Mechanism for mitigating underutilized computations, sensing, connectivity and energy capabilities

Abstract

Systems, apparatus, processes, and computer-readable media for wireless communication are disclosed. For example, a first device may send an advertisement message to one or more second devices, the advertisement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device available for sharing with the one or more second devices. The first device may receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices that requests at least one of the one or more capabilities from the first device. A first device may establish a connection with at least one second device for sharing at least one capability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates in its entirety to communication conducted by connected devices (e.g., wireless communication via a wireless interface or other types of communication, such as via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, via a Network on-Chip (NOC) interface, via a high-speed interface, etc.). For example, aspects of this disclosure relate to a mechanism for mitigating underutilized capabilities (such as computing power, sensing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, energy capabilities, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities). Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems are deployed to provide a variety of telecommunications services, including telephone, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Wireless communication systems have undergone several generations of development, including first-generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including the transitional 2.5G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data wireless service with internet capabilities, fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., LTE, WiMax), and fifth-generation (5G) services (e.g., New Radio (NR)). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), etc. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all conceived aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0004] Systems, apparatus, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed that disclose mechanisms for mitigating underutilized capabilities, such as computing power, sensing power, connectivity power, energy power, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities that can be shared between devices.

[0005] According to at least one example, a first device for sharing device capabilities is provided. The first device includes at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: output an announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for transmission to the one or more second devices; receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and establish a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0006] In another exemplary example, a method for sharing device capabilities at a first device is provided. The method includes: the first device sending an announcement message to one or more second devices, the announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device available for sharing with the one or more second devices; the first device receiving a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and the first device establishing a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0007] In another exemplary example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium for a first device is provided, the non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: output a notification message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for sending to the one or more second devices; receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and establish a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0008] In another exemplary example, a first device for sharing device capabilities is provided. The first device includes: components for sending an announcement message to one or more second devices, the announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with the one or more second devices; components for receiving a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and components for establishing a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0009] The aspects generally include methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, non-transitory computer-readable media, user equipment, base stations, wireless communication devices and / or processing systems, as fully described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings and description, and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description.

[0010] The features and technical advantages of the examples according to this disclosure have been summarized rather broadly above in order to better understand the detailed description below. Additional features and advantages will be described below. The disclosed concepts and specific examples can be readily used as the basis for modifying or designing other structures for achieving the same purpose as this disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, in both their organization and manner of operation, and the associated advantages, will be better understood by considering the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Each of the drawings provided is for illustrative and descriptive purposes and not as a definition of limitation of the claims.

[0011] While aspects are described herein by way of example, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. The techniques described herein can be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and / or package arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other devices based on non-modular components (e.g., end-user equipment, vehicles, communication equipment, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / shopping devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices). Aspects can be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating the described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described aspects. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers). The aspects described herein are intended to be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and / or end-user equipment of various sizes, shapes, and configurations.

[0012] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to define the scope of the claimed subject matter. This subject matter should be understood with reference to the appropriate portions of the entire specification, any or all of the drawings, and each claim.

[0013] The foregoing and other features and aspects will become more apparent from the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0014] The exemplary aspects of this application are described in detail below with reference to the following figures:

[0015] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network based on some examples;

[0016] Figure 2 These are illustrations of base station and user equipment (UE) designs based on some examples, which enable the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station;

[0017] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a decomposed base station based on some examples;

[0018] Figure 4 This is a block diagram illustrating the components of a UE based on some examples;

[0019] Figure 5 These are illustrations of examples of processes for mitigating (e.g., via sharing) underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, and / or energy capabilities, based on some examples.

[0020] Figure 6 This is a table illustrating examples of attributes used to share underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, and / or energy capabilities, based on several examples;

[0021] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system comprising devices that are permanently associated with each other, based on some examples;

[0022] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system comprising devices that have temporary associations with each other, based on some examples;

[0023] Figure 9A and Figure 9B It is a table that illustrates, together with some examples, the capabilities used for sharing between devices;

[0024] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating examples of signaling for sharing capabilities and resources for devices with permanent associations, based on some examples;

[0025] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating examples of signaling for exchanging data between devices with permanent associations, based on some examples.

[0026] Figure 12This is a diagram illustrating examples of signaling for sharing capabilities and resources for devices with temporary associations, based on some examples;

[0027] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating examples of signaling for exchanging data between devices with temporary associations, based on some examples.

[0028] Figure 14 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communication based on some examples; and

[0029] Figure 15 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system based on some examples. Detailed Implementation

[0030] Certain aspects of this disclosure are provided below for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure. Some aspects described herein can be applied independently, and some of them can be combined, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for illustrative purposes to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of this application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects can be practiced without these specific details. The figures and descriptions are not intended to be limiting.

[0031] The following description provides only exemplary aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of this disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary aspects will provide those skilled in the art with a description that can be used to implement the exemplary aspects. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the spirit and scope of this application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0032] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0033] Communication networks can be deployed to provide various communication services, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, broadcasting, any combination thereof, or other communication services. Communication networks include wireless communication networks and wired communication networks. Wireless communication networks can support both access links and sidelinks for communication between wireless devices. An access link can refer to any communication link between a user equipment (e.g., a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), or other user equipment) and a base station (e.g., a 3GPP gNB for 5G / NR, a 3GPP evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) base station, a 3GPP eNB for 4G / LTE, a Wi-Fi access point (AP), or other base station). For example, an access link can support uplink signaling, downlink signaling, connection procedures, etc. An example of an access link is the Uu link or interface (also known as NR-Uu) between a 3GPP gNB and a UE. In another example, a wireless communication network can support communication devices with downlink-only service capabilities, which can act as receivers of information such as video, data, broadcast, and multicast messages from a base station / transmitter system. Other types of wireless communication networks include broadcast communication systems (e.g., 5G broadcast (5GB), Bluetooth). ™ Communication networks, ultra-wideband (UWB) communication networks, near field communication (NFC) networks, etc. Other types of communication include communication via universal serial bus (USB) interface, via network-on-chip (NOC) interface, via high-speed interface, etc.

[0034] According to industry reports, at the beginning of 2023, there were approximately 5.3 billion (5.3B) internet-connected users (e.g., about 66% of the global population), equivalent to 29.3B devices or 3.6 connected devices per person. Assuming a conservative estimate of a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10% between 2024 and 2030, the world will have approximately 51B devices or about 5.6 connected devices per person by the end of this decade.

[0035] While many of these devices will be effectively utilized to meet a wide range of consumer, industrial, and societal needs, the reality is that the collective computing (e.g., on devices in permanent and temporary networks), sensing, connectivity, and power capabilities of these connected devices will be severely underutilized. Replacement cycles have slowed due to the increasing cost of advanced equipment and the long-term adequacy of its capabilities. Furthermore, many devices, once installed in permanent installations, quickly fall behind the capabilities of the latest equipment and are not easily replaced due to the prohibitive costs of replacement and reinstallation. Mobile devices, such as smartphones, also generate useful data, such as multimedia or sensor data formats, which can be shared across both permanent and temporary networks.

[0036] These and other factors have created a need for collaborative mobile edge computing and communication mechanisms that can collaboratively identify and utilize the best available computing, connectivity, sensing, storage, energy, hardware, and other resources within a device association, while managing overall battery power consumption, privacy, and data security.

[0037] In one or more aspects of this disclosure, systems, apparatuses, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as “systems and technologies”) are described that provide solutions for mechanisms to mitigate (e.g., via sharing) underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, and energy capabilities. In some aspects, systems and technologies are provided to collaboratively identify and utilize the best available capabilities within a device association (e.g., computing power, sensing capabilities, connectivity and / or communication capabilities, energy capabilities, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities that can be shared between devices) and services, while managing overall energy consumption and data security, and in some cases using exchange systems (e.g., exchange systems based on digital electronic token values) and / or reputation score systems.

