Active and passive cold protection units, cold protection devices and their cold protection systems for tunnels in cold regions

Abstract

This invention discloses an active-passive cold-proof unit, cold-proof device, and cold-proof system for tunnels in cold regions. It relates to the field of cold-proof tunnel insulation technology and aims to solve the problems of existing cold-proof tunnel insulation systems or devices, such as installation difficulties, high costs, poor convection effects due to turbulent airflow, high energy consumption and environmental unfriendliness, and insufficient applicability and flexibility of single passive insulation measures. The device includes an air heat collection chamber containing a heat storage device, radiation absorbing material, and transparent panels; a prefabricated cold-proof unit that can be assembled longitudinally along the tunnel (the inner insulation layer and heat-conducting layer are snap-fitted together to form an intermediate layer containing an air cavity and convection channels, with the convection channels connected by guide pipes); a dual-mode air supply fan; insulated air supply and return pipes; multi-position sensing components; a feedback adjustment device for controlling temperature thresholds; and a photovoltaic energy storage device. This invention combines active and passive insulation, is easy to assemble, utilizes hot air circulation, and provides energy-saving photovoltaic power, making it suitable for the needs of tunnels in cold regions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of thermal insulation and cold protection technology for tunnels in cold regions, specifically to an active-passive cold protection unit, cold protection device and cold protection system for tunnels in cold regions. Background Technology

[0002] Tunnels in cold regions are frequently subjected to sub-zero temperatures, leading to frequent frost damage that poses a serious threat to tunnel structural stability and public transportation safety. The most common industrial approach to mitigate and eliminate frost damage is to lay insulation layers. These insulation layers themselves do not generate heat; instead, they maintain the temperature of the surrounding rock by slowing down heat dissipation and reducing the impact of sub-zero airflow within the tunnel—a passive insulation measure. However, in practical engineering applications, while insulation layers can alleviate frost damage to some extent, their limited insulation performance cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, some researchers have improved the insulation layer structure to enhance its insulation performance. For example, patent specification ZL201810096940.3 discloses a cold-region tunnel insulation system and installation method; patent specification ZL202110665276.1 discloses a positive accumulated temperature ventilation control device and method for a cold-region tunnel detached insulation structure; and patent specification ZL200410040062.1 discloses a device for maintaining thermal stability in high-altitude tunnels. While these insulation systems or devices have a positive effect on alleviating frost damage, they may still have the following problems: 1. The arched insulation device of the cold-region tunnel insulation system consists of too many connecting parts, and the latter two devices are an integral structure in the longitudinal direction. Considering that the longitudinal frost protection length of cold-region tunnels is generally long, all three systems or devices have problems such as difficult installation and high installation costs; 2. The above insulation systems or devices achieve the insulation effect by continuously introducing hot (cold) air, but because the airflow direction within the structure is not guided, airflow turbulence, incomplete coverage, and large local temperature differences are likely to occur, resulting in poor convection effect.

[0003] In conclusion, passive insulation measures alone are insufficient to cope with the complex and ever-changing meteorological environment of tunnels in cold regions. Effective prevention and control of tunnel frost damage urgently requires a combination of active and passive insulation measures to enhance flexibility and applicability. In addition, while achieving sufficient insulation performance, improving the ease of installation and maintenance, cost control, and green energy efficiency of insulation structures is also of great practical significance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to solve the problems of existing cold-region tunnel insulation systems or devices, such as installation difficulties, high costs, poor convection effect due to airflow turbulence, high energy consumption and environmental unfriendliness, and insufficient applicability and flexibility of single passive insulation measures. The invention provides an energy-saving and consumption-reducing prefabricated active-passive cold protection device for cold-region tunnels and its installation method, which combines active-passive insulation function, convenient prefabricated assembly, high-temperature air circulation and photovoltaic green power supply characteristics.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the technical solution adopted is as follows:

[0006] The first aspect of this invention discloses an active-passive cold-proofing unit for tunnels in cold regions, which is installed on the secondary lining surface of a tunnel to provide thermal insulation and cold protection for the tunnel. It includes a heat insulation layer, a heat-conducting layer, and an air-insulating structure formed between the heat insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer. The air-insulating structure includes an air cavity and a convection channel. A connecting member is provided on one of the heat insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer, and a mating member is provided on the other. The connection between the mating member and the connecting member allows the heat-conducting layer to be connected to the heat insulation layer with a gap between them. The convection channel is constructed such that it is enclosed by the connecting member and the mating member after the heat-conducting layer is connected to the heat insulation layer, and is designed to receive external hot air. The air cavity is formed by the gap between the heat-conducting layer and the heat insulation layer after they are connected. In the initial state, the convection channel and the insulation cavity are filled with room temperature air to provide passive insulation for the tunnel. When the convection channel receives hot air from the outside, it can provide active insulation by actively providing heat to the tunnel.

[0007] In a specific embodiment, the overall cold-proof unit can be configured as a flexible structure that can fit tightly against the tunnel surface. Along the tunnel's longitudinal direction, the cold-proof unit is assembled in a modular fashion, with several units forming an overall cold-proof device. The number of these units can be flexibly selected based on the cold-proof length of tunnels in different cold regions.

[0008] The cold-proof unit itself is divided into three radial layers, from the inside out (using a person inside the tunnel as a reference point, the side closer to the person inside the tunnel is the inner side, and the side farther away from the person is the outer side). The first layer is an insulation layer, the second layer is an air-insulating structure composed of convection channels and air cavities, and the third layer is a heat-conducting layer. The insulation and heat-conducting layers can be plates or sheets. The insulation layer is a thermal insulation material with very low thermal conductivity, used to reduce the adverse effects of sub-zero air on the tunnel structure and surrounding rock. The heat-conducting layer is in close contact with the surface of the secondary tunnel lining and has a large thermal conductivity, capable of transferring heat from the high-temperature air to the tunnel structure. The convection channels and air cavities are formed by overlapping the insulation and heat-conducting layers, which are connected by snap-fit ​​connections. For example, the insulation layer has male snaps, and the heat-conducting layer has female snaps, which are snapped together to form convection channels and air cavities. This process can be completed in advance in the factory or on-site in the tunnel.

[0009] In this application, the convection channel and the air cavity can be relatively independent spaces, or they can be connected by perforation; the convection channel and the air cavity contain air with poor thermal conductivity, and have both passive and active insulation functions; when passive insulation is used, the air in the convection channel and the air cavity is in a static state, while when active insulation is used, hot air continuously flows along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel in the convection channel, forming an active insulation method with longitudinal convection as the main component and circumferential conduction as the auxiliary component, so as to heat the air in the air cavity and the tunnel lining.

[0010] It is important to note that in active insulation, the hot air is flowing (or circulating), while in passive insulation, the convection channel contains static air with poor thermal conductivity. Specifically, this refers to the air filling the air cavity and convection channel that is not actively transported (no external force drives its flow). Due to its poor thermal conductivity, the static air works synergistically with the inner insulation layer to reduce heat exchange between the tunnel lining and the external environment, thus achieving passive insulation of the tunnel lining. This static air, functionally distinct from the flowing high-temperature air in the convection channel driven by the blower for active heating, together support the combined active and passive insulation mode.

