Block chain security platform for P2P energy transaction between different agents

Abstract

The invention relates to a block chain security platform for P2P energy transaction between different agents. The block chain security platform comprises a bidding submission platform, a block chain security transaction platform and a transaction instrument board. An agent registers, logs in and submits power quotation information through a bidding platform, the system converts an accepted bid into an intelligent contract with a unique contract ID, records contract terms, power commitment, price parameters and real-time performance data, and realizes automatic settlement and tamper-proof storage on a block chain. According to the platform, a multi-objective optimization model is adopted, coordinated operation of day-ahead scheduling and real-time verification is achieved, and a punishment or reward mechanism is automatically executed according to the actual delivery amount of agents and commitment deviation. The system supports a decentralized account book structure, cross-energy market transactions and an intelligent incentive strategy, and ensures the transactions to be transparent, safe, efficient and audible.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of energy internet and blockchain information, and in particular to a blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, the rapid development of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy generation have accelerated the transformation of the power system towards decentralization. Traditional centralized electricity markets and settlement mechanisms are increasingly facing challenges posed by the volatility, intermittency, and locality of distributed generation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new framework to support direct, transparent, and secure energy trading among independent entities such as producers, consumers, and energy storage operators.

[0003] Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, as an emerging model, has been recognized as a powerful means to achieve autonomous energy exchange within microgrids and local energy communities. Through P2P trading, participants can directly negotiate and trade energy based on supply and demand conditions and price signals, thereby improving market efficiency, promoting the use of renewable energy, and reducing reliance on centralized intermediaries. However, traditional trading systems typically rely on centralized databases, which can lead to single points of failure, lack of transparency, and vulnerability to tampering. These shortcomings not only weaken trust among participants but also limit the scalability and operational efficiency of P2P energy trading. To address these issues, innovative technological solutions are needed to achieve secure, transparent, and autonomous transaction management, ensuring the data integrity and system resilience of decentralized energy markets.

[0004] Blockchain technology, with its decentralized ledger structure at its core, offers an effective solution to the transparency, security, and trust issues faced by modern energy systems. By combining blockchain with smart contracts, energy transactions can be executed automatically, securely, and transparently without the intervention of a centralized institution. Every transaction is permanently recorded in the distributed ledger, forming an immutable historical record, thereby enhancing the system's auditability and accountability. This ensures that all participants—whether producers, consumers, or prosumers—can trust the system's operation without relying on a central authority.

[0005] Beyond its recording function, smart contracts enable programmable rules and automated execution of energy trading agreements. They can verify energy delivery in real time, check participants' performance against preset conditions, and automatically trigger settlement processes once contractual conditions are met. This not only reduces the likelihood of disputes and accelerates transaction processing but also lowers management costs. Furthermore, the combination of blockchain and smart contracts supports advanced features such as dynamic pricing and peer-to-peer energy trading, enabling efficient and flexible operation of decentralized energy networks. Ultimately, this integrated solution will promote the construction of a more resilient, transparent, and participatory energy ecosystem.

[0006] Despite the advantages mentioned above, blockchain-enabled P2P transactions still face several technical and operational challenges in their practical implementation. These challenges include: ensuring the security of bid submission and identity authentication; integrating real-time metering and monitoring data; defining performance-based automated settlement rules; and supporting the coordinated operation of multiple energy systems such as electricity, heat, and energy storage. Furthermore, achieving both economic benefits and environmental sustainability in a decentralized market requires a multi-objective optimization mechanism that can balance cost minimization and emission reduction targets.

[0007] To address the aforementioned issues, this application proposes a blockchain-based P2P energy trading platform with multi-party security. This platform integrates a secure bid submission module, a blockchain-based transaction and settlement layer, and a visual monitoring interface, ensuring end-to-end data integrity, automated contract execution, and real-time performance verification within a multi-objective optimization framework. The system described in this invention enables decentralized, secure, and auditable energy trading, promoting transparency, fairness, and reliability in the distributed energy market. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical issues, this application provides a blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents.

[0009] The blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents provided in this application adopts the following technical solution: A blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents, comprising: The bidding submission platform is used for agents to register, log in, and submit power bidding information including transaction location, time range, bid price, and maximum power supply. A blockchain-secure trading platform is used to receive and convert accepted bids into smart contracts with unique contract IDs. The smart contracts are used to record contract terms, committed power, price parameters and real-time performance data, and realize automatic settlement and tamper-proof storage on the blockchain. The transaction dashboard provides all agents with transparent access to bidding information, contract details, settlement results, and blockchain transaction hashes. The bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure trading platform are connected through a secure microgrid communication infrastructure. During the real-time operation phase, the smart contract automatically executes reward or penalty settlement based on the deviation between the agent's actual power delivery volume and the contract commitment volume.

