Irradiation device for batch comparison test of personal dosimeter

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of personal dosimeter calibration, and aims to solve the problems that an existing irradiation device is not beneficial to large-batch comparison operation in a field, and personnel are irradiated by mistake due to the absence of an interlocking mechanism. According to the irradiation device for the batch comparison test of the personal dosimeter, when an outer ring lead cover is installed at the upper end of a lead shielding chamber, an interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock a source frame movable rod, at the moment, the source frame movable rod is lifted upwards so that the source frame movable rod can move upwards to a second position, and meanwhile, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the outer ring lead cover; the radioactive source is located in the second slot at the same height as the irradiation channel; when the source frame movable rod moves downwards to a first position, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the outer ring lead cover, at the moment, the outer ring lead cover is lifted upwards, and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod; in addition, the dosimeter mounting groove is provided with a plurality of dosimeter slots at intervals along the circumferential direction. By means of the device, the situation that personnel are mistakenly shot when the personal dosimeter is compared in the field can be avoided, and large-scale comparison operation in the field can be achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of personal dosimeter calibration technology, specifically relating to an irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing number of nuclear-related fields, how to conduct nuclear energy and nuclear technology utilization while ensuring personnel safety has become a problem that must be solved in nuclear power, nuclear reprocessing, nuclear medicine, and other nuclear-related fields. Direct-reading personal dosimeters are widely used because they can not only provide real-time feedback on the radiation dose received by personnel entering nuclear-related areas, but also effectively manage personal doses through software systems.

[0003] To ensure the accuracy of personal dosimeter measurements, direct-reading personal dosimeters need to be calibrated periodically. Based on the deployment scale of direct-reading personal dosimeters (approximately 800 units per unit in a nuclear power plant), nuclear-related entities will develop specific plans to conduct regular batch calibrations of personal dosimeters already in operation.

[0004] The existing irradiation facilities can only accommodate a small number of personal dosimeters for a single comparative test, resulting in low efficiency and making it unsuitable for large-scale comparative operations on-site. At the same time, the lack of interlocking mechanisms poses a risk of accidental irradiation of personnel and does not meet the principle of optimal radiation protection. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to solve at least one of the above-mentioned technical problems in the prior art, the present invention provides an irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters.

[0006] The present invention is achieved by the following technical solution: an irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters, comprising a lead shielding structure, a radiation source, a source frame movable rod, an auxiliary interlocking mechanism, and a dosimeter mounting slot; The lead shielding structure includes a lead shielding chamber, an inner lead cover, and an outer lead cover. The interior of the lead shielding chamber has a vertically circumferential slot to form a first slot for accommodating a ring-shaped dosimeter mounting slot. The dosimeter mounting slot has multiple dosimeter slots spaced circumferentially to accommodate personal dosimeters. A vertically circumferential slot in the center of the lead shielding chamber forms a second slot for accommodating a source frame movable rod and a radiation source. An irradiation channel is provided between the second slot and any of the dosimeter slots. The inner lead cover is installed at the upper end of the second slot to limit the upward displacement of the source frame movable rod. The outer lead cover is located at the upper end of the lead shielding chamber and outside the inner lead cover to shield the radiation inside the lead shielding chamber. The radiation source is fixed to the lower end of the source frame movable rod. An auxiliary interlocking mechanism is used to interlock the outer lead cover with the source frame movable rod. The position of the source frame movable rod includes… The system includes a first position and a second position. When the source frame movable rod is in the first position, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod, and the radiation source is located in the second slot below the irradiation channel, while the outer lead cover is in the installation-ready state. When the outer lead cover is installed at the upper end of the lead shielding chamber, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the source frame movable rod. At this time, the source frame movable rod is lifted, causing it to move from the first position to the second position. At the same time, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the outer lead cover, and the radiation source is located in the second slot at the same height as the irradiation channel to emit rays to the personal dosimeter in the dosimeter slot. When the source frame movable rod moves down from the second position to the first position, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the outer lead cover, and the radiation source moves down to the second slot below the irradiation channel. At this time, the outer lead cover is lifted, and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod.