[0011] In this application, the frost protection units can be configured as multiple units assembled longitudinally along the tunnel, and the number can be flexibly selected according to the actual frost protection length of the tunnel. Furthermore, the frost protection units support factory prefabrication (reducing on-site processing steps) and rapid on-site assembly along the tunnel's longitudinal direction, eliminating the need for designs in existing technologies where "arched insulation devices consist of too many connecting parts" or are "a monolithic structure in the longitudinal direction." This structure is well-suited to the long longitudinal frost protection length of tunnels in cold regions, significantly reducing on-site installation difficulty and costs. Moreover, if maintenance is required later, only damaged units can be replaced locally, without the need for complete dismantling and reconstruction, further improving the convenience and cost control of installation and maintenance.

[0012] In one specific embodiment, the connecting member includes a connecting main body, a first half-groove formed on the connecting main body and open to the outside, and connecting slots respectively provided on both sides of the first half-groove in the lateral direction of its length extension; the mating member includes a mating main body, a second half-groove formed on the mating main body and open to the outside, and wings respectively formed on both sides of the second half-groove in the lateral direction of its length extension; the connecting slots can accept the insertion of the wings and lock the inserted wings, and the wings and the corresponding connecting slots form a connection or connection; the first half-groove and the second half-groove together constitute the convection channel; the gap between two adjacent convection channels and between the heat-conducting layer and the heat-insulating layer forms an air cavity, such that the air cavity and the convection channel are spaced apart.

[0013] During connection, the flanges of the mating component can be inserted into the connecting slots of the corresponding connecting component, forming a locking mechanism, thereby connecting the mating component and the connecting component, and further connecting the heat-conducting layer and the heat-insulating layer. After connection, the inner sides of the two side walls of the connecting slot each have abutment portions, which can abut against the two side walls of the flange, forming a secure lock and sealing the connection, thus ensuring the airtightness of the convection channel at the connection and preventing leakage of room temperature air or subsequently introduced hot air from the connection. With the connection structure of this application, not only can the heat-conducting layer and the heat-insulating layer be quickly connected, but the convection channel can also be quickly formed. This is substantially different from common solutions in the prior art, because in the prior art, the connecting component that connects the two parts and the channel for air circulation are set up independently. However, in this application, the formation of the convection channel is cleverly integrated into the connection of the connecting component, so that the convection channel is formed simultaneously when the connecting component is connected, eliminating the need for additional convection channels.

[0014] In other words, this application simplifies the assembly process between radial layers of the cold protection unit by eliminating the need for numerous additional connecting parts or complex tools, thereby improving on-site assembly efficiency. The clamping connection can stably form an intermediate layer containing air cavities and convection channels, effectively preventing structural deformation of the intermediate layer caused by interlayer displacement, ensuring the stable performance of passive insulation and active heating functions, and enhancing the structural reliability of the cold protection unit.

[0015] The first and second semi-grooves are each equipped with heat storage plates, and after the connecting and mating components are connected, the heat storage plates in the two semi-grooves are parallel to each other. The heat storage plates are pre-installed in the semi-grooves, perpendicular to the bottom of the semi-grooves and aligned with the extension direction of the semi-grooves. After hot air is introduced into the convection channel, heat is accumulated through the heat storage plates, allowing the heat to be slowly dissipated into the tunnel, thereby increasing the insulation time.

[0016] There are gaps between the edges of the heat storage plates in the first half-groove and the bottom of the second half-groove, and between the edges of the heat storage plates in the second half-groove and the bottom of the first half-groove. This allows the heat storage plates to be arranged in a staggered pattern within the convection channel, and the gaps between all adjacent heat storage plates can be connected. That is, a serpentine flow channel is formed on the radial cross-section of the convection channel, which enables each heat storage plate to effectively accumulate heat.

[0017] According to the cold-proof unit disclosed in the first aspect of the present invention, the heat storage plate is made of a heat storage phase change material. The heat storage phase change material can be any existing heat storage phase change material, and is not limited thereto.

[0018] According to the first aspect of the present invention, the cold-proof unit is generally constructed in an arc shape, wherein the heat-conducting layer is an outer layer close to the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel, and the heat-insulating layer is an inner layer away from the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel; in the circumferential direction of the tunnel, multiple sets of mating components and connecting components are provided, and the mating components and connecting components in each set extend along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel.

[0019] According to the first aspect of the present invention, a flow-guiding insertion tube is provided at one end of the convection channel, and a flow-guiding receiving tube is provided at the other end. The flow-guiding insertion tube can be operably inserted into the flow-guiding receiving tubes of adjacent flow-guiding units corresponding to the convection channels, thereby connecting adjacent flow-guiding units based on the connection of the flow-guiding insertion tube and the flow-guiding receiving tube, and making the convection channels between adjacent flow-guiding units interconnected. That is, the inner diameter of the flow-guiding receiving tube is the same as the outer diameter of the flow-guiding insertion tube, and adjacent flow-guiding units are connected through the flow-guiding insertion tube and the flow-guiding receiving tube.

[0020] In existing technologies, both the assembly of components and the connection of pipes within components are achieved using separate, independent components. That is, the connectors for assembling components and the connectors for connecting pipes exist independently. However, in this application, the flow-guiding pipe and the flow-guiding insert pipe work together to achieve two functions: first, they enable prefabricated assembly of the insulation units, allowing for selection of the required number of insulation units based on the tunnel length, significantly reducing assembly difficulties and costs; second, the pipe structure of the flow-guiding pipe and the flow-guiding insert pipe enables the connection of convection channels between adjacent insulation units, thus ensuring that the overall insulation device has a completely connected convection channel.

[0021] According to the first aspect of the present invention, the cold-proof unit is wherein both the insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer are prefabricated in a factory and can be assembled at the tunnel construction site to form the cold-proof unit.

[0022] The second aspect of this invention discloses a cold-proof device for tunnels in cold regions, comprising a plurality of cold-proof units disclosed in the first aspect of this invention, wherein the cold-proof units are connected sequentially in the longitudinal extension direction of the tunnel, and the convection channels between adjacent cold-proof units are interconnected; it also includes an insulated air supply pipe and an insulated return pipe, wherein the insulated air supply pipe is connected to the convection channel of the cold-proof unit located at the tunnel entrance, so as to be able to input outside hot air into the convection channel; the insulated return pipe is connected to the convection channel of the cold-proof unit located at the end of the tunnel, for recovering the hot airflow flowing through the convection channel through the cold-proof device.

[0023] The third aspect of this invention discloses a cold-proofing system for tunnels in cold regions, including the cold-proofing device disclosed in the second aspect of this invention; it also includes an air heat collection chamber, an air supply device, a temperature sensor, and a control device, wherein the air heat collection chamber is configured to heat its internal air based on solar energy to form hot air; the end of the insulated return pipe is connected to the air heat collection chamber; the air supply device is connected between the air heat collection chamber and the insulated air supply pipe of the cold-proofing device, and is configured to switch between a normal temperature air supply state and a heated air supply state; multiple temperature sensors are provided, at least arranged inside the tunnel, between the cold-proofing unit and the tunnel secondary lining surface, and inside the insulated return pipe; the control device is connected to the temperature sensors to receive real-time temperature data, and controls the air supply device to switch between a normal temperature air supply state, a heated air supply state, and a closed state based on the real-time temperature data.