[0010] By adopting the above technical solutions, decentralized, secure, and automated management of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transactions among multiple agents is achieved, improving the transaction efficiency and trustworthiness of the distributed energy market. Through the construction of a bid submission platform, different agents (including distributed energy producers, consumers, and energy storage service providers) can complete identity registration, authentication login, and bid information submission on a unified interface. This achieves standardized access and information management for participants in the energy market. The transaction location, time interval, quoted price, and maximum power supply parameters included in the bid information support optimal matching based on spatial location and temporal distribution, providing a precise data foundation for subsequent smart contract generation and energy dispatch, thereby improving the response speed and accuracy of transaction matching. The introduction of a blockchain secure trading platform transfers the matching and settlement logic of traditional centralized energy trading platforms to the blockchain distributed ledger system. After receiving bid information, the system automatically generates a smart contract with a unique contract ID for the accepted transaction. This smart contract fully records the contract terms, committed power, price parameters, and real-time performance data. The immutability and distributed nature of the blockchain... The distributed consensus mechanism ensures that transaction records are stored synchronously across multiple nodes, preventing single-point attacks and data forgery. This fundamentally solves the problems of trust dependence and insufficient data transparency in traditional trading systems. The automatic execution mechanism of smart contracts can also autonomously complete settlement, reward / penalty, or contract termination operations when trigger conditions are met, achieving automated energy trading management without human intervention. During the transaction execution phase, the real-time contract performance mechanism can dynamically monitor the deviation between the agent's electricity delivery volume and the contract commitment volume, and automatically trigger reward or penalty settlement according to the set threshold rules, forming an energy trading ecosystem with both self-incentive and constraint mechanisms. This effectively prevents agent default, power fraud, and delayed delivery, improving the reliability and fairness of energy trading. Real-time performance data is continuously stored on the blockchain and is traceable and verifiable through blockchain hash values, ensuring the auditability and transparency of all transaction processes. Through the integrated design of the trading dashboard, a unified information visualization interface is provided for all agents, realizing transparent data sharing across the entire energy market chain. Combined with access control policies, the access scope is authorized according to the roles of different agents, ensuring data openness and maintaining privacy and security.

[0011] Optionally, the bid submission platform includes an identity verification module, a data integrity module, and a secure transmission module to ensure the security and tamper-proof nature of the bid submission process.

[0012] By adopting the above technical solutions, the entire process of bid submission is secured and data is transmitted with trust. The identity verification module ensures that only authorized agents can participate in the bidding, preventing identity fraud or malicious access. The data integrity module performs encryption verification and hash verification on the bidding information to prevent data from being tampered with during transmission or storage. The secure transmission module ensures the confidentiality and integrity of information during network transmission through end-to-end encryption and digital signature mechanisms, thereby achieving secure submission and trustworthy recording of bidding data.

[0013] Optionally, the blockchain secure transaction platform includes: The smart contract generation module is used to convert winning bids into contracts with unique identifiers. The performance calculation module is used to compare the actual delivered power with the promised power in real time and automatically trigger penalty or reward mechanisms. The financial settlement module is used to automatically complete the settlement operations of deductions, rewards, and net payments based on performance results; By adopting the above technical solutions, the entire process of energy trading in the blockchain environment is automated and data is stored in a reliable manner. The smart contract generation module ensures that the transaction terms are unique and traceable; the performance calculation module realizes real-time power comparison and dynamic monitoring of contract execution; and the financial settlement module automatically completes rewards and penalties and settlement based on performance results, improving settlement efficiency and fairness. Optionally, the system is divided into a day-ahead scheduling phase and a real-time verification phase, wherein: During the current dispatch phase, agents submit their bids through the bidding platform, and microgrid operators use a multi-objective optimization model to select the best bid. During the real-time verification phase, the system automatically measures the agent's actual power supply and compares it with the contract commitment to trigger the settlement process.

[0014] By adopting the above technical solutions, a two-stage optimization and automated supervision of the energy trading process is achieved. In the day-ahead dispatching stage, a multi-objective optimization model is used to comprehensively screen agent quotations to ensure that the trading scheme achieves a balance between economic efficiency and system stability. In the real-time verification stage, the actual power supply and contract commitment are automatically monitored and compared to promptly trigger settlement and reward / penalty mechanisms to ensure fair performance and matching of energy supply and demand, thereby achieving efficient dispatching, real-time settlement and reliable operation of the energy market.

[0015] Optionally, the multi-objective optimization model simultaneously considers the objectives of minimizing economic costs and minimizing environmental emissions, and selects the optimal bid combination under the premise of satisfying power grid operation constraints.

[0016] By adopting the above technical solutions, the synergistic optimization of economic and environmental benefits in the energy market is achieved. The multi-objective optimization model intelligently selects and combines the bidding schemes of each agent based on a comprehensive consideration of electricity price costs, carbon emissions and grid operation constraints, so as to ensure the lowest overall cost and emission while ensuring the balance of electricity supply and demand, thereby improving the greenness of energy trading decisions and the comprehensive efficiency of system dispatch.

