Optical lens and laser radar

Abstract

The invention discloses an optical lens and a laser radar. The maximum full field angle of the optical lens is within the range of 8-35 degrees, and the angular resolution value AR05 of any position of the half field angle of the optical lens within the range of 0-5 degrees and the angular resolution value ARS of the maximum half field angle of the optical lens meet the condition that AR05 is smaller than or equal to 86.2% ARS.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of optical components, and more specifically, to an optical lens and a lidar. Background Technology

[0002] LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a radar system that uses laser beams to detect the position, velocity, and other characteristics of a target. Its main principle is as follows: a light emitting device emits a detection beam towards the target; a light receiving device processes the reflected beam from the target along with the detection beam to obtain relevant information about the target.

[0003] Currently, lidar is generally classified into three categories: mechanical rotating, semi-solid-state, and purely solid-state. Commonly used lidar laser receiving modules include... Figure 1 As shown, it may include a receiving chip, such as a linear SPAD (Single-Photon Avalanche Diode) and an optical lens.

[0004] An existing type of lidar used for long-range detection requires the use of a high-pixel receiver chip or the addition of other components to achieve clear detection of the central area at a distance, which increases the overall cost. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The first aspect of this application provides an optical lens in which the maximum full field of view is in the range of 8 to 35°, and the angular resolution value AR05 at any point in the half field of view of the optical lens in the range of 0 to 5° satisfies the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens: AR05 ≤ 86.2% ARS.

[0006] In the example, the angular resolution of the optical lens increases from a half-field of view of 0° to a maximum half-field of view.

[0007] In the example, the angular resolution value AR0 at the half field of view of the optical lens is 0° and the angular resolution value at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following: 24%ARS < AR0 < 85.4%ARS.

[0008] In the example, the angular resolution value AR05 at any point in the half field of view of the optical lens within the range of 0 to 5° satisfies the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens: 35.5%ARS < AR05 < 82.1%ARS.

[0009] In the example, the angular resolution value AR0 at the half field of view of the optical lens is 0° and the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 28.2%ARS<AR0<82.1%ARS.

[0010] In an example, the optical lens is a distortion lens, and the image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view angle of the optical lens, the total focal length of the optical lens, and the radian value θ of the maximum full field of view angle of the optical lens satisfy: 0.959≤(F / H)*tanθ≤2.117.

[0011] In an example, the optical lens is suitable for a receiving chip with a line number of 96-520 specifications.

[0012] In an example, the angular resolution value AR0 of the optical lens at a half field of view angle of 0° satisfies: 0.03≤AR0≤0.079; or the angular resolution value AR5 of the optical lens at a half field of view angle of 5° satisfies: 0.041≤AR5≤0.079.

[0013] In an example, the angular resolution value AR0 of the optical lens at a half field of view angle of 0° satisfies: 0.035≤AR0≤0.069; or the angular resolution value AR5 of the optical lens at a half field of view angle of 5° satisfies: 0.048≤AR5≤0.069.

[0014] In an example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 60.000≤(FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤113.484, 1.013≤TTL / F≤2.906, 0.123≤TTL / H / FOV*mm≤0.452, 1.680≤TTL / DMAX≤2.673, 0.273≤(F*θ) / D≤0.892, 0.059≤D / H / FOV*°≤0.194, 0.037≤D / H / F*mm≤0.135, 0.031≤BFL / TTL≤0.196, 0.032≤BFL / TL≤0.235, 2.055≤F / H≤4.539, 1.173≤F / ENPD≤3.072, 0.037≤F / ENPD / D*mm≤0.109, 0.105≤DST / F≤0.828, 0.486≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.073, 0.958≤(F / H)*tanθ≤2.115, 0.240≤AR0 / ARS≤0.854, 0.302≤AR5 / ARS≤0.862, 1.107≤FOV / M / AR0≤3.209, 1.054≤FOV / M / AR5≤2.34, -0.482≤(H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2)≤-0.044, or 0.958≤(tanθ)*F / H≤2.115.

[0015] In an example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 60.454≤(FOV*F) / H*mm -1≤ 0.393, 1.977 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.324, 0.321 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.776, 0.069 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.169, 0.043 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.117, 0.037 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.170, 0.038 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.204, 2.418 ≤ F / H ≤ 3.947, 1.380 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 2.671, 0.044 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.095, 0.124 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.720, 0.572 ≤ (H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2)) ≤ 0.933, 1.127 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 1.839, 0.282 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.821, 0.355 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.821, 1.302 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 2.79, 1.24 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 2.035, -0.419 ≤ (H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.052 or 1.127 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 1.839.

[0016] In an example, the optical lens has a first configuration, the first configuration comprising, in order from the first side to the second side along the optical axis: a first lens having positive refractive power, a first side surface of which is convex and a second side surface of which is concave; a second lens having refractive power; a third lens having negative refractive power; a fourth lens having positive refractive power; a fifth lens having refractive power; the number of lenses having refractive power in the optical lens being five; or, or the optical lens has a second configuration, the second configuration comprising, in order from the first side to the second side along the optical axis: a first lens having positive refractive power; a second lens having negative refractive power; a third lens having positive refractive power, a first side surface of which is convex; a fourth lens having refractive power; a fifth lens having refractive power; the number of lenses having refractive power in the optical lens being five.

[0017] In the example, the first architecture satisfies the following conditions: the second lens has positive optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; or the second lens has positive optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex; or the second lens has negative optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex; or the second lens has negative optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; the third lens has negative optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; or the third lens has negative optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex; or the third lens has negative optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave. The first and second side surfaces are convex; the fourth lens has positive optical power, with its first side surface being convex and its second side surface being concave; or, the fourth lens has positive optical power, with its first side surface being concave and its second side surface being convex; or, the fourth lens has positive optical power, with its first and second side surfaces being convex; the fifth lens has negative optical power, with its first and second side surfaces being concave; or, the fifth lens has negative optical power, with its first side surface being convex and its second side surface being concave; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power, with its first side surface being convex and its second side surface being concave; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power. Its first side is concave, and its second side is convex; the first structure satisfies: the second lens has negative optical power, its first side is convex, and its second side is concave; or the second lens has negative optical power, its first side is concave, and its second side is convex; or the second lens has negative optical power, its first side is convex, and its second side is convex; the third lens has positive optical power, its first side is convex, and its second side is convex; or the third lens has positive optical power, its first side is convex, and its second side is concave; or the third lens has negative optical power, its first side is convex, and its second side is convex; the fourth lens... The fourth lens has negative optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being concave; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex; the fifth lens has negative optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; or, the fifth lens has negative optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power, with its first side being convex and its second side being concave; or, the fifth lens has positive optical power, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex.

[0018] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 60.000 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1≤87.949, 1.120≤TTL / F≤1.944, 0.123≤TTL / H / FOV*mm≤0.314, 1.680≤TTL / DMAX≤2.671, 0.406≤(F*θ) / D≤0.700, 0.059≤D / H / FOV*°≤0.1 47. 0.054≤D / H / F*mm≤0.085, 0.085≤BFL / TTL≤0.196, 0.094≤BFL / TL≤0.235, 2.055≤F / H≤4.398, 1.180≤F / ENPD≤1.732, 0.048≤F / ENPD / D *mm≤0.089, 0.564≤DST / F≤0.828, 0.631≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.073, 0.958≤(F / H)*tanθ≤1.600, 0.258≤AR0 / ARS≤0.944, 0.302≤AR5 / ARS≤0.944, 1.203≤FOV / M / AR0≤1.911, 1.145≤FOV / M / AR5≤1.783, -0.289≤(H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2)≤-0.044 or 0.958≤(tanθ)*F / H≤1.061.

[0019] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.728≤F1 / F≤1.525; the second architecture satisfies: 0.899≤F1 / F≤1.553.

[0020] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.445≤|R3 / R4|≤2.544; the second architecture satisfies: 0.097≤|R3 / R4|≤8.532.

[0021] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.088≤|R5 / R6|≤15.032; the second architecture satisfies: 0.280≤|R5 / R6|≤1.270.

[0022] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.458≤|F4 / F|≤1.033; the second architecture satisfies: 0.659≤|F4 / F|≤9.502.

[0023] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 1.252≤|F5 / F|≤31.825; the second architecture satisfies: 1.261≤|F5 / F|≤9.023.

[0024] In the example, the first architecture satisfies at least one of the following relations: 0.025≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F≤0.777 or 1.569≤Fm / F≤6.158; the second architecture satisfies at least one of the following relations: 0.245≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F≤1.573 or 0.800≤Fm / F≤2.137.

[0025] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.420≤Fn / F≤1.001; the second architecture satisfies -7.492≤Fn / F≤10.893.

[0026] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 0.148≤(T34+T45) / TTL≤0.423, 0.019≤T34 / TTL≤0.370, 1.047≤|F3| / (T34+T45)≤5.747, 0.002≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2 ≤0.007, 0.136≤|R6 / R7|≤5.069, 1.131≤|F4| / (T34+T45)≤3.092, 0.543≤|F3 / F4|≤2.663, 0.049≤(T34+T45) / TTL≤0.391, 0.033≤T34 / TTL≤0.327, 5.932≤|F3| / (T34+T45)≤26.742, 0.000≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)mm 2 ≤0.005, 0.270≤|R6 / R7|≤4.547, 1.675≤|F4| / (T34+T45)≤43.187 or 0.292≤|F3 / F4|≤12.357.

[0027] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 0.157≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T45)≤1.297, 0.276≤(T23+T34+T45) / F≤0.704, 0.024≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)|≤0.596, 0.218≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T45)≤5.587, 0.310≤(T23+T34+T45) / F≤0.629 or 0.285≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)|≤9.860.

[0028] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.488≤|F3 / F|≤1.672; the second architecture satisfies: 1.206≤|F3 / F|≤9.654.

[0029] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.180≤(T23+T34+T45) / TTL≤0.484; the second architecture satisfies: 0.208≤(T23+T34+T45) / TTL≤0.427.

[0030] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 0.776≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5|*F≤2.000; the second architecture satisfies: 0.107≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5|*F≤1.053.

[0031] In the example, the first architecture satisfies: 2.338≤|F2 / F|≤19.222; the second architecture satisfies: 1.216≤|F2 / F|≤8.294.

[0032] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 60.454 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1≤76.477, 1.318≤TTL / F≤1.690, 0.145≤TTL / H / FOV*mm≤0.273, 1.977≤TTL / DMAX≤2.323, 0.478≤(F*θ) / D≤0.609, 0.069≤D / H / FOV*°≤0.128, 0.063≤D / H / F*mm≤0.074, 0.100≤BFL / TTL≤0.170, 0.111≤BFL / TL≤0.204, 2.418≤F / H≤3.824, 1.388≤F / EN PD≤1.506, 0.056≤F / ENPD / D*mm≤0.077, 0.664≤DST / F≤0.720, 0.742≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤0.933, 1.127≤(F / H)*tanθ≤1 .391, 0.303≤AR0 / ARS≤0.821, 0.355≤AR5 / ARS≤0.821, 1.415≤FOV / M / AR0≤1.662, 1.347≤FOV / M / AR5≤1.55, -0.251≤(H / 2- F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2)≤-0.052 or 1.127≤(tanθ)*F / H≤1.392; the first architecture satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 0.174≤(T34+T45) / TTL≤0.368, 0.022≤T34 / TTL≤0.322, 1.846≤Fm / F≤5.355, 0.494≤Fn / F≤0.870, 0.857≤F1 / F≤1.326, 2.750≤|F2 / F|≤16.715, 0.574≤|F3 / F|≤1.454, 0 .539≤|F4 / F|≤0.898, 1.473≤|F5 / F|≤27.674, 0.029≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F≤0.676, 0.913≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5|*F≤1.739, 0. 028≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)|≤0.518, 1.232≤|F3| / (T34+T45)≤4.997, 0.002≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2≤0.006, 0.160≤|R6 / R7|≤4.408, 0.185≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T45)≤1.128, 1.331≤|F4| / (T34+T45)≤2.689, 0.212≤(T23+T34+T45) / TTL≤0.421, 0.523≤|R3 / R4|≤2.212, 0.10 3≤|R5 / R6|≤13.071, 0.325≤(T23+T34+T45) / F≤0.612, 0.639≤|F3 / F4|≤2.316; the second architecture satisfies at least one of the following relations: 0.058≤(T34+T45) / TTL≤0.340, 0.039≤T34 / TTL≤0.284, 0.941≤Fm / F≤ 1.858, -6.515≤Fn / F≤9.472, 1.058≤F1 / F≤1.350, 1.431≤|F2 / F|≤7.212, 1.419≤|F3 / F|≤8.395, 0.775≤|F4 / F|≤8.263, 1.484≤|F5 / F|≤7.846, 0.288≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) |*F≤1.368,0.126≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5|*F≤0.916,0.335≤|(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F 5)|≤8.574, 6.979≤|F3| / (T34+T45)≤23.254, 0.000≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2 ≤0.004, 0.318≤|R6 / R7|≤3.954, 0.256≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T45)≤4.858, 1.971≤|F4| / (T34+T45)≤37.554, 0.245≤(T23+T34+T 45) / TTL≤0.371, 0.114≤|R3 / R4|≤7.419, 0.329≤|R5 / R6|≤1.104, 0.365≤(T23+T34+T45) / F≤0.547 or 0.344≤|F3 / F4|≤10.745.

[0033] In the example, the optical lens includes, from the first side to the second side along the optical axis, the following in sequence: a first lens with positive optical power, the first side of which is convex and the second side is concave; a second lens with optical power, the first side of which is convex and the second side is concave; a third lens with negative optical power, the second side of which is concave; a fourth lens with positive optical power, the first side of which is convex; a fifth lens with optical power, the first side of which is concave and the second side is convex; and a sixth lens with positive optical power, wherein the optical lens has six lenses with optical power.

[0034] In the example, the second lens has positive optical power; or the second lens has negative optical power; the first side of the third lens is convex and the second side is concave; or, the first side of the third lens is concave and the second side is concave; the first side of the fourth lens is convex and the second side is concave; or, the first side of the fourth lens is convex and the second side is convex; the fifth lens has negative optical power; or the fifth lens has positive optical power; the first side of the sixth lens is convex and the second side is convex; or, the first side of the sixth lens is concave and the second side is convex; or, the first side of the sixth lens is convex and the second side is concave.

[0035] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 60.000 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤113.484, 1.013≤TTL / F≤2.906, 0.154≤TTL / H / FOV*mm≤0.452, 1.760≤TTL / DMAX≤2.673, 0.273≤(F*θ) / D≤0.892, 0.073≤D / H / FOV*°≤0. 194. 0.037≤D / H / F*mm≤0.135, 0.031≤BFL / TTL≤0.051, 0.032≤BFL / TL≤0.053, 2.645≤F / H≤4.539, 1.173≤F / ENPD≤3.072, 0.037≤F / ENPD / D*mm≤0.109, 0.105≤DST / F≤0.404, 0.486≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.048, 0.962≤(F / H)*tanθ≤2.115, 0.240≤AR0 / ARS≤0.821, 0.343≤AR 5 / ARS≤0.863, 1.107≤FOV / M / AR0≤3.209, 1.054≤FOV / M / AR5≤2.34, -0.482≤(H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2)≤-0.067 or 0.962≤(tanθ)*F / H≤2.115.

[0036] In the example, the focal length F1 of the first lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 0.868≤F1 / F≤1.978.

[0037] In the example, the focal length F2 of the second lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 1.324≤|F2 / F|≤7.999.

[0038] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens satisfies the following condition with the focal length F of the entire optical lens group: -0.934≤F3 / F≤-0.343.

[0039] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens satisfies the following condition with the focal length F of the entire optical lens group: 0.305≤F4 / F≤0.687.

[0040] In the example, the focal length F5 of the fifth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 0.720≤|F5 / F|≤7.491.

[0041] In the example, the focal length F6 of the sixth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 1.261≤F6 / F≤27.876.

[0042] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: -1.019≤(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)*F≤-0.449 or 1.374≤|Fm / F|≤11.061.

[0043] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 1.450≤(1 / F4+1 / F5+1 / F6)*F≤2.498 or 0.387≤Fn / F≤0.662.

[0044] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: -0.552≤(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5+1 / F6)≤-0.254, 2.460≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T56)≤5.890, or 0.105≤(T12+T23) / T34 / (T45+T56)*mm≤0.641.

[0045] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: -3.004≤F3 / T34≤-0.978, 0.698≤F4 / T34≤2.210, 0.727≤R6 / T34≤5.913, 0.578≤R7 / T34≤1.893 or 0.876≤R6 / R7≤3.670.

[0046] In the example, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses and the total optical length TTL of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 0.111≤T34 / TTL≤0.360.