[0024] The air collector chamber is a sealed space with transparent panels on its sides and top. The transparent panels are configured to allow full transmission of sunlight and reduce the heat loss of the high-temperature air inside the air collector chamber. The bottom of the air collector chamber is equipped with radiation-absorbing material, which is configured to absorb solar radiation energy to heat the air inside the air collector chamber, forming an air heat source that provides high-temperature air and can transfer the heat to the heat storage device for storage.

[0025] In this invention, the transparent plate has extremely low thermal conductivity. The air-collecting chamber's sealed structure, combined with the transparent plates on the sides and top, ensures full sunlight transmission while reducing heat loss from the hot indoor air. The radiation-absorbing material at the bottom can efficiently absorb solar radiation to heat the air, improving heat collection efficiency. At the same time, it transfers the heat to the heat storage device for storage, ensuring a stable heat source even on cloudy days or at night when there is no solar radiation. This reduces reliance on external heating equipment and further lowers energy consumption.

[0026] Existing insulation systems or devices consume a large amount of electrical energy to heat the air during operation, and the destination of the heated air is not specified, nor is the heated high-temperature air reused. Therefore, they consume a lot of energy and increase operation and maintenance costs during use, and fail to reflect the concept of green environmental protection. In this invention, the insulation layer is a thermal insulation material with very low thermal conductivity, used to reduce the adverse effects of negative temperature air on the tunnel structure and surrounding rock; the thermally conductive layer is in close contact with the tunnel surface and has a large thermal conductivity, capable of transferring the heat of the high-temperature air to the tunnel structure; the convection channel and air cavity are formed by the inner insulation layer and the thermally conductive layer superimposed on the outer side of the inner insulation layer, and are filled with static air with poor thermal conductivity. The static air in the convection channel and air cavity works synergistically with the inner insulation layer to achieve passive insulation of the tunnel lining. At the same time, the high-temperature air is transported through the convection channel to achieve active heating, forming a combined active and passive insulation mode. This mode breaks through the limitations of single passive insulation, can flexibly cope with the complex and changeable meteorological environment of tunnels in cold regions, enhance the flexibility and applicability of cold protection measures, and effectively ensure the effect of tunnel frost damage prevention.

[0027] Furthermore, in this application, under active insulation conditions, the hot airflow forms a complete closed-loop transport and return path: "high-temperature air generated in the air collector chamber → insulated air supply duct → frost-proof unit convection channel → insulated return duct → air collector chamber," constructing an orderly air circulation. The insulated air supply duct directionally transports the high-temperature air from the air collector chamber to the frost-proof unit; since the frost-proof unit consists of multiple prefabricated units assembled along the tunnel's longitudinal direction, their convection channels connect to form a longitudinally connected whole, guiding the hot airflow to evenly cover the tunnel lining; the insulated return duct directionally returns the airflow after passing through the convection channel to the air collector chamber, avoiding disorderly airflow diffusion. This path is clear and controllable, effectively solving the problems of airflow turbulence, incomplete coverage, and large local temperature differences that easily occur in existing technologies due to "lack of guidance on the direction of airflow within the structure," significantly improving the convection effect of active heating and the temperature uniformity of the tunnel lining.

[0028] Furthermore, by using the air-heating collector to absorb solar radiation and heat the indoor air, and with its internal heat storage device storing the heat converted from solar radiation, the reliance on additional electricity to heat the air is reduced. The photovoltaic energy storage device converts solar radiation into electricity to power various electrical components such as the blower, heat storage device, and feedback regulation device, replacing the existing technology's mode of "consuming a large amount of electricity to heat the air during operation". The insulated return pipe returns the high-temperature air that has flowed through the convection channel of the cold protection unit to the air-heating collector for reuse, avoiding the problem of "not explaining the destination of the heated high-temperature air and not reusing it, resulting in energy waste" in the existing technology, which significantly reduces the energy consumption and maintenance costs of the device, fully embodying the concept of green environmental protection.

[0029] The air supply device can be a blower with two operating modes: ambient temperature air supply and heated air supply. It can switch to the corresponding operating mode to deliver high-temperature air based on the adjustment command issued by the feedback regulating device. Specifically, when the temperature between the tunnel and the cold-proof unit is higher than a preset temperature threshold, it switches to the ambient temperature air supply mode to avoid energy waste; when the temperature is lower than the preset temperature threshold, it switches to the heated air supply mode to accurately meet the cold-proof requirements, ensuring stable tunnel lining temperature while improving the energy efficiency of the device.

[0030] Meanwhile, the air supply method is also adjusted according to the actual heat source conditions of the air collector (including the heat storage device). If the air temperature provided by the air collector meets the active heating requirements, heating can be achieved by simply relying on the fan in the normal temperature air supply mode, further reducing energy consumption; if insufficient solar radiation causes the air temperature provided by the air collector to fall below the threshold, the heating air supply mode is activated to ensure that the air delivered to the convection channel meets the heating requirements, avoiding the problems of "excessive energy consumption" or "insufficient heating" caused by a single air supply mode, and improving the adaptability of the device to different meteorological conditions.

[0031] The feedback adjustment device presets a first temperature threshold and a second temperature threshold; when the temperature sensor between the tunnel and the cold protection unit detects that the temperature is lower than the first temperature threshold, it controls the blower to switch to the heating and air supply mode; when the temperature is higher than the second temperature threshold, it controls the blower to switch to the normal temperature air supply mode or stop running, and the first temperature threshold is lower than the second temperature threshold.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment, a heat storage device is provided in the middle of the air collector chamber. The radiation-absorbing material of the air collector chamber has a high radiation absorptivity to absorb solar radiation energy, which can both heat the air in the air collector chamber and transfer the heat to the heat storage device for storage.

[0033] In another preferred embodiment, the cold-proofing system of the present invention further includes a photovoltaic energy storage system, installed outside the tunnel entrance. This system utilizes photovoltaic modules to absorb solar radiation energy for electrical conversion and storage, providing power to the blower, heat storage device, and feedback regulation device. The photovoltaic energy storage system can utilize solar radiation energy for electrical conversion and storage, serving as a power reserve for the operation of the blower, heat storage device, and feedback regulation device. The entire heat preservation and cold-proofing process is powered by solar radiation energy, a green energy source, requiring no additional energy input, fully embodying the concepts of green, low-carbon, energy-saving, and consumption-reducing.

[0034] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] The cold-proof unit provided by this invention can meet the cold-proofing needs of tunnels in different cold regions. The cold-proofing length can be flexibly adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of cold-proofing units, without being limited by the size of the tunnel, and has a wide range of applications. In addition, the structure can be assembled by factory prefabrication and on-site assembly, which is simple to install and easy to operate and maintain in the later stage.

[0036] Moreover, compared with the prior art, the cold protection unit of the present invention provides a dual insulation mode that combines active and passive insulation. On the one hand, the insulation layer of the cold protection unit is a heat-insulating material, and there is static air with poor thermal conductivity in the air cavity. The combination of the two can achieve a good passive insulation effect. On the other hand, the blower can deliver hot airflow to the convection channel, which can actively heat the tunnel structure. Under the dual insulation mode that combines active and passive insulation, the problem of freezing damage in cold tunnels can be effectively prevented.