[0017] Optionally, the smart contract includes the following core parameters: Bus ID; Start time and end time; Agent name; Committed power supply capacity (MW); Price quoted per megawatt; Bidding block number; Each contract is assigned a unique contract ID for identification and tracking.

[0018] By adopting the above technical solutions, the standardized definition and precise tracking of smart contracts in the energy trading process have been achieved. By setting core parameters such as bus ID, time interval, agent name, committed power and unit price, the transaction terms are ensured to be clear and verifiable. The allocation of a unique contract ID gives each transaction an independent identity, which facilitates subsequent monitoring, auditing and tracking. The introduction of bidding block number realizes the precise association between the contract and the blockchain record, improving the traceability of energy transactions and the standardization of data management.

[0019] Optionally, the real-time settlement rules include: when the agent's actual delivery volume exceeds the committed value by 105%, the system automatically calculates a bonus of 10% of the contract unit price of the excess portion; When the actual delivery quantity is less than 95% of the promised value, the system will automatically calculate a penalty of 20% of the unit price of the shortfall portion. The aforementioned bonuses or penalties are automatically executed and recorded by blockchain smart contracts.

[0020] By adopting the above technical solutions, real-time performance management and automatic incentive constraints for energy transactions are realized. The system automatically calculates excess rewards or shortage penalties based on the deviation between the actual delivery volume and the contract commitment, and the blockchain smart contract executes and records them in real time, ensuring that the settlement process is transparent, tamper-proof, and requires no human intervention. This enhances the agent's enthusiasm for fulfilling the contract, ensures the fairness of the transaction, and achieves close linkage between energy delivery and financial settlement.

[0021] Optionally, the blockchain system adopts a decentralized ledger structure to achieve the immutability of transaction records, full node synchronization, and publicly verifiable auditing functions.

[0022] By adopting the above technical solutions, highly reliable and transparent management of energy trading data is achieved. The decentralized ledger structure ensures that all transaction records are stored synchronously on multiple nodes, preventing single points of failure and data tampering. The immutability ensures that historical transactions are traceable and have legal evidentiary effect. The publicly verifiable audit function enables market participants and regulatory agencies to verify the entire transaction process in real time, thereby improving system security, trust, and compliance, and realizing a transparent, efficient, and regulated decentralized energy trading platform.

[0023] Optionally, the transaction dashboard provides a decentralized data visualization interface, enabling all agents to view quote information, settlement prices, contract performance progress, and blockchain transaction hashes in real time.

[0024] By adopting the above technical solutions, real-time visualization and transparent sharing of energy trading information are achieved. The decentralized trading dashboard provides a unified interface for all agents, allowing them to view quotation information, clearing prices, contract performance progress, and blockchain transaction hashes in real time. This ensures that the data is open, synchronized, and trustworthy, which not only enhances the trading entities' right to know and decision-making capabilities but also supports fair competition and self-monitoring, improves market transparency and operational efficiency, and facilitates performance auditing and tracking of abnormal behavior, thus achieving intelligent management and visualized supervision.

[0025] Optionally, the system further includes a metering and monitoring module for collecting real-time power output data of the agent node and encrypting and uploading it to the blockchain platform for smart contract invocation and verification; The communication between the bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure transaction platform adopts an end-to-end encryption protocol and uses a digital signature mechanism to verify the identity of the agent. The platform can simultaneously support the trading of electricity, heat or other forms of distributed energy, and realize coordinated scheduling and clearing across energy markets under a unified architecture; The platform further supports an adaptive incentive strategy based on smart contracts, which adjusts the agent's future pricing weight or credit rating based on the agent's long-term performance. The blockchain employs a consensus mechanism selected from Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), or Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) to ensure high throughput and low latency transaction verification. The platform has an audit interface that allows regulatory agencies to access transaction records through read-only nodes for regulatory compliance verification and market transparency assessment.

[0026] By adopting the above technical solutions, the metering and monitoring module can collect the power output data of each agent node in real time and upload it to the blockchain platform after encryption. This provides accurate and reliable performance information for smart contracts, ensuring the real-time nature and fairness of transaction settlement and performance evaluation. The end-to-end encrypted communication and digital signature verification mechanism between the bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure trading platform ensures the authenticity of the agent's identity and the integrity of the bidding data, preventing malicious tampering and information leakage. The platform supports the trading of electricity, heat, and other forms of distributed energy, and realizes coordinated scheduling and settlement across energy markets under a unified architecture, improving the overall operating efficiency and resource utilization of the system. The platform dynamically adjusts the future bid weight or credit rating of agents based on their long-term performance, forming a continuous incentive mechanism to encourage reliable agent participation. The blockchain adopts PoS, DPoS, or PBFT consensus mechanisms to ensure high-throughput, low-latency transaction verification, achieving data synchronization and immutable storage of the distributed ledger. The audit interface provided by the platform allows regulatory agencies to access transaction records in real time through read-only nodes for compliance checks and market transparency assessments.