[0007] Preferably, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism includes a spring pin and a movable locking pin. The lower end of the outer ring lead cover is provided with a cover plate locking pin that matches the auxiliary interlocking mechanism. A vertical slot is cut inside the lead shielding chamber corresponding to the positions of the spring pin and the cover plate locking pin to form a third slot for accommodating the spring pin and the cover plate locking pin. The first end of the spring pin is fixed to the bottom of the third slot. In its natural state, the second end of the spring pin is located above the movable locking pin. The cover plate locking pin can press down on the spring pin so that the second end of the spring pin is located below the movable locking pin. A horizontal slot is cut inside the lead shielding chamber corresponding to the position of the movable locking pin to form an active channel for accommodating the movable locking pin. The side wall of the cover plate locking pin is provided with a first slot that matches the movable locking pin. A second slot that matches the movable locking pin is opened in the middle of the source frame movable rod. When the second end of the spring pin is located above the movable locking pin, the movable locking pin is in the second slot and locks the source frame movable rod. When the second end of the spring pin is located below the movable locking pin and the source frame movable rod is lifted, the movable locking pin enters the first slot and locks the outer ring lead cover.

[0008] Preferably, the head of the movable locking pin is hemispherical, the first slot is a hemispherical groove that matches the head of the movable locking pin, and the second slot is an annular groove that matches the head of the movable locking pin.

[0009] Preferably, the middle part of the source frame movable rod is an outwardly extending boss structure, and the second slot is a stepped structure that matches the boss structure; a lifting rod is provided at the upper part of the source frame movable rod, and an overlapping frame is provided at the upper end of the inner ring lead cover, with an overlapping groove matching the lifting rod at the upper end of the overlapping frame; when the source frame movable rod is in the first position, the boss structure overlaps the step of the second slot; when the source frame movable rod is in the second position, the lifting rod is in the overlapping groove of the overlapping frame.

[0010] Preferably, when the source frame movable rod is in the second position, the bottom end of the boss structure is higher than the height of the movable locking pin, and the diameter of the inner ring of the inner ring lead cover is smaller than the diameter of the boss structure.

[0011] Preferably, the outer ring lead cover is a split structure that is symmetrically distributed with respect to the inner ring lead cover. The number of spring pins, movable locking pins and cover plate locking pins are all two. The lower end of the outer ring lead cover is provided with a cover plate pin, and the upper end of the lead shielding chamber is provided with a fourth slot that matches the cover plate pin.

[0012] Preferably, the number of dosimeter slots is at least six, the inner lead cover is fixedly connected to the lead shielding chamber by screws, and the lower end of the lead shielding chamber is provided with an annular base plate, and the annular base plate is provided with mounting holes for connecting external devices.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: This device, through its lead shielding structure, radiation source, source frame movable rod, auxiliary interlocking mechanism, and dosimeter mounting slot, effectively addresses the risk of accidental irradiation during on-site comparison of direct-reading personal dosimeters. This risk refers to irradiation with the outer lead cap removed or uncovered during radiation source irradiation. The auxiliary interlocking mechanism of this invention is simple in structure, ingeniously designed, and highly targeted. It is not a conventional design but specifically tailored to the positional relationship between the radiation source and the outer lead cap during comparison operations. When the radiation source is released, the outer lead cap locks; when the radiation source is closed, the outer lead cap unlocks, perfectly resolving the risk of accidental irradiation during on-site comparison. Furthermore, the layout of the lead shielding chamber allows for simultaneous comparison testing of multiple personal dosimeters, enabling large-scale on-site comparison operations. Attached Figure Description

[0014] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0015] Figure 1This is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a vertical sectional view of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a top view of part of the structure of the present invention (with the outer lead cap removed); Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the movable rod of the source frame in this invention.

[0016] In the diagram: 101-Lead shielding chamber; 102-Inner ring lead cover; 1021-Overlapping frame; 103-Outer ring lead cover; 1031-Cover plate pin; 104-First slot; 105-Second slot; 106-Irradiation channel; 107-Third slot; 108-Fourth slot; 2-Radiation source; 3-Source frame movable rod; 301-Second slot; 302-Lifting rod; 401-Spring pin; 402-Modible locking pin; 403-Cover plate locking pin; 4031-First slot; 5-Dosimeter mounting slot; 501-Dosimeter slot; 6-Annular base plate. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other implementation methods obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] It should be noted that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc., shown in the accompanying drawings of this specification are only for the purpose of assisting those skilled in the art in understanding and reading the content disclosed in the specification, and are not intended to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportional relationships, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives that the present invention can produce, should fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in the present invention. It should be noted that in this specification, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are only used to distinguish one entity from several other entities, and do not necessarily require or imply any actual relationship or order between these entities.

[0019] This invention provides an embodiment: like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, an irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters includes a lead shielding structure, a radiation source 2, a source frame movable rod 3, an auxiliary interlocking mechanism, and a dosimeter mounting slot 5.