[0037] Based on the cold-proof system provided by this invention, during the autumn and winter seasons, when the solar radiation is strong on sunny days, the radiation-absorbing material in the air heat collector can convert solar radiation energy, a green energy source, into heat energy to heat the indoor air. The indoor hot air is sent to the convection channel by a blower, where it heats the tunnel structure through convection heat exchange. After flowing through the convection channel in the middle of the tunnel, the hot air is transported back to the air heat collector through an insulated return pipe, realizing the internal circulation of hot airflow. Through this process, the tunnel structure and surrounding rock store heat during the day to cope with the low temperature environment at night. When used on cloudy days or sunny nights in winter, the tunnel structure and surrounding rock are first used to store heat during the day... The heat stored in the air, along with the passive insulation performance of the insulation layer and air cavity (air does not flow in the convection channel), copes with negative temperature conditions. Based on the real-time temperature data collected by the feedback adjustment device, when the temperature between the tunnel and the frost protection unit is lower than a threshold, the heat storage device begins to release heat to heat the air in the air collector chamber, and the blower then delivers hot air into the convection channel to actively heat the structure until it exceeds a certain temperature threshold. In spring and summer, although the tunnel in the cold region is not threatened by frost damage, the frost protection system of this invention can still absorb solar radiation energy to increase the overall temperature of the tunnel and surrounding rock, and store heat energy through the heat storage device to cope with the low temperature environment in autumn and winter.

[0038] The present invention, with reference to the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings and the reference numerals, discloses in detail the active-passive cold protection unit, cold protection device and cold protection system for tunnels in cold regions. Attached Figure Description

[0039] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the cold-proof unit in this invention.

[0040] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer in the cold protection unit.

[0041] Figure 3 for Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle.

[0042] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the cold protection device in this invention, which is assembled from multiple cold protection units.

[0043] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the overall cold protection system in this invention.

[0044] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the cold-proof system of the present invention after it has been assembled in a tunnel.

[0045] Figure Labels

[0046] 1. Air collector chamber; 101. Transparent panel; 102. Radiation absorbing material; 103. Heat storage device; 2. Cold protection unit; 201. Insulation layer; 202. Heat-conducting layer; 203. Convection channel; 204. Air cavity; 205. Connecting component; 206. Fitting component; 207. Guide insertion pipe; 208. Guide receiving pipe; 209. Connecting main body; 210. First half-groove; 211. Connecting slot; 212. Fitting main body; 213. Second half-groove; 214. Wing edge; 215. Heat storage plate; 3. Blower; 4. Insulated air supply pipe; 5. Insulated return pipe; 6. Temperature sensor; 7. Speed ​​sensor; 8. Control device; 9. Photovoltaic energy storage device; 10. Tunnel. Detailed Implementation

[0047] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the technical solutions of this invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with embodiments of this invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are one embodiment of this invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0048] like Figure 1As shown, this application provides an active-passive cold protection unit for tunnels in cold regions, which is used to provide thermal insulation and cold protection for tunnels when mounted on the secondary lining surface of the tunnel. The cold protection unit 2 includes a heat insulation layer 201, a heat conduction layer 202, and an air-insulating insulation structure formed between the heat insulation layer 201 and the heat conduction layer 202. The air-insulating insulation structure includes an air cavity 204 and a convection channel 203. A connecting member 205 is provided on the heat conduction layer 202, and a mating member 206 is provided on the heat insulation layer 201. Alternatively, the connecting member 205 can be provided on the heat insulation layer 201, and the mating member 206 can be provided on the heat conduction layer 202. By means of the connection between the mating member 206 and the connecting member 205, the heat-conducting layer 202 can be connected to the heat insulation layer 201 with a gap between them; the convection channel 203 is constructed such that after the heat-conducting layer 202 is connected to the heat insulation layer 201, it is enclosed by the connecting member 205 and the mating member 206, and the convection channel 203 is constructed to receive external hot air; the air cavity 204 is formed by the gap between the heat-conducting layer 202 and the heat insulation layer 201 after they are connected; in the initial state, the convection channel 203 and the heat insulation cavity are filled with room temperature air to provide passive heat insulation for the tunnel; when the convection channel 203 receives hot air from the outside, it can achieve active heat insulation for the tunnel.

[0049] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the heat insulation layer 201 and the heat conduction layer 202 in the cold protection unit 2. Figure 3 for Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle. Combined with... Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the connecting member 205 includes a connecting main body 209, a first half-groove 210 formed on the connecting main body 209 and open to the outside, and connecting slots 211 respectively provided on both sides of the first half-groove 210 in the lateral direction of its length extension; the mating member 206 includes a mating main body 212, a second half-groove 213 formed on the mating main body 212 and open to the outside, and wings 214 respectively formed on both sides of the second half-groove 213 in the lateral direction of its length extension; the connecting slots 211 can accept the insertion of the wings 214 and clamp the inserted wings 214, and the wings 214 and the corresponding connecting slots 211 form a connection or connection. The first half-groove 210 and the second half-groove 213 together constitute the convection channel 203. The gap between two adjacent convection channels 203 and between the heat-conducting layer 202 and the heat-insulating layer 201 forms an air cavity 204, so that the air cavity 204 and the convection channel 203 are spaced apart.

[0050] Combination Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, heat storage plates 215 are respectively arranged in the first half-groove 210 and the second half-groove 213. After the connecting member 205 and the mating member 206 are connected, the heat storage plates 215 in the two half-grooves are parallel to each other. After the connecting member 205 and the mating member 206 are connected, there is a gap between the edge of the heat storage plate 215 in the first half-groove 210 and the bottom of the second half-groove 213, and there is a gap between the edge of the heat storage plate 215 in the second half-groove 213 and the bottom of the first half-groove 210, so that the heat storage plates 215 are arranged in an alternating pattern in the convection channel 203, and the gaps between all adjacent heat storage plates 215 can be connected.

[0051] In a preferred embodiment, the heat storage plate 215 is made of a heat storage phase change material.

[0052] Back to Figure 1 The overall structure of the cold protection unit 2 is arc-shaped, wherein the heat-conducting layer 202 is the outer layer close to the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel, and the heat insulation layer 201 is the inner layer away from the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel; in the circumferential direction of the tunnel, multiple sets of mating components 206 and connecting components 205 are set accordingly, and the mating components 206 and connecting components 205 in each set extend along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel.

[0053] Combination Figure 1 As shown, one end of the convection channel 203 is provided with a flow guide insertion pipe 207, and the other end is provided with a flow guide receiving pipe 208. The flow guide insertion pipe 207 can be operated to be inserted into the flow guide receiving pipe 208 of the adjacent cold protection unit 2 corresponding to the convection channel 203, so that the adjacent cold protection unit 2 is connected based on the connection of the flow guide insertion pipe 207 and the flow guide receiving pipe 208, and the convection channel 203 between the adjacent cold protection unit 2 is connected.

[0054] In this application, both the heat insulation layer 201 and the heat-conducting layer 202 are prefabricated in a factory and can be assembled on the tunnel construction site to form the cold-proof unit 2.