[0027] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: It enables decentralized, secure, and automated management of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transactions between multiple agents, improving the transaction efficiency and trustworthiness of the distributed energy market; The bidding submission platform enables standardized access, identity authentication, and standardized information management for transaction participants, ensuring the integrity and traceability of bidding data and providing a precise data foundation for smart contract generation and energy dispatch. The blockchain-based secure trading platform enables automated smart contract management of transaction terms, ensuring the immutable storage of contract terms, committed power, and price parameters, thus solving the problems of trust dependence and insufficient data transparency in traditional energy trading systems. The automatic execution mechanism and real-time performance monitoring function of smart contracts enable automated management of energy trading without human intervention, and can dynamically trigger rewards or penalties based on actual delivery volume, thereby improving the agent's performance enthusiasm and the fairness of the transaction. The system adopts a two-stage (day-ahead scheduling and real-time verification) trading mode, combined with a multi-objective optimization model, to achieve an energy trading solution that balances economy, environmental protection and system stability, ensuring energy supply and demand matching and efficient scheduling. The core parameter settings and unique contract ID allocation of smart contracts enable the standardization of transaction terms, the traceability of contracts, and the precise correlation of blockchain records, thereby improving the traceability of transactions and the level of management standardization. The real-time settlement rules, through excess rewards and shortage penalties, enable real-time performance management and automatic incentive constraints in energy trading, ensuring that the settlement process is transparent, tamper-proof, and requires no human intervention. Decentralized ledger structure and blockchain consensus mechanism ensure that transaction records are immutable, synchronized across all nodes, and publicly verifiable, thereby improving system security, transparency, and regulatory compliance; Decentralized trading dashboards enable real-time visualization and sharing of trading information, supporting fair competition, intelligent management, and visual supervision, thereby improving market transparency and operational efficiency. The platform, through metering and monitoring modules, end-to-end encrypted communication, digital signature verification, and adaptive incentive strategies, enables cross-energy market coordinated scheduling, trusted data storage, and long-term performance incentives, thus building a safe, reliable, and sustainable distributed energy trading ecosystem. Attached Figure Description

[0028] Figure 1 This is a system architecture diagram of an embodiment of this application.

[0029] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the P2P market in the present application.

[0030] Figure 3 This is a real-time market procedure and financial settlement diagram according to an embodiment of this application.

[0031] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the agent bidding platform in an embodiment of this application.

[0032] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the agent bidding platform account settings in an embodiment of this application.

[0033] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the bidding process on the agent bidding platform according to an embodiment of this application.

[0034] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the bidding results of the agent in an embodiment of this application.

[0035] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the market overview of the P2P market and financial settlement platform in this application embodiment.

[0036] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the contract details of the P2P market and financial settlement platform in an embodiment of this application.

[0037] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the bidding details of the P2P market and financial settlement platform in this application embodiment.

[0038] Figure 11This is a schematic diagram illustrating the output example of the system's optimal operation, showing the contribution of resources to the power system according to an embodiment of this application.

[0039] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the CHP feasibility area in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0040] The following is in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figures 1-12 This application will be described in further detail.

[0041] This application discloses a blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents. It includes a bid submission platform, a blockchain secure trading platform, and a trading dashboard. The bidding submission platform is used for agents to register, log in, and submit power bidding information including transaction location, time range, quoted price, and maximum power supply. The blockchain secure trading platform is used to receive and convert accepted bids into smart contracts with unique contract IDs. The smart contracts are used to record contract terms, promised power, price parameters and real-time performance data, and realize automatic settlement and tamper-proof storage on the blockchain. The transaction dashboard provides all agents with transparent access to bidding information, contract details, settlement results, and blockchain transaction hashes; The bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure trading platform are connected through a secure microgrid communication infrastructure. During the real-time operation phase, the smart contract automatically executes reward or penalty settlement based on the deviation between the agent's actual power delivery and the contract commitment.

[0042] This technical solution adopts a dual-platform architecture, which includes a bid submission platform, a blockchain secure transaction platform, and a transaction dashboard, as referenced. Figures 4-7 The bidding submission platform provides agents with secure login and registration, allowing agents to submit bids for specified bus locations, time intervals, prices, and maximum quantities, and displays bid status (accepted / rejected) and history; The blockchain secure trading platform converts accepted quotes into immutable smart contracts. Each contract has a unique contract ID and stores all transaction metadata, including contract terms, performance records, and settlement results. It also automatically executes penalty and reward mechanisms based on real-time performance. Trading Dashboard Reference Figures 8-10 The transaction dashboard provides all agents with transparent access to view bids, contract details, settlement results, and blockchain transaction hashes, ensuring that each participant can audit their own performance and the overall market in a decentralized manner. The bidding submission platform, the secure blockchain trading platform, and the trading dashboard are interconnected via a secure microgrid communication infrastructure. The bidding platform allows agents to submit bids, which are collected and, once accepted, transmitted to the blockchain-based trading system. The blockchain enforces smart contracts and records immutable results. Finally, the trading dashboard integrates all data, providing a unified and transparent visualization for all market participants.