[0020] In this embodiment, the lead shielding structure includes a lead shielding chamber 101, an inner lead cover 102, and an outer lead cover 103. The interior of the lead shielding chamber 101 has a vertically circumferential slot to form a first slot 104 for accommodating a ring-shaped dosimeter mounting slot 5. The dosimeter mounting slot 5 has multiple dosimeter slots 501 spaced circumferentially to accommodate personal dosimeters. The center of the lead shielding chamber 101 has a vertically circumferential slot to form a second slot 105 for accommodating a source frame movable rod 3 and a radiation source 2. The second slot 105 is connected to any one of the dosimeter slots. Irradiation channels 106 are provided between slots 501; the inner ring lead cover 102 is installed at the upper end of the second slot 105 to limit the range of upward displacement of the source frame movable rod 3; the outer ring lead cover 103 is set at the upper end of the lead shielding chamber 101 and is located outside the inner ring lead cover 102 to achieve shielding of the radiation inside the lead shielding chamber 101; the radiation source 2 is fixed at the lower end of the source frame movable rod 3, and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism is used to achieve interlocking between the outer ring lead cover 103 and the source frame movable rod 3. The position of the source frame movable rod 3 includes a first position and a second position.

[0021] 1. When the source frame movable rod 3 is in the first position, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod 3, and the radiation source 2 is located in the second slot 105 below the irradiation channel 106, while the outer ring lead cover 103 is in the installation-ready state; 2. When the outer ring lead cover 103 is installed on the upper end of the lead shielding chamber 101, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the source frame movable rod 3. At this time, the source frame movable rod 3 is lifted, so that the source frame movable rod 3 moves from the first position to the second position. At the same time, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the outer ring lead cover 103, and the radiation source 2 is located in the second slot 105 at the same height as the irradiation channel 106 to emit rays to the personal dosimeter in the dosimeter slot 501; 3. When the source frame movable rod 3 moves down from the second position to the first position, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the outer ring lead cover 103, and the radiation source 2 moves down to the second slot 105 below the irradiation channel 106. At this time, the outer ring lead cover 103 is lifted, and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod 3.

[0022] In this embodiment, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism includes a spring pin 401 and a movable locking pin 402. The lower end of the outer lead cover 103 is provided with a cover plate locking pin 403 that matches the auxiliary interlocking mechanism. A vertical slot is formed in the lead shielding chamber 101 corresponding to the positions of the spring pin 401 and the cover plate locking pin 403 to form a third slot 107 for accommodating the spring pin 401 and the cover plate locking pin 403. The first end of the spring pin 401 is fixed to the bottom of the third slot 107, and the second end of the spring pin 401 is in its natural state... Located above the movable locking pin 402, the cover plate locking pin 403 can press down the spring pin 401 so that the second end of the spring pin 401 is located below the movable locking pin 402; the lead shielding chamber 101 has a transverse slot for the position of the movable locking pin 402 to form an active channel for accommodating the movable locking pin 402; the side wall of the cover plate locking pin 403 is provided with a first slot 4031 that matches the movable locking pin 402; and the middle part of the source frame movable rod 3 is provided with a second slot 301 that matches the movable locking pin 402.

[0023] When the second end of the spring pin 401 is above the movable locking pin 402, the movable locking pin 402 is in the second slot 301 and locks the source frame movable rod 3; when the second end of the spring pin 401 is below the movable locking pin 402 and the source frame movable rod 3 is lifted, the movable locking pin 402 enters the first slot 4031 and locks the outer ring lead cover 103.

[0024] Specifically, the head of the movable locking pin 402 is hemispherical, the first slot 4031 is a hemispherical slot that matches the head of the movable locking pin 402, and the second slot 301 is an annular slot that matches the head of the movable locking pin 402. The installation sequence of the movable locking pin 402 and the source frame movable rod 3 is as follows: first install the movable locking pin 402, then install the source frame movable rod 3. The source frame movable rod 3 restricts the movable locking pin 402 in the second slot 301; after the source frame movable rod 3 is removed, the movable locking pin 402 can be taken out.

[0025] The middle part of the source frame movable rod 3 is a boss structure extending outward, and the second slot 105 is a stepped structure that matches the boss structure; a lifting rod 302 is provided on the upper part of the source frame movable rod 3, and an overlapping frame 1021 is provided on the upper end of the inner ring lead cover 102. An overlapping groove matching the lifting rod 302 is opened on the upper end of the overlapping frame 1021.