[0038] While this document describes specific capabilities and services, such capabilities and services are provided as illustrative examples and are not limited thereto. These systems and technologies can be used for other types of capabilities and services, such as power (e.g., battery) resources, memory and / or storage resources, sharing of specific hardware components or blocks (e.g., hardware components or blocks on a system-on-a-chip (SoC), such as a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU), internal cache memory, etc.) and / or other functions or services.

[0039] In one or more examples, collaborative associations (e.g., device group associations, such as permanent or temporary associations) are employed to provide a superior aggregate computing, connectivity, sensitivity, and energy management experience compared to individual devices. In some examples, these collaborative associations may be combined with exchange systems (e.g., digital token-based exchange systems) to leverage device and data reputation scores (e.g., based on usage levels and / or ratings). In some examples, the exchange system may have pre-granted (e.g., also referred to as open or free), barter, or fee-based models. In one or more examples, early and widespread embedding of such mechanisms into heterogeneous devices can generate the ability to monetize mobile edge computing applications and devices.

[0040] The disclosed methods can be beneficial in allowing multiple types and categories of mobile edge computing devices within an association or cluster to identify, broadcast, and collaboratively share their capabilities and / or services (e.g., computing power, sensing capabilities, connectivity and / or communication capabilities, energy capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, storage and / or memory capabilities, hardware capabilities, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities that can be shared between devices). Sharing such capabilities and / or services can enable the use of optimal available resources for a given task, access to capabilities not available locally (e.g., within the device), full deployment of underutilized computing resources, saving depleted battery power by offloading energy-intensive computing tasks, enhancing the security of local data, reducing power consumption, optimizing network utilization, sharing capabilities, resources, and / or data (e.g., multimedia data and / or sensor data) based on reputation scores and / or exchange systems, and other benefits. This robust data sharing mechanism can allow for the monetization of data and / or capability sets through barter, paid provision, or free provision. Such data sharing can include private and / or public sharing (e.g., "renting out" the best camera capabilities in a stadium; or "renting out" hotspot capabilities in public transportation).

[0041] Other aspects of the system and technology will be described in relation to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] As used in this article, the phrase “based on” should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, etc. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” can be information, conditions, factors, etc.) should be interpreted as “based on at least A”, unless otherwise stated otherwise.

[0043] As used herein, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Network Entity” are not intended to be specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, edge computing device with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities, such as AI processing and / or inference processors, intelligent edge computing devices and / or tracking devices, etc.), wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches, smart glasses, wearable rings and / or extended reality (XR) devices (e.g., virtual reality (VR) headsets, augmented reality (AR) headsets or glasses, or mixed reality (MR) headsets)), vehicles (e.g., cars, motorcycles, bicycles, etc.), aircraft (e.g., airplanes, jets, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones, helicopters, airships, gliders, etc.), and / or Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc., for a user to use to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" can be interchangeably referred to as "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal," or "UT," "mobile device," "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof. In general, a UE can communicate with the core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the IEEE 802.11 communication standard), etc.

[0044] Network entities can be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., with a converged / monolithic or decomposed base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs communicating with the UE (depending on the network in which it is deployed), and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), network node, NodeB (NB), evolved NodeB (eNB), next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), new radio (NR) NodeB (also known as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication links through which a UE can transmit signals to a base station are called uplink (UL) channels (e.g., reverse traffic channels, reverse control channels, access channels, etc.). The communication links through which a base station can transmit signals to a UE are called downlink (DL) or forward link channels (e.g., paging channels, control channels, broadcast channels, or forward traffic channels, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or forward traffic channel.

[0045] The terms "network entity" or "base station" (e.g., having a converged / monolithic or decomposed base station architecture) can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may be co-located or non-co-located. For example, when the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, that physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, these physical TRPs may be antenna arrays of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (e.g., a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (e.g., a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and the neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., or simply "reference signal"). Because, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to the specific TRP of that base station.

[0046] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, network entities or base stations may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections regarding the UE), but instead may transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement, and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0047] As described herein, a node (which may be referred to as a node, network node, network entity, network device, or wireless node) may include, can be included in, or may be included in (e.g., as a component of): a base station (e.g., any base station described herein), a UE (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, apparatus, device, computing system, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, distributed unit (DU), central unit (CU), remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU)), and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network node may be a UE. As another example, a network node may be a base station or a network entity. As another example, a first network node may be configured to communicate with a second network node or a third network node. In one aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a base station. In other aspects of this example, the first network node, the second network node, and the third network node may differ from these examples. Similarly, references to UE, base station, device, equipment, computing system, etc., may include disclosures of UE, base station, device, equipment, computing system, etc., as network nodes. For example, a disclosure of a UE being configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node. Consistent with this disclosure, once a particular example is extended according to this disclosure (e.g., a disclosure of a UE being configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node), a wider example of a narrower example may be interpreted in reverse, but in a broad, open-ended manner. In the above example where the UE is configured to receive information from the base station and the first network node is configured to receive information from the second network node, the first network node may refer to the first UE configured to receive information, the first base station, the first device, the first equipment, the first computing system, a first set of one or more components or a first processing entity, etc.; and the second network node may refer to the second UE, the second base station, the second device, the second equipment, the second computing system, a second set of one or more components or a second processing entity, etc.

[0048] As described herein, different terms may be used in various contexts to describe the transmission of information (e.g., any information, signal, etc.). Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network node (or device) may be described as being configured to send information to a second network node (or device). In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that a first network node is configured to send information to a second network node includes disclosure that the first network node is configured to provide, transmit, output, communicate, or send information to the second network node. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that a first network node is configured to send information to a second network node includes disclosure that the second network node is configured to receive, obtain, or decode information provided, transmitted, output, communicate, or sent by the first network node.

[0049] In some aspects, network nodes may include homogeneous air interfaces and / or hybrid / heterogeneous air interfaces for use throughout the network. For example, network nodes including homogeneous air interfaces may include those that can use the same protocols / languages ​​(e.g., cellular, Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth). ™ Devices that communicate via (e.g., USB, etc.). Network nodes, including those with hybrid or heterogeneous air interfaces, may include more than one protocol / language (e.g., cellular, Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth) that can be represented throughout the shared network. ™ Devices that communicate with each other (such as USB).

[0050] RF signals comprise electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or RF signal, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal.”

[0051] Various aspects of the systems and technologies described herein will be discussed below with reference to the accompanying drawings. According to these aspects, Figure 1Examples of wireless communication systems 100 according to some aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (e.g., also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, base station 102 may also be referred to as a "network entity" or a "network node". One or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in a decomposed base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. Base station 102 may include macrocell base stations (e.g., high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (e.g., low-power cellular base stations). On the one hand, macro cell base stations may include eNB and / or ng-eNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), or gNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0052] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 via core network 170 (e.g., the one or more location servers may be part of core network 170 or may be outside core network 170). Among other functions, base station 102 can perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base station 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC or 5GC) via backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0053] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographical coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of the cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographic coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0054] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some areas within geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that can provide service to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0055] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (e.g., also referred to as the reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (e.g., also referred to as the forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. One or more carrier frequencies may be used to provide the communication link 120. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0056] Beamforming (also known as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting or receiving device (e.g., one or more of base station 102, UE 104, etc.) to shape or guide an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting and receiving devices. Beamforming can be implemented by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating relative to a particular orientation of the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to the signals transmitted via the antenna elements may include applying amplitude shifts, phase shifts, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device by the transmitting or receiving device. The adjustments associated with each of these antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting or receiving device or relative to some other orientation).