[0043] The working principle of this technical solution: To effectively integrate independent power trading agents into smart microgrid operations, it is crucial to construct a secure, transparent, and incentive-compatible framework. This technical solution proposes a dual-platform architecture: 1. Bidding Submission Platform: Agents can register and log in here, and submit their electricity sales bidding strategies for specific time periods and time slots in the P2P market. The bidding submission platform ensures the security of the bidding submission process through identity verification, data integrity and confidentiality mechanisms, enabling MG operators to receive all bids in a standardized and protected format. In addition, operators can also view the bidding status in real time to see whether their bids have been accepted or rejected.

[0044] 2. Blockchain Secure Trading Platform: A blockchain secure trading platform is a decentralized ledger environment in which accepted quotes are converted into smart contracts, enabling immutable registration, automated performance execution, and transparent settlement of all financial transactions.

[0045] 3. Trading Dashboard: The trading dashboard enables all market participants to monitor the performance of the entire system as well as their personal details, including contract IDs, transaction records, and smart contract information; The framework operates in two coordinated phases: a day-ahead scheduling and real-time verification phase and a performance-based incentive phase that ensures market efficiency, system reliability, and fairness.

[0046] Pre-transaction phase: In the pre-transaction market, agents submit quotations through a secure bidding platform, specifying their power supply, delivery location (bus), time interval, and price. Multilateral governance operators use a multi-objective optimization model to evaluate these quotations, taking into account operating costs, environmental impact, and system constraints. The evaluation results will be displayed on the agent's platform in real time, allowing them to keep abreast of the latest developments and adjust their strategies accordingly. After selecting the optimal quotation, the accepted quotation is formally converted into a smart contract through the blockchain secure transaction platform. Each contract contains the following core parameters: Bus ID: Start time: End time: Agent Name: promise: The contract is assigned a unique contract ID, ensuring immutability, transparency, and traceability before the system runs. The steps for the previous day were: Step 1: The agent logs into the bidding platform and submits a bid specifying the electricity volume, bus location, delivery time, and price; Step 2: Microgrid operators collect all bids and apply a multi-objective optimization model to minimize operating costs and environmental impact while adhering to network and system constraints. The final results will be displayed on the agent platform, notifying them and preparing to take appropriate action in real time. Step 3: Formalize the accepted offer into a smart contract with predefined parameters (e.g., agent ID, commitment, price, delivery interval); Step 4: The smart contract is registered on a secure blockchain transaction platform to ensure transparency, immutability, and traceability before the system goes live.

[0047] Real-time phase: During real-time operation, the system measures the actual power supply of each smart contract node in real time and compares it with the promised value agreed upon in the contract. Performance deviations are evaluated according to the preset incentive and penalty rules in the smart contract. If the actual delivery volume exceeds 105% of the committed value, the agent will receive a bonus (10% of the remaining energy contract unit price). If the actual delivery quantity is less than 95% of the promised value, a penalty will be charged (the shortage will be calculated at 20% of the contract unit price). Table 1 shows the pseudocode for the penalty and reward mechanism in real-time operation. These calculations are performed automatically by the blockchain platform to ensure that settlements covering rewards, penalties, and net payments are processed in a secure, decentralized, and tamper-proof manner. Table 1 shows the penalty and reward mechanisms in real-time operations. All transaction data, including contract metadata, real-time performance logs, and transaction hashes, is permanently stored on the blockchain. This provides complete transparency for all market participants and allows agents to view contract terms, transaction history, and settlement details at any time. The real-time steps are as follows: Step 1: Measure the actual power delivery to each agent using metering infrastructure; Step 2: The blockchain platform automatically compares the actual delivery with the contractual commitments; Step 3: If the actual delivery exceeds 105% of the promised amount, a bonus of 10% of the contract price will be calculated on the excess portion. Step 4: If the actual delivery volume is less than 95% of the commitment, a penalty of 20% of the contract price will be imposed on the shortfall. Step 5: The blockchain executes settlement transactions, recording penalties, bonuses, and net payments in a tamper-proof and transparent manner.

[0048] Key features of this technical solution: 1. All bids, contracts, and settlements are unalterable and auditable; 2. Agents have full access to their bidding and settlement results, as well as overall market trends; 3. A comprehensive day-ahead and real-time mechanism ensures the efficiency of the day-ahead market and the accountability of real-time operations; 4. Performance-based incentives encourage reliable participation and improve the economic and environmental efficiency of microgrids; The main objectives are to minimize total operating costs and minimize environmental impacts (CO2 and NOx emissions). These objectives are standardized to the [0,1] interval for multi-objective optimization. The constraints of the proposed problem are as follows.