[0026] When the source frame movable rod 3 is in the first position, the boss structure overlaps the step of the second slot 105; when the source frame movable rod 3 is in the second position, the lifting rod 302 is in the overlapping groove of the overlapping frame 1021. When the source frame movable rod 3 is in the second position, the bottom end of the boss structure is higher than the height of the movable locking pin 402, and the diameter of the inner ring of the inner ring lead cover 102 is smaller than the diameter of the boss structure.

[0027] Specifically, the outer lead cover 103 is a split structure symmetrically distributed relative to the inner lead cover 102. There are two spring pins 401, two movable locking pins 402, and two cover plate locking pins 403. A cover plate pin 1031 is provided at the lower end of the outer lead cover 103, and a fourth slot 108 matching the cover plate pin 1031 is provided at the upper end of the lead shielding chamber 101. There are six dosimeter slots 501. The inner lead cover 102 and the lead shielding chamber 101 are fixedly connected by screws. An annular base plate 6 is provided at the lower end of the lead shielding chamber 101, and mounting holes for connecting external devices are provided on the annular base plate 6.

[0028] The working process of this device is as follows: Step 1: Insert the source frame movable rod 3 into the second slot 105 and lock the inner lead cover 102 with the lead shielding chamber 101 to limit the upward displacement range of the source frame movable rod 3 and prevent the source frame movable rod 3 from being lifted out of the equipment and causing radiation leakage.

[0029] Step 2: When the source frame movable rod 3 is in the first position, the radiation source 2 is lowered into the second slot 105 below the irradiation channel 106, and the radiation source 2 does not emit radiation. After the personal dosimeter is loaded into the dosimeter mounting slot 5, the outer ring lead cover 103 is installed on the lead shielding chamber 101. During the installation of the outer ring lead cover 103, the cover plate lock 403 presses down the elastic pin 401. After the elastic pin 401 is pressed down, the first slot 4031 of the cover plate lock pin 403 will leave a space, and the movable lock pin 402 can move left and right. At this time, the source frame movable rod 3 is pulled out and fixed in the overlapping slot of the overlapping frame 1021. During the upward process, the source frame movable rod 3 will push the movable lock pin 402 into the first slot 4031 of the cover plate lock 403, locking the outer ring lead cover 103. The radiation source 2 is raised to the same height as the irradiation channel 106 and emits radiation to the personal dosimeter for comparison.

[0030] Step 3: After irradiation, rotate the source frame movable rod 3 out of the overlapping groove of the overlapping frame 1021, press down the source frame movable rod 3, and the radiation source 2 will return to the second slot 105 below the irradiation channel 106. At this time, the second slot 301 of the source frame movable rod 3 is exactly at the height of the movable locking pin 402, so the movable locking pin 402 can move left and right. At this time, lift the outer ring lead cover 103, and the cover plate locking pin 403, under the action of the spring pin 401, pushes the movable locking pin 402 into the second slot 301 of the source frame movable rod 3, locking the source frame movable rod 3. The outer ring lead cover 103 can be easily removed, and the personal dosimeter can be taken out for comparison.

[0031] Step 4: Replace with the next batch of personal dosimeters and repeat steps 2-3 above until all personal dosimeters have been used for measurement.

[0032] In this invention, the outer lead cover 103 and the source frame movable rod 3 are an interlocking mechanism, ensuring that the source frame movable rod 3 can only be pulled out after the outer lead cover 103 is closed, and the outer lead cover 103 can only be opened after the radiation source 2 returns to the second slot 105 below the irradiation channel 106, ensuring the safety of personnel during operation and preventing radiation accidents.