[0057] Transmitting and / or receiving devices (e.g., one or more such as base station 102 and / or UE 104) may use beam scanning technology as part of beamforming operations. For example, base station 102 (e.g., or other transmitting devices) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to perform beamforming operations for directional communication with UE 104 (e.g., or other receiving devices). Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted multiple times by base station 102 (or other transmitting devices) in different directions. For example, base station 102 may transmit signals according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different transmission directions. Transmission in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by transmitting devices such as base station 102, or by receiving devices such as UE 104) beam directions so that base station 102 may transmit or receive later.

[0058] Some signals (such as data signals associated with a specific receiving device) may be transmitted by base station 102 in a single beam direction (e.g., the direction associated with the receiving device, such as UE 104). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmission along a single beam direction may be determined based on the signals transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example, UE 104 may receive one or more signals transmitted by base station 102 in different directions, and may report to base station 104 an indication of signals received by UE 104 with the highest signal quality or other acceptable signal quality.

[0059] In some examples, transmissions performed by a device (e.g., by base station 102 or UE 104) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital pre-decoding or radio frequency beamforming to generate combined beams for transmission (e.g., from base station 102 to UE 104, from transmitting device to receiving device, etc.). UE 104 may report feedback indicating pre-decoding weights for one or more beam directions, and this feedback may correspond to a configured number of beams across system bandwidth or one or more subbands. Base station 102 may transmit reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), etc.), which may or may not be pre-decoded. UE 104 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a pre-decoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., multi-panel codebook, linear combination codebook, port selection codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted by base station 102 in one or more directions, UE 104 may employ similar techniques to transmit signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., to identify beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by UE 104), or to transmit signals in a single direction (e.g., to transmit data to a receiving device).

[0060] A receiving device (e.g., UE 104) may attempt multiple receiving configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals (such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) from base station 102. For example, the receiving device may attempt multiple receiving directions by: receiving via different antenna subarrays; processing the received signal according to different antenna subarrays; receiving according to different sets of receiving beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array (e.g., different directional listening weight sets); or processing the received signal according to different sets of receiving beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array. Any of these may be referred to as “listening” according to different receiving configurations or receiving directions. In some examples, the receiving device may use a single receiving configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when a data signal is received). The single receiving configuration may be aligned on a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receiving configuration directions (e.g., based on listening according to multiple beam directions and determining that the beam direction has the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or other acceptable signal quality).

[0061] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 communicating with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a Free Channel Assessment (CCA) or Listen-After-Talk (LBT) process before communication to determine if the channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc., using ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0062] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE and / or 5G in unlicensed spectrum can enhance coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0063] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. The mmW base station 180 may be implemented in a converged or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, or non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW and / or near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. mmW base station 180 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming (e.g., transmit and / or receive) on mmW communication link 184 to compensate for extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0064] In some aspects related to 5G, the spectrum in which wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (e.g., from 450 MHz to 6,000 MHz), FR2 (e.g., from 24,250 MHz to 52,600 MHz), FR3 (e.g., above 52,600 MHz), and FR4 (e.g., between FR1 and FR2). In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCell.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, in which UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common control channels as well as UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals; for example, since the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a “serving cell” (e.g., whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency and / or component carriers that some base stations are using for communication, the terms “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” etc., can be used interchangeably.

[0065] For example, still refer to Figure 1One of the frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macro cell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCell"). In carrier aggregation, each carrier of base station 102 and / or UE 104 may use up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz) of spectrum, with up to a total of Yx MHz (e.g., x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. Component carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other in the spectrum. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to downlink compared to uplink). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission rate and / or data reception rate. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (e.g., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0066] To operate on multiple carrier frequencies, base station 102 and / or UE 104 may be equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "Receiver 1" and "Receiver 2", where "Receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band "X" or band "Y", while "Receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only band "Z". In this example, if UE 104 is being served in band "X", then band "X" will be referred to as PCell or active carrier frequency, and "Receiver 1" will need to tune from band "X" to band "Y" (e.g., SCell) to measure band "Y" (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether UE 104 is being served in band "X" or band "Y", due to the separate "Receiver 2", UE 104 can measure band "Z" without interrupting service on band "X" or band "Y".

[0067] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 on the communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 on the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0068] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (e.g., referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In one example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based internet connectivity through this link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can use any known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D), Bluetooth). ® (etc.) to support.

[0069] Figure 2 A block diagram illustrating an example architecture 200 for a base station 102 and a UE 104 according to some aspects of this disclosure is provided, which enables the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station. Example architecture 200 includes components of base station 102 and UE 104, which may be... Figure 1 The illustrated base station 102 includes one base station and the UE 104 includes one UE. The base station 102 may be equipped with T antennas 234a to 234t, and the UE 104 may be equipped with R antennas 252a to 252r, wherein typically T ≥ 1 and R ≥ 1.

[0070] At base station 102, transmitting processor 220 can receive data for one or more UEs from data source 212, select one or more modulation and decoding schemes (MCS) for each UE based on a channel quality indicator (CQI) received from each UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for each UE based on the selected MCS, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmitting processor 220 can also process system information (e.g., semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper-layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmitting processor 220 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-decoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, where applicable, and can provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 232a to 232t. Modulators 232a to 232t are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulators and demodulators can be separate components. Each modulator in modulators 232a to 232t can process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator in modulators 232a to 232t can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The T downlink signals can be transmitted from modulators 232a to 232t via T antennas 234a to 234t, respectively. Based on some aspects described in more detail below, position coding can be used to generate synchronization signals to transmit additional information.

[0071] At UE 104, antennas 252a to 252r can receive downlink signals from base station 102 and / or other base stations, and can provide the received signals to one or more demodulators (DEMODs) 254a to 254r respectively. Demodulators 254a to 254r are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each demodulator in 254a to 254r can adjust (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert, and digitize) the received signal to obtain an input sample. Each demodulator in 254a to 254r can further process the input sample (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain the received symbols. MIMO detector 256 can obtain the received symbols from all R demodulators 254a to 254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols where applicable, and provide the detected symbols. The receiver processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, provide the decoded data for UE 104 to the data sink 260, and provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280. The channel processor can determine the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), and / or Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc.

[0072] On the uplink, at UE 104, the transmitting processor 264 can receive and process data from data source 262 and control information from controller / processor 280 (e.g., reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). The transmitting processor 264 can also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., based on β values ​​or sets of β values ​​associated with the one or more reference signals). The symbols from the transmitting processor 264 can be pre-decoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, further processed by modulators 254a to 254r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to base station 102. At base station 102, uplink signals from UE 104 and other UEs can be received by antennas 234a to 234t, processed by demodulators 232a to 232t, detected by MIMO detector 236 (e.g., where applicable), and further processed by receiver processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 104. Receiver processor 238 can provide the decoded data to data sink 239 and the decoded control information to controller (e.g., processor) 240. Base station 102 may include communication unit 244 and communicate with network controller 231 via communication unit 244. Network controller 231 may include communication unit 294, controller / processor 290, and memory 292.

[0073] In some respects, one or more components of UE 104 may be included in the housing. These include the controller 240 of base station 102, the controller / processor 280 of UE 104, and / or Figure 2 Any other component may perform one or more techniques associated with the implicit UCI β value determination for NR.

[0074] Memory 242 and 282 may store data and program code for base station 102 and UE 104, respectively. Scheduler 246 may schedule UE for data transmission on downlink, uplink and / or sidelink.