[0049] CHP electrical and thermal confinement 2. CHP rise rate limit 3. Minimum start and end time 4. Feasible work area CHP units have flexible operating points such as Figure 12 As shown, the values ​​represent the distances from the boundary lines (n: l1, l2, l3, l4). CHP Flexible Workpoint Reference Figure 12 P* and H* represent the optimal electrical power output setting and thermal power output setting, respectively. The feasible operating region is mathematically constrained by formula (9).

[0050] By changing the values ​​of coefficients and , the working area boundary of the cogeneration unit was determined. 5. Boiler constraints 6. ESS power limit 7. Charging status 8. Efficiency and leakage 9. Constraints of Wind Turbines 10. PV constraint Agent's bid (step-by-step bidding): 11. Grid Transaction Constraints 12. Power Balance 13. Thermal power balance The following are definitions of all abbreviations used: i: Bus and Point of Load Indicator t: Time indicator a: Agent's Indicators k: Bidding Block Indicators Financial Indicators Environmental indicators The bid price of agent A at block k, bus i, and time t. : The bidding volume of agent aaa in block kkk, bus iii and time ttt Grid input / output power Electricity purchase / sale price with the main grid Electric / thermal power of cogeneration at node i and time t : A binary variable representing the on / off state of CHP on bus i at time t. : Thermal power of the boiler at bus i, time t ESS charging and discharging power of bus i at time t At time t, the charging and discharging price of the total switching station i At time t, the active power of the wind turbine at bus i Electricity price of wind turbine at node i and time t Photovoltaic power generation of bus i at time t Photovoltaic electricity price of bus i at time t Minimum / maximum value of the cost function [$] , , , Emission cost factor / / / Carbon dioxide (CO2) / Nitrogen oxides (NO) x Emission factors for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) / / / Carbon dioxide (CO2) / Nitrogen oxides (NO) x Sulfur dioxide (SO2) / Particulate matter (PM) emissions Power output-input conversion factor Minimum / maximum value of environment function[$] Maximum / Minimum Electrical Power Output of Cogeneration System Maximum / Minimum Thermal Power Output of Cogeneration System Maximum slope of cogeneration unit The total operating time of the combined heat and power system at node i, in hours (t). Minimum start-up and shutdown time for combined heat and power (CHP) units [hours] Maximum / Minimum Boiler Heat Output ESS minimum / maximum charging power Maximum / Minimum Discharge Power of Energy Storage System ESS charging status ESS minimum / maximum state of charge Storage leakage rate [1 / h] ESS charge / discharge efficiency Minimum / maximum power output of wind turbines Minimum / maximum power output of photovoltaics The binary variable corresponds to the k-th bid block of agent A at time t and bus i.

[0051] Maximum value of power exchange with the main power grid Number of bidding blocks Electrical load of bus i at time t Heat load of bus i at time t Example 1 Single-region microgrid P2P energy trading: This blockchain security platform is deployed in a single-region microgrid. Within the microgrid, photovoltaic power plants, wind turbines, combined heat and power (CHP) units and boilers, energy storage systems, and adjustable load users act as trading agents. Each agent registers, logs in, and submits information such as trading location, time interval, price, and maximum power supply through the bidding submission platform. The system ensures the security of bidding through identity verification, data integrity, and secure transmission modules. The blockchain trading platform receives accepted bids, automatically generates smart contracts with unique contract IDs, records contract terms, promised power, and price parameters, monitors the deviation between actual power and contract promises in real time, and automatically executes reward or penalty settlements according to set rules. At the same time, the financial settlement module completes deductions, rewards, and net payments. The trading dashboard provides a decentralized visualization interface, realizing transparent, traceable, and fully automated management of transaction data.

[0052] Example 2 Cross-energy type trading and long-term incentive mechanism: Deploy this platform in integrated energy parks to support multi-type P2P trading of electricity, heat and energy storage systems. Each agent submits bidding information for different energy types. During the day-ahead scheduling phase, the system uses a multi-objective optimization model to comprehensively consider economic costs and carbon emissions to select the optimal bidding combination. During the real-time verification phase, settlement and rewards / penalties are automatically triggered based on the deviation between the actual delivery volume and the contract commitment volume monitored by smart contracts, realizing adaptive incentives. The blockchain consensus mechanism ensures high throughput and low latency transaction verification. The entire process realizes efficient scheduling, transparent management and long-term incentive constraints for cross-energy type trading.

[0053] Example 3 Multi-regional microgrid joint dispatch: A blockchain security platform is deployed in multiple geographically dispersed microgrid areas. Each region acts as an independent node and simultaneously shares transaction information to realize cross-regional P2P energy trading. Agents submit cross-regional energy trading bids through the bidding submission platform. The blockchain trading platform generates smart contracts and records them on a decentralized ledger. Cross-regional matching is performed through bus ID, time interval, and transaction type to achieve joint dispatch and optimize supply and demand allocation. The system monitors the actual delivery volume of agents in each region in real time and automatically executes reward or penalty settlement. The transaction dashboard and audit interface ensure the transparency and traceability of cross-regional transaction data. Regulatory agencies can conduct compliance checks through read-only nodes to achieve multi-regional, multi-agent, and highly reliable joint energy trading management.

