limited to, one or more of the following materials or derivatives thereof: 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriazole amine (PTAA), nickel oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), WO3, and other materials that can transport holes and block electrons.

[0063] In some embodiments, at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a transparent electrode for light incidence. In some embodiments, the first electrode layer is a transparent electrode. Without limitation, the material of the transparent electrode can be exemplified by, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium-doped tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), and the like.

[0064] In some embodiments, the second electrode layer comprises a conductive material, and further, the conductive material can be an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a combination thereof. A non-limiting example of the inorganic conductive material is a metallic conductive material, and further, the metallic conductive material can include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), and the like, or any suitable mixture of the foregoing elements. The conductive material can include a conductive oxide, and further, the conductive material can be a conductive oxide; a non-limiting example of the conductive oxide can include one or more of FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, and the like.

[0065] Without limitation, the perovskite solar cell can be any one of a reverse p-i-n cell and a forward n-i-p cell. For the forward, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode and, in order, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked on the transparent electrode. For the reverse, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent electrode and, in order, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked on the transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is used for light incidence.

[0066] It can be understood that the structure of the perovskite solar cell involved in the present application can not be limited to the aforementioned listed structure layers. Other functional layers, such as a buffer layer, a passivation layer, and the like, can also be introduced according to requirements. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode layer 100, a hole transport layer 200, a passivation layer 300, a perovskite layer 400, an electron transport layer 500, a buffer layer 600, and a second electrode layer 700 arranged in layers. Figure 1

[0067] In some embodiments, the material of the passivation layer includes one or more of Me-4PACz, MeO-4PACz, Me-2PACz, and MeO-2PACz.

[0068] ​In some embodiments, the material of the buffer layer comprises one or more of tin oxide and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP).

[0069] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell comprises a single-junction cell and a stacked cell, such as a two-junction cell, a three-junction cell, a four-junction cell, etc. containing perovskite solar cells, for example, a perovskite-perovskite stacked cell, a perovskite-crystalline silicon stacked cell, etc.

[0070] Some embodiments of the present application provide a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell as described above, comprising the steps of: preparing a functional layer on a surface of a first electrode layer;

[0071] preparing a second electrode layer on a surface of the functional layer;

[0072] In some embodiments, the preparation of the functional layer comprises the steps of preparing an electron transport layer and preparing a perovskite layer, and the step of preparing the electron transport layer comprises: mixing fullerene or a derivative thereof and an additive, and film forming.

[0073] Without limitation, the step of preparing the electron transport layer comprises:

[0074] mixing the fullerene or the derivative thereof, the additive, and a solvent to prepare an electron transport layer precursor solution;

[0075] film forming the electron transport layer precursor solution by a spin coating method.

[0076] Some embodiments of the present application provide a photovoltaic module comprising a perovskite solar cell as described above.

[0077] Some embodiments of the present application provide an electric device comprising a perovskite solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0078] Some embodiments of the present application provide a power generation device comprising a perovskite solar cell as described above or a photovoltaic module as described above.

[0079] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell as described above can be used as a power generation device of an electric device. The type of the power generation device can include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device can include, but is not limited to, the roof of a car, a backboard, etc.

[0080] Further, the electric device as described above can include a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer, etc., an electric vehicle, an electric train, a ship and a satellite, a power generation system, etc., but is not limited thereto.

[0081] As another embodiment of the electric device, it can be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a calculator, etc.

[0082] As some other embodiments, the power consuming device can be a wearable device, such as a watch, etc.

[0083] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved in the present application clearer, the present application will be further described in detail below in combination with embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, but not all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative, but not as any limitation on the present application or its application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative labor fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0084] Unless otherwise specified in the embodiments, the techniques or conditions are carried out according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product instructions. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents or instruments used are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0085] Each polymer used in the embodiments is purchased from sigma-Aldrich.

[0086] Embodiment 1-1

[0087] The present embodiment is a perovskite solar cell, and the manufacturing steps are as follows:

[0088] (1) First electrode layer (FTO glass): The etched ITO glass is ultrasonically cleaned in a surfactant aqueous solution, distilled water, acetone and alcohol for 30 minutes respectively, and finally dried with nitrogen for standby.

[0089] (2) Hole transport layer (nickel oxide): Before starting the experiment, a water dispersion of nickel oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 20 mg / mL is prepared. Then the cleaned ITO glass is plasma treated for 3 minutes. Then the water dispersion of nickel oxide nanoparticles is spin-coated on the surface of the ITO glass under the condition of 30 s / 4000 rpm. Then it is transferred to a hot stage at 100 ℃ for annealing for 10 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature for standby. The thickness of the hole transport layer is 50 nm.