[0075] In some respects, the deployment of communication systems (such as 5G New Radio (NR) systems) can involve a variety of components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, core network nodes, network elements or network equipment (such as base stations (BS)), or one or more units (or components) performing base station functionality can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, a BS (e.g., such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP), transmit / receive point (TRP), or cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (e.g., also referred to as a standalone BS or monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

[0076] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decentralized base stations can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units (e.g., one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, the CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CUs, DUs, and RUs may also be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0077] Base station type operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be used in integrated access backhaul (IAB) networks, open radio access networks (O-RAN (e.g., network configurations such as those initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or virtualized radio access networks (e.g., vRAN, also known as cloud radio access networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which allows for flexibility in network design. The various units in a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0078] Figure 3 This is an illustration of an example decomposed base station 300 architecture. The decomposed base station 300 architecture may include one or more CUs 310, which may communicate directly with the core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 via one or more decomposed base station units (e.g., a near real-time (near RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 325 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 315 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both). CUs 310 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 330 via corresponding midhaul links (e.g., F1 interfaces). DUs 330 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 340 via corresponding fronthaul links. RUs 340 may communicate with corresponding UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 104 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 340.

[0079] Figure 3Each of the units shown and / or described herein (e.g., CU 310, DU 330, RU340, and near-RT RIC 325, non-RT RIC 315, and SMO frame 305) may include one or more interfaces, or may be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each unit, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, the unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units, or both, via a wireless transmission media.

[0080] In some aspects, the CU 310 can host one or more higher-level control functions. Such control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 can be configured to handle user plane functions (e.g., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functions (e.g., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or combinations thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as an E1 interface. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 330 for network control and signaling, as needed.

[0081] DU 330 may correspond to a logic unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 340s. In some aspects, DU 330 may host one or more of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) depending on a functional partition (e.g., such as that defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)). In some aspects, DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signaling with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 330 or with control functions hosted by CU 310.

[0082] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 340s. In some deployments, an RU340 controlled by a DU 330 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (e.g., performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both) based on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In such architectures, the RU 340 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration enables the implementation of DU 330 and CU 310 in cloud-based RAN architectures (such as vRAN architectures).

[0083] SMO framework 305 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 305 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces (e.g., such as the O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 305 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (e.g., such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 390) to perform network element lifecycle management (e.g., such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (e.g., such as the O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 310, DU 330, RU 340, and near-RTRIC 325. In some specific implementations, SMO framework 305 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (e.g., such as the Open eNB (O-eNB) 311) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 305 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 340 via an O1 interface. The SMO framework 305 may also include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 305.

[0084] The non-RT RIC 315 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows (including model training), large multimodal patterns (including customization and updates), or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 325 (e.g., via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 325 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CU 310s, one or more DU 330s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 325.

[0085] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325, the non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and may be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 305 (e.g., reconfiguration via O1) or via the creation of RAN management policies (e.g., A1 policies).

[0086] Figure 4 Examples of computing systems 470 based on wireless devices 407 according to some aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Wireless device 407 may include client devices such as UEs (e.g., UE 104, UE 152, UE 190) or other types of devices usable by end users (e.g., stations (STAs) configured to communicate using a Wi-Fi interface). For example, wireless device 407 may include mobile phones, routers, tablet computers, laptop computers, tracking devices, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches, glasses, extended reality (XR) devices such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), or mixed reality (MR) devices), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, vehicles, aircraft, and / or another device configured to communicate via a wireless communication network. Computing system 470 includes software and hardware components that may be electrically coupled or communicatively coupled (e.g., or may otherwise communicate, as applicable) via bus 489. For example, computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. One or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, special-purpose hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices or systems. One or more processors 484 may use bus 489 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 486.

[0087] The computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more SIMs 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., camera, mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, touchpad, keypad and / or microphone, etc.) and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., display, speaker and / or printer, etc.).

[0088] In some aspects, computing system 470 may include one or more RF interfaces configured to transmit and / or receive radio frequency (RF) signals. In some examples, the RF interface may include components such as modem 476, wireless transceiver 478, and / or antenna 487. One or more wireless transceivers 478 may transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) from one or more other devices via antenna 487, such as other wireless devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs and / or gNBs, Wi-Fi access points (APs) such as routers or range extenders, etc.), and / or cloud networks, etc. In some examples, computing system 470 may include multiple antennas or antenna arrays that facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception functionality. Antenna 487 may be an omnidirectional antenna, allowing radio frequency (RF) signals to be received and transmitted in all directions. Wireless signal 488 may be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network may be any wireless network, such as cellular or telecommunications networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), wireless local area networks (e.g., Wi-Fi networks), Bluetooth, etc. ™ Networks and / or other networks.

[0089] In some examples, wireless signal 488 can be transmitted directly to other wireless devices using sidelink communication (e.g., using a PC5 interface, using a DSRC interface, etc.). Wireless transceiver 478 can be configured to transmit RF signals via antenna 487 for performing sidelink communication according to one or more transmit power parameters that can be associated with one or more regulated modes. Wireless transceiver 478 can also be configured to receive sidelink communication signals with different signal parameters from other wireless devices.

[0090] In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end, which includes one or more components such as amplifiers, mixers for down-conversion of signals (e.g., also referred to as signal multipliers), frequency synthesizers (e.g., also referred to as oscillators) that supply signals to the mixers, baseband filters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end typically handles the selection of wireless signals 488 and the conversion of wireless signals to baseband frequencies or intermediate frequencies, and can convert RF signals to the digital domain.

[0091] In some cases, computing system 470 may include a decoder-decoder device (or codec) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured (e.g., according to AES and / or DES standards) to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478.

[0092] One or more SIMs 474 may each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated key assigned to a user of a wireless device 407. The IMSI and key can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 may modulate one or more signals to encode information to be transmitted using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 may also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 476 may include a Wi-Fi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. One or more modems 476 and one or more wireless transceivers 478 may be used to transmit data from one or more SIMs 474.

[0093] The computing system 470 may also include one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486) (and / or communicate with them), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network-accessible storage devices, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices such as RAM and / or ROM, which may be programmable, flash-updatable, etc. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems and / or database structures.

[0094] In various aspects, functionality may be stored in memory device 486 as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) and executed by one or more processors 484 and / or one or more DSPs 482. Computing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., residing within one or more memory devices 486) including, for example, operating systems, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more applications that may include computer programs implementing the functionality provided by various aspects, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems as described herein.

[0095] As described earlier, according to industry reports, at the beginning of 2023, there were approximately 5.3B network-connected users (approximately 66% of the global population), equivalent to 29.3B devices, or 3.6 connected devices per person. Assuming a conservative CAGR of 10% annually from 2024 to 2030, there should be approximately 51B devices, or approximately 5.6 connected devices per person, by the end of this decade.

[0096] While many of these devices will be utilized to meet a wide range of consumer, industrial, and societal needs, the collective computing (e.g., on devices in permanent and temporary networks), sensing, connectivity, and power capabilities of these connected devices will be severely underutilized. Replacement cycles have slowed due to the increasing cost of advanced equipment and the long-term adequacy of its capabilities. Furthermore, many devices, once installed in permanent fixtures, quickly fall behind the capabilities of the latest equipment and are not easily replaced due to the prohibitive costs of replacement and reinstallation. Mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) also generate useful data, such as multimedia or sensor data formats, which can be shared across both permanent and temporary networks.

[0097] Therefore, a collaborative mobile edge computing and communication mechanism is needed that can collaboratively identify and utilize the best available computing, connectivity, and sensing technologies within the device's association, while managing overall battery power consumption, privacy, and data security.

[0098] In one or more aspects, these systems and technologies provide a mechanism for mitigating (e.g., via sharing) the underutilization of computing, sensing, connectivity, and energy capabilities of devices. In some aspects, these systems and technologies can collaboratively identify and utilize the best available computing, connectivity, sensing technologies, and other capabilities and services within a device association, while managing overall energy consumption and data security. Collaborative associations (e.g., device group associations, such as permanent or temporary associations) are employed to provide a superior aggregate computing, connectivity, sensitivity, and energy management experience compared to individual devices. These collaborative associations can be combined with exchange systems (e.g., digital token-based exchange systems) to leverage device and data reputation scores (e.g., which may be based on usage levels and / or ratings). This exchange system can have pre-granted (e.g., also referred to as open or free), barter, or fee-based models. Early and widespread embedding of such mechanisms into heterogeneous devices can generate the ability to monetize mobile edge computing applications and devices.