[0055] This invention also provides a cold-proof device for tunnels in cold regions. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the cold protection device, combined with... Figure 4 As shown, the cold protection device includes multiple cold protection units 2, which are connected sequentially in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, and the convection channels 203 between adjacent cold protection units 2 are interconnected. The cold protection device also includes an insulated air supply pipe 4 and an insulated return pipe 5, wherein the insulated air supply pipe 4 is connected to the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2 located at the tunnel entrance, so as to input outside hot air into the convection channel 203; the insulated return pipe 5 is connected to the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2 located at the end of the tunnel, and is used to recover the hot airflow that flows through the convection channel 203 through the cold protection device.

[0056] This invention also provides a cold-proofing system for tunnels in cold regions. Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the overall cold protection system in this invention. Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the cold-proof system of the present invention after it has been assembled in a tunnel. (Combined with...) Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the frost protection system includes the frost protection device described above, and also includes an air collector chamber 1, an air supply device, a temperature sensor 6, and a control device 8. The air collector chamber 1 is constructed to heat its internal air using solar energy to form hot air. The end of the insulated return pipe 5 is connected to the air collector chamber 1. The air supply device is connected between the air collector chamber 1 and the insulated air supply pipe 4 of the frost protection device, and is configured to switch between a normal temperature air supply state (supplying normal temperature air) and a heated air supply state (supplying hot air). Multiple temperature sensors 6 are provided, at least inside the tunnel, between the frost protection unit 2 and the tunnel secondary lining surface, and inside the insulated return pipe 5. The control device 8 is connected to the temperature sensors 6 to receive real-time temperature data and, based on the real-time temperature data, controls the air supply device to switch between a normal temperature air supply state, a heated air supply state, and a closed state.

[0057] In the frost protection system of this application, the frost protection device is installed from the entrance of tunnel 10 to the middle of tunnel 10. Its length can be adjusted adaptively according to specific construction requirements, and no limitation is made on the length. In the frost protection system, the air heat collector 1 is configured to absorb solar radiation to heat the indoor air, forming an air heat source that provides high-temperature air. The air heat collector 1 is equipped with a heat storage device 103 capable of storing and releasing heat. The frost protection unit 2 consists of multiple prefabricated units assembled along the longitudinal direction of tunnel 10 and attached to the secondary lining surface of tunnel 10. It includes at least one inner insulation layer 201 radially, at least one heat-conducting layer 202 superimposed on the outer side of the inner insulation layer 201, and an air-conducting layer formed between the two. An air-insulating structural layer consisting of cavity 204 and convection channel 203; in the initial state, the air cavity 204 and convection channel 203 are filled with static air capable of passively insulating the tunnel 10 lining; the convection channel 203 can actively heat the tunnel 10 lining in active insulation mode by conveying high-temperature air provided by the air heat collection chamber 1; the blower 3 is located between the air heat collection chamber 1 and the cold-proof unit 2 at the tunnel 10 entrance, configured to convey the high-temperature air from the air heat collection chamber 1 to the insulation unit 2. Air supply duct 4; insulated air supply duct 4, connecting the blower 3 and the cold protection unit 2 at the entrance of tunnel 10, configured to deliver high-temperature air supplied by the blower 3 to the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2; insulated return duct 5, connecting the cold protection unit 2 inside tunnel 10 and the air heat collection chamber 1, configured to return the high-temperature air flowing through the convection channel 203 to the air heat collection chamber 1; sensing components, including temperature sensor 6 and speed sensor 7; temperature sensor 6 is respectively located inside the air heat collection chamber 1, in tunnel 10 and the cold protection unit 2 at the entrance of tunnel 10. The temperature data of the corresponding area is monitored between the cold unit 2 and inside the heat-insulated return pipe 5; the speed sensor 7 is installed inside the heat-insulated return pipe 5 to monitor the speed data of the high-temperature air inside the pipe; the feedback regulation device 8 is configured to collect and analyze the real-time data of the sensing components and send regulation commands to the blower 3 and the heat storage device 103; the photovoltaic energy storage device 9 is located outside the tunnel 10 entrance and is configured to absorb solar radiation energy and convert and store it as electrical energy to power the blower 3, the heat storage device 103 and the feedback regulation device 8.

[0058] In this embodiment of the invention, the cold protection unit 2 is a flexible structure that can fit tightly against the surface of the tunnel 10. In the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10, the cold protection unit 2 is assembled in a modular manner, and a number of cold protection units 2 are assembled into an overall cold protection structure. The number of units can be flexibly selected according to the cold protection length of the tunnel 10 in different cold regions.

[0059] The cold-proof unit 2 generally has three layers in the radial direction, but the number of layers can be increased according to the actual cold-proof requirements of the cold-region tunnel 10. From the inside out (taking a person inside the tunnel 10 as the reference point, the side closer to the person inside the tunnel 10 is the inner side, and the side farther away from the person is the outer side), the first layer is the heat insulation layer 201, the second layer is the air-insulating structure layer composed of convection channels 203 and air cavities 204, and the third layer is the heat-conducting layer 202. The heat insulation layer 201 is a thermal insulation material with very low thermal conductivity, used to reduce the adverse effects of negative temperature air on the structure of the tunnel 10 and the surrounding rock; the heat-conducting layer 202 is in close contact with the surface of the tunnel 10 and has a large thermal conductivity, which can transfer the heat of the high temperature air to the structure of the tunnel 10.

[0060] In this invention, the convection channel 203 and the air cavity 204 are filled with static air with poor thermal conductivity. The static air in the convection channel 203 and the air cavity 204 works synergistically with the inner insulation layer 201 to achieve passive heat preservation of the tunnel 10 lining. At the same time, high-temperature air is transported through the convection channel 203 to achieve active heating, forming a combined active and passive heat preservation mode. This mode breaks through the limitations of single passive heat preservation, can flexibly cope with the complex and changeable meteorological environment of the tunnel 10 in cold regions, enhance the flexibility and applicability of cold protection measures, and effectively ensure the effect of preventing frost damage to the tunnel 10.

[0061] Secondly, the hot airflow forms a complete closed-loop transport and return path: "high-temperature air generated by air collector 1 → insulated air supply duct 4 → convection channel 203 of anti-freezing unit 2 → insulated return pipe 5 → air collector 1," constructing an orderly air circulation. The insulated air supply duct 4 directionally transports the high-temperature air from air collector 1 to anti-freezing unit 2. Since anti-freezing unit 2 consists of multiple prefabricated units assembled longitudinally along tunnel 10, their convection channels 203 connect to form a longitudinally connected whole, guiding the hot airflow to evenly cover the tunnel 10 lining. The insulated return pipe 5 directionally returns the airflow after passing through convection channel 203 back to air collector 1, preventing disorderly airflow diffusion. This path is clear and controllable, effectively solving the problems of turbulent airflow, incomplete coverage, and large local temperature differences that arise in existing technologies due to "lack of guidance on airflow direction within the structure," significantly improving the convection effect of active heating and the temperature uniformity of the tunnel 10 lining.