[0033] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters, characterized in that: Includes lead shielding structure, radiation source (2), source frame movable rod (3), auxiliary interlocking mechanism and dosimeter mounting slot (5); The lead shielding structure includes a lead shielding chamber (101), an inner lead cover (102), and an outer lead cover (103). The interior of the lead shielding chamber (101) has a vertically circumferential slot to form a first slot (104) for accommodating a ring-shaped dosimeter mounting slot (5). The dosimeter mounting slot (5) has multiple dosimeter slots (501) spaced circumferentially to accommodate personal dosimeters. The center of the lead shielding chamber (101) has a vertically circumferential slot to form a second slot (105) for accommodating a source frame movable rod (3) and a radiation source (2). The second slot (105) is connected to any one of the dosimeter slots (501). 1) Irradiation channels (106) are provided between each other; the inner ring lead cover (102) is installed on the upper end of the second slot (105) to limit the range of upward displacement of the source frame movable rod (3); the outer ring lead cover (103) is set on the upper end of the lead shielding chamber (101) and located on the outer ring of the inner ring lead cover (102) to achieve shielding of the radiation in the lead shielding chamber (101); the radiation source (2) is fixed on the lower end of the source frame movable rod (3), and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism is used to achieve interlocking between the outer ring lead cover (103) and the source frame movable rod (3). The position of the source frame movable rod (3) includes the first position and the second position. When the source frame movable rod (3) is in the first position, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod (3), the radiation source (2) is located in the second slot (105) below the irradiation channel (106), and the outer ring lead cover (103) is in the installation state. When the outer ring lead cover (103) is installed on the upper end of the lead shielding chamber (101), the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the source frame movable rod (3). At this time, the source frame movable rod (3) is lifted up, so that the source frame movable rod (3) moves from the first position to the second position. At the same time, the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the outer ring lead cover (103). The radiation source (2) is located in the second slot (105) at the same height as the irradiation channel (106) to emit rays to the personal dosimeter in the dosimeter slot (501). When the source frame movable rod (3) moves down from the second position to the first position, the interlocking mechanism is triggered to unlock the outer ring lead cover (103), and the radiation source (2) moves down into the second slot (105) below the irradiation channel (106). At this time, the outer ring lead cover (103) is lifted up, and the auxiliary interlocking mechanism locks the source frame movable rod (3).

2. The irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 1, characterized in that: The auxiliary interlocking mechanism includes a spring pin (401) and a movable locking pin (402). The lower end of the outer lead cover (103) is provided with a cover plate locking pin (403) that matches the auxiliary interlocking mechanism. The lead shielding chamber (101) has vertical slots corresponding to the positions of the spring pin (401) and the cover plate locking pin (403) to form a third slot (107) for accommodating the spring pin (401) and the cover plate locking pin (403). The first end of the spring pin (401) is fixed to the bottom of the slot of the third slot (107), and the second end of the spring pin (401) is located in the movable position in the natural state. Above the locking pin (402), the cover plate locking pin (403) can press down the spring pin (401) so that the second end of the spring pin (401) is located below the movable locking pin (402); the lead shielding chamber (101) has a transverse slot for the position of the movable locking pin (402) to form an active channel for accommodating the movable locking pin (402); the side wall of the cover plate locking pin (403) is provided with a first slot (4031) that matches the movable locking pin (402); the middle part of the source frame movable rod (3) is provided with a second slot (301) that matches the movable locking pin (402). When the second end of the spring pin (401) is above the movable locking pin (402), the movable locking pin (402) is in the second slot (301) and locks the source frame movable rod (3); when the second end of the spring pin (401) is below the movable locking pin (402) and the source frame movable rod (3) is lifted, the movable locking pin (402) enters the first slot (4031) and locks the outer ring lead cover (103).

3. The irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 2, characterized in that: The head of the movable locking pin (402) is hemispherical, the first slot (4031) is a hemispherical slot that matches the head of the movable locking pin (402), and the second slot (301) is an annular slot that matches the head of the movable locking pin (402).

4. An irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 2, characterized in that: The middle part of the source frame movable rod (3) is an outwardly extending boss structure, and the second slot (105) is a stepped structure that matches the boss structure; a lifting rod (302) is provided on the upper part of the source frame movable rod (3), and an overlapping frame (1021) is provided on the upper end of the inner ring lead cover (102), and an overlapping groove matching the lifting rod (302) is opened on the upper end of the overlapping frame (1021); When the source frame movable rod (3) is in the first position, the boss structure overlaps the step of the second slot (105); when the source frame movable rod (3) is in the second position, the lifting rod (302) is in the overlapping groove of the overlapping frame (1021).

5. An irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 4, characterized in that: When the source frame movable rod (3) is in the second position, the bottom end of the boss structure is higher than the height of the movable locking pin (402), and the diameter of the inner ring of the inner ring lead cover (102) is smaller than the diameter of the boss structure.

6. An irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 2, characterized in that: The outer ring lead cover (103) is a split structure that is symmetrically distributed with respect to the inner ring lead cover (102). There are two spring pins (401), two movable locking pins (402), and two cover plate locking pins (403). The lower end of the outer ring lead cover (103) is provided with a cover plate pin (1031), and the upper end of the lead shielding chamber (101) is provided with a fourth slot (108) that matches the cover plate pin (1031).

7. An irradiation device for batch comparison testing of personal dosimeters according to claim 2, characterized in that: The number of dosimeter slots (501) is at least six. The inner lead cover (102) is fixedly connected to the lead shielding chamber (101) by screws. The lower end of the lead shielding chamber (101) is provided with an annular base plate (6), and the annular base plate (6) is provided with mounting holes for connecting external devices.

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