[0047] In the example, the optical lens satisfies at least one of the following relationships: 62.236 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1≤98.682, 1.192≤TTL / F≤2.527, 0.181≤TTL / H / FOV*mm≤0.398, 2.070≤TTL / DMAX≤2.324, 0.321≤(F*θ) / D≤0.776, 0.086≤D / H / FOV*°≤0.1 9469, 0.043≤D / H / F*mm≤0.117, 0.037≤BFL / TTL≤0.044, 0.038≤BFL / TL≤0.046, 3.112≤F / H≤3.947, 1.380≤F / ENPD≤2.671, 0.044≤F / ENP D / D*mm≤0.095, 0.124≤DST / F≤0.351, 0.572≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤0.911, 1.132≤(F / H)*tanθ≤1.839, 0.282≤AR0 / ARS≤0.714, 0.403≤ AR5 / ARS≤0.750, 1.302≤FOV / M / AR0≤2.79, 1.24≤FOV / M / AR5≤2.035, -0.419≤(H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2)≤-0.079, 1.132≤(tanθ)*F / H≤1.839 , 0.131≤T34 / TTL≤0.313, 1.617≤|Fm / F|≤9.618, 0.455≤Fn / F≤0.576, 1.021≤F1 / F≤1.728, 1.558≤|F2 / F|≤6.956, -0.812≤F3 / F≤-0.403 , 0.359≤F4 / F≤0.597, 0.847≤|F5 / F|≤6.514, 1.483≤F6 / F≤24.240, -0.886≤(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)*F≤-0.528, 1.706≤(1 / F4+1 / F5+1 / F6)* F≤2.172, -0.480≤(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5+1 / F6)≤-0.299, -2.612≤F3 / T34≤-1.150, 0.821≤F4 / T34≤1.922, 0.855≤R6 / T34≤5. 142. 0.680≤R7 / T34≤1.646, 1.030≤R6 / R7≤3.191, 2.894≤(T12+T23) / (T34+T56)≤5.122 or 0.124≤(T12+T23) / T34 / (T45+T56)*mm≤0.557.

[0048] The second aspect of this application provides a lidar that includes a receiving module comprising an optical lens as described above.

[0049] This application provides an optical lens and a lidar using the optical lens, wherein the maximum full field of view of the optical lens is in the range of 8 to 35°. It can be applied to long-range detection. In the central region of the optical lens (i.e., within the half-field of view of 0 to 5°), the angular resolution value AR05 in the central region (i.e., within the half-field of view of 0 to 5°) and the angular resolution value ARS at the edge of the optical lens (i.e., at the maximum half-field of view) satisfy: AR05 ≤ 86.2% ARS. Therefore, while still using a conventional small-size, low-resolution receiver chip, by improving the angular resolution design of the optical lens and sacrificing the angular resolution at the edge, a higher resolution in the central region (within the half-field of view of 0 to 5 degrees) can be ensured, thus enabling the identification of distant objects in the central region. For objects outside the central region at close range, the low resolution at the edge of the half-field of view (i.e., at the maximum half-field of view) still meets the requirement for vehicle recognition. Overall, this does not affect vehicle-side applications, achieving a small size for the optical lens and the lidar unit while controlling low cost. Attached Figure Description

[0050] Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become more apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0051] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a receiving end lens is shown;

[0052] Figure 2 This invention provides a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of the optical lens and linear SPAD according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0053] Figure 3 A graph showing the half field of view versus angular resolution of an optical lens according to an embodiment of this application;

[0054] Figure 4 This diagram illustrates the use of an optical lens from an embodiment of this application in a vehicle-mounted lidar system.

[0055] Figures 5-39 A schematic diagram of the structure of an optical lens according to Embodiments 1-35 of this application is shown;

[0056] Figure 40 , 41 The modulation transfer function (MTF) curves of the optical lenses according to embodiments 2 and 35 of this application are shown.

[0057] Figure 42 , 43 The graphs showing the half field of view versus angular resolution of the optical lenses of embodiments 28 and 34 according to this application are shown.

[0058] Figure 44 This is a schematic diagram showing the angular resolution of the optical lens in the vertical field of view according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0059] To better understand this application, various aspects of this application will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these detailed descriptions are merely illustrative of exemplary embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit the scope of this application in any way. Throughout the specification, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements.

[0060] It should be noted that in this specification, the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are used only to distinguish one feature from another and do not imply any limitation on the features. Therefore, without departing from the teachings of this application, the first lens discussed below may also be referred to as the second lens or the third lens.

[0061] In the accompanying drawings, the thickness, size, and shape of the lenses have been slightly exaggerated for ease of illustration. Specifically, the shapes of the spherical or aspherical surfaces shown in the drawings are illustrated by way of example. That is, the shapes of the spherical or aspherical surfaces are not limited to those shown in the drawings. The drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not drawn strictly to scale.

[0062] In this paper, the paraxial region refers to the region near the optical axis. If the lens surface is convex and the location of the convexity is not defined, it means that the lens surface is convex at least in the paraxial region; if the lens surface is concave and the location of the concaveness is not defined, it means that the lens surface is concave at least in the paraxial region. The surface of each lens closest to the first side is called the first side surface of the lens, and the surface of each lens closest to the second side is called the second side surface of the lens.

[0063] It should also be understood that the terms "comprising," "including," and / or "having," when used in this specification, indicate the presence of the stated features, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. Furthermore, when describing embodiments of this application, the word "may" is used to mean "one or more embodiments of this application." And the term "exemplary" is intended to refer to an example or illustration.

[0064] Unless otherwise specified, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) shall have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains. It should also be understood that terms (e.g., those defined in common dictionaries) shall be interpreted as having the meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and shall not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalized sense, unless expressly so specified herein.

[0065] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. This application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0066] It should be noted that the field of view of the optical lens described in this application includes the full field of view and the half field of view. Unless otherwise specified, they all refer to the field of view in the vertical direction. When the optical lens described in this application is applied to an electronic device, the vertical direction defined in the optical lens is consistent with the vertical direction when the electronic device is in use.

[0067] The challenge faced by this application is that, as a type of lidar used for long-range detection, its field of view is generally small, and it needs to ensure a low angular resolution in the central region (low angular resolution means high point cloud density and high detection accuracy). The central region is generally a wide-angle area between 0° and 10°. Existing technologies can improve the resolution of the central region in two ways. One is to use a high-resolution receiving chip to improve the resolution of all areas of the overall image, which naturally improves the resolution of the central region as well, but this increases the cost and size.

[0068] Another type is specifically designed for semi-solid-state radars, which use micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) components from semi-solid-state radars. It increases the center resolution by transmitting a denser number of light rays to the center area of ​​the receiving chip. However, its limitation is that it is only applicable to semi-solid-state radars and cannot be used in mechanical, semi-solid-state, or pure solid-state radars. It is also expensive.

[0069] Meanwhile, the full field of view of long-range detection lidar is generally limited to a small field of view. For lenses with this type of field of view, the distortion value is close to 0, and the incident field of view angle and the image height are close to 1:1, that is, the angular resolution of the edge and the angular resolution of the central area are generally the same.

[0070] The features, principles and other aspects of this application are described in detail below.

[0071] like Figure 2 As shown, the angular resolution described in this application refers to the minimum angular distance between two point light sources at infinity and the center of the lens's entrance pupil, when an optical lens can precisely identify two point light sources with similar brightness at infinity as two independent image points. The smaller the angular resolution, the higher the image quality.

[0072] The first aspect of this application provides for an optical lens. Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the structure of the optical lens and linear SPAD according to an embodiment of this application is shown. Figure 2As shown, the angular resolution of the optical lens in the central region of the field of view (i.e., within the half-field-of-view area of ​​0° to 5°) is better than that at the edge of the field of view (i.e., at the maximum half-field-of-view area). Within the half-field-of-view area of ​​the optical lens (0° to 5°), the angular resolution value AR05 at any point within the half-field-of-view area of ​​the optical lens satisfies the following condition: AR05 ≤ 86.2% ARS. Figure 44 This diagram illustrates the angular resolution of the optical lens in the vertical field of view according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 44 As shown, Figure 44 The dots in the diagram represent the number of lines, from Figure 44 As can be seen, the points are denser at the center and sparser at both ends along the vertical field of view. This means the density of points decreases from the center to the edges, indicating that the angular resolution of the optical lens gradually increases from the half-field-of-view (0°) to the maximum half-field-of-view. An optical lens can include multiple lenses. Increasing the distance between two lenses achieves greater distortion. With this characteristic, when used as a lidar receiver, in conjunction with a linear SPAD detector (i.e., the receiving chip) with a uniformly distributed resolution, the receiving angle will achieve a dense distribution in the central field of view (0°–5° half-field-of-view) and a discrete distribution at the edges (maximum half-field-of-view). Figure 3 The graph showing the half field of view versus angular resolution of the optical lens according to an embodiment of this application is shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the angular resolution at any point in the central region of the field of view of the optical lens (i.e., within the half-field of view of 0° to 5°) is higher (i.e., lower) than the angular resolution at the edge of the field of view (i.e., at the maximum half-field of view). From the half-field of view of 0° to the maximum half-field of view, the angular resolution of the optical lens generally shows a gradual increasing trend.

[0073] Compared to existing small field-of-view (8°~35°) LiDAR lenses, receiving schemes that achieve a central region (half-field-of-view of 0~5°) angular resolution ≤0.08° require the use of a SPAD chip with ≥520 lines. This results in a SPAD chip length ≥15mm, necessitating a corresponding increase in the size of the receiver lens and further increasing the overall device size. According to the embodiment of this application, the optical lens can still use a conventionally sized SPAD chip, achieving a smaller size for both the optical lens and the LiDAR device while controlling costs. In the example, the optical lens is suitable for receiver chips with 96~520 lines.

[0074] The standard-sized SPAD chip that can be used in this application is 16mm long and has 500 scan lines. Alternatively, the SPAD chip can be 5.8mm long and have 256 scan lines. Or, the SPAD chip can be 7.8mm long and have 256 scan lines.

[0075] In the example, the angular resolution value AR0 at a half-field-of-view of 0° of the optical lens satisfies: 0.03≤AR0≤0.079, preferably 0.035≤AR0≤0.069; or, the angular resolution value AR5 at a half-field-of-view of 5° of the optical lens satisfies: 0.041≤AR5≤0.079, preferably 0.048≤AR5≤0.069. By controlling the ranges of AR0 and AR5, the optical lens of this application, when paired with a conventionally sized SPAD chip, can achieve a receiving scheme with a central region (half-field-of-view of 0~5°) angular resolution ≤0.08°.

[0076] In this example, this application uses a 7.8mm long SPAD chip with a rated scan line count M of 256 lines for optical lens design. As shown in Tables 71-1 to 71-4, using this conventional SPAD chip, in the central region (half field of view of 0-5°), the chip's rated scan line count M is 256 lines, and its actual scan line count N is calculated to be 307.966-437.586 lines. That is, using a conventional chip, a high-precision angular resolution effect similar to that of a high-line-count chip can be achieved.

[0077] Figure 4 This illustration shows a schematic diagram of the optical lens of this application used in a vehicle-mounted lidar system, as shown below. Figure 4 As shown, while maintaining the overall size and volume of the LiDAR device, by improving the angular resolution in the central region (e.g., the half-field of view is 0-5°), high-precision recognition in the central region at a distance of 21m (vehicle height 1.5m) can be achieved. Within a distance of 6.5m to 21m, the low resolution at the edge of the half-field of view (i.e., at the maximum half-field of view angle) can still meet the requirements for recognizing vehicles in front. Overall, this does not affect vehicle-side applications.

[0078] In the example, the angular resolution of the optical lens increases from the half-field-of-view (0°) to the maximum half-field-of-view region.

[0079] In the example, the maximum field of view of the optical lens is within the range of 8–35°. The angular resolution value AR0 at the half-field of view of the optical lens (0°) and the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half-field of view satisfy the following condition: 24%ARS < AR0 < 85.4%ARS. By controlling the resolution at the half-field of view of the optical lens and the angular resolution at the edge of the half-field of view, a non-uniform distribution of the received angular resolution can be achieved, with a denser distribution in the central region and a sparser distribution at the edges, thus achieving the high angular resolution requirement in the central region of the field of view. This maintains the small size of the optical lens while achieving energy reception at the target angle. Simultaneously, high angular resolution is achieved in the central region of the field of view, resulting in clearer differentiation of distant obstacles while maintaining the recognition of nearby obstacles.

[0080] In the example, the maximum field of view of the optical lens is in the range of 19.8 to 25°. This type of vehicle-mounted optical lens, used for narrow-angle, long-distance detection, offers a wide detection range and can detect the core field of view at long distances.

[0081] In the example, the angular resolution value AR05 at any point in the half-field-of-view (WF) of the optical lens between 0 and 5° satisfies the angular resolution value ARS in the maximum WF region of the optical lens: 35.5%ARS < AR05 < 82.1%ARS. This relationship allows for a better understanding of the non-uniform distribution of angular resolution in the core receiving region between 0 and 5°, achieving higher angular resolution in the central field-of-view area.

[0082] In the example, the angular resolution value AR0 at a half-field-of-view of 0° and the angular resolution value ARS in the maximum half-field-of-view region of the optical lens satisfy the following relationship: 28.2%ARS < AR0 < 82.1%ARS. This range of relationships allows for better handling of non-uniform distributions of received angular resolution, achieving higher angular resolution in the central region of the field of view.

[0083] In the example, the optical lens is a distortion lens. The image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, the total focal length of the optical lens, and the radian value θ of the maximum full field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.959≤(F / H)*tanθ≤2.117. By controlling this relationship, it is beneficial to significantly reduce the size of the optical lens. While keeping the SPAD chip size unchanged, increasing the focal length of the optical lens can achieve a specific angular resolution, reduce the size of the optical lens, and thus reduce the size of the LiDAR.

[0084] In the example, the optical lens has a first architecture. The first architecture may include five lenses with optical power, namely a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens, which are arranged sequentially from the first side to the second side along the optical axis.

[0085] In the example, the optical lens can be used as, for example, an imaging lens, where a first side of the optical lens can be the object side and a second side can be the image side. Light rays from the object side can be imaged on the image side. The second side of the optical lens is provided with the imaging surface of the optical lens.

[0086] The features of the first architecture of the five-lens optical lens will be described below.

[0087] In the example, the first lens is a positive lens that converges light rays, bringing together central and peripheral rays from each field of view. Its first side is convex, which in practical applications facilitates the sliding of water droplets, reducing their impact on imaging. The second side is concave, allowing light rays emitted through the first lens to converge smoothly to the rear, thus reducing light sensitivity.

[0088] In the example, the second lens is a positive lens, which converges light rays. Its first side is convex, which can collect as much light as possible to enter the rear optical lens, while its second side is concave, which can make the light enter the rear optical lens as smoothly as possible, which is beneficial for the smooth transition of light to the rear lens group and reduces aberrations.

[0089] In this example, the second lens is a positive lens, which converges light rays. Its first side is concave, which facilitates proper light diffusion, receives light rays emitted from the first lens, and reduces light refraction. Its second side is convex, shaped like a crescent moon, which allows light rays to converge to the third lens to a certain extent. This ensures that the light rays passing through the second lens smoothly transition to the third lens.

[0090] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens, with its first side being concave and its second side being convex. The second lens is meniscus and convex towards the image side, which can further diverge the light emitted from the first lens, avoid the light beam being too steep, and help improve image quality.

[0091] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens. Its first side is convex, facing the object side, which can reduce the incident angle of the light emitted from the first lens. Its second side is concave, keeping the overall optical power negative. This creates a positive and negative optical power combination with the first lens, which is beneficial for improving image quality.

[0092] In the example, the third lens is a negative lens with a relatively flat shape. Its first side is convex, which is beneficial for receiving light rays emitted from the second lens. At the same time, because its optical power is negative, its second side is concave, which can diffuse the light to the rear, increasing the optical path length of the edge field of view between the third and fourth lenses. This helps to increase lens distortion and improve the resolution of the central field of view.

[0093] In the example, the third lens is a negative lens, which is beneficial for receiving and further diverging the light rays emitted from the second lens. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex, which can appropriately converge the diverging light from the first side of the object to reduce aberrations and alleviate the resolution pressure on the rear lens.

[0094] In the example, the third lens is a negative lens with a concave first side facing the object side. This concave shape facilitates the reception of rapidly converging outgoing light from the second lens. Simultaneously, due to its negative optical power and the concave second side, the light is diffused further back, increasing the optical path length of the edge field of view between the third and fourth lenses. This helps to increase lens distortion and improve the central field of view resolution.

[0095] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens, which, together with the negative lens of the third lens, performs positive and negative optical power resolution. Therefore, the fourth lens must also be a positive lens, with its first side being convex to further converge and focus the diverging light beam in front, initiating optical lens converging imaging. Its second side is concave to soften the rapidly converging light beam in front, making the beam path at the edge of the field of view smoother, which is beneficial for correcting edge field of view aberrations.

[0096] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens, which provides positive and negative compensation with the third lens in front. Its first side is concave, which further diffuses and softens the divergent beam emitted by the third lens in front, so that the light path at the edge of the field of view will not be steep, thus helping to correct edge field of view aberrations and achieve high resolution of the system; the second side is convex, which, together with the negative of the third lens, further converges the beam and transmits it to the rear end for resolution.

[0097] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens with a biconvex shape, which compensates for optical power with the negative third lens in front. The biconvex shape of the fourth lens converges and focuses the light beam transmitted from the front, initiating optical lens convergence imaging. It plays a crucial role in the light path deflection and is conducive to achieving high imaging quality across the entire field of view of the system.

[0098] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens. Since the front group of lenses has more positive elements, the fifth lens is biconcave, which is beneficial for receiving fast-convex outgoing light rays and reducing aberrations.

[0099] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex, which helps to receive and properly converge the diverging outgoing light from the image side. This reduces the aperture of the fifth lens and is beneficial for miniaturizing the rear end of the lens.

[0100] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens with a small incident angle, and its first side is convex. The second side is concave, which helps to receive the light emitted from the first side, reducing the aperture of the fifth lens and facilitating miniaturization of the rear end of the lens.

[0101] In the example, the fifth lens is a positive lens with a convex first side, which can further reduce the converged beam in front to form an image; the image side is concave. Since the fourth and fifth lenses are both positive lenses, they achieve rapid beam convergence. If the first side is convex, the converged beam will become very steep, which is not conducive to the system achieving high-quality resolution. Therefore, the second side needs to be concave to soften the rapidly converged beam, which is beneficial to achieving high resolution.