[0099] These systems and technologies allow multiple types and categories of mobile edge computing devices within a cluster or association to identify, broadcast, and collaboratively share their computing, sensing, and communication capabilities. This enables the use of optimal available resources for a given task, access to capabilities that are not available locally (e.g., within the device), full deployment of underutilized computing resources, saving depleted battery power by offloading energy-intensive computing tasks, enhancing the security of local data, reducing power consumption, and optimizing network utilization.

[0100] These systems and technologies can utilize different groups of capabilities (e.g., computing power, sensing capabilities, connectivity and / or communication capabilities, energy capabilities, power supply (e.g., battery) capabilities, memory and / or storage capabilities, hardware capabilities such as hardware components or blocks on a system-on-a-chip (SoC), any combination of them and / or other functions) to create a sense of aggregation between individual device capabilities and overall associated collective capabilities. These systems and technologies also unify heterogeneous types of devices based on the type of device group association (e.g., permanent or temporary association). These systems and technologies additionally rely on the concepts of permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary associations encountered by battery-powered devices during their lifespan. By adopting this robust mechanism, device association providers can also monetize capability sets in a variety of ways, such as in cases of private and / or public sharing (e.g., the ability to rent out the best camera capabilities in a stadium, or the ability to rent out hotspot capabilities in public transportation).

[0101] These systems and technologies offer a number of advantages, including but not limited to enabling the use of optimal available resources for a given task, access to capabilities that are not available locally (e.g., within a device), full deployment of underutilized computing resources, saving depleted battery power by offloading energy-intensive computing tasks, enhancing the security of local data, reducing power consumption, optimizing network utilization, and sharing capabilities, resources and / or data (e.g., multimedia data and / or sensor data), any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities and / or services based on the use of reputation scores and / or exchange systems.

[0102] These systems and technologies address a number of problems that may arise from these numerous deployed devices. Regarding the first problem, with the massive proliferation of “connectivity” and “computing,” including “edge AI” devices used for personal needs, home environments, work and study environments, transportation and logistics environments, and other mass-gathering pathways, aggregated computing or device capabilities and connectivity bandwidth are often still underutilized, even though the devices are close to or associated with permanent trust associations (e.g., such as for devices located in a home environment) or temporary associations (e.g., temporary associations such as devices associated with passengers on a bus or airplane). Regarding the second problem, devices may often have varying capabilities or locational disadvantages that can be mitigated by other nearby devices (e.g., in a stadium, only a few spectators have optimal viewing angles, and among such spectators, their associated smartphones may not have sufficient camera capabilities, such as super zoom video and / or image stabilization). Regarding the third problem, people may often find themselves near battery-powered devices with varying remaining battery power (e.g., at the end of a day's travel, a depleted smartphone or smartwatch may be near a fully charged laptop), leading to frustration with battery anxiety associated with a small subset of devices (e.g., smartphones and / or smartwatches). Another aspect of this problem is uneven device usage, leading to rapid battery depletion (e.g., overuse of a smartphone's computing and connectivity capabilities, despite its proximity to a personal computer with internet connectivity and wall charging). For the fourth issue, within trusted associations (e.g., permanent associations), some devices may have limited computing power, which restricts the complexity of the overall algorithm—one that would otherwise be run in a distributed or heterogeneous manner by other capable devices within the association. Similarly, devices within an association may often need to collaboratively sense and compute data internally, rather than resorting to cloud processing, to ensure data security. Therefore, key aspects of these systems and technologies are used to collaboratively identify and utilize the best available computing, connectivity, sensing technologies, and other capabilities and services within a device association, while managing overall energy consumption and data security, and in some cases, using exchange systems (e.g., exchange systems based on digital electronic token values) and / or reputation score systems.

[0103] In one or more examples, these systems and techniques are applicable to devices in various environments (e.g., device group associations), such as permanent and temporary associations. In one or more examples, a permanent association may include a personal device association (e.g., which may include devices worn on the body, carried on the person, and / or physically near the body, or personal transportation devices), a friend and family association (e.g., which may include devices located near trusted friends and / or relatives), and / or a home device association (e.g., which may include household devices, such as devices with a large number of consumer electronics). In some examples, a temporary association may include a workplace environment association (e.g., which may include devices within offices, classrooms, factories, hospitals, and / or military facilities) and / or a public gathering association (e.g., which may include devices located at transportation hubs, public transportation systems, stadiums, concert halls, conference centers, shopping malls, markets, bazaars, and / or religious services at religious institutions).

[0104] In one or more aspects, personal devices associated with a user may be registered within a trusted association (e.g., a personal device association). Once registered, these personal devices may have a high reputation score for sharing their capabilities (e.g., a high level of trust), a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their capabilities (e.g., an established system), a high reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their acquired data. Personal devices associated with a user may include, but are not limited to, smartphones, smartwatches, smart wristbands, smart audio microphones and headsets, tablets, and / or laptops.

[0105] Personal devices associated with a user may have underutilized capabilities, and these underutilized capabilities may be shared with other personal devices associated with that user. In one or more examples, a personal device associated with a user may have underutilized optimal device capabilities. For example, a user is walking along a busy street and making a call via their audio headset, which detects background street noise. The user's audio headset may request the user's smartphone to run advanced noise cancellation algorithms to clean up the person's voice during the call before the audio is transmitted. In some examples, a personal device associated with a user may have underutilized optimal connectivity capabilities. For example, once it recognizes that a nearby 5G phone has faster connectivity, the user's laptop may switch to connecting to the phone's hotspot.

[0106] In one or more examples, the personal device associated with the user may have a locational disadvantage. For example, when a user's laptop is making a video call in low-light conditions, it may automatically request "camera assistance" from the user's more powerful smartphone and use the smartphone's camera instead of its own. In some examples, the personal device associated with the user may have underutilized energy capabilities. For example, when it realizes that the battery is low, the user's smartphone may switch to a power-saving Bluetooth connection with the user's adjacent laptop and utilize the laptop's internet connection. In one or more examples, the personal device associated with the user may utilize collaborative computing. For example, a user's smartwatch or fitness tracker may conserve energy by taking important readings and relying on the paired user's smartphone to perform an overall calculation of exercise expenditure levels or medical conditions, which in turn can guide the smartwatch's next set of readings (e.g., based on exercise programs or medical algorithms).

[0107] In one or more aspects, personal devices associated with multiple users who trust each other (e.g., users who are friends and / or family members) may be registered in trusted associations (e.g., friend and family associations). Once registered, these personal devices may have a high reputation score (e.g., a high level of trust) for sharing their capabilities with each other, a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their capabilities (e.g., an established system), a high reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their acquired data. The personal devices associated with these users may include, but are not limited to, smartphones, smartwatches, smart wristbands, smart audio microphones and headsets, tablets, and / or laptops.

[0108] Personal devices associated with these users (e.g., friends and family users) may have underutilized capabilities and may share these underutilized capabilities with other personal devices associated with these users. In one or more examples, a personal device associated with one of these friends and family users may have underutilized optimal device capabilities. For example, the superior Android-based camera of a first user's Android smartphone may be shared with a second user's iOS smartphone, while simultaneously using superior iOS apps with a Windows-based device. In one or more examples, a personal device associated with one of these friends and family users may have underutilized optimal connectivity capabilities. For example, after recognizing the superior Wi-Fi and cellular capabilities of a second user's Android smartphone, a first user's iOS smartphone may link to (e.g., share) the second user's Android smartphone.