[0062] Furthermore, by using the air collector chamber 1 to absorb solar radiation energy to heat the indoor air, and in conjunction with its internal heat storage device 103 to store the heat converted from solar radiation, the dependence on additional electrical energy to heat the air is reduced. The photovoltaic energy storage device 9 converts solar radiation energy into electrical energy to power various electrical components such as the blower 3, the heat storage device 103, and the feedback regulation device 8, replacing the existing technology's mode of "consuming a large amount of electrical energy to heat the air during operation". The heat-insulated return pipe 5 returns the high-temperature air that has flowed through the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2 back to the air collector chamber 1 for reuse, avoiding the problem of "not explaining the destination of the heated high-temperature air and not reusing it, resulting in energy waste" in the existing technology, which significantly reduces the energy consumption and maintenance costs of the device, fully embodying the concept of green environmental protection.

[0063] Furthermore, the frost protection unit 2 is configured as multiple units assembled longitudinally along the tunnel 10, and the number can be flexibly selected according to the actual frost protection length of the tunnel 10. The frost protection unit 2 supports factory prefabrication (reducing on-site processing steps) and rapid on-site assembly along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10, eliminating the need for designs in existing technologies where "arched insulation devices consist of too many connecting parts" or "are a single longitudinal structure." This structure is well-suited to the long longitudinal frost protection length of tunnels 10 in cold regions, significantly reducing on-site installation difficulty and costs. Moreover, if maintenance is required later, only damaged units can be replaced locally, without the need for complete dismantling and reconstruction, further improving the convenience and cost control of installation and maintenance.

[0064] In this embodiment of the invention, the front end of the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2 is provided with a flow guide insertion tube 207, and the rear end of the convection channel 203 is provided with a flow guide receiving tube 208. The inner diameter of the flow guide receiving tube 208 is adapted to the outer diameter of the flow guide insertion tube 207. Adjacent cold protection units 2 are connected by inserting the flow guide insertion tube 207 of the previous cold protection unit 2 into the flow guide receiving tube 208 of the next cold protection unit 2, so that the convection channels 203 of all cold protection units 2 form a connected whole. In this embodiment, the guide insertion pipe 207 of the convection channel 203 of the cold protection unit 2 is adapted to be connected with the guide receiving pipe 208, which can quickly realize the connection of the convection channels 203 of adjacent units, avoid airflow leakage or turbulence caused by the docking gap, and ensure the smooth delivery of high temperature air; it is adapted to the prefabricated assembly requirements along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10, without the need for complicated docking procedures, improving on-site construction efficiency, ensuring that the convection channels 203 of all cold protection units 2 form a whole, so that the hot airflow evenly covers the lining of the tunnel 10 during active heating, and enhances the heating effect.

[0065] In this application, the air cavity 204 and the convection channel 203 in the intermediate layer are set as relatively independent spaces, or a connecting hole is opened between the air cavity 204 and the convection channel 203 to realize the connection between the air cavity 204 and the convection channel 203. The convection channel 203 and the air cavity 204 contain air with poor thermal conductivity and have both passive and active insulation functions. When passive insulation is used, the air in the convection channel 203 and the air cavity 204 is in a static state, while when active insulation is used, hot air continuously flows along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10 in the convection channel 203, forming an active insulation mode with longitudinal convection as the main component and circumferential conduction as the auxiliary component, so as to heat the air in the air cavity 204 and the lining of the tunnel 10.

[0066] In the embodiments of this application, the air heat collection chamber 1 is a sealed space, and transparent plates 101 are provided on its sides and top. The transparent plates 101 are configured to allow full transmission of sunlight and reduce the heat loss of the high-temperature air in the air heat collection chamber 1. Radiation absorbing material 102 is provided at the bottom of the air heat collection chamber 1. The radiation absorbing material 102 is configured to absorb solar radiation energy to heat the air in the air heat collection chamber 1, forming an air heat source that provides high-temperature air, and can transfer the heat to the heat storage device 103 for storage. The heat storage device 103 is located in the middle of the air heat collection chamber 1. In this embodiment, the transparent plate 101 has extremely low thermal conductivity. The airtight structure of the air heat collection chamber 1, together with the transparent plates 101 on the sides and top, can ensure that sunlight can be fully transmitted into the chamber while reducing the heat loss of the hot indoor air. The radiation absorbing material 102 at the bottom can efficiently absorb solar radiation to heat the air, improve the heat collection efficiency, and transfer the heat to the heat storage device 103 for storage. This ensures that there is still a stable heat source when there is no solar radiation on cloudy days or at night, reducing the dependence on external heating equipment and further reducing energy consumption.

[0067] In this embodiment of the invention, the blower 3 has two operating modes: ambient temperature air supply and heated air supply. It can switch to the corresponding operating mode to deliver high-temperature air according to the adjustment command issued by the feedback adjustment device 8. In this embodiment, the blower 3 has two operating modes: ambient temperature air supply and heated air supply, which can be flexibly switched according to the command of the feedback adjustment device 8, without needing to continuously operate in heated mode. When the temperature between the tunnel 10 and the anti-freezing unit 2 is higher than a preset second temperature threshold, it switches to the ambient temperature air supply mode to avoid energy waste; when the temperature is lower than a preset first temperature threshold, it switches to the heated air supply mode to accurately meet the anti-freezing requirements, ensuring the stability of the tunnel 10 lining temperature while improving the energy efficiency of the device.

[0068] Meanwhile, the air supply method is also adjusted according to the actual heat source conditions of the air collector chamber 1 (including the heat storage device 103). If the air temperature provided by the air collector chamber 1 meets the active heating requirements, heating can be achieved by simply relying on the fan in the normal temperature air supply mode, further reducing energy consumption; if insufficient solar radiation causes the air temperature provided by the air collector chamber 1 to fall below the threshold, the heating air supply mode is activated to ensure that the air supplied to the convection channel 203 meets the heating requirements, avoiding the problems of "excessive energy consumption" or "insufficient heating" caused by a single air supply mode, and improving the adaptability of the device to different meteorological conditions.

[0069] In a preferred embodiment, the control device (or feedback regulation device) 8 presets a first temperature threshold and a second temperature threshold. When the temperature sensor 6 between the tunnel 10 and the cold-proof unit 2 detects a temperature lower than the first temperature threshold, it controls the blower 3 to switch to a heated air supply mode. When the detected temperature is higher than the second temperature threshold, it controls the blower 3 to switch to a normal temperature air supply mode or stop operating. The first temperature threshold is lower than the second temperature threshold. In this embodiment, the control device 8 automatically controls the blower 3 mode based on the preset first and second temperature thresholds (first threshold < second threshold). Heated air supply is activated when the temperature is lower than the first threshold to prevent freezing damage; when the temperature is higher than the second threshold, it switches to normal temperature air supply or stops operating to avoid overheating. This achieves precise and automatic temperature control, reduces manual intervention, improves the reliability of device operation, and minimizes energy consumption.

[0070] In this embodiment of the invention, the number of cold-proof units 2 is determined based on the frost-resistant design length of the cold-region tunnel 10, and its size is determined in conjunction with the actual cross-sectional size of the cold-region tunnel 10. The cold-proof units 2 are prefabricated in the factory, assembled on-site along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10, and then attached to the secondary lining surface of the tunnel 10.