[0102] In the example, the fifth lens is a positive lens with a small air gap between the front and rear lenses. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex. The lens is crescent-shaped and convex towards the image side, which can converge the light rays to the rear.

[0103] In the example, the optical lens has a second architecture. The second architecture may include five lenses with optical power, namely a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens, which are arranged sequentially from the first side to the second side along the optical axis.

[0104] The features of the second architecture of the five-lens optical lens will be described below.

[0105] In the example, the first lens is a positive lens that converges light rays, bringing together central and peripheral rays from each field of view. Its first side is convex, which in practical applications facilitates the sliding of water droplets, reducing their impact on imaging. The second side is concave, allowing light rays emitted through the first lens to converge smoothly to the rear, thus reducing light sensitivity.

[0106] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens. Its first side is convex, which reduces the angle of incidence of the light emitted from the first lens. Its second side is concave, maintaining an overall negative optical power. This creates a positive-negative optical power pairing with the first lens, which helps improve image quality.

[0107] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens with a concave first side and a convex second side. The lens is meniscus and convex towards the image side, which can further diverge the light emitted from the first lens, avoid the light beam being too steep, and help improve image quality.

[0108] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens, which is biconcave and has a large focal length. It can effectively diverge the light emitted from the first lens. By adjusting the surface shape of the second lens, the air gap between the second lens and the third lens is reduced, which reduces the optical path of the front lens group and helps to increase the field of view.

[0109] In the example, the third lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the second lens in front. Its first side is convex and its second side is concave, which can appropriately diverge the light emitted from the side of the object, adjust the beam direction, and help improve image quality.

[0110] In the example, the third lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the second lens in front. Its first side is convex and its second side is concave, which can appropriately diverge the light emitted from the first side, adjust the beam direction, and help improve image quality.

[0111] In the example, the fourth lens is a negative lens. Since there are more positive lenses in the front group of lenses, the fourth lens is biconcave, which is beneficial for receiving the outgoing light rays that converge quickly from the third lens, thus reducing aberrations and improving image quality.

[0112] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the front lens. Its first side is convex and its second side is concave, which can appropriately diverge light emitted from the side of the object, adjust the beam direction, and help improve image quality.

[0113] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the second or third lens in front. Its first side is concave, which diffuses and softens the light emitted from the front lens, so the light path at the edge of the field of view will not be steep, thus helping to correct edge field of view aberrations and achieve high resolution of the system; its second side is convex, serving as the last positive image in front of the image, further converging the light beam and transmitting it to the rear end for resolution.

[0114] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is convex and its second side is concave. The convexity towards the image side helps to receive and properly converge the diverging outgoing light from the image side, reducing the aperture of the fifth lens and facilitating miniaturization of the rear end of the lens.

[0115] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex, which helps to receive and properly converge the diverging outgoing light from the image side. This reduces the aperture of the fifth lens and is beneficial for miniaturizing the rear end of the lens.

[0116] In the example, the fifth lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the fourth lens in front. Its first side is convex, effectively receiving light from the front to achieve high system resolution. The second side is concave.

[0117] In the example, the fifth lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the fourth lens in front. Its first side is concave, which diffuses and softens the light emitted from the front lens, so the light path at the edge of the field of view will not be steep, thus helping to correct edge field of view aberrations and achieve high resolution of the system; its second side is convex, serving as the last lens in front of the image, and performing the final convergence resolution.

[0118] In the example, the optical lens may include, for example, six lenses with optical power, namely a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens, and a sixth lens, which are arranged sequentially from the first side to the second side along the optical axis.

[0119] The characteristics of a six-lens optical lens will be described below.

[0120] In the example, the optical lens can be used as, for example, an imaging lens, where a first side of the optical lens can be the object side and a second side can be the image side. Light rays from the object side can be imaged on the image side. The second side of the optical lens is provided with the imaging surface of the optical lens.

[0121] In the example, the first lens is a positive lens, which converges light rays, bringing together central and peripheral rays from each field of view. Its first side is convex, which in practical applications facilitates the sliding of water droplets, reducing their impact on imaging. The second side is concave, causing the light rays emitted from the first lens to converge smoothly to the rear, thus reducing light sensitivity.

[0122] In the example, the second lens is a positive lens, with its first side being convex, which helps to collect light rays with a large field of view, increase light flux, and quickly converge the light to the rear. Its second side is concave.

[0123] In the example, the second lens is a negative lens. Its first side is convex, which reduces the angle of incidence of the light emitted from the first lens. Its second side is concave, maintaining an overall negative optical power. This creates a positive-negative optical power pairing with the first lens, which helps improve image quality.

[0124] In the example, the third lens is a negative lens, with its first side being convex, which can further deflect and converge the outgoing light transmitted from the first two lenses. Therefore, when its second side is concave, it can better alleviate the resolving pressure on the rear lenses and smoothly diffuse the light to the rear.

[0125] In this example, the third lens is a negative lens, which facilitates the reception and further divergence of small-angle outgoing light rays from the second lens. The third lens is also a biconcave lens, which increases the optical path length of the edge field of view between the third and fourth lenses. This helps to increase lens distortion and improve the central field of view resolution.

[0126] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens, providing positive and negative compensation with the second or third lens in front. Its first side is convex, further converging the light emitted from the third lens in front. Its second side is concave, diverging the rapidly converging light from the front lenses again, which helps reduce aberrations and improve image quality.

[0127] In the example, the fourth lens is a positive lens with a biconvex shape, which is beneficial for collecting light from a large field of view, increasing light flux, and quickly converging the light to the rear, increasing lens distortion, which is beneficial for achieving a non-uniform angular resolution effect.

[0128] In the example, the fifth lens is a negative lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex, with the meniscus convex towards the image side. This helps to receive the light emitted from the fourth lens, reduces the aperture of the fifth lens, and facilitates miniaturization of the rear end of the lens.

[0129] In the example, the fifth lens is a positive lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is concave, and its second side is convex, with the meniscus convex towards the image side. This allows it to quickly converge the outgoing light from the front lens, which helps to reduce the aperture of the sixth lens and miniaturize the rear of the lens. However, it also increases edge field distortion, resulting in non-uniform angular resolution.

[0130] In the example, the sixth lens is a positive lens. The shape of the sixth lens is biconvex, which is beneficial for collecting light from a large field of view, increasing light flux, and quickly converging the light to the rear, increasing lens distortion, which is beneficial for achieving a non-uniform angular resolution effect.

[0131] In the example, the sixth lens is a positive lens with a small incident angle. Its first side is concave and its second side is convex, with the meniscus convex towards the image side. This helps to receive and properly converge the light emitted from the fourth lens, reducing the lens aperture and facilitating the miniaturization of the rear end of the lens.

[0132] In the example, the sixth lens is a positive lens with a convex first side, which helps to collect light from a wide field of view, increase luminous flux, and quickly converge the light to the rear, increasing lens distortion and thus contributing to a non-uniform angular resolution effect. Meanwhile, the concave second side appropriately diffuses light emitted from the sides of the object, helping to reduce aberrations and improve image quality.

[0133] In the example, the optical lens may also include an aperture stop, which may be positioned, for example, before the first lens and between the third and fourth lenses. Positioning the aperture stop before the first lens is beneficial for improving image quality in lenses with small field of view. Positioning the aperture stop between the third and fourth lenses facilitates a smoother transition of light to the rear of the system, reduces the aperture of the rear lenses, and lowers the sensitivity of the optical lens during assembly. It should be understood that positioning the aperture stop before the first lens or between the third and fourth lenses is merely exemplary, and this application does not impose specific limitations on this; the aperture stop may be positioned in other locations as needed.

[0134] In the example, the first and second sides of the fourth lens and the first and second sides of the fifth lens each have at least one inflection point. This arrangement allows edge rays to converge better to the image plane, effectively reducing aberrations such as coma and field curvature, increasing the angle between the upper and lower rays in the edge field of view, and improving relative illumination.

[0135] In the example, the surfaces of the fourth, fifth, and sixth lenses may have one or more aspherical surfaces, which can reasonably control the light deflection of each field of view, effectively reduce various aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, and distortion, and improve the performance of the optical lens.

[0136] In the example, the optical lens may also include a filter located between the fifth lens and the image plane, or a filter located between the sixth lens and the image plane, to filter light of different wavelengths. The optical lens may also, as needed, have a protective glass between the filter and the image plane to prevent damage to internal components (e.g., chips) of the optical lens.

[0137] In the example, the optical lens may further include a photosensitive element disposed on the second side. Optionally, the photosensitive element disposed on the second side may be a photocoupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor device (CMOS).

[0138] The following will describe the common features of five-element and six-element optical lenses, as well as the unique features of each type of optical lens.

[0139] In the example, the maximum field of view (FOV) of the optical lens, the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, and the image height H corresponding to the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 60.000 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤113.484. Preferably, 60.454≤(FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤98.682. In a five-lens optical system, 60.000 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤87.949. Further, 60.454≤(FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤76.477. In a six-element optical lens, 60.000 ≤ (FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤113.484. Further, 62.236≤(FOV*F) / H*mm -1 ≤98.682. This range simultaneously satisfies both telephoto and large angular resolution (positively correlated with H under unit angle conditions). It ensures fine imaging in the central area due to the small angular resolution, and wide field of view coverage in the edge area due to the large angular resolution. Simultaneously, it guarantees that the optical lens, in automotive scenarios, can accurately capture close-up details while effectively detecting distant targets, optimizing the overall detection performance of the LiDAR. It adapts to the non-uniform characteristics of automotive LiDAR, characterized by small center angular resolution and large edge resolution.

[0140] In the example, the total optical length (TTL) of the optical lens and the focal length (F) of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy the following: 1.013 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 2.906. Preferably, 1.192 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 2.527. For a five-lens optical lens, 1.120 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 1.944. Further, 1.318 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 1.690. For a six-lens optical lens, 1.013 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 2.906. Further, 1.192 ≤ TTL / F ≤ 2.527. This range ensures high central resolution and a wide field of view at the edges while controlling the TTL, avoiding excessive size due to focal length requirements, and adapting to vehicle space constraints. It also ensures optical lens compactness and imaging performance, balancing detection accuracy and installation feasibility, thus optimizing the practicality of LiDAR in automotive scenarios.

[0141] In the example, the total optical length (TTL) of the optical lens, the image height (H) corresponding to the maximum field of view (FOV) of the optical lens, and the maximum FOV of the optical lens satisfy the following: 0.123 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.452. Preferably, 0.145 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.393. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.123 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.314. Further, 0.145 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.273. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.154 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.452. Further, 0.181 ≤ TTL / H / FOV*mm ≤ 0.398. This range provides space for the positive and negative power lens groups to correct aberrations, ensure imaging quality in the central high-resolution area, control the TTL to be not too large, meet vehicle space constraints, adapt to the reasonable distribution of low-resolution edges, and balance structural compactness with full field-of-view detection performance.

[0142] In the example, the total optical length (TTL) of the optical lens and the maximum aperture (DMAX) of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 1.680 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.673. Preferably, 1.977 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.324. For a five-lens optical lens, 1.680 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.671. Further, 1.977 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.323. For a six-lens optical lens, 1.760 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.673. Further, 2.070 ≤ TTL / DMAX ≤ 2.324. This range ensures high central resolution and a wide field of view at the edges while avoiding excessively long lenses or large lens elements. It controls the overall size to fit in vehicle space, reduces the processing difficulty and cost of large-aperture lenses, and ensures stable optical performance, balancing the practicality, economy, and detection efficiency of the lidar.

[0143] In the example, the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly, the radian value θ of the maximum field of view of the optical lens, and the maximum aperture D of the first side of the first lens corresponding to the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.273 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.892. Preferably, 0.321 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.776. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.406 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.700. Further, 0.478 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.609. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.273 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.892. Further, 0.321 ≤ (F*θ) / D ≤ 0.776. The lower limit ensures that D is not too large, controlling the lens size and cost, while ensuring the amount of light transmitted in the high-resolution central area; it avoids insufficient light in the edge area due to D being too small. This range is conducive to the combination of positive and negative optical power to correct aberrations, adapting to the low-resolution needs at the edges, balancing light transmission efficiency, structural compactness and full field-of-view imaging quality, and meeting the needs of automotive scenarios.

[0144] In the example, the maximum aperture D of the first side of the first lens corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, the image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, and the maximum full field of view (FOV) of the optical lens satisfy the following: 0.059 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.194. Preferably, 0.069 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.169. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.059 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.147. Further, 0.069 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.128. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.073 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.194. Further, 0.086 ≤ D / H / FOV*° ≤ 0.19469. This range optimizes the light transmission of the first lens and the matching degree of the image plane while ensuring high central resolution and a large edge field of view. It avoids insufficient light transmission affecting image brightness or excessive aperture increasing volume. At the same time, it ensures that the light energy of the entire field of view is reasonably projected onto the image plane, taking into account the detection sensitivity, field of view coverage and adaptability of the lidar to the vehicle space, thereby improving the overall efficiency.

[0145] In the example, the maximum aperture D of the first side of the first lens corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, the image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy: 0.037 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.135. Preferably, 0.043 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.117. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.054 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.085. Further, 0.063 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.074. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.037 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.135. Further, 0.043 ≤ D / H / F*mm ≤ 0.117. This range optimizes the light transmission and imaging ratio of the first lens while ensuring high central resolution and a large edge field of view. It avoids insufficient light transmission affecting detection accuracy or excessive aperture leading to a bulky lens. At the same time, it ensures that light energy is efficiently projected onto the image plane, taking into account the sensitivity and imaging clarity of the lidar and the structural compactness of the vehicle-mounted scenario, thereby improving overall performance.

[0146] In the example, the optical back focal length (BFL) and total optical length (TTL) of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 0.031 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.196. Preferably, 0.037 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.170. In a five-element optical lens, 0.085 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.196. Further, 0.100 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.170. In a six-element optical lens, 0.031 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.051. Further, 0.037 ≤ BFL / TTL ≤ 0.044. This range meets the specific requirements of the optical lens's back focal length and also reserves space for optical element installation and focusing, avoiding mechanical interference. While ensuring high central resolution and a large edge field of view, the spatial layout of the rear end of the lens is optimized. This avoids the limitation of image plane design due to an excessively short back focal length, or the increase in overall size due to an excessively long back focal length. It not only reserves reasonable installation space for imaging elements, but also controls the overall length of the lens to adapt to the vehicle environment, taking into account both optical performance and structural practicality, thereby improving the integration efficiency of LiDAR.

[0147] In the example, the optical back focal length (BFL) and lens group length (TL) of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 0.032 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.235. Preferably, 0.038 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.204. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.094 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.235. Further, 0.111 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.204. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.032 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.053. Further, 0.038 ≤ BFL / TL ≤ 0.046. This range, while achieving miniaturization, provides a longer back focal length, which is beneficial for the assembly of the receiving module. It optimizes the internal space allocation of the lens while ensuring high central resolution and a wide field of view at the edges. It avoids compressing the imaging element installation space due to an excessively short back focal length, or causing a loose lens group layout due to an excessively long back focal length. It reserves reasonable space for back-end components while ensuring a compact and efficient lens group, balancing optical performance with the structural integration requirements of automotive scenarios, and improving the adaptability of LiDAR.

[0148] In the example, the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly and the image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following: 2.055 ≤ F / H ≤ 4.539. Preferably, 2.418 ≤ F / H ≤ 3.947. In a five-lens optical lens, 2.055 ≤ F / H ≤ 4.398. Further, 2.418 ≤ F / H ≤ 3.824. In a six-lens optical lens, 2.645 ≤ F / H ≤ 4.539. Further, 3.112 ≤ F / H ≤ 3.947. This range can improve resolution, optimizing the imaging ratio while ensuring high resolution at the center and a large field of view at the edges. It avoids the blurring of the center image or the distortion of the edge field of view caused by the imbalance between focal length and image height, ensuring clear imaging and harmonious proportions across the entire field of view. It meets the needs of fine detection in the central area while ensuring effective coverage of the edge field of view, taking into account the detection accuracy and field of view performance of the lidar, and improving the applicability of vehicle-mounted scenarios.

[0149] In the example, the focal length F of the entire optical lens group and the entrance pupil diameter ENPD of the optical lens satisfy the following: 1.173 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 3.072. Preferably, 1.380 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 2.671. In a five-lens optical lens, 1.180 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 1.732. Further, 1.388 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 1.506. In a six-lens optical lens, 1.173 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 3.072. Further, 1.380 ≤ F / ENPD ≤ 2.671. This range is beneficial for increasing light transmission, and the large entrance pupil diameter helps to improve relative illumination. While ensuring high central resolution and a large edge field of view, the light energy utilization rate is optimized. It avoids ratio imbalances that lead to excessive saturation of central light or insufficient edge light, ensuring balanced light intensity across the entire field of view. It meets the energy requirements for precise central detection, ensures effective light sensing at the edge of the field of view, balances the detection dynamic range and imaging stability of lidar, and improves adaptability to the vehicle environment.

[0150] In the example, the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly, the entrance pupil diameter ENPD of the optical lens, and the maximum aperture D of the first side of the first lens corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following: 0.037 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.109. Preferably, 0.044 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.095. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.048 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.089. Further, 0.056 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.077. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.037 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.109. Further, 0.044 ≤ F / ENPD / D*mm ≤ 0.095. This range ensures a small aperture while meeting the requirement of high light transmission, achieving lens miniaturization. It optimizes light energy transmission efficiency while maintaining high central resolution and a large edge field of view. To avoid excessive light intensity at the center or insufficient light at the edges due to parameter imbalance, and to ensure balanced light effect across the entire field of view, the design meets the energy requirements for precise center detection while controlling the aperture of the first lens to fit the vehicle's space, balancing the detection performance and structural compactness of the lidar, thus improving its overall practicality.