[0109] In some examples, the personal device associated with one of these friends and family users may have a locational disadvantage. For example, a trusted group of users traveling together (e.g., users within the friend and family association) can utilize the camera capabilities of the user in the group who is in the best position relative to the object and / or scene of interest. In one or more examples, the personal device associated with one of these friends and family users may have underutilized power capabilities. For example, when a user realizes that the battery is low, their smartphone can switch to a power-saving Bluetooth connection to a laptop adjacent to a second user, and the laptop's internet connection can be utilized by multiple users across the trust group. In one or more examples, the personal device associated with one of these friends and family users can utilize collaborative computing. For example, a health wristband for an elderly parent or a sick child can be accessed collaboratively by multiple caregivers, and vital sign readings from the wristband can be relied upon while advanced diagnostics and historical reading comparisons are run on a more powerful, trusted device.

[0110] In one or more aspects, personal and home devices associated with multiple users within a family unit may be registered within a trusted association (e.g., a family device association). Once registered, these personal and home devices may have a high reputation score (e.g., a high level of trust) for sharing their capabilities with each other, a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their capabilities (e.g., an established system), a high reputation score for sharing acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and / or a pre-approved exchange system for sharing acquired data. The personal and home devices associated with these users in the family unit may include, but are not limited to, smartphones, smartwatches, smart wristbands, smart audio microphones and headphones, tablets, laptops, edge computing devices with artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) capabilities, smart TVs, personal computers, game controllers, TV remotes, smart cameras, smart light bulbs, smart pet collars, and / or computer routers.

[0111] Personal and home devices associated with users in a family unit may have underutilized capabilities, and these underutilized capabilities can be shared with other personal or home devices associated with users in the family unit. In one or more examples, the personal or home devices associated with users in a family unit may have underutilized optimal device capabilities. For example, a smartphone associated with a user in a family unit may automatically detect that more than one person (e.g., the user) in the home is viewing the smartphone's screen and may subsequently switch its display to a TV monitor near the home. In one or more examples, the personal or home devices associated with users in a family unit may have underutilized optimal connectivity capabilities. For example, in areas with weak Wi-Fi coverage, home devices may automatically assess devices with strong network coverage near the home and may establish Bluetooth or Wi-Fi direct connections with those devices.

[0112] In some examples, personal or home devices associated with users in a family unit may have locational disadvantages. For example, a laptop with weak Wi-Fi coverage at home can switch its internet connection when near a 5G phone with good cellular network coverage. In one or more examples, personal or home devices associated with users in a family unit may have underutilized energy capabilities. For example, when a smartphone at home realizes its battery is low, it can switch to a power-saving Bluetooth connection with a nearby laptop and utilize that laptop's internet connection. In one or more examples, personal or home devices associated with users in a family unit can utilize collaborative computing. For example, collaborative algorithms and / or collaborative AI / ML models (e.g., neural network models or other types of AI / ML models) can run on home devices to ensure all devices are updated to the latest firmware and protected against antivirus vulnerabilities. As another example, this could enable multiplayer games to be played in conjunction with a console, smartphone, and / or laptop at home.

[0113] In one or more aspects, personal and office devices associated with multiple users in a workplace environment (e.g., an office, factory, hospital, or military base) may be registered in a trusted association (e.g., a workplace environment association). Once registered, these personal and office devices may have medium to high reputation scores (e.g., medium to high trust levels) for sharing their capabilities with each other, barter (e.g., trading by capability) or fee (e.g., paying by capability) exchange systems for sharing their capabilities, medium to high reputation scores for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and / or barter or fee exchange systems for sharing their acquired data. Personal and office devices associated with a workplace environment may include, but are not limited to, smartphones, smartwatches, smart wristbands, smart audio microphones and headsets, tablets, laptops, smart TVs, personal computers, smart cameras, smart light bulbs, smart copiers, smart fax machines, smart badges, smart security systems, smart locks, smart air conditioners, smart heaters, smart computer monitors, and / or computer routers.

[0114] Personal and office devices associated with an office environment may have underutilized capabilities, and these underutilized capabilities may be shared with other personal or office devices associated with the office environment. In one or more examples, personal or office devices associated with an office environment may have underutilized optimal device capabilities. For example, in a collaborative work environment, employee (e.g., user) and local (e.g., office) devices may automatically switch to the best available cloud computing capabilities based on their proximity, building location, permissions, etc. In one or more examples, personal or office devices associated with an office environment may have underutilized optimal connectivity capabilities. For example, in a collaborative work environment, employee and local devices may automatically switch to the best available connectivity based on the proximity of Wi-Fi or cellular connections.

[0115] In some examples, personal or office devices associated with an office environment may have locational disadvantages. For example, dead spots or areas with weak cellular or Wi-Fi coverage can be mitigated collaboratively by peering with nearby devices that have better coverage. In one or more examples, personal or office devices associated with an office environment may have underutilized power capabilities. For example, a mobile device with low battery power can switch from cellular or Wi-Fi coverage to Bluetooth coverage (or other low-power connectivity) to a nearby connected device with sufficient battery power (e.g., which is very useful in hospital or military environments). In one or more examples, personal or office devices associated with an office environment can utilize collaborative computing. For example, legacy equipment (e.g., older security cameras) can collaboratively connect to nearby devices with computing capacity that can run visual algorithms (e.g., for security, identification, and / or badge applications) without the need for new smart cameras.

[0116] In one or more aspects, personal devices associated with multiple users (e.g., a group of strangers) in a public gathering environment (e.g., an event, meeting, or shared public space, such as inside a bus) may collaborate in a temporary association (e.g., a public gathering association). These personal devices may have low to medium reputation scores (e.g., low to medium level of trustworthiness) for sharing their capabilities, barter (e.g., trading by ability) or fee (e.g., paying by ability) exchange systems for sharing their capabilities, low to medium reputation scores for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and / or barter or fee exchange systems for sharing their acquired data. Personal devices associated with users within the public gathering environment may include, but are not limited to, smartphones, smartwatches, smart wristbands, smart audio microphones and headsets, tablets, and / or laptops.

[0117] Personal devices associated with users in public gathering environments may have underutilized capabilities, and these underutilized capabilities may be shared with other personal devices associated with the same user in the same environment. In one or more examples, a personal device associated with a user in a public gathering environment may have underutilized optimal device capabilities. For example, a smartphone with superior camera capabilities compared to other smartphones in the crowd may temporarily share its images and / or videos with other smartphones in the crowd. In one or more examples, a personal device associated with a user in a public gathering environment may have underutilized optimal connectivity capabilities. For example, in areas with weak internet access, the device may automatically establish Bluetooth and / or Wi-Fi connections with nearby devices that have strong internet coverage.

[0118] In some examples, personal devices associated with users in public gathering environments may have locational disadvantages. For instance, in a crowded stadium, a spectator with a device may have the best viewing angle and access to a camera shot from that device that can be shared with other devices in the stadium. Alternatively, a device may leverage its cellular connectivity advantage based on its line-of-sight (LOS) or the best signal strength from a cell tower to another device with weaker cellular coverage. Another example is that a 5G-enabled device can share its communication capabilities with nearby 2G or 3G devices. In one or more examples, personal devices associated with users in public gathering environments may have underutilized energy capabilities. For instance, upon realizing its remaining battery power is low, a smartphone may switch to a power-saving Bluetooth connection with a neighboring phone and utilize those devices' internet connections to send critical messages. In one or more examples, personal devices associated with users in public gathering environments may utilize collaborative computing. For example, a collaborative algorithm running on multiple temporarily associated devices can alert users to threats (e.g., alerts about people known to be infected with COVID-19) or emergencies (e.g., alerts about elderly people suddenly falling). For example, children traveling on a school bus can share their entire location from the most capable and / or charging device on the bus.

[0119] Figure 5 An example of a process for sharing capabilities is shown. Specifically, Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a process 500 used to mitigate (e.g., via sharing) underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, energy, battery, storage, hardware, and / or other capabilities. Figure 5 In this process, 500 is shown to have three phases: the association establishment phase 510, the activity phase 520, and the decomposition phase 530.