[0090] (3) Passivation layer (Me-4PACz): 0.3 mg / mL Me-4PACz isopropanol solution is spin-coated on the base at 5000 rpm / s, and annealed at 100 ℃ for 10 min to obtain the passivation layer, which is a monolayer with a thickness of about 1 nm~3 nm.

[0091] (4) Perovskite layer (CH3NH3PbI3): Perovskite precursor solution preparation: MAI powder, PbI2 powder and lead acetate powder were mixed in a ratio of 2.2 mmol: 0.4 mmol: 0.6 mmol, and the mixture was added to 1 mL of DMF and magnetically stirred for 6 hours. Then in the glove box, 35 µL of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite precursor solution was added to the upper surface of the passivation layer to start spin coating, and the spin coating conditions were 4000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, it was transferred to a hot stage at 100 ℃ for annealing and crystallization for 10 minutes to obtain a uniform and dense perovskite film with a thickness of 700 nm.

[0092] (5) Electron transport layer (PCBM layer containing polymer): Chlorobenzene was used as the solvent to prepare a solution with a PCBM concentration of 15 mg / mL. Then, 0.2% of the polymer material P4VP (weight average molecular weight of 60,000) was added to the PCBM solution, which means that the mass percentage of the polymer material P4VP in the PCBM is 0.2%. 90 µL of the resulting solution was spin-coated on the perovskite layer at a spin speed of 5000 rpm and an acceleration of 2000 rpm / s for 30 seconds to obtain an electron transport layer with a thickness of 40 nm.

[0093] (6) Buffer layer (ALD tin oxide): Atomic layer deposition process was used to deposit tin oxide on the surface of the interpenetrating layer. The tin source was tetrakis(diethylamine) tin, and the reaction source was water. After the tin source was combined, the excess compounds were blown off, and then the reaction source was blown off again. One cycle was completed. After 200 cycles, a 20 nm thick tin oxide was prepared.

[0094] (7) Second electrode layer (Ag): After the atomic layer deposition was completed, the device was transferred to an evaporation chamber, silver particles were placed in the evaporation boat, and the chamber door was closed. Vacuum was extracted to 10 -4 Pa, and 100 nm of silver electrode was evaporated at a speed of 0.7 Å / s. After stopping the vacuum, it was taken out, and the preparation of the perovskite solar cell was finally completed.

[0095] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 1-2 has the same manufacturing steps as Example 1-1, the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material in the PCBM is 1%.

[0096] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 1-3 has the same manufacturing steps as Example 1-1, the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material in the PCBM is 3%.

[0097] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 1-4 has the same manufacturing steps as Example 1-1, the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material in the PCBM is 5%.

[0098] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 1-5 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the amount of the polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material to PCBM is 8%.

[0099] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 2-1 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the polymer material is replaced by P4VPCS (weight average molecular weight is 100,000).

[0100] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 2-2 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 2-1, except that the amount of the polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0101] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 3-1 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the polymer material is replaced by P4VPCBMA (weight average molecular weight is 100,000).

[0102] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 3-2 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 3-1, except that the amount of the polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0103] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 4-1 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the polymer material is replaced by PMAA (weight average molecular weight is 50,000).

[0104] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 4-2 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 4-1, except that the amount of the polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0105] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 5-1 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the polymer material is replaced by PIPAACMAA (weight average molecular weight is 60,000).

[0106] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 5-2 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 5-1, except that the amount of the polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of the polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0107] The perovskite solar cell provided in Example 6-1 has the same manufacturing steps as those in Example 1-1, except that the polymer material is replaced by PMMACMAA (weight average molecular weight is 34,000).

[0108] Example 6-2 provides a perovskite solar cell, the fabrication steps of which are the same as those of Example 6-1, the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0109] Example 7-1 provides a perovskite solar cell, the fabrication steps of which are the same as those of Example 1-1, the main difference being that the polymer material is replaced by PANCS (weight average molecular weight is 165,000).

[0110] Example 7-2 provides a perovskite solar cell, the fabrication steps of which are the same as those of Example 7-1, the main difference being that the amount of polymer is increased so that the mass percentage of polymer material to PCBM is 1%.

[0111] Comparative Example 1 provides a perovskite solar cell, the fabrication steps of which are the same as those of Example 1-1, the main difference being that no polymer material is added.