[0151] In the example, the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly and the effective aperture DST of the aperture stop satisfy the following: 0.105 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.828. Preferably, 0.124 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.720. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.564 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.828. Further, 0.664 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.720. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.105 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.404. Further, 0.124 ≤ DST / F ≤ 0.351. This range optimizes beam control capabilities while ensuring high central resolution and a wide field of view at the edges. It avoids ratio imbalances that could lead to an excessively narrow central beam or uncontrolled edge beams, ensuring a reasonable beam distribution across the entire field of view. This enhances the fine focusing capability in the central area while ensuring effective beam passage at the edges, balancing the detection accuracy and field of view coverage of the lidar, and improving environmental perception performance in vehicle scenarios.

[0152] In the example, the image height H corresponding to the maximum field of view of the optical lens, the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, and the radian value θ of the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.486≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.073. Preferably, 0.572≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤0.933. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.631≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.073. Further, 0.742≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤0.933. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.486≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤1.048. Further, 0.572≤(H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2))≤0.911. This range facilitates the significant miniaturization of LiDAR devices. By increasing the lens focal length to achieve specific angular resolution while maintaining the same chip size, the lens size can be reduced, thereby decreasing the overall LiDAR size. This ensures high central resolution and a large edge field of view while avoiding distortion caused by an imbalance between image height and field of view. It guarantees harmonious imaging proportions at the edges, precise focusing in the central region, and minimal distortion across the entire field of view. This satisfies both the geometric accuracy required for fine-grained central detection and the spatial mapping accuracy of the edge field of view, balancing the measurement accuracy and field of view integrity of the LiDAR and improving the reliability of in-vehicle environmental perception.

[0153] In the example, the image height H corresponding to the maximum field of view of the entire optical lens group at focal length F, and the radian value θ of the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.958 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 2.115. Preferably, 1.127 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 1.839. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.958 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 1.600. Further, 1.127 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 1.391. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.962 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 2.115. Further, 1.132 ≤ (F / H)*tanθ ≤ 1.839. This range is beneficial for the high miniaturization of the lidar size, ensuring high central resolution and a large edge field of view while avoiding imaging distortion caused by geometric parameter imbalance. It ensures geometric matching between precise central detection and edge field-of-view coverage, and coordinates the imaging ratio across the entire field of view. This enhances the angular resolution accuracy of the central region while maintaining the spatial mapping rationality of the edge field of view, balancing the measurement accuracy of the lidar with the completeness of environmental perception, and improving its applicability in vehicle-mounted scenarios.

[0154] In the example, the angular resolution value AR0 of the optical lens with a half-field of view of 0° and the angular resolution value ARS of the optical lens's maximum half-field of view satisfy the following: 0.240 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.854. Preferably, 0.282 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.821. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.258 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.944. Further, 0.303 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.821. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.240 ≤ AR0 / ARS ≤ 0.821. Further, 0.282 ≤ AR0 / AR0 ≤ 0.714. Protecting the division and angular resolution performance of the central region of the optical lens ensures that the pixel allocation in the critical near-center region of 5° matches the angular resolution: both by reasonably covering this region with pixels to fully utilize its transitional detection capability (between high precision at the center and large field of view at the edges), and by avoiding pixel redundancy or insufficiency. This range prevents decreased detection accuracy or resource waste due to pixel imbalance in the area, coordinates the performance of the transition area and the overall field of view, and improves the perception accuracy and resource utilization efficiency of vehicle-mounted LiDAR in medium and close-range environments. Furthermore, the receiving module, composed of a non-uniform angular resolution receiving optical group, achieves high angular resolution in the target's central area. This ensures both a smaller angular resolution (denser point cloud) in the central area, focusing on high-priority scenes (such as obstacle recognition directly ahead), and guaranteeing core detection accuracy; it also limits the resolution difference between the edge and the center, avoiding excessive sparseness at the edges that could lead to missed detections or contour distortion, maintaining basic perception capabilities; and it guides a gradual change in resolution from the center to the edge, avoiding abrupt changes that could cause point cloud discontinuities, improving data coherence and algorithm usability, and balancing performance with the need for full field-of-view coverage.

[0155] In the example, the angular resolution value ARS of the optical lens's maximum half-field-of-view area and the angular resolution value AR5 of the optical lens at a half-field-of-view of 5° satisfy: 0.302 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.862. Preferably, 0.355 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.821. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.302 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.944. Further, 0.355 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.821. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.343 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.863. Further, 0.403 ≤ AR5 / ARS ≤ 0.750. This range protects the division and angular resolution performance of the optical lens's central area, ensuring that the pixel allocation in the central area matches the small angular resolution. This achieves high precision by covering the central field of view with sufficient pixels while avoiding excessive pixel density that leads to resource waste or optical lens redundancy.

[0156] In the example, the maximum field of view (FOV) of the optical lens, the number of lines M of the LiDAR chip, and the angular resolution value AR0 of the optical lens with a half field of view of 0° satisfy the following: 1.107 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 3.209. Preferably, 1.302 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 2.79. In a five-lens optical lens, 1.203 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 1.911. Further, 1.415 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 1.662. In a six-lens optical lens, 1.107 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 3.209. Further, 1.302 ≤ FOV / M / AR0 ≤ 2.79. This range protects the division of the central region of the optical lens and the performance of the angular resolution, ensuring that the pixel allocation in the central region matches the small angular resolution. This achieves high precision by covering the central field of view with sufficient pixels, while avoiding excessive pixel density that leads to resource waste or optical lens redundancy. The coordination center allocates resources for fine-grained detection and overall field of view, balancing the detection efficiency and structural compactness of the vehicle-mounted LiDAR, thereby improving the reliability of environmental identification in the near-field center area. This ratio represents the actual angular resolution at the 0° half-field of view position, which is less than or equal to the angular resolution when the chip lines (M) are uniformly distributed. This constraint means that the laser point cloud density at the 0° half-field of view is higher than in the case of a uniform distribution—the point cloud is denser.

[0157] In the example, the maximum field of view (FOV) of the optical lens, the number of lines M of the LiDAR chip, and the angular resolution value AR5 at a half-field of view of 5° satisfy the following: 1.054 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 2.34. Preferably, 1.24 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 2.035. In a five-lens optical lens, 1.145 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 1.783. Further, 1.347 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 1.55. In a six-lens optical lens, 1.054 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 2.34. Further, 1.24 ≤ FOV / M / AR5 ≤ 2.035. This range protects the division of the central region of the optical lens and the performance of the angular resolution. It ensures that the pixel allocation in this critical near-center 5° region matches the angular resolution: both by reasonably covering this region with pixels to fully utilize its transitional detection capability (between high precision at the center and a large field of view at the edge), and by avoiding pixel redundancy or insufficiency. The ratio range prevents decreased detection accuracy or resource waste in this area due to pixel imbalance, coordinates the performance of the transition area with the overall field of view, and improves the perception accuracy and resource utilization efficiency of vehicle-mounted LiDAR in medium and close-range environments. This ratio is the angular resolution when the actual angular resolution of the half-field of view in the 5° region is ≤ the angular resolution when the chip line count M is uniformly distributed. This constraint means that the laser point cloud density in the 5° region is higher than that in the case of uniform distribution—the point cloud is denser.

[0158] In the example, the image height H corresponding to the maximum field of view of the optical lens, the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, and the radian value θ of the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: -0.482 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.044. Preferably, -0.419 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.052. In a five-lens optical lens, -0.289 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.044. Further, -0.251 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.052. In a six-lens optical lens, -0.482 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.067. Furthermore, -0.419 ≤ (H / 2 - F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) ≤ -0.079. The upper limit optical lens exhibits relatively small negative distortion. The actual image height at the edge of the field of view is closer to the ideal image height, effectively reducing the compression of image points in the edge regions and resulting in a more uniform energy distribution throughout the field of view. The lower limit optical lens has stronger negative distortion. This causes the edge image points to be compressed more significantly towards the center, resulting in a denser concentration of light energy and imaging information in and around the central field of view.

[0159] In the example, the radian value θ of the maximum field of view of the optical lens, the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, and the image height H corresponding to the maximum field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.958 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 2.117. Preferably, 1.127 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 1.839. In a five-lens optical lens, 0.958 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 1.061. Further, 1.127 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 1.392. In a six-lens optical lens, 0.962 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 2.115. Further, 1.132 ≤ (tanθ)*F / H ≤ 1.839. This range simultaneously satisfies both telephoto and large angular resolution, ensuring that the central area has fine imaging (high detection accuracy) due to its small angular resolution, while the edge area has a wide field of view due to its large angular resolution. At the same time, it ensures that the optical lens can accurately capture close-up details and effectively detect distant targets in vehicle-mounted scenarios, thus optimizing the overall detection performance of the lidar.

[0160] The following describes the characteristics of the optical lens in a five-lens system.

[0161] In the example, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses, satisfy the following conditions with the total optical length TTL of the optical lens: In the first architecture, 0.148 ≤ (T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.423. Preferably, 0.049 ≤ (T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.391. In the second architecture, 0.174 ≤ (T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.368. Further, 0.058 ≤ (T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.340. Within this range, the large air gap between the front and rear lens groups allows for sufficient light diffusion, and the optical path length of the edge rays is longer than that of the center rays, which contributes to the increase in large field-of-view distortion. Combined with the lens power distribution, it can specifically increase large field-of-view distortion (adapting to the feature of high edge angular resolution) while ensuring that the optical path of the center rays is more concentrated, maintaining small angular resolution (high precision).

[0162] In the example, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses and the total optical length TTL of the optical lens satisfy the following conditions: In the first architecture, 0.019 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.370. Preferably, 0.033 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.327. In the second architecture, 0.022 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.322. Further, 0.039 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.284. Within this range, the large air gap between the front and rear lens groups allows for sufficient light diffusion, and the optical path length of the peripheral rays is longer than that of the central rays, contributing to an increase in large field-of-view distortion.

[0163] In the example, the focal length Fm of the front lens group of the optical lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 1.569 ≤ Fm / F ≤ 6.158. Preferably, 0.800 ≤ Fm / F ≤ 2.137. In the second architecture, 1.846 ≤ Fm / F ≤ 5.355. Further, 0.941 ≤ Fm / F ≤ 1.858. The front lens group of the optical lens can be a first lens, a second lens, and a third lens. The larger focal length of the front lens group reduces the deflection angle of light in the lens, gently confining the light to a smaller image plane. This range allows for initial control of the light by the front lens group (converging light in the central area to ensure small angular resolution, and moderately diffusing light in the edge area to adapt to a large field of view), while also reserving correction space for the rear lens group to balance aberrations.

[0164] In the example, the focal length Fn of the rear lens group of the optical lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.420≤Fn / F≤1.001. Preferably, -7.492≤Fn / F≤10.893. In the second architecture, 0.494≤Fn / F≤0.870. Further, -6.515≤Fn / F≤9.472. The rear lens group of the optical lens can be a fourth lens and a fifth lens. The smaller focal length of the rear lens group allows for rapid convergence of light onto the image plane, confining the light to a smaller image plane, improving image quality and adjusting angular resolution. This range coordinates its cooperation with the front lens group: ensuring that the focal length of the rear lens group is close to the total focal length of the optical lens, accurately receiving the light from the front lens group, further compressing the central beam to maintain small angular resolution, and appropriately guiding the edge beams to adapt to the large field of view requirements.

[0165] In the example, the focal length F1 of the first lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.728 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.525. Preferably, 0.899 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.553. In the second architecture, 0.857 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.326. Further, 1.058 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.350. This range further improves the sharpness of the central area, while avoiding an excessively large FOV due to an excessively small F. It also coordinates with the negative focal length of the third lens and other lenses to suppress excessive distortion in the center and stabilize the central angular resolution. The flexible focal lengths of the second (positive / negative) and fifth (positive / negative) lenses are adapted to offset the edge aberrations caused by the negative focal length of the third lens, ensuring that the imaging remains stable despite the large angular resolution in the surrounding area; at the same time, it prevents an excessively large F from causing an excessively small FOV, ensuring the environmental coverage required for automotive scenarios.

[0166] In the example, the focal length F2 of the second lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 2.338 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 19.222. Preferably, 1.216 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 8.294. In the second architecture, 2.750 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 16.715. Further, 1.431 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 7.212. This range can efficiently coordinate the aberration compensation function of the negative focal length lens of the third lens, suppress edge imaging deviation caused by large distortion, while not interfering with the central clear imaging dominated by the positive focal length of the first lens. It can also accurately maintain the full field of view, avoiding excessive field of view shift due to lens power imbalance, and adapting to the requirements of vehicle-mounted LiDAR for center detection accuracy and fixed field of view. To prevent the optical lens aberration control from failing due to insufficient F2 focal length, ensure stable center angular resolution (maintaining a small value) to guarantee center sharpness, while ensuring that the image remains stable despite a large peripheral angular resolution, further consolidating the environmental coverage effect across the entire field of view.

[0167] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.488 ≤ |F3 / F| ≤ 1.672. Preferably, 1.206 ≤ |F3 / F| ≤ 9.654. ​​In the second architecture, 0.574 ≤ |F3 / F| ≤ 1.454. Further, 1.419 ≤ |F3 / F| ≤ 8.395. This range can efficiently compensate for large lens distortion, reduce imaging deviation in the surrounding area, and improve high resolution in the surrounding area, while maintaining the advantage of small angular resolution in the center to ensure center sharpness; at the same time, optimizing the optical power distribution of the lenses can reduce the aperture of the third lens and surrounding lenses, helping to miniaturize the lens and adapt to the limited installation space in the vehicle. It can balance the optical power relationship with the positive focal length lenses of the first and fourth lenses, stabilize the total optical power of the optical lens; it can also avoid the aberration accumulation caused by excessively weak negative optical power, ensure high resolution in the center, and prevent the lens from being too large due to excessively low optical power, thus taking into account both miniaturization and imaging stability.

[0168] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.458 ≤ |F4 / F| ≤ 1.033. Preferably, 0.659 ≤ |F4 / F| ≤ 9.502. In the second architecture, 0.539 ≤ |F4 / F| ≤ 0.898. Further, 0.775 ≤ |F4 / F| ≤ 8.263. This range makes the fourth lens more gentle on the bending of light, more effectively correcting the residual aberrations produced by the front lens (especially the negative lens, the third lens), helping to improve the imaging quality in the edge region, effectively converging the beam, thereby significantly reducing the aperture of its successor lens (the fifth lens) and the longitudinal dimension of the entire optical lens, powerfully promoting the development of lenses towards smaller apertures and miniaturization, meeting the stringent requirements of automotive radar for compact structures.

[0169] In the example, the focal length F5 of the fifth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 1.252 ≤ |F5 / F| ≤ 31.825. Preferably, 1.261 ≤ |F5 / F| ≤ 9.023. In the second architecture, 1.473 ≤ |F5 / F| ≤ 27.674. Further, 1.484 ≤ |F5 / F| ≤ 7.846. This range allows the fifth lens to primarily function as a light guide, contributing very little to the optical lens's power. It can handle light very gently, effectively avoiding the introduction of higher-order aberrations, and is beneficial for further correcting residual distortion and field curvature of the preceding lens group, thereby ensuring the stable realization of high resolution from the center to the edge. The fifth lens can powerfully converge or diverge the light beam, forming a tight "double lens" effect with the positive lens of the fourth lens, compressing the back focal length and the overall length of the optical lens. At the same time, its strong optical power also makes it a powerful tool for correcting astigmatism and balancing aberrations throughout the optical lens.

[0170] In the example, the focal lengths F1 of the first lens, F2 of the second lens, and F3 of the third lens, together with the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly, satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.025 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F ≤ 0.777. Preferably, 0.245 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F ≤ 1.573. In the second architecture, 0.029 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F ≤ 0.676. Further, 0.288 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F ≤ 1.368. This range allows light to be quickly converged at the front of the optical lens, effectively reducing the aperture and beam height of subsequent lenses (fourth and fifth lenses), thus achieving lens miniaturization and a small aperture. Meanwhile, the strong positive optical power provides ample leeway for aberration balancing with the negative third lens, helping to correct field curvature and improve high resolution in the central region. The optical power of the front group in this range is very weak. This means that light enters the lens more smoothly, which helps reduce off-axis aberrations (such as coma and astigmatism) at large angles, thereby improving image quality in the edge regions.

[0171] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens, the focal length F5 of the fifth lens, and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.776 ≤ |(1 / F4 + 1 / F5|*F ≤ 2.000. Preferably, 0.107 ≤ |(1 / F4 + 1 / F5|*F ≤ 1.053. In the second architecture, 0.913 ≤ |(1 / F4 + 1 / F5|*F ≤ 1.739. Further, 0.126 ≤ |(1 / F4 + 1 / F5|*F ≤ 2.000. |*F≤0.916. This range allows light to be powerfully focused at the rear of the optical lens, effectively shortening the back focal length and overall length of the lens, enabling miniaturization. This range shifts the primary function of the fourth and fifth lenses from powerfully focusing light to more precisely correcting aberrations, especially when used in conjunction with the negative third lens, enabling more effective balancing of field curvature, correction of astigmatism, and distortion. This ensures extremely high angular resolution and sharpness in the center field of view, while allowing for smooth transitions in edge image quality.