[0054] Technical effects of this technical solution: 1. Enhanced transparency and trust: All transactions, including bid submissions, accepted bids, and settlement results, are immutably recorded on the blockchain, ensuring that every participant can access the complete transaction history.

[0055] 2. Automated performance accountability: Smart contracts automatically verify the actual delivered energy and promised value, and execute predefined penalty / reward mechanisms to eliminate human intervention and reduce disputes.

[0056] 3. Decentralized Coordination: Unlike centralized microgrid control systems, the proposed platform supports fully decentralized P2P transactions, enabling independent agents to participate without single points of failure.

[0057] 4. Multi-objective optimization: By combining economic and environmental objectives (minimizing operating costs and reducing emissions), this framework ensures sustainable and efficient system operation.

[0058] 5. Real-time settlement: Settlement processes, including financial transactions, performance rewards and penalties, are executed in real time, which greatly improves market responsiveness and fairness.

[0059] 6. Scalability and interoperability: The architecture allows for easy scaling to multiple microgrids, multiple energy carriers (electricity, heat, hydrogen), and integration with external energy markets.

[0060] Key technical points and technical protection points of this technical solution: 1. A dual-platform architecture consisting of a secure bid submission platform and a blockchain-based trading platform.

[0061] 2. Smart contracts automatically execute performance-based penalties and rewards, settle net payments and financial transactions, and are directly linked to real-time energy delivery.

[0062] 3. An integrated day-ahead and real-time operation model that coordinates daytime scheduling and real-time operation planning.

[0063] 4. A multi-objective framework that simultaneously considers economic and environmental goals.

[0064] 5. A transparent, decentralized dashboard that provides agents with full visibility into bids, contracts, settlements, and transaction hashes.

[0065] 6. A method for automating the creation and execution of blockchain-based smart contracts for microgrid P2P electricity trading.

[0066] 7. Mechanism for real-time verification of power transmission in accordance with contractual commitments and the application of reward / penalty rules.

[0067] 8. Combine multi-objective optimization that takes into account both cost and environmental goals with secure blockchain settlement to coordinate day-ahead scheduling and real-time operations.

[0068] 9. The system architecture supports decentralized, tamper-proof, and transparent P2P energy trading between heterogeneous agents.

[0069] This application provides an alternative to a blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents: 1. Ledger / DLT layer This transaction system can be deployed on authorized blockchains (such as consortium blockchains) or permissionless networks. To improve throughput, directed acyclic graph (DAG) ledgers, sidechains, or aggregated chains can be used. For high-frequency microtransaction scenarios, efficient processing can also be achieved through off-chain state channels combined with periodic on-chain anchoring mechanisms.

[0070] 2. Smart Contract Execution Architecture Performance testing and settlement can be performed entirely on-chain, or a hybrid model can be used: the off-chain settlement engine calculates the results and submits the cryptographic proof (or oracle signature verification) to the contract. To ensure the security of the off-chain logic, a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) can be used for protection.

[0071] 3. Penalty / Reward System The incentive curve can be linear, piecewise, S-shaped, or time-varying, rather than a fixed ±5% dead zone and 10% / 20% rate. Parameters may depend on network congestion, location marginal price, or agent reliability score.

[0072] 4. Identity and Permissions Agent identities can rely on a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system, a Decentralized Identifier (DID), or verifiable credentials issued by the microgrid operator. Role-based or attribute-based access control can be used to manage who can bid, view, or settle.

[0073] 5. Data collection and verification Actual delivery volume can be measured via smart meters, PMUs, or gateway IoT devices. Data integrity can be ensured through signed meter readings, Merkle tree batch submissions, zero-knowledge compliance proofs, or two-table cross-validation.

[0074] 6. Optimize the framework The next day's selection can employ weighted summation, ε-constraint, goal programming, or multi-objective evolutionary / heuristic methods. Robustness / stochastic formulas can handle the uncertainty of renewable energy; alternative objectives (e.g., resilience, fairness) can be added without altering the settlement mechanism.

[0075] 7. Settlement instruments and storage Financial settlements can be conducted through payment service providers using tokenized credit, stablecoins, or fiat currencies, employing escrow or netting settlement methods. Transaction metadata can be stored entirely on-chain or off-chain (e.g., distributed object storage), with integrity ensured through on-chain hashing.

[0076] 8. Energy Domain Although the description pertains to electricity, the same architecture also applies to heat, hydrogen, or multi-energy trading, along with the corresponding metering and constraints.