[0071] In this embodiment of the invention, when the environment is a sunny daytime in autumn or winter, sunlight passes through the transparent plate 101 and shines on the radiation-absorbing material 102 at the bottom of the air collector chamber 1. The radiation-absorbing material 102 fully utilizes solar radiation energy to convert it into heat energy, heating the air inside the air collector chamber 1 on one hand, and storing the heat energy in the heat storage device 103 on the other. The control device 8 collects real-time temperature data from the temperature sensor 6 located inside the air collector chamber 1. When the temperature reaches the expected value, the control device 8 sends a start command to the blower 3. The blower 3 sends the hot air inside the air collector chamber 1 into the convection channel 203 of the cold-proof unit 2 through the insulated air supply pipe 4. The hot air transfers heat to the air cavity 204 and the tunnel 10 lining structure by convection heat transfer. The hot air flowing through the convection channel 203 returns to the air collector chamber 1 through the insulated return pipe 5 for reheating, realizing the recycling of hot air. During this stage of use, the cold protection device provided by the present invention makes full use of solar radiation, a green energy source, to efficiently and actively heat the lining structure and surrounding rock of tunnel 10, so that it can store heat during the day to cope with the low temperature environment at night.

[0072] In this embodiment of the invention, when the environment is cloudy in autumn and winter or on a clear night, the tunnel 10 lining structure and surrounding rock have stored heat during the day and have a certain ability to cope with low temperatures. At this time, the passive insulation mode combining the insulation layer 201 and the air cavity 204 is preferred. The air in the convection channel 203 does not flow, and the temperature sensor 6 located between the tunnel 10 and the cold protection unit 2 monitors the temperature in real time. When the temperature is below the set low threshold (e.g., 0℃), the control device 8 sends air supply and heat release commands to the blower 3 and the heat storage device 103 respectively. The heat energy of the heat storage device 103 is used to heat the air in the air collector chamber 1. The hot air is sent to the convection channel 203 to provide heat supply for the tunnel lining structure. The control device 8 judges the heat flow delivery effect based on the monitoring data of the temperature sensor 6 and the speed sensor 7 in the heat insulation return pipe 5, and dynamically adjusts the air supply power of the blower 3 to effectively avoid the problems of "excessive power leading to energy waste" or "insufficient power leading to slow heating". Then, the temperature collected by the temperature sensor 6 between the tunnel 10 and the cold protection unit 2 is continuously monitored until the temperature reaches the high threshold (e.g., 5℃). Then, the air supply and heat release are stopped. This can ensure that the tunnel lining temperature is stably maintained in a suitable range, avoid redundant energy consumption caused by excessive temperature, and prevent cold protection failure caused by insufficient temperature. At the same time, by cutting off unnecessary energy output, the energy consumption and maintenance cost of the device are significantly reduced, which fully conforms to the concept of green energy saving.

[0073] In this embodiment of the invention, when hot air convection is used to heat the lining structure and surrounding rock of tunnel 10, the flow direction of the hot air is: air collector chamber 1 → insulated air supply pipe 4 → convection channel 203 → insulated return pipe 5 → air collector chamber 1. This flow process achieves the reuse of hot air through internal circulation, realizing efficient energy utilization and heat preservation.

[0074] In this embodiment of the invention, during the spring and summer seasons, although the cold-region tunnel 10 is not threatened by frost damage, the invention can still absorb solar radiation energy to increase the overall temperature of the tunnel 10 and the surrounding rock, and store heat energy through the heat storage device 103 to cope with the low temperature environment in autumn and winter.

[0075] In this embodiment of the invention, not only is solar radiation energy, a green energy source, converted into the required heat energy through the radiation absorbing material 102 and the heat storage device 103, but the solar radiation energy is also converted into electrical energy through the photovoltaic energy storage system 9 to power the blower 3, the heat storage device 103, and the control device 8. The entire heat preservation and cold protection process requires no additional energy input, fully embodying the concepts of green, low-carbon, energy-saving, and consumption-reducing.

[0076] This invention also discloses a method for installing an energy-saving and consumption-reducing prefabricated active-passive cold protection device for cold-region tunnels, comprising the following steps: S1, investigating the meteorological elements of the local area where the cold-region tunnel 10 is located, determining the frost-resistant design length of the tunnel 10 and the type of insulation material for the insulation layer 201 in the cold protection unit 2; S2, determining the geometric parameters of the cold protection unit 2 based on the frost-resistant design length and the actual cross-sectional dimensions of the tunnel 10, and prefabricating the cold protection unit 2 in a factory according to the geometric parameters. The cold protection unit 2 is a flexible structure as a whole, and its radial direction includes an inner insulation layer 201. 1. A heat-conducting layer 202 is superimposed on the outer side of the inner insulation layer 201, and an air cavity 204 and a convection channel 203 are formed between the two; S3. A temperature sensor 6 is installed in the tunnel 10 between the tunnel 10 and the cold-proof unit 2. Then, the prefabricated cold-proof unit 2 is attached to the secondary lining surface of the tunnel 10 along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel 10. The flow guide insertion pipe 207 at the front end of the convection channel 203 of the previous cold-proof unit 2 is connected to the flow guide receiving pipe 208 at the rear end of the convection channel 203 of the next cold-proof unit 2, so that all cold-proof units are connected. S4. An air collector chamber 1 is constructed in an open area outside the tunnel 10 entrance. Radiation absorbing material 102 is laid at the bottom of the air collector chamber 1, and a heat storage device 103 is installed inside the air collector chamber 1. Transparent panels 101 that allow full sunlight transmission and reduce heat loss from the interior are installed on the sides and top of the air collector chamber 1. S5. A blower 3 is installed between the air collector chamber 1 and the cold protection unit 2 at the tunnel 10 entrance. The blower 3 is connected to the cold protection unit 2 at the tunnel 10 entrance through an insulated air supply pipe 4. The convection channel 203 of the cold unit 2 is connected to the air heat collection chamber 1 inside the tunnel 10 via the heat-insulated return pipe 5, and a temperature sensor 6 and a speed sensor 7 are installed inside the heat-insulated return pipe 5; S6, a photovoltaic energy storage device 9 is installed outside the tunnel 10 entrance, and a temperature sensor 6 is installed inside the air heat collection chamber 1, completing the pipeline connection between the photovoltaic energy storage device 9, the blower 3, the heat storage device 103 and the control device 8, so that the control device 8 can collect real-time data from each temperature sensor 6 and speed sensor 7.

[0077] The present invention has the following technical effects:

[0078] (1) The present invention provides an energy-saving and consumption-reducing prefabricated active-passive cold protection device for cold-region tunnels, which is installed on the secondary lining surface of tunnel 10. For different cold-region tunnels 10, the cold protection length can be flexibly adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of cold protection units 2, which is not limited by the size of tunnel 10 and has a wide range of applications. In addition, the structure can be assembled by factory prefabrication and on-site assembly, which is simple to install and easy to operate and maintain in the later stage.

[0079] (2) Compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a dual heat preservation mode that combines active and passive heat preservation. On the one hand, the heat insulation layer 201 of the cold protection unit 2 is a heat preservation material, and there is static air with poor thermal conductivity in the air cavity 204 and the convection channel 203. The combination of the two can achieve a good passive heat preservation effect. On the other hand, the blower 3 can deliver hot air to the convection channel 203, which can actively heat the structure of the tunnel 10. Under the dual heat preservation mode that combines active and passive heat preservation, the freezing damage problem of the cold tunnel 10 can be effectively prevented.