[0112] Test Example:

[0113] The open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor and energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell are tested by using the I-V measurement method (effective area 0.08 cm 2 ).

[0114] By changing the bias voltage point and simultaneously measuring the current, the I-V characteristics (current-voltage curve) of the sample being tested can be obtained.

[0115] a) Place the test fixture containing the sample cell on the sample holder so that it is in the measurement plane and ensure that the sample cell is located at the center of the light spot of the solar simulator (or the normal line of the photovoltaic cell is parallel to the center line of the light beam emitted by the light source of the solar simulator);

[0116] b) Under the condition of 1000 W / m 2 irradiance, mask the sample cell being tested, and use a temperature monitoring device to control the temperature of the sample cell so that the temperature of the sample being tested is maintained at (25±3℃) during the measurement process;

[0117] c) Set the scanning direction, voltage range, scanning interval voltage and scanning interval time, etc. It is recommended that the scanning interval is not greater than 0.02V and the interval time between adjacent two points is not less than 0.3s. Measure the forward and reverse scanning current-voltage characteristics of the sample cell being tested, and record the open-circuit voltage V OC , short-circuit current J SC .

[0118] Calculation formula:

[0119] Fill factor FF =J max *V max / (V OC *JSC

[0120] Energy conversion efficiency PCE = P max in , P in is the incident light intensity, which is equal to 10 3 W / m 2 .

[0121] The test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0122] Table 1

[0123]

[0124] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with Comparative Example 1, the efficiency of the battery can be significantly improved by using a polymer as an additive according to the embodiments of the present application.

[0125] As can be seen from the comparison between Examples 1-1 to 1-5, when the mass percentage of the polymer in the fullerene or derivative thereof is 0.2% to 5%, the efficiency of the battery is higher.

[0126] As can be seen from the comparison between Examples 1-1 to 1-5, Examples 2-1 to 2-2, Examples 3-1 to 3-2, Examples 4-1 to 4-2, Examples 5-1 to 5-2, Examples 6-1 to 6-2, and Examples 7-1 to 7-2, using different types of polymers containing at least one modified functional group can all achieve high battery efficiency.

[0127] The technical features of the above-described embodiments can be combined in any manner. To make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described embodiments are described, however, as long as the combinations of the technical features do not contradict each other, they should be considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0128] The above-described embodiments only express several embodiments of the present application, and the description is relatively specific and detailed, but it should not be understood as limiting the scope of the patent. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the concept of the present application, a number of modifications and improvements can be made, which are within the scope of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of the present application should be subject to the appended claims.​​

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized by, The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack, wherein the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in a stack. The material of the electron transport layer comprises fullerene or a derivative thereof and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a polymer comprising at least one modified functional group, and the modified functional group comprises one or more of an element comprising a lone pair of electrons and a group comprising a π bond.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The modified functional group comprises one or more of a pyridyl group, an ester group, an amide group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group and a phenyl group.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The structural unit in the polymer comprises one or more of the following structures: wherein R0 represents the modified functional group; R1, R2 and R3 each independently comprise H or a C1-C5 alkyl group.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The polymer comprises one or more of poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine) polystyrene, poly(4-vinylpyridine) poly(butyl methacrylate), polymethacrylic acid, poly(isopropyl acrylamide) polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate polymethacrylic acid and polyacrylonitrile polystyrene.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The weight average molecular weight of the polymer is 10 3 ~10 7 .

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The mass percentage of the polymer in the fullerene or the derivative thereof is 0.1% to 8%.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The mass percentage of the polymer in the fullerene or the derivative thereof is 0.2% to 5%.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The fullerene or the derivative thereof comprises one or more of C60, C70, PCBM, PC61BM and PC71BM.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The material of the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite type metal halide with a chemical formula of ABX3. wherein A comprises one or more of Cs + , K + , Rb + , MA + , and FA + . B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ . X comprises one or more of I - , Br - , and CI - .

10. The method of producing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by, The method comprises the following steps: preparing the functional layer on the surface of the first electrode layer; The method comprises the following steps: preparing the functional layer on the surface of the first electrode layer; The method comprises the following steps: preparing the functional layer on the surface of the first electrode layer; 11. A photovoltaic module, characterized by The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack, wherein the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in a stack.

12. An electrical device, characterized by The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack, wherein the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in a stack.

13. A power generation device characterized by comprising: The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stack, wherein the functional layer comprises an electron transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in a stack.

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