[0077] The implementation principle of a blockchain security platform for P2P energy trading between different agents in this application embodiment is as follows: This technical solution aims to construct a secure, transparent, automated, and incentive-compatible dual-platform architecture. Through the collaborative operation of a bid submission platform, a blockchain secure trading platform, and a trading dashboard, efficient trading and reliable settlement among multiple agents in the distributed energy market are achieved. Firstly, during the day-ahead scheduling phase, the bid submission platform verifies the identity of each agent, checks data integrity, and ensures secure transmission, guaranteeing the authenticity, integrity, and immutability of the bid information. After registering and logging into the platform, agents can submit power bids containing transaction location, time interval, quoted price, and maximum power supply. Simultaneously, they can view the bid status and historical records in real time, forming standardized and monitorable data input. This enables microgrid operation... After receiving all bids, the business or market dispatch system applies a multi-objective optimization model to comprehensively evaluate the bids. This model considers both minimizing economic costs and minimizing environmental emissions, and selects the optimal bid combination while meeting grid operation constraints, thereby achieving green and efficient dispatch in the energy market. The optimized bids are received by the blockchain secure trading platform and transformed into smart contracts. Each contract contains core parameters such as bus ID, start time, end time, agent name, committed power, bid unit price, bid block number, and unique contract ID, ensuring that the contract terms are clear, traceable, and tamper-proof. The smart contracts run on the blockchain, and through distributed ledger and consensus mechanisms, they achieve permanent storage of transaction records and full node synchronization, preventing single points of failure and data forgery, and providing an auditable and verifiable basis for all transactions.

[0078] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A blockchain security platform for P2P energy transactions between different agents, characterized in that, include: The bidding submission platform is used for agents to register, log in, and submit power bidding information including transaction location, time range, bid price, and maximum power supply. A blockchain-secure trading platform is used to receive and convert accepted bids into smart contracts with unique contract IDs. The smart contracts are used to record contract terms, committed power, price parameters and real-time performance data, and realize automatic settlement and tamper-proof storage on the blockchain. The transaction dashboard provides all agents with transparent access to bidding information, contract details, settlement results, and blockchain transaction hashes. The bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure trading platform are connected through a secure microgrid communication infrastructure. During the real-time operation phase, the smart contract automatically executes reward or penalty settlement based on the deviation between the agent's actual power delivery volume and the contract commitment volume.

2. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bid submission platform includes an identity verification module, a data integrity module, and a secure transmission module to ensure the security and tamper-proof nature of the bid submission process.

3. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The blockchain secure transaction platform includes: The smart contract generation module is used to convert winning bids into contracts with unique identifiers. The performance calculation module is used to compare the actual delivered power with the promised power in real time and automatically trigger penalty or reward mechanisms. The financial settlement module is used to automatically complete the settlement operations of deductions, rewards, and net payments based on performance results.

4. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system is divided into a day-ahead scheduling phase and a real-time verification phase, wherein: During the current dispatch phase, agents submit their bids through the bidding platform, and microgrid operators use a multi-objective optimization model to select the best bid. During the real-time verification phase, the system automatically measures the agent's actual power supply and compares it with the contract commitment to trigger the settlement process.

5. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-objective optimization model simultaneously considers the objectives of minimizing economic costs and minimizing environmental emissions, and selects the optimal bid combination while satisfying the constraints of power grid operation.

6. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The smart contract includes the following core parameters: Bus ID; Start time and end time; Agent name; Committed power supply capacity (MW); Price quoted per megawatt; Bidding block number; Each contract is assigned a unique contract ID for identification and tracking.

7. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The real-time settlement rules include: when the agent's actual delivery volume exceeds the promised value by 105%, the system will automatically calculate a bonus of 10% of the unit price of the excess portion of the contract. When the actual delivery quantity is less than 95% of the promised value, the system will automatically calculate a penalty of 20% of the unit price of the shortfall portion. The aforementioned bonuses or penalties are automatically executed and recorded by blockchain smart contracts.

8. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The blockchain system adopts a decentralized ledger structure, which enables the immutability of transaction records, full node synchronization, and publicly verifiable auditing functions.

9. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transaction dashboard provides a decentralized data visualization interface, enabling all agents to view quote information, settlement prices, contract performance progress, and blockchain transaction hashes in real time.

10. The blockchain security platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system further includes a metering and monitoring module, which is used to collect real-time power output data of the agent node and encrypt and upload it to the blockchain platform for smart contract calls and verification. The communication between the bidding submission platform and the blockchain secure transaction platform adopts an end-to-end encryption protocol and uses a digital signature mechanism to verify the identity of the agent. The platform can simultaneously support the trading of electricity, heat or other forms of distributed energy, and realize coordinated scheduling and clearing across energy markets under a unified architecture; The platform further supports an adaptive incentive strategy based on smart contracts, which adjusts the agent's future pricing weight or credit rating based on the agent's long-term performance. The blockchain uses a consensus mechanism selected from Proof-of-Stake (PoS). The platform has an audit interface that allows regulatory agencies to access transaction records through read-only nodes for regulatory compliance verification and market transparency assessment.

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