[0172] In the example, the focal lengths F1 of the first lens, F2 of the second lens, F3 of the third lens, F4 of the fourth lens, and F5 of the fifth lens satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.024 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)| ≤ 0.596. Preferably, 0.285 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)| ≤ 9.860. In the second architecture, 0.028 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)| ≤ 0.518. Further, 0.335 ≤ |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)| ≤ 8.574. This range allows light to converge more quickly in the front half of the optical lens, effectively reducing the aperture and beam height of subsequent lenses, which is beneficial for miniaturization and small aperture. This range helps to prioritize converging power and high resolution in the central field of view. This range shifts the "main convergence point" of the optical lens backward, resulting in a smoother front group of light rays, which can effectively suppress off-axis aberrations (such as coma) at large angles, thereby optimizing edge imaging quality.

[0173] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 1.047 ≤ |F3| / (T34+T45) ≤ 5.747. Preferably, 5.932 ≤ |F3| / (T34+T45) ≤ 26.742. In the second architecture, 1.232 ≤ |F3| / (T34+T45) ≤ 4.997. Further, 6.979 ≤ |F3| / (T34+T45) ≤ 23.254. This range maintains a smooth transition of light at the rear of the optical lens, enabling finer correction of field curvature and astigmatism, thereby ensuring extremely high resolution in the central field of view while avoiding severe distortion introduced by strong negative optical power. This range also allows for smaller apertures in the subsequent positive fourth and fifth lenses, enabling the development of smaller-aperture and miniaturized optical lenses. At the same time, it balances the overall positive optical power of the lens and corrects aberrations.

[0174] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens, the focal length F5 of the fifth lens, and the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses satisfy: In the first architecture, 0.002 ≤ |(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2 ≤0.007. Preferably, 0.000≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)mm 2 ≤0.005. In the second architecture, 0.002≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2 ≤0.006. Further, 0.000≤|(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45)*mm 2 ≤0.004. This range enables powerful beam focusing within a confined space, significantly reducing the overall length of the optical lens and achieving extreme miniaturization. Simultaneously, this compact, high-power structure helps improve the energy concentration of edge rays, positively impacting peripheral angular resolution. This range allows the primary function of the fourth and fifth lenses to shift from powerful focusing to utilizing more space for fine aberration correction. This configuration more effectively smooths field curvature and balances distortion, ensuring exceptionally high resolution and sharpness in the central field of view.

[0175] In the example, the central radius of curvature R6 of the second side of the third lens and the central radius of curvature R7 of the first side of the fourth lens satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.136 ≤ |R6 / R7| ≤ 5.069. Preferably, 0.270 ≤ |R6 / R7| ≤ 4.547. In the second architecture, 0.318 ≤ |R6 / R7| ≤ 3.954. Further, 0.318 ≤ |R6 / R7| ≤ 3.954. This range allows for flexible adjustment of the lens power distribution, effectively compensating for edge aberrations caused by large distortions in conjunction with the negative focal length of the third lens, improving high resolution in the surrounding area, while maintaining the advantage of small angular resolution in the center, ensuring clear observation in the center; it can also optimize the lens surface shape to avoid excessively thick or convex lenses, helping to control the lens aperture, promoting lens miniaturization, and adapting to the limited installation space in vehicles. This range reduces the difficulty of lens processing and stabilizes the power output, ensuring the stability of the total power of the optical lens.

[0176] In the example, the air gap T12 between the first and second lenses, the air gap T23 between the second and third lenses, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.157 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T45) ≤ 1.297. Preferably, 0.218 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T45) ≤ 5.587. In the second architecture, 0.185 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T45) ≤ 1.128. Further, 0.256 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T45) ≤ 4.858. This range provides ample optical power adjustment space for the second (positive / negative) and third (negative) lenses, effectively compensating for marginal aberrations caused by large distortions and improving high resolution in the surrounding areas. Simultaneously, it does not interfere with the central small-angle resolution dominated by the positive focal length of the first lens, ensuring central sharpness. It also avoids lens crowding due to excessively small rear group spacing, balancing assembly space and accommodating lens miniaturization. Furthermore, it concentrates the optical power of the first and second lenses, enhancing central imaging stability and consolidating high central resolution. It also balances the rear group spacing, ensuring the fourth (positive) and fifth (positive / negative) lenses function properly and preventing field-of-view shift.

[0177] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 1.131 ≤ |F4| / (T34+T45) ≤ 3.092. Preferably, 1.675 ≤ |F4| / (T34+T45) ≤ 43.187. In the second architecture, 1.331 ≤ |F4| / (T34+T45) ≤ 2.689. Further, 1.971 ≤ |F4| / (T34+T45) ≤ 37.554. This range can enhance the control of central imaging, consolidate the advantage of small angular resolution in the center to improve the high resolution in the center, and reduce the dependence on the spacing, avoiding excessively long lenses due to excessive spacing, thus contributing to miniaturization in automotive scenarios; at the same time, it can work with the negative focal length of the third lens to accurately compensate for large distortions and avoid field of view shift. This design avoids central image instability caused by excessively weak fourth lens focal length, ensuring central sharpness, while also optimizing lens layout through reasonable spacing to prevent lens crowding and control lens diameter. Simultaneously, it stabilizes the overall optical power of the lens, reduces aberration accumulation, and balances imaging stability in surrounding areas with the need for lens miniaturization.

[0178] In the example, the total optical length TTL of the optical lens, the air gap T23 between the second and third lenses, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.180 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.484. Preferably, 0.208 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.427. In the second architecture, 0.212 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.421. Further, 0.245 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / TTL ≤ 0.371. This range provides sufficient "buffer" distance for light rays after passing through lenses with critical optical power (especially negative optical power third lenses), allowing the light rays to be fully deflected and spread, reducing off-axis aberrations (such as astigmatism), improving image quality in edge areas, and helping to reduce the tolerance sensitivity of optical lenses. The TTL within this range is compressed to the maximum extent possible for miniaturization.

[0179] In the example, the central curvature radius R3 of the first side surface of the second lens and the central curvature radius R4 of the second side surface of the second lens satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.445 ≤ |R3 / R4| ≤ 2.544. Preferably, 0.097 ≤ |R3 / R4| ≤ 8.532. In the second architecture, 0.523 ≤ |R3 / R4| ≤ 2.212. Further, 0.114 ≤ |R3 / R4| ≤ 7.419. This range often forms a meniscus structure with strong negative optical power, which can generate strong aberration correction force, especially effectively balancing the overall field curvature and astigmatism of the optical lens. This provides a good basis for the convergence of light rays in the edge field of view, thereby achieving a more balanced high-resolution performance across the entire field of view. This range is conducive to the smooth transition of light rays and can effectively suppress advanced aberrations such as off-axis coma, thereby prioritizing the optimization of imaging quality in the central region. At the same time, the compact curvature combination helps to control the lens's sagitta and central thickness, achieving miniaturization.

[0180] In the example, the central radius of curvature R5 of the first side of the third lens and the central radius of curvature R6 of the second side of the third lens satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.088 ≤ |R5 / R6| ≤ 15.032. Preferably, 0.103 ≤ |R5 / R6| ≤ 13.071. In the second architecture, 0.280 ≤ |R5 / R6| ≤ 1.270. Further, 0.329 ≤ |R5 / R6| ≤ 1.104. This range forms a meniscus lens with strong negative optical power. Its R6 surface near the image side is extremely curved, resulting in strong aberration correction capability, especially for efficient compensation of field curvature and astigmatism. This range facilitates smooth light transmission within the lens and effectively suppresses advanced aberrations such as off-axis coma, thereby prioritizing the ultimate sharpness of the central field of view. At the same time, this compact combination with a large curvature difference helps control the lens's sag and central thickness, achieving miniaturization.

[0181] In the example, the air gaps T23 between the second and third lenses, T34 between the third and fourth lenses, and T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses, along with the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, satisfy the following: In the first configuration, 0.276 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / F ≤ 0.704. Preferably, 0.310 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / F ≤ 0.629. In the second configuration, 0.325 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / F ≤ 0.612. Further, 0.365 ≤ (T23 + T34 + T45) / F ≤ 0.547. This range provides sufficient "buffering" and "spreading" distance for light after passing through the key lenses (especially the negative third lens), effectively reducing off-axis aberrations (such as astigmatism and field curvature), thereby significantly optimizing the imaging quality in edge regions. This range results in the physical size of the optical lens being compressed to the maximum extent relative to its focal length, achieving miniaturization.

[0182] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens and the focal length F4 of the fourth lens satisfy the following: In the first architecture, 0.543 ≤ |F3 / F4| ≤ 2.663. Preferably, 0.292 ≤ |F3 / F4| ≤ 12.357. In the second architecture, 0.639 ≤ |F3 / F4| ≤ 2.316. Further, 0.344 ≤ |F3 / F4| ≤ 10.745. This range balances the refractive contributions of the third and fourth lenses, avoids aberration accumulation caused by excessive focal length of a single element, and ensures a stable laser beam transmission path.

[0183] The following describes the characteristics of a six-lens optical lens.

[0184] In the example, the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses and the total optical length TTL of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 0.111 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.360. Preferably, 0.131 ≤ T34 / TTL ≤ 0.313. This range allows for a large air gap between the front and rear lens groups, ensuring sufficient light diffusion. The optical path length of the edge rays is longer than that of the center rays, which helps to increase distortion over a large field of view and adapts to the low resolution requirements at the edges. This range controls the gap to prevent excessive spacing from causing abnormal optical path length of the center rays, ensuring low distortion and high resolution at the center, while maintaining lens compactness and balancing distortion characteristics with the requirements of automotive scenarios.

[0185] In the example, the focal length Fm of the front lens group and the focal length F of the entire lens group satisfy: 1.374 ≤ |Fm / F| ≤ 11.061. Preferably, 1.617 ≤ |Fm / F| ≤ 9.618. The front lens group can be a first lens, a second lens, and a third lens. The focal length of the front lens group is relatively large within this range, thereby reducing the deflection angle of light within the lens and gently confining the light to a smaller image plane. This simultaneously adapts to high central resolution (small deflection ensures focusing accuracy) and low edge resolution (reasonable deflection adapts to a large field of view), balancing optical performance and image plane constraint requirements, thus fitting the automotive scenario.

[0186] In the example, the focal length Fn of the rear lens group of the optical lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 0.387 ≤ Fn / F ≤ 0.662. Preferably, 0.455 ≤ Fn / F ≤ 0.576. The rear lens group can be a fourth lens, a fifth lens, and a sixth lens. The relatively small focal length of the rear lens group quickly converges light onto the image plane, confining the light to a smaller image plane, improving image quality and adjusting angular resolution. This range balances fine imaging at the center with efficient light focusing at the edges, precisely adjusting the angular resolution gradient, and meeting the needs of automotive LiDAR scenarios.

[0187] In the example, the focal length F1 of the first lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy: 0.868 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.978. Preferably, 1.021 ≤ F1 / F ≤ 1.728. Within this range, the first lens possesses sufficient positive power to converge light rays, ensuring effective correction of aberrations (such as spherical aberration) in the central region, thereby achieving high resolution. Simultaneously, it coordinates with subsequent negative power lenses (such as the third lens) to precisely control the degree of refraction of edge rays, forming the desired barrel distortion distribution and concentrating image plane energy in the central field of view. This allows the lens to optimize both central performance and edge optical correction within a compact structure.

[0188] In the example, the focal length F2 of the second lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy: 1.324 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 7.999. Preferably, 1.558 ≤ |F2 / F| ≤ 6.956. This range allows the second lens to achieve a balance between assisting the first lens in converging light, cooperating with the third lens in controlling distortion, and correcting aberrations (such as spherical aberration and coma), thereby maintaining high center resolution.

[0189] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens satisfies the following condition with the focal length F of the entire optical lens group: -0.934 ≤ F3 / F ≤ -0.343. Preferably, -0.812 ≤ F3 / F ≤ -0.403. This range avoids the optical focal length being too strong (too large in absolute value) and introducing too many higher-order aberrations that would damage the center image quality, or too weak (too small in absolute value) and failing to produce sufficient distortion.

[0190] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens assembly satisfy the following ratio: 0.305 ≤ F4 / F ≤ 0.687. Preferably, 0.359 ≤ F4 / F ≤ 0.597. This ratio ensures that the fourth lens has sufficient and gentle converging power, effectively taking over and reshaping the light rays diverging from the preceding negative lens (third lens), preventing excessive beam diffusion that would make it difficult for subsequent lenses to control.

[0191] In the example, the focal length F5 of the fifth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 0.720≤|F5 / F|≤7.491. Preferably, 0.847≤|F5 / F|≤6.514. This range can effectively help correct the residual off-axis aberrations (such as astigmatism and field curvature) of the front lens group (especially the combination of the third and fourth lenses), improve edge image quality and distortion uniformity, and avoid drastically changing the beam structure due to excessive focal length, thus disrupting the core barrel distortion distribution and center resolution established by the front group.

[0192] In the example, the focal length F6 of the sixth lens and the focal length F of the entire optical lens group satisfy: 1.261 ≤ F6 / F ≤ 27.876. Preferably, 1.483 ≤ F6 / F ≤ 24.240. This range allows the sixth lens to perform fine-tuning of the image plane without significantly altering the established ray direction and barrel distortion distribution of the preceding lens group (first lens-fifth lens). Its main function is to gently correct residual astigmatism and field curvature, flatten the image plane, thereby further improving the overall resolution in the center and edge regions, and ensuring that the light rays converging on the detector image plane have optimal imaging quality.

[0193] In the example, the focal lengths F1 of the first lens, F2 of the second lens, and F3 of the third lens, together with the focal length F of the entire optical lens group, satisfy the following condition: -1.019 ≤ (1 / F1 + 1 / F2 + 1 / F3) * F ≤ -0.449. Preferably, -0.886 ≤ (1 / F1 + 1 / F2 + 1 / F3) * F ≤ -0.528. This range avoids excessive negative focal length in the front group, preventing excessive divergence of edge rays that could lead to a surge in aberrations and affect the basic imaging of low-resolution edge areas. This range ensures that the front group has sufficient negative focal length, which, combined with the positive focal length of the rear group, balances the convergence of central rays (ensuring high precision at small angular resolution) and the control of edge rays, adapting to the requirements of a large field of view and conforming to the resolution gradient design of automotive LiDAR.

[0194] In the example, the focal lengths F4 of the fourth lens, F5 of the fifth lens, and F6 of the sixth lens satisfy the following condition with the total focal length F of the optical lens group: 1.450 ≤ (1 / F4 + 1 / F5 + 1 / F6) * F ≤ 2.498. Preferably, 1.706 ≤ (1 / F4 + 1 / F5 + 1 / F6) * F ≤ 2.172. This range ensures that the rear lens group has sufficient light-gathering capability to quickly converge light to the image plane, guaranteeing fine imaging in the central small angular resolution area; this range also avoids excessive light intensity leading to excessive aberrations, while adapting to the large angular resolution requirements at the edges, coordinating the balance of light power between the front and rear lens groups, precisely controlling the angular resolution gradient, and meeting the detection requirements of the vehicle-mounted LiDAR for different areas.

[0195] In the example, the focal lengths F1 of the first lens, F2 of the second lens, F3 of the third lens, F4 of the fourth lens, F5 of the fifth lens, and F6 of the sixth lens satisfy the following: -0.552 ≤ (1 / F1 + 1 / F2 + 1 / F3) / (1 / F4 + 1 / F5 + 1 / F6) ≤ -0.254. Preferably, -0.480 ≤ (1 / F1 + 1 / F2 + 1 / F3) / (1 / F4 + 1 / F5 + 1 / F6) ≤ -0.299. This range avoids excessive negative optical power in the front lens group, preventing the rear lens group from having difficulty converging and affecting the focusing of the central high-resolution area; this range ensures that the front lens group has sufficient negative optical power to coordinate with the rear lens group to control edge light and adapt to the edge large-angle resolution requirements. It ensures a reasonable resolution gradient, suitable for automotive scenarios.

[0196] In the example, the focal length F3 of the third lens and the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses satisfy: -3.004 ≤ F3 / T34 ≤ -0.978. Preferably, -2.612 ≤ F3 / T34 ≤ -1.150. This range prevents excessive divergence of edge light rays, which could lead to difficulty in convergence of the rear group, ensuring focus in the central high-resolution area. This range also ensures that F3 is sufficiently negative and T34 is reasonable, which, combined with the divergence of the front group and the positive focal length of the rear group, adapts to the large angular resolution at the edges, balances light control and image quality, and is suitable for automotive scenarios.

[0197] In the example, the focal length F4 of the fourth lens and the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses satisfy: 0.698 ≤ F4 / T34 ≤ 2.210. Preferably, 0.821 ≤ F4 / T34 ≤ 1.922. This range ensures the initial light-gathering capability of the rear lens group, helping to accurately converge light in the central high-resolution area (small angular resolution); this range prevents excessive light deflection that could cause a surge in aberrations, adapting to the light control requirements of large angular resolution at the edges. It balances the transition between the front and rear lens groups with image quality, fitting the automotive scenario.

[0198] In the example, the central radius of curvature R6 of the second side of the third lens and the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses satisfy the following condition: 0.727 ≤ R6 / T34 ≤ 5.913. Preferably, 0.855 ≤ R6 / T34 ≤ 5.142. This range avoids excessively steep curvature of the third lens's image side, which would cause excessive divergence of edge light rays and facilitates effective focusing by the fourth lens (positive optical power); this range also avoids insufficient light refraction due to excessively gentle curvature, ensuring focusing accuracy in the central high-resolution area, balancing light control and image quality, and fitting the automotive scenario.