[0080] (3) During the autumn and winter seasons, the solar radiation is strong on sunny days. The present invention can convert solar radiation energy, a green energy source, into heat energy through the radiation absorption material 102 in the air heat collection chamber 1, to heat the indoor air and store the heat energy in the heat storage device 103. The indoor hot air is sent to the convection channel 203 by the blower 3 and heats the tunnel 10 structure through convection heat exchange. After the hot air flows through the convection channel 203 in the middle of the tunnel 10, it is transported back to the air heat collection chamber 1 by the heat-insulated return pipe 5 to realize the internal circulation of hot air. Through this process, the tunnel 10 structure and the surrounding rock store heat during the day to cope with the low temperature environment at night.

[0081] (4) When used on cloudy days or sunny nights in winter, the heat stored in the tunnel 10 structure and surrounding rock during the day, as well as the passive heat insulation performance of the insulation layer 201 and air cavity 204 (the air in the convection channel 203 does not flow) are first used to cope with the negative temperature conditions. According to the real-time temperature data collected by the control device 8, when the temperature between the tunnel 10 and the cold protection unit 2 is lower than the threshold, the heat storage device 103 starts to release heat to heat the air in the air heat collection chamber 1, and the blower 3 then delivers hot air into the convection channel 203 to actively heat the structure until it is higher than a certain temperature threshold.

[0082] (5) In the spring and summer seasons, although the cold region tunnel 10 is not threatened by frost damage, the present invention can still absorb solar radiation energy to increase the temperature of the tunnel 10 and the surrounding rock as a whole, and store heat energy through the heat storage device 103 to cope with the low temperature environment in autumn and winter.

[0083] (6) In addition, the photovoltaic energy storage device 9 can also use solar radiation energy to realize the conversion and storage of electrical energy, and serve as the power reserve for the operation of the blower 3, the heat storage device 103 and the control device 8; the energy of the entire heat preservation and cold protection process comes from solar radiation energy, a green energy source, without the need for additional energy input, which fully embodies the concept of green, low-carbon, energy-saving and consumption-reducing.

[0084] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention. No reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0085] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment includes only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A passive-active cold-proofing unit for tunnels in cold regions, used to be mounted on the secondary lining surface of tunnels to provide thermal insulation and cold protection for the tunnel, characterized in that, include: Insulation layer; Thermal conductive layer; An air-insulating thermal insulation structure is formed between a thermal insulation layer and a thermally conductive layer; wherein the air-insulating thermal insulation structure includes an air cavity and a convection channel; A connecting member is provided on one of the heat insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer, and a mating member is provided on the other. By means of the connection between the mating member and the connecting member, the heat-conducting layer can be connected to the heat insulation layer and a gap can be formed between the two. The convection channel is constructed such that it is formed by the connecting member and the mating member after the heat-conducting layer is connected to the heat insulation layer, and the convection channel is constructed to receive external hot air. The air cavity is formed by the gap between the heat-conducting layer and the heat insulation layer after they are connected. In the initial state, the convection channel and air cavity are filled with room temperature air to provide passive insulation for the tunnel; when the convection channel receives hot air from the outside, it can provide active insulation by actively providing heat to the tunnel. An air cavity is formed between two adjacent convection channels and between the heat-conducting layer and the heat-insulating layer, so that the air cavity and the convection channel are spaced apart; The overall structure of the cold protection unit is arc-shaped, wherein the heat-conducting layer is the outer layer close to the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel, and the heat-insulating layer is the inner layer away from the surface of the secondary lining of the tunnel; in the circumferential direction of the tunnel, multiple sets of mating components and connecting components are set accordingly, and the mating components and connecting components in each set extend along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel.

2. The active-passive cold protection unit for cold-region tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The connecting member includes a connecting main body, a first half-groove formed on the connecting main body and open to the outside, and connecting slots respectively provided on both sides of the first half-groove in the lateral direction of the length extension direction. The mating component includes a mating main body, a second half-groove formed on the mating main body and open to the outside, and wing edges formed on both sides of the second half-groove in the lateral direction of the length extension direction. The connecting slot can accept the insertion of the wing and lock the inserted wing. The wing is connected to the corresponding connecting slot, and the first half slot and the second half slot together constitute the convection channel.

3. The active-passive cold protection unit for cold-region tunnels according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first half-groove and the second half-groove are respectively provided with heat storage plates, and after the connecting member and the mating member are connected, the heat storage plates in the two half-grooves are parallel to each other.

4. The active-passive cold protection unit for cold-region tunnels according to claim 3, characterized in that, After the connecting component and the mating component are connected, there is a gap between the edge of the heat storage plate in the first half-groove and the bottom of the second half-groove, and a gap between the edge of the heat storage plate in the second half-groove and the bottom of the first half-groove, so that the heat storage plates are arranged in an alternating manner in the convection channel, and the gaps between all adjacent heat storage plates can be connected.

5. The active-passive cold protection unit for cold-region tunnels according to claim 4, characterized in that, The heat storage plate is made of a heat storage phase change material.

6. The active-passive cold-proofing unit for cold-region tunnels according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, One end of the convection channel is provided with a flow guide insertion pipe, and the other end is provided with a flow guide receiving pipe. The flow guide insertion pipe can be operated to be inserted into the flow guide receiving pipe of the convection channel of the adjacent cold protection unit, so that the adjacent cold protection units are connected based on the connection of the flow guide insertion pipe and the flow guide receiving pipe, and the convection channels between the adjacent cold protection units are connected.

7. The active-passive cold protection unit for cold-region tunnels according to claim 6, characterized in that, Both the insulation layer and the heat-conducting layer are prefabricated in the factory and can be assembled on the tunnel construction site to form the cold-proof unit.

8. A cold-proof device for tunnels in cold regions, characterized in that, include: Multiple cold-proof units according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the cold-proof units are connected sequentially in the longitudinal extension direction of the tunnel, and the convection channels between adjacent cold-proof units are interconnected; The insulated air supply duct is connected to the convection channel of the cold protection unit located at the tunnel entrance, so as to allow hot outside air to be input into the convection channel. The insulated return pipe is connected to the convection channel of the frost protection unit located at the end of the tunnel, and is used to recover the hot airflow that flows through the frost protection device via the convection channel.

9. A cold-weather protection system for tunnels in cold regions, characterized in that, include: The cold protection device according to claim 8; An air collector chamber is constructed to heat the air inside it using solar energy to form hot air; the end of an insulated return pipe is connected to the air collector chamber. An air supply device is connected between the air heat collection chamber and the insulated air supply pipe of the cold protection device, and is configured to switch between a normal temperature air supply state and a heated air supply state that supplies hot air. Temperature sensors are configured in multiple locations, at least inside the tunnel, between the frost protection unit and the surface of the secondary tunnel lining, and inside the insulation return pipe; The control device is connected to the temperature sensor to receive real-time temperature data and controls the air supply device to switch between normal temperature air supply, heated air supply and off states based on the real-time temperature data.

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