[0120] During the operation of process 500, during the association formation step 540 of the association establishment phase 510, a device (e.g., a donor device, such as a network device, e.g., a smartphone) may send (e.g., broadcast) an association message (e.g., a signal) to one or more other devices (e.g., a finder device, such as a network device, e.g., a smartphone). This association message indicates that the device (e.g., the donor device) wishes to participate with other devices (e.g., finder devices) within the association (e.g., a device group association, which is an association comprising a group of devices, such as network devices) for the purpose of sharing capabilities. In one or more examples, the association may be a semi-permanent association, a temporary association, and / or a dynamic association. The association message may also indicate a time limit for the device (e.g., the donor device) to participate in the association. For example, in the case of a device in a public transportation scenario, this time limit may be specified to expire at the end of a bus or train ride.

[0121] Association messages can also indicate the exchange system used for sharing capabilities. In some cases, the exchange system can be a pre-approved exchange system. A pre-approved exchange system can be a situation where capability sharing between devices within an association (e.g., a home device association) has been previously approved and there is no monetary exchange for using the capabilities. For example, devices located in a home and in a home device association may have been pre-approved to share their capabilities with each other.

[0122] In one or more cases, the exchange system can be a barter system, where devices can trade (e.g., exchange) their capabilities with each other. For example, when two devices are located in different areas of a stadium during a football match, each device can transmit (e.g., capture) images of the game taken from (e.g., captured) from different advantageous positions within the stadium to the other device. In some cases, the exchange system can be a chargeable exchange system, where a user of a first device can pay a user of a second device for access to the capabilities provided by that second device (e.g., in monetary form). For example, a user of a device with 5G millimeter wave capabilities can pay other nearby devices to provide a mobile hotspot.

[0123] Association messages can also indicate the reputation score of the device sending the association message (e.g., a donor device). A reputation score can indicate the trust level of a device (e.g., a donor device). In one or more examples, other devices that have previously shared and / or received capabilities from that device may have already assigned a reputation score to it. In one or more examples, the reputation score can be a low reputation score, a medium reputation score (e.g., a good reputation score), or a high reputation score. After one or more devices (e.g., a seeker device) receives an association message (e.g., a signal) sent from that device (e.g., a donor device), that device (e.g., the donor device) can form an association with the one or more devices (e.g., the seeker device).

[0124] During the operation of process 500, during the notification capability step 550 of the association establishment phase 510, a device (e.g., a donor device) may send (e.g., broadcast) a notification message (e.g., a signal) to other devices (e.g., seeker devices) within the association. This notification message indicates one or more capabilities of the device (e.g., the donor device) that can be shared with other devices (e.g., seeker devices). In one or more examples, these one or more capabilities may include, but are not limited to, computing capabilities (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) capabilities), sensing (e.g., perception) capabilities, connectivity and / or communication capabilities, energy capabilities, collaborative (or distributed) computing capabilities, power supply (e.g., battery) capabilities, memory and / or storage capabilities, hardware capabilities such as hardware components or blocks on a system-on-a-chip (SoC) (e.g., GPU, NPU, cache memory, etc.), any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities. The notification message may also indicate an exchange system for sharing one or more capabilities and / or reputation scores of the device (e.g., the donor device) that sent the notification message.

[0125] During the operation of process 500, during the sharing strategy step 560 of the association establishment phase 510, the notification message may also indicate a sharing strategy for sharing one or more capabilities of a device (e.g., a donor device) with other devices (e.g., a seeker device). The sharing strategy may indicate specific limits on the amount and duration (e.g., amount of time) at which a device (e.g., a donor device) is willing to share one or more of its capabilities (e.g., energy or computing speed) with other devices (e.g., a seeker device). For example, a device (e.g., a donor device) may indicate that it may share its energy (e.g., electricity) with other devices (e.g., a seeker device) until it has depleted its own battery supply to 50% of its battery capacity, ensuring that it still has sufficient battery supply to withstand any possible dynamic surges in demand (e.g., the dynamic power demands required for complex computing). For example, a device capable of a billion-bit downlink speed (e.g., a donor device) can instruct that it can share 100 megabits downlink speed with other devices (e.g., seeker devices), which is sufficient for most downlinks. The sharing policy can also instruct the device (e.g., the donor device) to share its capabilities with other devices (e.g., seeker devices) based on a certain threshold of their reputation scores. For instance, a device (e.g., the donor device) can instruct that it will only share its capabilities with other devices (e.g., seeker devices) that have high reputation scores.

[0126] During the operation of process 500, during the association step 570 of activity phase 520, a device (e.g., a donor device) and other devices (e.g., a seeker device) may associate to share capabilities. In one or more examples, the device and other devices may use protocols for joining the association, which may include device association and connection security. In some examples, the device (e.g., a donor device) may use protocols for sharing one or more capabilities (e.g., computing, sensing, connectivity, and / or other capabilities) with other devices (e.g., a seeker device). During association step 570, the device (e.g., a donor device) and other devices (e.g., a seeker device) may perform transactions (e.g., exchanges, such as barter or charging) for sharing and receiving one or more capabilities.

[0127] During the operation of process 500, during the deassociation step 580 of dismantling phase 530, a device (e.g., a donor device) may indicate criteria for smooth withdrawal (e.g., smooth termination of shared capabilities) to other devices (e.g., seeker devices). In some examples, a device (e.g., a donor device) may indicate the handling of non-smooth exit (e.g., non-smooth termination of shared capabilities) to other devices (e.g., seeker devices). In one or more examples, a device (e.g., a donor device) may detect security vulnerabilities while sharing its capabilities with other devices (e.g., seeker devices). In some examples, during dismantling phase 530, a device (e.g., a seeker device) receiving capabilities from a device (e.g., a donor device) may update the reputation score of that device (e.g., a donor device) based on its experience receiving capabilities from that device (e.g., a donor device). In one or more examples, if necessary, a device (e.g., a donor device) may update and / or reset exchange values ​​(e.g., fee amounts).

[0128] Figure 6 Table 600 is an example of attributes used for sharing underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, and / or energy capabilities. In Table 600, the first column includes various attributes, including computing, connectivity, sensing, energy, distributed computing (e.g., heterogeneous computing), switching systems, and reputation scores. The second column of Table 600 includes criteria (e.g., for each attribute) for multivariate collaboration types used to optimize overall collaboration within associations used for sharing capabilities (e.g., device group associations). In one or more examples, these criteria may include, but are not limited to, maximum criteria, minimum criteria, constraint criteria, optimal mode criteria, and / or unique capability criteria.

[0129] In one or more examples, a device can participate in different collaboration types (e.g., patterns) based on its associated associations (e.g., permanent or temporary associations). In some examples, the collaboration type can be a function of these properties:

[0130]

[0131] In one or more examples, users' devices in different associations can support a variety of different collaboration modes. For example, when a device is within a personal device association, the device (e.g., a smartphone) can choose to share all its capabilities (except distributed computing capabilities) with devices that have pre-approved exchanges and high reputation scores (e.g., where symbols can be used). (to represent missing attributes)

[0132]

[0133] For example, when a device is associated with friends and family, it (e.g., a smartphone) can choose to share all its capabilities (excluding computing power and distributed computing power) with devices that have pre-approved exchanges and high reputation scores:

[0134]

[0135] For example, when a device is within a home device association, the device (e.g., a smartphone) may choose to share all its capabilities (except connectivity capabilities) with devices that have pre-approved exchange and high reputation scores:

[0136]

[0137] For example, when a device is located in a workplace environment, it (e.g., a smartphone) may choose to share all its capabilities (excluding computing power and connectivity) with devices that have pre-approved exchange or can use barter and have varying reputation scores:

[0138]

[0139] For example, when a device is in a temporary association, it (e.g., a smartphone) may choose to share its connectivity and sensing capabilities only with devices that have pre-approved exchanges, or that can use barter or fee-based exchanges and have varying reputation scores:

[0140]

[0141] Figure 7 Examples of various concurrent association types (e.g., persistent associations) are shown, where devices are within more than one association with multiple collaboration types. Specifically, Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 700 comprising devices that are permanently associated with each other. Figure 7 The image shows three users: 720a, 720b, and 720c. In one or more examples, system 700 may include... Figure 7The number of users shown is more or less.