[0199] In the example, the central curvature radius R7 of the first side of the fourth lens and the air gap T34 between the third and fourth lenses satisfy the following condition: 0.578 ≤ R7 / T34 ≤ 1.893. Preferably, 0.680 ≤ R7 / T34 ≤ 1.646. This range avoids excessively steep curvature of the fourth lens leading to excessive light deflection, or excessive spacing causing excessive light diffusion, ensuring focusing accuracy in the central high-resolution area; this range also avoids insufficient light focusing due to excessively gentle curvature, or a surge in aberrations due to excessively close spacing, adapting to light control for large angular resolution at the edges. It balances the transition of light between the front and rear groups, meeting the needs of automotive scenarios.

[0200] In the example, the central radius of curvature R6 of the second side of the third lens and the central radius of curvature R7 of the first side of the fourth lens satisfy: 0.876 ≤ R6 / R7 ≤ 3.670. Preferably, 1.030 ≤ R6 / R7 ≤ 3.191. This range prevents excessive divergence of edge rays due to an overly steep second side of the third lens and an overly gentle first side of the fourth lens, ensuring effective focusing of the fourth lens; this range also avoids abrupt deflection of central rays due to an overly gentle second side of the third lens and an overly steep first side of the fourth lens, which would compromise central high resolution. This coordinates the curvature transition between the front and rear lenses, balances image quality, and is suitable for automotive scenarios.

[0201] In the example, the air gap T12 between the first and second lenses, the air gap T23 between the second and third lenses, the air gap T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses, and the air gap T56 between the fifth and sixth lenses satisfy: 2.460 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T56) ≤ 5.890. Preferably, 2.894 ≤ (T12 + T23) / (T34 + T56) ≤ 5.122. This range ensures that the spacing within the front group is large enough to provide space for the smooth adjustment of light from the first (positive), second (adjustable), and third (negative) lenses, reducing excessive deflection and ensuring the imaging quality of the central high-resolution area. This range also avoids excessively large front group spacing or excessively small rear group spacing, preventing excessive diffusion of light from the front group or excessively rapid convergence of light from the rear group, thus adapting to the high-efficiency light-gathering requirements of low-resolution edges.

[0202] In the example, the air gaps T12 between the first and second lenses, T23 between the second and third lenses, T34 between the third and fourth lenses, T45 between the fourth and fifth lenses, and T56 between the fifth and sixth lenses satisfy the following: 0.105 ≤ (T12 + T23) / T34 / (T45 + T56) * mm ≤ 0.641. Preferably, 0.124 ≤ (T12 + T23) / T34 / (T45 + T56) * mm ≤ 0.557. The lower limit ensures that the matching between the adjustment space within the front lens group and T34 is not too weak, avoiding excessively slow convergence of the rear lens group and ensuring effective handling of edge light; the upper limit avoids excessive light diffusion that makes it difficult for the rear lens group to converge, while ensuring sufficient spacing within the rear lens group to adapt to precise focusing in the central high-resolution area. The light control rhythm within the front lens group, rear lens group, and transition intervals is balanced to meet the resolution gradient requirements of automotive scenarios.

[0203] The optical lens according to the above embodiments of this application can employ multiple lenses, such as the five or six lenses mentioned above. By rationally allocating the optical parameters of each lens, the optical lens achieves small aperture, miniaturization, high resolution, low sensitivity, large angular resolution, large field of view, long back focal length, low distortion, small principal angle, high illumination, and good manufacturability. It can also be well-matched to, for example, automotive chips without producing vignetting. This optical lens exhibits excellent temperature performance, with minimal changes in imaging effect at high and low temperatures, and stable image quality. Therefore, the optical lens according to the above embodiments of this application can better meet the requirements of, for example, automotive applications.

[0204] The following describes specific embodiments of the optical lens applicable to the above embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments 1-20 are embodiments of a first architecture of a five-lens optical lens, Embodiments 21-28 are embodiments of a second architecture of a five-lens optical lens, and Embodiments 29-35 are embodiments of a six-lens optical lens.

[0205] Example 1

[0206] The following is for reference Figure 5 The optical lens according to Embodiment 1 of this application is described.

[0207] like Figure 5 As shown, the optical lens includes, in sequence from the first side to the second side along the optical axis: a first lens L1, a second lens L2, a third lens L3, a fourth lens L4, and a fifth lens L5. The aperture stop STO can be positioned in front of the first lens L1.

[0208] The first lens L1 has positive optical power, its first side surface S1 is convex, and its second side surface S2 is concave.

[0209] The second lens L2 has positive optical power, with its first side surface S3 being convex and its second side surface S4 being concave.

[0210] The third lens L3 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S5 being convex and its second side surface S6 being concave.

[0211] The fourth lens L4 has positive optical power, with its first side surface S7 being convex and its second side surface S8 being concave.

[0212] The fifth lens L5 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S9 being convex and its second side surface S10 being concave.

[0213] The second side of the optical lens has an image plane (IMA). When the IMA is the imaging plane, light from the object passes through each surface sequentially and is finally imaged onto the IMA. When the IMA is the image source plane, light from the IMA passes through each surface sequentially and is finally projected onto the object.

[0214] Table 1 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 1.

[0215] Table 1

[0216]

[0217]

[0218] In Embodiment 1, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. The surface shape of each aspherical surface can be defined using, but is not limited to, the following aspherical surface formula:

[0219]

[0220] Where x is the distance vector from the vertex of the aspherical surface at a height of h along the optical axis; c is the paraxial curvature of the aspherical surface, c = 1 / R (i.e., the paraxial curvature c is the reciprocal of the central curvature radius R in Table 1 above); k is the conic coefficient; Ai is the i-th order correction coefficient of the aspherical surface. Table 2 gives the conic coefficient k and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for the aspherical surfaces S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 1.

[0221] Table 2

[0222] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -0.5979 3.4706E-05 -6.2967E-08 -5.8472E-09 2.1099E-11 -5.0062E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 19.3620 8.7947E-05 -2.3921E-06 5.0823E-09 -1.4492E-11 9.3879E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -1.7907 5.3119E-05 -1.1937E-05 2.8659E-07 -4.0211E-09 3.1007E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 2.2243 2.1532E-04 -6.1946E-05 1.4299E-06 -1.6157E-08 6.5588E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0223] The optical lens of Example 1 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.89 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 1 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0224] Example 2

[0225] The following is for reference Figure 6 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 2 of this application. For example... Figure 6 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave.

[0226] Table 3 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens in Example 2.

[0227] Table 3

[0228]

[0229] In Example 2, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 4 gives the conic coefficient k and the higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 2.

[0230] Table 4

[0231] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -0.5581 3.8640E-05 5.3443E-08 -5.3934E-09 2.3900E-11 -4.8927E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 19.3250 1.0314E-04 -2.3419E-06 5.0356E-09 -1.5898E-11 9.8231E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 0.7182 -2.0287E-05 -1.2119E-05 2.8454E-07 -4.0861E-09 2.9544E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 1.4972 2.6804E-04 -6.4376E-05 1.4427E-06 -1.6641E-08 5.2241E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0232] from Figure 40 As can be seen, the optical lens of Example 2 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.9 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 2 demonstrates good imaging quality in its central region.

[0233] Example 3

[0234] The following is for reference Figure 7 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 3 of this application. For example... Figure 7 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, while the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 is convex.

[0235] Table 5 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 3.

[0236] Table 5

[0237]

[0238] In Example 3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 6 gives the conic coefficient k and the higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 3.

[0239] Table 6

[0240] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -0.7144 2.6833E-05 -1.3650E-07 -7.8646E-09 1.2527E-11 -5.2357E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 160.2700 1.2191E-04 -2.1655E-06 5.4212E-09 -2.0390E-11 1.1051E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 1.3287 5.9949E-05 -1.1605E-05 2.9150E-07 -4.0605E-09 2.7654E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 1.8455 2.8902E-04 -6.0723E-05 1.3882E-06 -1.7818E-08 8.5579E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0241] The optical lens of Example 3 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.88 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 3 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0242] Example 4

[0243] The following is for reference Figure 8 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 4 of this application. For example... Figure 8 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 is convex. The first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0244] Table 7 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens in Example 4.

[0245] Table 7

[0246]

[0247]

[0248] In Example 4, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 8 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 4.

[0249] Table 8

[0250] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -1.1859 1.2164E-06 -2.3650E-07 -1.2478E-08 2.2149E-11 -1.2260E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 48.9910 7.8801E-05 -1.6640E-06 1.2341E-09 -1.2763E-10 8.6574E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -25.8960 3.0371E-04 -1.2960E-05 3.0264E-07 -3.6214E-09 2.3534E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 2.7082 2.2811E-04 -5.1021E-05 1.1689E-06 -1.2739E-08 6.3957E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0251] The optical lens of Example 4 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.81 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 4 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0252] Example 5

[0253] The following is for reference Figure 9 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 5 of this application. For example... Figure 9 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 have at least one inflection point.

[0254] Table 9 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 5.

[0255] Table 9

[0256]

[0257] In Embodiment 5, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 10 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Embodiment 5.

[0258] Table 10

[0259] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -1.0990 4.5334E-06 -3.1729E-07 -1.1625E-08 4.3490E-11 -1.4317E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -219.8300 7.3135E-05 -1.5421E-06 4.3328E-10 -1.3329E-10 1.0393E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -84.7200 3.0124E-04 -1.1823E-05 3.1145E-07 -3.6608E-09 2.1980E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 4.1161 -2.7470E-04 -3.5948E-05 1.1019E-06 -1.4867E-08 7.6543E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0260] The optical lens of Example 5 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.87 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 5 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0261] Example 6

[0262] The following is for reference Figure 10 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 6 of this application. For example... Figure 10As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave and the second side surface S4 is convex; the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave; the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave and the second side surface S8 is convex; and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0263] Table 11 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 6.

[0264] Table 11

[0265]

[0266] In Example 6, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 12 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 6.

[0267] Table 12

[0268] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 200.0000 -1.6265E-04 4.4913E-07 3.4025E-09 3.4422E-10 -2.9300E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.8239 2.4000E-05 1.9802E-07 1.5577E-08 -9.4471E-11 2.5985E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 199.0000 5.0402E-04 -1.0592E-05 2.7829E-07 -3.8832E-09 2.1096E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 175.1600 3.6555E-04 -3.7695E-05 1.0666E-06 -1.4912E-08 8.3790E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0269] The optical lens of Example 6 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.7 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 6 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0270] Example 7

[0271] The following is for reference Figure 11 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 7 of this application. For example... Figure 11 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave, the second side surface S8 is convex, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0272] Table 13 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 7.

[0273] Table 13

[0274]

[0275]

[0276] In Example 7, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 14 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 7.

[0277] Table 14

[0278] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 34.9440 -1.7200E-04 4.1161E-07 1.5205E-09 3.5288E-10 -2.6296E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.8593 1.8490E-05 -1.4594E-07 1.9048E-08 -8.1087E-11 1.9462E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 590.6100 5.0100E-04 -1.0792E-05 2.6651E-07 -3.8665E-09 2.2749E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 91.7720 4.0215E-04 -3.8462E-05 1.0747E-06 -1.4865E-08 8.2402E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0279] The optical lens of Example 7 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.81 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 7 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0280] Example 8

[0281] The following is for reference Figure 12 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 8 of this application. For example... Figure 12 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave and the second side surface S4 is convex; the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave; the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave and the second side surface S8 is convex; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power, the first side surface S9 is concave and the second side surface S10 is convex; and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 has at least one inflection point.

[0282] Table 15 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 8.

[0283] Table 15

[0284]

[0285] In Example 8, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 16 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 8.

[0286] Table 16

[0287] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 53.4100 -1.7298E-04 4.3241E-07 1.5581E-09 3.4975E-10 -2.6984E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.9577 2.0145E-05 -2.1553E-07 1.8804E-08 -7.3695E-11 2.1355E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 524.5000 4.7486E-04 -1.0736E-05 2.6719E-07 -3.8539E-09 2.3044E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 -131.9600 4.3561E-04 -3.8251E-05 1.0799E-06 -1.4833E-08 8.2082E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0288] The optical lens of Example 8 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.76 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 8 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0289] Example 9

[0290] The following is for reference Figure 13 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 9 of this application. For example... Figure 13 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power, while the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0291] Table 17 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 9.

[0292] Table 17

[0293]

[0294] In Example 9, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 are both aspherical surfaces. Table 18 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7 and S8 in Example 9.

[0295] Table 18

[0296] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 -0.5566 4.3707E-05 -7.4157E-08 -7.8809E-09 7.5225E-11 -4.4109E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 12.6180 5.8499E-05 -2.0866E-06 7.8261E-09 -3.5262E-11 -7.3517E-15 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0297] The optical lens of Example 9 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.87 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 9 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0298] Example 10

[0299] The following is for reference Figure 14 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 10 of this application. For example... Figure 14 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second lens L2 has a negative optical power, the first side surface S3 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave, the second side surface S8 is convex, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave, the second side surface S10 is convex, and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 to the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0300] Table 19 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 10.

[0301] Table 19

[0302]

[0303] In Example 10, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 20 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 10.

[0304] Table 20

[0305] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 26.6170 -1.4266E-04 -3.7981E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.9205 -5.1386E-07 3.8106E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 98.4120 1.0463E-03 5.6912E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 188.7300 1.2644E-03 4.5004E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0306] The optical lens of Example 10 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.59 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 10 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0307] Example 11

[0308] The following is for reference Figure 15 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 11 of this application. For example... Figure 15 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second lens L2 has a negative optical power, the first side surface S3 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave, the second side surface S8 is convex, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave, and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 to the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0309] Table 21 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 11.

[0310] Table 21

[0311]

[0312] In Example 11, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 22 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 11.

[0313] Table 22

[0314] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 28.4380 -1.5098E-04 1.2714E-06 1.1199E-08 4.3072E-10 -3.8734E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -2.1846 -8.6156E-06 -2.4039E-07 2.1224E-08 -1.3754E-10 3.5073E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 94.9720 9.6788E-04 -1.6029E-05 2.3908E-07 -1.7513E-09 5.8579E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 -200.0000 1.0874E-03 -4.7669E-05 1.1322E-06 -1.2632E-08 4.9324E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0315] The optical lens of Example 11 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.64 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 11 possesses good imaging quality.

[0316] Example 12

[0317] The following is for reference Figure 16 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 12 of this application. For example... Figure 16 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second lens L2 has a negative optical power, the first side surface S3 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, the second side surface S6 is convex, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave, the second side surface S8 is convex, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave, and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 to the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0318] Table 23 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 12.

[0319] Table 23

[0320]

[0321] In Example 12, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 24 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 12.

[0322] Table 24

[0323] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 30.1550 -1.5727E-04 1.2121E-06 1.0422E-08 4.2992E-10 -3.7662E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -2.4733 -1.4763E-05 -2.9086E-07 2.3024E-08 -1.2983E-10 3.3391E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 90.1020 9.0077E-04 -1.4868E-05 2.3038E-07 -1.7957E-09 6.3676E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 -39.9480 1.0039E-03 -4.8459E-05 1.1263E-06 -1.2618E-08 5.0223E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0324] The optical lens of Example 12 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.7 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 12 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0325] Example 13

[0326] The following is for reference Figure 17 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 13 of this application. For example... Figure 17 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second lens L2 has a negative optical power, the first side surface S3 is concave, the second side surface S4 is convex, the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 is concave, the second side surface S6 is convex, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave, the second side surface S8 is convex, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave, the second side surface S10 is convex, and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 to the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0327] Table 25 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 13.

[0328] Table 25

[0329]

[0330]

[0331] In Example 13, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 26 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 13.

[0332] Table 26

[0333] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 26.1170 -1.4335E-04 1.2417E-06 1.1366E-08 4.4031E-10 -3.6648E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.9064 -9.8852E-07 -9.8258E-08 1.9059E-08 -1.4002E-10 3.9286E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 95.6630 1.0064E-03 -1.6134E-05 2.4433E-07 -1.7713E-09 6.4002E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 200.0000 1.2519E-03 -4.9914E-05 1.1788E-06 -1.2772E-08 4.4207E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0334] The optical lens of Example 13 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.51 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 13 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0335] Example 14

[0336] The following is for reference Figure 18 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 14 of this application. For example... Figure 18As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second lens L2 has a negative optical power; the first side S5 of the third lens L3 is concave and the second side S6 is concave; the first side S7 of the fourth lens L4 is concave and the second side S8 is convex; the first side S9 of the fifth lens L5 is concave and the second side S10 is convex; and the first side S7 and the second side S8 of the fourth lens L4 have at least one inflection point.

[0337] Table 27 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 14.

[0338] Table 27

[0339]

[0340] In Example 14, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 28 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 14.

[0341] Table 28

[0342] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 27.6170 -1.5840E-04 1.1844E-06 1.0502E-08 4.3247E-10 -3.6580E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -2.4160 -6.1181E-05 1.5824E-07 2.1448E-08 -1.8991E-10 3.6174E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 78.9310 8.4781E-04 -1.2067E-05 1.6217E-07 -1.0915E-09 3.3735E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 200.0000 1.0095E-03 -4.2723E-05 1.0198E-06 -1.1325E-08 4.4212E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0343] The optical lens of Example 14 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.56 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 14 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0344] Example 15

[0345] The following is for reference Figure 19 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 15 of this application. For example... Figure 19 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0346] Table 29 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 15.

[0347] Table 29

[0348]

[0349] In Example 15, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 30 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 15.

[0350] Table 30

[0351] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -14.7380 -7.1268E-05 -3.3114E-07 5.8073E-09 6.3046E-13 -3.2956E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.4637 -1.2108E-04 1.3583E-06 -2.4617E-08 5.7279E-10 -6.4078E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -0.2173 1.0039E-04 1.4492E-06 -5.1506E-08 7.6896E-10 -6.9096E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 19.9580 5.6232E-04 -2.4171E-06 -4.4529E-08 4.5150E-11 -1.7840E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 4.3523 7.2871E-04 -1.6485E-05 3.6971E-07 -6.2012E-09 4.3537E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 1.1799 2.5812E-04 2.8093E-06 -8.7864E-07 1.1041E-08 6.0515E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0352] The optical lens of Example 15 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.6 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 15 possesses good imaging quality.

[0353] Example 16

[0354] The following is for reference Figure 20 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 16 of this application. For example... Figure 20 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is concave and the second side surface S4 is convex; the first side surface S5 of the third lens L3 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0355] Table 31 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 16.

[0356] Table 31

[0357]

[0358]

[0359] In Example 16, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 32 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 16.

[0360] Table 32

[0361] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -25.1950 -1.1113E-04 -6.4984E-07 5.0577E-09 1.5286E-11 -2.1274E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -2.1543 -2.0088E-04 -7.3955E-10 -1.7697E-09 8.6326E-11 -5.3029E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -0.2587 1.0515E-04 -1.6313E-07 -4.9887E-08 4.5001E-10 -5.2257E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -41.2630 6.9843E-04 -5.5403E-06 -1.0221E-07 2.2656E-10 8.2687E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 3.8252 7.3482E-04 -1.7329E-05 3.9877E-07 -4.6433E-09 1.0577E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 3.5486 6.2362E-05 2.9924E-06 -6.4049E-07 6.3387E-09 8.9148E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0362] The optical lens of Example 16 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.57 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 16 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0363] Example 17

[0364] The following is for reference Figure 21 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 17 of this application. For example... Figure 21 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power, the first side surface S9 is concave, and the second side surface S10 is convex; the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0365] Table 33 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 17.

[0366] Table 33

[0367]

[0368] In Example 17, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 34 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 17.

[0369] Table 34

[0370] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -4.0901 -4.9279E-05 -3.6366E-07 2.4232E-09 1.3729E-12 -6.0663E-15 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.7599 -1.0192E-04 8.7524E-07 -1.7645E-08 2.1665E-10 -8.0228E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -0.0144 -1.7515E-05 -2.9391E-06 -8.5361E-08 3.4184E-09 -5.7907E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 9.1805 2.0314E-04 -7.2398E-06 -3.0354E-08 2.0229E-09 -5.0457E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 239.1500 2.8426E-04 -9.1264E-06 2.5842E-07 -4.2178E-09 1.7673E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 23.4950 -8.5979E-04 1.2943E-05 -3.3072E-07 5.9314E-09 -4.5583E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0371] The optical lens of Example 17 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.53 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 17 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0372] Example 18

[0373] The following is for reference Figure 22 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 18 of this application. For example... Figure 22 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power; and the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0374] Table 35 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 18.

[0375] Table 35

[0376]

[0377] In Example 18, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 36 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 18.

[0378] Table 36

[0379] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -4.1685 -4.8704E-05 -3.5718E-07 2.5456E-09 3.8342E-12 -1.4096E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.5835 -9.0405E-05 1.0625E-06 -1.7418E-08 2.0475E-10 -4.5234E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -0.3580 -4.7842E-05 -2.9282E-06 -9.8375E-08 3.2370E-09 -5.5435E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 6.8412 2.4662E-04 -8.8735E-06 -4.7043E-08 2.2747E-09 -3.3847E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 164.3300 3.0063E-04 -8.1367E-06 2.7241E-07 -3.9593E-09 1.8704E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 199.9900 -9.3221E-04 1.4626E-05 -3.1006E-07 5.9559E-09 -3.8236E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0380] The optical lens of Example 18 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.62 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 18 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0381] Example 19

[0382] The following is for reference Figure 23 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 19 of this application. For example... Figure 23 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second lens L2 has negative optical power; and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0383] Table 37 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 19.

[0384] Table 37

[0385]

[0386]

[0387] In Example 19, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 38 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 19.

[0388] Table 38

[0389] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -7.3770 -6.4818E-05 -6.5093E-07 4.7516E-10 4.1284E-11 -7.9070E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.6405 -1.3921E-04 1.2901E-06 -2.2984E-08 2.0789E-10 2.6856E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -1.9895 2.9491E-05 2.8132E-06 -7.6947E-08 7.2883E-11 -1.8530E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -153.3200 5.6068E-04 -4.0344E-06 -3.4274E-08 -4.9030E-11 -1.6693E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -116.0900 6.0669E-04 -4.9361E-06 2.8046E-07 -5.9194E-09 4.1829E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 9.2505 -6.1787E-04 1.2063E-05 -4.9537E-07 9.5759E-09 -7.1292E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0390] The optical lens of Example 19 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.73 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 19 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0391] Example 20

[0392] The following is for reference Figure 24 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 20 of this application. For example... Figure 24 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second lens L2 has negative optical power, the first side surface S3 is concave, and the second side surface S6 is convex; the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0393] Table 39 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 20.

[0394] Table 39

[0395]

[0396] In Example 20, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 40 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 20.

[0397] Table 40

[0398]

[0399]

[0400] The optical lens of Example 20 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.55 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 20 possesses good imaging quality.

[0401] Example 21

[0402] The following is for reference Figure 25 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 21 of this application. For example... Figure 25As shown, the optical lens comprises, sequentially from the first side to the second side along the optical axis: a first lens L1, a second lens L2, a third lens L3, a fourth lens L4, and a fifth lens L5. An aperture stop STO may be positioned in front of the first lens L1. The first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5, each have at least one inflection point.

[0403] The first lens L1 has positive optical power, its first side surface S1 is convex, and its second side surface S2 is concave.

[0404] The second lens L2 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S3 being concave and its second side surface S4 being convex.

[0405] The third lens L3 has positive optical power, with its first side surface S5 being convex and its second side surface S6 being concave.

[0406] The fourth lens L4 has positive optical power, with its first side surface S7 being concave and its second side surface S8 being convex.

[0407] The fifth lens L5 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S9 being concave and its second side surface S10 being convex.

[0408] Table 41 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 21.

[0409] Table 41

[0410]

[0411] In Example 21, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 42 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 21.

[0412] Table 42

[0413] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 27.6120 -1.5999E-04 -3.2181E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -2.3666 2.8951E-05 4.1265E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 107.0500 1.1258E-03 4.3670E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 -200.0000 1.4158E-03 3.9972E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0414] The optical lens of Example 21 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.48 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 21 possesses good imaging quality.

[0415] Example 22

[0416] The following is for reference Figure 26 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 22 of this application. For example... Figure 26As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 21 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3 is a convex surface.

[0417] Table 43 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 22.

[0418] Table 43

[0419]

[0420]

[0421] In Example 22, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 44 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 22.

[0422] Table 44

[0423] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 27.1130 -1.5367E-04 1.1653E-06 1.0540E-08 4.4760E-10 -3.1960E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -1.9625 1.9564E-05 4.6548E-08 2.2938E-08 -9.7320E-11 4.0557E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 199.0000 8.6336E-04 -1.4296E-05 2.3447E-07 -1.7301E-09 6.3218E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 89.5220 1.2168E-03 -5.1133E-05 1.1964E-06 -1.2579E-08 4.2851E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0424] The optical lens of Example 22 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.3 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 22 possesses good imaging quality.

[0425] Example 23

[0426] The following is for reference Figure 27 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 23 of this application. For example... Figure 27 As shown, the main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 21 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different. Also, the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is convex, and the second side surface S4 is concave; the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 each have at least one inflection point.

[0427] Table 45 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 23.

[0428] Table 45

[0429]

[0430] In Example 23, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 46 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 23.

[0431] Table 46

[0432]

[0433]

[0434] The optical lens of Example 23 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.64 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 23 possesses good imaging quality.

[0435] Example 24

[0436] The following is for reference Figure 28 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 24 of this application. For example... Figure 28 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 21 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the fourth lens L4 has negative optical power, the second side surface S8 is concave, and the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power; the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0437] Table 47 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 24.

[0438] Table 47

[0439]

[0440] In Example 24, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 48 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 24.

[0441] Table 48

[0442] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 196.9100 -4.7779E-04 -2.1703E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -2222.2000 -4.9083E-05 -1.0708E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 727.1200 3.7370E-04 7.5970E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 60.7100 5.8727E-04 8.2538E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0443] The optical lens of Example 24 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.5 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field-of-view angle of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 24 demonstrates good image quality in its central region. The curves showing the half-field-of-view angle versus angular resolution of the optical lens of Example 24 are shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the resolution of the optical lens at the center of the field of view (i.e., at a half-field angle of 0°) is better than that at the edge of the field of view (i.e., the region of maximum half-field angle). The angular resolution of the optical lens gradually increases from the half-field angle of 0° to the region of maximum half-field angle.

[0444] Example 25

[0445] The following is for reference Figure 29 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 25 of this application. For example... Figure 29 As shown, the main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 21 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different. Also, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is convex, and the second side surface S8 is concave; the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is convex, and the second side surface S10 is concave; the lenses in this embodiment do not have inflection points.

[0446] Table 49 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 25.

[0447] Table 49

[0448]

[0449] In Example 25, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 48 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 25.

[0450] Table 50

[0451] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -2.3114 -2.0799E-05 -1.6503E-07 3.4563E-09 -7.8550E-13 -3.7656E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.8758 -1.6796E-04 1.2009E-06 -1.9276E-08 2.1640E-10 -1.5757E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -2.8208 2.6558E-05 4.2468E-06 -1.3843E-07 -3.9841E-09 4.0800E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -47.9160 1.3059E-03 -9.5905E-06 -3.6812E-07 -7.1849E-10 7.4795E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -21.6370 7.9777E-04 9.3416E-07 1.8737E-07 -8.5893E-09 8.0010E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 10.8700 -4.6067E-04 1.1081E-05 -5.2480E-07 9.4024E-09 -5.7198E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0452] The optical lens of Example 25 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.47 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 25 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0453] Example 26

[0454] The following is for reference Figure 30Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 26 of this application. For example... Figure 30 As shown, the main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 21 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different. Also, the second side surface S4 of the second lens L2 is concave, the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 is convex and the second side surface S8 is concave, and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 is convex and the second side surface S10 is concave; the lenses in this embodiment do not have a curvature point.

[0455] Table 51 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 26.

[0456] Table 51

[0457]

[0458] In Example 26, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 52 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 26.

[0459] Table 52

[0460] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -2.5752 -2.3504E-05 -1.5133E-07 3.8770E-09 8.2186E-12 -2.3107E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 -1.8390 -1.6483E-04 1.3524E-06 -1.6281E-08 2.3963E-10 -1.5179E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 -1.7994 4.7942E-05 3.6519E-06 -1.0370E-07 -3.3649E-09 4.2951E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -48.2390 1.3287E-03 -3.6774E-06 -3.9147E-07 -1.4772E-09 7.9490E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 14.5220 8.1060E-04 -3.4169E-06 2.1976E-07 -8.1479E-09 7.3046E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 9.8495 -4.0380E-04 1.1492E-05 -5.4763E-07 8.9133E-09 -5.7689E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0461] The optical lens of Example 26 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.42 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 26 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0462] Example 27

[0463] The following is for reference Figure 31 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 27 of this application. For example... Figure 31 As shown, the main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 21 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different. Also, the fourth lens L4 has negative optical power, the first side surface S7 is convex, and the second side surface S8 is concave; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power, the first side surface S9 is convex, and the second side surface S10 is concave; the lenses in this embodiment do not have inflection points.

[0464] Table 53 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 27.

[0465] Table 53

[0466]

[0467] In Example 27, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 54 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 27.

[0468] Table 54

[0469] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -1.6918 -9.7737E-07 5.5896E-08 1.8568E-09 -1.8602E-12 -3.8477E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 0.3025 -1.2249E-04 1.1871E-06 -2.0445E-08 2.1888E-10 -9.3557E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 0.0193 2.0390E-04 8.9592E-08 -6.0270E-07 -9.1764E-09 3.6844E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -69.4440 3.2143E-03 -7.1599E-05 -4.7284E-07 2.9004E-08 -2.3681E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 -1.0433 9.5495E-04 -1.0876E-05 2.7933E-07 -6.5879E-09 5.6729E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 20.1060 -3.4397E-04 1.0690E-05 -5.6582E-07 8.5947E-09 -4.2786E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0470] The optical lens of Example 27 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.34 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 27 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0471] Example 28

[0472] The following is for reference Figure 32 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 28 of this application. For example... Figure 32 As shown, the main difference between this embodiment and embodiment 21 is that the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different. Also, the first side surface S3 of the second lens L2 is convex, and the second side surface S4 is concave; the fourth lens L4 has negative optical power, with the first side surface S7 being convex and the second side surface S8 being concave; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power, with the first side surface S9 being convex and the second side surface S10 being concave; and the first side surface S7 of the fourth lens L4 has at least one inflection point.

[0473] Table 55 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 28.

[0474] Table 55

[0475]

[0476] In Example 28, the first side surface S5 and the second side surface S6 of the third lens L3, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, and the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 56 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 and S10 in Example 28.

[0477] Table 56

[0478] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S5 -1.8954 6.5497E-06 4.3144E-07 -4.6199E-09 -3.6622E-11 3.5020E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S6 1.3151 -7.3623E-05 9.0601E-07 -2.9127E-08 1.0424E-10 3.8529E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S7 2.0343 5.4185E-04 -1.2259E-05 -7.0549E-07 -2.3102E-09 2.8680E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 -142.4500 4.7958E-03 -1.3315E-04 -5.4892E-07 6.8982E-08 -7.8860E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 5.1970 1.4176E-03 -2.3760E-05 3.3218E-07 -3.9126E-09 2.4634E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 29.1580 -2.6049E-04 1.4655E-05 -5.6892E-07 7.4447E-09 -2.3402E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0479] The optical lens of Example 28 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.24 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field-of-view angle of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 28 demonstrates good image quality in its central region. The curves showing the half-field-of-view angle versus angular resolution of the optical lens of Example 28 are shown below. Figure 42 As shown, the resolution of the optical lens at the center of the field of view (i.e., at a half-field angle of 0°) is better than the angular resolution at the edge of the field of view (i.e., the region of maximum half-field angle). The angular resolution of the optical lens gradually increases from the half-field angle of 0° to the region of maximum half-field angle.

[0480] Example 29

[0481] The following is for reference Figure 33 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 29 of this application. For example... Figure 33 As shown, the optical lens includes, in sequence from the first side to the second side along the optical axis: a first lens L1, a second lens L2, a third lens L3, a fourth lens L4, a fifth lens L5, and a sixth lens L6. An aperture stop STO can be positioned between the third lens L3 and the fourth lens L4.

[0482] The first lens L1 has positive optical power, its first side surface S1 is convex, and its second side surface S2 is concave.

[0483] The second lens L2 has positive optical power, with its first side surface S3 being convex and its second side surface S4 being concave.

[0484] The third lens L3 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S5 being convex and its second side surface S6 being concave.

[0485] The fourth lens L4 has positive optical power, and its first side surface S7 is convex, and its second side surface S8 is convex.

[0486] The fifth lens L5 has negative optical power, with its first side surface S9 being concave and its second side surface S10 being convex.

[0487] The sixth lens L6 has positive optical power, and its first side surface S11 is convex, and its second side surface S12 is convex.

[0488] The second side of the optical lens has an image plane (IMA). When the IMA is the imaging plane, light from the object passes through each surface sequentially and is finally imaged onto the IMA. When the IMA is the image source plane, light from the IMA passes through each surface sequentially and is finally projected onto the object.

[0489] The second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 have at least one inflection point.

[0490] Table 57 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 29.

[0491] Table 57

[0492]

[0493] In Example 29, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 58 gives the conic coefficient k and the higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 in Example 29.

[0494] Table 58

[0495] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 0.0000 -5.0042E-06 -1.3381E-07 -1.6691E-08 -4.1529E-11 3.3176E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 0.0000 1.7787E-04 3.1048E-06 2.5329E-09 -4.2345E-11 -7.7570E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 0.0000 2.8648E-04 3.4653E-06 -9.8786E-10 -3.3657E-11 -7.6177E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 0.0000 -2.4507E-04 1.8776E-06 -1.6756E-10 -1.7132E-12 -3.2123E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S11 0.0000 2.3737E-04 -1.3284E-06 8.2098E-11 -2.6781E-13 -9.9915E-15 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S12 0.0000 -6.3112E-05 -2.4765E-06 1.4519E-08 3.1331E-13 1.0758E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0496] The optical lens of Example 29 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.85 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 29 possesses good imaging quality.

[0497] Example 30

[0498] The following is for reference Figure 34 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 30 of this application. For example... Figure 34 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the first side surface S11 of the sixth lens L6 is concave; and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 and the first side surface S11 of the sixth lens L6 have at least one inflection point.

[0499] Table 59 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 30.

[0500] Table 59

[0501]

[0502]

[0503] In Example 30, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 60 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 in Example 30.

[0504] Table 60

[0505] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 0.0000 -2.3589E-06 1.0283E-07 -2.0645E-08 -8.4712E-11 7.7828E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 0.0000 1.8962E-04 3.2546E-06 4.8745E-09 6.7367E-11 -6.6834E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 0.0000 3.0194E-04 3.8860E-06 7.6008E-10 -9.5832E-11 -4.9838E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 0.0000 -2.5832E-04 2.0701E-06 -3.9210E-10 -6.2582E-12 -1.0955E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S11 0.0000 2.5077E-04 -1.4282E-06 3.3455E-10 3.0996E-12 1.6742E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S12 0.0000 -6.6137E-05 -2.6936E-06 1.6127E-08 -1.4918E-12 -1.4392E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0506] The optical lens of Example 30 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.85 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 30 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0507] Example 31

[0508] The following is for reference Figure 35 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 31 of this application. For example... Figure 35 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 is concave.

[0509] Table 61 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Embodiment 31.

[0510] Table 61

[0511]

[0512] In Example 31, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 62 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 of each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 that can be used in Example 31.

[0513] Table 62

[0514]

[0515]

[0516] The optical lens of Example 31 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.84 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the central region of the optical lens provided in Example 31 possesses good imaging quality.

[0517] Example 32

[0518] The following is for reference Figure 36 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 32 of this application. For example... Figure 36 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 is concave; and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5, and the second side surface of the sixth lens L6 have at least one inflection point.

[0519] Table 63 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 32.

[0520] Table 63

[0521]

[0522] In Example 32, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 64 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 of each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 that can be used in Example 32.

[0523] Table 64

[0524] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 0.0000 -8.2570E-07 1.8515E-07 -1.8526E-08 -5.1517E-11 8.4592E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S8 0.0000 1.8435E-04 3.0375E-06 2.7603E-09 5.9138E-11 -6.5665E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S9 0.0000 3.0570E-04 4.0354E-06 2.2333E-09 -7.3441E-11 -5.0137E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S10 0.0000 -2.3906E-04 1.8573E-06 1.3804E-10 1.7697E-11 2.1026E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S11 0.0000 2.4091E-04 -1.3877E-06 9.1751E-10 1.2838E-11 1.8004E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 S12 0.0000 -6.3844E-05 -2.7339E-06 1.3686E-08 -2.5513E-11 -2.0468E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

[0525] The optical lens of Example 32 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.79 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 32 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0526] Example 33

[0527] The following is for reference Figure 37 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 33 of this application. For example... Figure 37 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second lens has negative optical power; the first side surface S7 of the third lens L3 is concave; the fifth lens L5 has positive optical power; and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 is concave.

[0528] Table 65 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 33.

[0529] Table 65

[0530]

[0531] In Example 33, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 66 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 of each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 that can be used in Example 34.

[0532] Table 66

[0533] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 0 -3.2070E-05 -2.5245E-14 2.0660E-16 0 0 0 0 S8 0 2.1186E-05 -2.2385E-15 -5.6458E-17 0 0 0 0 S9 0 1.3224E-04 7.5360E-15 -4.1217E-16 0 0 0 0 S10 0 7.1233E-06 4.6878E-15 1.3163E-15 0 0 0 0 S11 0 -9.4112E-05 5.8154E-12 -1.1693E-13 0 0 0 0 S12 0 2.1851E-04 -4.7610E-10 7.1977E-12 0 0 0 0

[0534] The optical lens of Example 33 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.97 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 33 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0535] Example 34

[0536] The following is for reference Figure 38 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 34 of this application. For example... Figure 38 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4 is concave; and the first side surface S9 of the fifth lens L5 has at least one inflection point.

[0537] Table 67 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 34.

[0538] Table 67

[0539]

[0540]

[0541] In Example 34, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 66 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 of each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 that can be used in Example 33.

[0542] Table 68

[0543] Face number k A4 A6 A8 A10 A12 A14 A16 S7 0 -7.6636E-06 -3.2278E-07 -7.0482E-09 0 0 0 0 S8 0 1.9081E-04 3.9723E-06 0 0 0 0 0 S9 0 3.1788E-04 3.9980E-06 0 0 0 0 0 S10 0 -2.6710E-04 2.2588E-06 0 0 0 0 0 S11 0 2.5877E-04 -1.5723E-06 0 0 0 0 0 S12 0 -6.9094E-05 -2.8803E-06 1.7974E-08 0 0 0 0

[0544] The optical lens of Example 34 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.84 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field-of-view angle of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 34 demonstrates good image quality in its central region. The curves showing the half-field-of-view angle versus angular resolution of the optical lens of Example 34 are shown below. Figure 43 As shown, the resolution of the optical lens at the center of the field of view (i.e., at a half-field angle of 0°) is better than the angular resolution at the edge of the field of view (i.e., the region of maximum half-field angle). The angular resolution of the optical lens increases from the half-field angle of 0° to the region of maximum half-field angle.

[0545] Example 35

[0546] The following is for reference Figure 39 Describes an optical lens according to Embodiment 35 of this application. For example... Figure 39 As shown, the main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 29 are: the optical parameters such as the radius of curvature and lens thickness of each lens surface are different; the second lens has a negative optical power; the first side surface S7 of the third lens L3 is concave; and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 is concave.

[0547] Table 69 shows the basic parameters of the optical lens of Example 35.

[0548] Table 69

[0549]

[0550] In Example 35, the first side surface S7 and the second side surface S8 of the fourth lens L4, the first side surface S9 and the second side surface S10 of the fifth lens L5, and the first side surface S11 and the second side surface S12 of the sixth lens L6 are all aspherical surfaces. Table 70 gives the conic coefficients and higher-order coefficients A4, A6, A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 that can be used for each aspherical surface S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 and S12 in Example 35.

[0551] Table 70

[0552]

[0553]

[0554] from Figure 41 As can be seen, the optical lens of Example 35 exhibits a peak MTF exceeding 0.92 at a spatial frequency of 17.0 lp / mm and a half-field of view of 0–5°. Therefore, the optical lens of Example 35 demonstrates good image quality in its central region.

[0555] Tables 71-1, 71-2, 71-3, and 71-4 provide the basic parameters of the optical lenses in Examples 1-35, such as F, ENPD, TTL, FOV, θ, H, D, TL, BFL, DST, DMAX, T12, T23, T34, T45, ARC, ARS, AR5, Fm, M, N, and Fn.

[0556] Table 71-1

[0557] Parameter / Embodiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F 32.858 32.707 32.804 33.125 33.545 33.180 33.390 33.170 33.062 ENPD 23.470 23.362 23.431 23.661 23.960 23.700 23.850 23.693 23.616 TTL 47.442 50.564 49.844 52.475 51.417 52.546 51.188 51.701 52.311 FOV 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 θ 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 H 10.404 10.378 10.392 10.433 10.559 10.541 10.563 10.599 10.630 D 24.000 23.398 23.784 24.000 24.000 23.706 23.995 23.729 23.651 TL 42.444 44.368 44.463 46.329 44.191 45.406 43.665 44.003 46.655 BFL 4.998 6.196 5.381 6.147 7.226 7.140 7.524 7.698 5.656 DST 23.470 23.362 23.431 23.661 23.960 23.700 23.850 23.693 23.616 DMAX 24.000 23.398 23.784 24.000 24.000 23.706 23.995 23.729 23.651 T12 0.870 3.008 2.818 5.022 4.704 4.739 4.699 4.748 0.499 T23 2.908 3.324 3.263 2.236 2.083 1.979 1.953 1.997 2.780 T34 10.429 9.200 9.132 4.593 6.325 1.927 1.648 2.087 13.187 T45 4.513 3.528 4.180 8.030 7.111 7.641 7.265 7.327 2.219 AR0 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.053 0.053 ARS 0.080 0.081 0.080 0.078 0.073 0.077 0.072 0.070 0.072 AR5 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.056 0.055 0.055 0.055 Fm 92.690 98.870 103.670 177.370 98.870 70.470 67.070 68.023 93.160 M 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 N 344.054 343.175 343.651 344.990 349.157 348.562 349.296 350.483 351.534 Fn 23.640 21.470 21.780 21.290 25.440 25.850 29.050 24.647 21.770

[0558] Table 71-2

[0559]

[0560]

[0561] Table 71-3

[0562] Parameter / Embodiment 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 F 35.251 35.345 26.596 26.868 26.961 25.364 35.618 35.850 36.182 37.638 ENPD 25.000 25.000 18.997 19.192 19.258 18.118 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 TTL 50.824 51.544 43.953 45.282 40.219 40.413 53.271 54.394 51.587 49.591 FOV 20.000 20.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 20.000 19.800 20.000 20.000 θ 0.349 0.349 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.349 0.346 0.349 0.349 H 9.827 9.905 10.987 11.111 11.105 10.321 9.887 11.110 9.866 9.843 D 25.014 25.007 19.040 19.635 19.545 18.154 25.007 25.021 25.007 25.007 TL 43.398 44.725 37.686 39.787 34.224 34.065 47.001 46.611 44.781 42.103 BFL 7.426 6.819 6.267 5.495 5.995 6.348 6.270 7.783 6.806 7.488 DST 25.000 25.000 18.997 19.192 19.258 18.118 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 DMAX 25.014 25.007 19.040 19.635 19.545 18.154 25.007 25.021 25.007 25.007 T12 1.744 8.771 4.756 4.567 1.677 2.571 9.707 9.853 5.408 2.775 T23 6.165 0.703 4.112 2.807 1.500 8.860 1.971 1.264 3.354 1.533 T34 9.995 9.998 4.365 3.935 4.155 1.565 11.704 12.290 11.297 14.071 T45 1.762 1.835 6.064 6.632 4.189 0.788 2.193 1.811 3.453 2.776 AR0 0.049 0.049 0.066 0.065 0.064 0.069 0.049 0.049 0.048 0.047 ARS 0.133 0.137 0.093 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.127 0.131 0.145 0.155 AR5 0.055 0.055 0.064 0.063 0.064 0.069 0.055 0.054 0.055 0.055 Fm 80.510 76.420 44.830 44.010 35.870 23.860 56.850 66.600 41.740 44.760 M 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 N 324.974 327.546 363.320 367.427 367.216 341.306 326.958 367.404 326.257 325.479 Fn 21.260 25.170 28.406 33.840 32.485 -165.240 55.980 34.090 342.720 135.010

[0563] Table 71-4

[0564]

[0565]

[0566] In summary, the relationships in each embodiment of Examples 1-35 satisfy the relationships shown in Tables 72-1, 72-2, 72-3 and 72-4.

[0567] Table 72-1

[0568] Relationship / Embodiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (FOV x F) / H 63.164 63.031 63.133 63.500 63.538 62.954 63.221 62.591 62.205 TTL / F 1.444 1.546 1.519 1.584 1.533 1.584 1.533 1.559 1.582 TTL / H / FOV 0.228 0.244 0.240 0.251 0.243 0.249 0.242 0.244 0.246 TTL / DMAX 1.977 2.161 2.096 2.186 2.142 2.217 2.133 2.179 2.212 (F*θ) / D 0.478 0.488 0.481 0.482 0.488 0.488 0.486 0.488 0.488 D / H / FOV 0.115 0.113 0.114 0.115 0.114 0.112 0.114 0.112 0.111 D / H / F 0.070 0.069 0.070 0.069 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.067 BFL / TTL 0.105 0.123 0.108 0.117 0.141 0.136 0.147 0.149 0.108 BFL / TL 0.118 0.140 0.121 0.133 0.164 0.157 0.172 0.175 0.121 F / H 3.158 3.152 3.157 3.175 3.177 3.148 3.161 3.130 3.110 F / ENPD 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400 F / ENPD / D 0.058 0.060 0.059 0.058 0.058 0.059 0.058 0.059 0.059 DST / F 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 0.714 (H / 2) / (F*tan(θ / 2)) 0.898 0.900 0.898 0.893 0.893 0.901 0.897 0.906 0.912 (F / H)*tanθ 1.149 1.147 1.149 1.155 1.156 1.145 1.150 1.139 1.132 AR0 / ARS 0.663 0.654 0.663 0.679 0.712 0.675 0.722 0.757 0.736 AR5 / ARS 0.688 0.679 0.688 0.705 0.753 0.727 0.764 0.786 0.764 FOV / M / AR0 1.474 1.474 1.474 1.474 1.502 1.502 1.502 1.474 1.474 FOV / M / AR5 1.420 1.420 1.420 1.420 1.420 1.395 1.420 1.420 1.420 FOV / M / ARS 0.977 0.965 0.977 1.002 1.070 1.015 1.085 1.116 1.085 (H / 2-F*θ / 2) / (F*θ / 2) -0.093 -0.091 -0.092 -0.098 -0.098 -0.090 -0.094 -0.084 -0.079 (tanθ)*F) / H 1.150 1.147 1.149 1.156 1.156 1.146 1.151 1.139 1.132 (T34+T45) / TTL 0.315 0.252 0.267 0.241 0.261 0.182 0.174 0.182 0.295 T34 / TTL 0.220 0.182 0.183 0.088 0.123 0.037 0.032 0.040 0.252 Fm / F 2.821 3.023 3.160 5.355 2.947 2.124 2.009 2.051 2.818 Fn / F 0.719 0.656 0.664 0.643 0.758 0.779 0.870 0.743 0.658 F1 / F 1.141 1.157 1.158 0.972 0.903 0.869 0.857 0.867 1.175 |F2 / F| 3.086 3.216 3.186 8.576 16.715 7.690 7.210 8.683 2.750 |F3 / F| 0.598 0.583 0.581 0.622 0.664 0.731 0.750 0.746 0.574 |F4 / F| 0.721 0.696 0.608 0.606 0.680 0.747 0.718 0.749 0.898 |F5 / F| 4.133 4.952 1.689 1.878 1.811 8.445 2.675 27.674 4.696 |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3)|*F 0.471 0.539 0.545 0.462 0.339 0.088 0.029 0.072 0.527 |(1 / F4+1 / F5)|*F 1.145 1.234 1.052 1.118 0.918 1.220 1.019 1.371 1.327 |(1 / F1+1 / F2+1 / F3) / (1 / F4+1 / F5)| 0.412 0.437 0.518 0.413 0.369 0.072 0.028 0.052 0.398 |F3| / (T34+T45) 1.315 1.499 1.431 1.633 1.658 2.535 2.809 2.628 1.232 |(1 / F4+1 / F5)| / (T34+T45) 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.003 |R6 / R7| 1.325 1.660 1.419 1.672 1.878 0.160 0.216 0.222 1.045 (T12+T23) / (T34+T45) 0.253 0.497 0.457 0.575 0.505 0.702 0.746 0.716 0.213 |F4| / (T34+T45) 1.586 1.789 1.499 1.590 1.698 2.591 2.689 2.640 1.927 (T23+T34+T45) / TTL 0.376 0.317 0.333 0.283 0.302 0.220 0.212 0.221 0.348 |R3 / R4| 0.821 0.765 0.768 1.043 1.011 1.073 1.067 1.069 0.804 |R5 / R6| 13.071 8.094 8.913 4.056 3.585 1.831 1.563 1.589 9.312 (T23+T34+T45) / F 0.543 0.491 0.505 0.449 0.463 0.348 0.325 0.344 0.550 |F3 / F4| 0.829 0.838 0.954 1.027 0.976 0.978 1.045 0.996 0.639

[0569] Table 72-2

[0570]

[0571]

[0572] Table 72-3

[0573]

[0574]

[0575] Table 72-4

[0576]

[0577]

[0578] This application also provides a lidar, which includes a receiving module. The receiving module includes the optical lens described in the exemplary embodiments above.

[0579] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and an explanation of the technical principles employed. Those skilled in the art should understand that the scope of the invention involved in this application is not limited to technical solutions formed by specific combinations of the above-described technical features, but should also cover other technical solutions formed by arbitrary combinations of the above-described technical features or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. For example, technical solutions formed by substituting the above features with (but not limited to) technical features with similar functions disclosed in this application.

Claims

1. An optical lens, characterized in that, The maximum full field of view of the optical lens is in the range of 8 to 35°, and the angular resolution value AR05 at any point in the half field of view of the optical lens within the range of 0 to 5° satisfies the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens: AR05 ≤ 86.2% ARS.

2. The optical lens according to claim 1, characterized in that, The angular resolution of the optical lens increases from a half-field angle of 0° to a maximum half-field angle.

3. The optical lens according to any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that, The angular resolution value AR0 at a half field of view of 0° of the optical lens and the angular resolution ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following: 24%ARS < AR0 < 85.4%ARS.

4. The optical lens according to claims 1-2, characterized in that, The maximum field of view of the optical lens is in the range of 19.8 to 25°.

5. The optical lens according to claims 1-2, characterized in that, The angular resolution value AR05 at any point in the half field of view of the optical lens within the range of 0 to 5° satisfies the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens: 35.5%ARS < AR05 < 82.1%ARS.

6. The optical lens according to claims 1-2, characterized in that, The angular resolution value AR0 at a half field of view of 0° and the angular resolution value ARS at the maximum half field of view of the optical lens satisfy the following condition: 28.2%ARS < AR0 < 82.1%ARS.

7. The optical lens according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical lens is a distortion lens. The image height H corresponding to the maximum full field of view of the optical lens, the total focal length of the optical lens and the radian value θ of the maximum full field of view of the optical lens satisfy: 0.959≤(F / H)*tanθ≤2.

117.

8. The optical lens according to claims 1-2, characterized in that, The optical lens is suitable for receiver chips with a line count of 96 to 520.

9. The optical lens according to claim 8, characterized in that, The angular resolution value AR0 of the optical lens at a half field of view of 0° satisfies: 0.03≤AR0≤0.079; or, the angular resolution value AR5 of the optical lens at a half field of view of 5° satisfies: 0.041≤AR5≤0.

079.

10. A lidar, characterized in that, include: A receiving module, the receiving module comprising an optical lens according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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