[0142] Each user 720a, 720b, 720c is associated with a device participating in association 710a, 710b, 710c. In some cases, these devices may include a UE (User Equipment). For example, a device 740a in the form of a smart wristband (associated with user 720a), a device 730a in the form of a smartphone (associated with user 720a), and a device 750 in the form of a smartwatch (associated with user 720a) participate in a first association 710a (e.g., it has trust type A, which is a personal device association). A device 740b in the form of a smart wristband (associated with user 720b), a device 730a in the form of a smartphone (associated with user 720a), and a device 730b in the form of a smartphone (associated with user 720c) participate in a second association 710b (e.g., it has trust type B, which is a friend and family association). Device 730b in the form of a smartphone (which is associated with user 720c and is located in the house), device 760 in the form of a laptop computer (which is located in the house), device 770 in the form of a game controller (which is located in the house), device 780 in the form of a computer router (which is located in the house), device 790 in the form of a smart camera (which is located in the house), and device 795 in the form of a smart TV (which is located in the house) participate in a third association 710c (e.g., it has trust type C, which is a home device association). In one or more examples, system 700 may include more than Figure 7 The number and / or different types of associated and / or devices shown may be greater or less.

[0143] In one or more examples, users 720a and 720c are a pair, and user 720b is the mother of one of users 720a and 720c. As previously described, devices 730a, 730b, and 740b are within a second association 710b (e.g., having trust type B, which is a friend and family association), and therefore devices 730a, 730b, and 740b can share capabilities with each other. In some examples, device 730a (which is associated with user 720a) and device 730b (which is associated with user 720c) can be connected to device 740a (which is associated with user 720b), and device 740b can share sensing capabilities with devices 730a and 730b, allowing users 720a and 720c to monitor sensor data (e.g., health data, such as heart rate) captured by device 740b associated with user 720b via their devices 730a and 730b.

[0144] Figure 8 Examples of various concurrent association types (e.g., temporary associations) are shown, where devices are within more than one association with multiple collaboration types. Specifically, Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 800 comprising devices that have temporary associations with each other. Figure 8 The image shows three users, 820a, 820b, and 820c. In one or more examples, system 800 may include... Figure 8 The number of users shown is more or less.

[0145] Each user 820a, 820b, and 820c is associated with a device involved in association 810a and 810b. For example, smartphone-type device 830a (associated with user 820a) and smartphone-type device 830b (associated with user 820b) participate in first association 810a (e.g., it has trust type D and is a workplace environment association). Smartphone-type device 830b (associated with user 820b) and smartphone-type device 830c (associated with user 820c) participate in second association 810b (e.g., it has trust type E and is a temporary association). Figure 8 In this context, device 840 in the form of a smart wristband, device 850 in the form of a smartwatch, and device 860 in the form of a smart audio microphone and headphones are also associated with user 820a. In one or more examples, system 800 may include devices such as smart wristbands, smartwatches, and smart microphones and headphones. Figure 8 The number and / or different types of associated and / or devices shown may be greater or less.

[0146] In one or more examples, users 820a and 820b are colleagues in a workplace environment, and user 820c is a stranger at a sporting event. As previously described, devices 830a and 830b are within a first association 810a (e.g., having trust type D, which is a workplace environment association), and therefore devices 830a and 830b can share capabilities with each other. Devices 830b and 830c are within a second association 810b (e.g., having trust type E, which is a temporary association), and therefore devices 830b and 830c can share capabilities with each other. In one or more examples, device 830c can share capabilities with device 830a via device 830b because device 830b is within both associations 810a and 810b of devices 830a and 830c. In some examples, device 830c can share sensing capabilities (e.g., images of the sporting event) with device 830a via device 830b.

[0147] Figure 9A and Figure 9BTables 900 and 905 are examples illustrating capabilities used for sharing between devices. Tables 900 and 905 include columns for capabilities (910), capability attributes (920), and example uses (930). Specifically, Tables 900 and 905 show the capability attributes (920) and example uses (930) for each different capability (910).

[0148] In one or more aspects, devices within a permanent association (e.g., personal device association, friend and family association, and home device association) can establish and form connections (e.g., links) between devices to share capabilities. In one or more examples, a donor device (DDx) may announce its intention to share its capabilities, resources, and / or data via a broadcast message (e.g., an announcement message), which may be sent via BLE broadcast. The donor device may announce its intention to participate by periodically, manually, and / or when a location change is detected by broadcasting a "device capability" message (e.g., an announcement message). Other devices located near the donor device (e.g., seeker devices) may receive this broadcast message. Upon receiving the broadcast message, these devices (e.g., seeker devices) may determine whether any capability elements they wish to enhance (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensing, battery power, and / or distributed / heterogeneous computing) are present and utilize their current task assignments (e.g., currently running processes).

[0149] The seeker device (SDx) may respond to a donor device (e.g., by transmitting a response message requesting one or more capabilities from the donor device) and may establish an inter-process communication (IPC) protocol for requesting a set of specific capability elements (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensing, battery power, distributed / heterogeneous computing, capabilities, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities) from the donor device. After receiving the response message, the donor device may transmit an acknowledgment message to the seeker device, indicating confirmation of sharing the requested capabilities with the seeker device.

[0150] In one or more examples, depending on how the system is implemented, the donor device can operate in peer-to-peer (P2P) or peer-to-multipoint (P2MP) mode when operating with a single seeker device or multiple seeker devices, respectively. Similarly, seeker devices can work with peer-to-peer or peer-to-multipoint associations following the same protocol.

[0151] Once the seeker device receives acknowledgment (e.g., acknowledgment message) from the donor device, a secure channel or intermediate cloud exchange (e.g., shared storage, disk file) repository can be established between the donor device and the seeker device to communicate for an associated length (e.g., fixed duration, custom duration, or permanent duration).

[0152] In one or more examples, for scenarios using collaborative computing, work "units" (e.g., associated with one or more requested capabilities) can be transported from a provider device to a seeker device via a secure channel or cloud repository. The secure channel or cloud repository can be used to store assigned work units, intermediate work products, and / or status messages associated with the sharing of one or more capabilities. In one or more examples, capabilities can be shared using multithreading, hyperthreading, scheduling concepts, and / or preemptive multitasking. The seeker device can collect completed work "units" from a central repository and / or from provider devices, and can perform the overall task of breaking down the seeker device into multiple workflows. In some examples, if it is necessary to break down the main task into multiple workflows (each requiring separate and unique resources), the seeker device can work in parallel with multiple provider devices simultaneously. Each session can be independent of each other and can be established via a dedicated secure channel or cloud repository link.

[0153] In one or more examples, the seeker device or donor device may decide to terminate the session to disconnect the established connection after it has completed its task or when a trigger condition is met (e.g., battery level, timer expiration, or loss of proximity between the two devices).

[0154] Figure 10 and Figure 11 An example of signaling can be shown that can be used to establish and form a connection (e.g., a link) between a donor device and a seeker device within a permanent association to share capabilities. Specifically, Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling 1000 for sharing capabilities and resources between devices with permanent associations. Figure 10 The diagram illustrates donor device (DD1) 1020, donor device (DD2) 1010, seeker device (SD1) 1030, and seeker device (SD2) 1040, all within a permanent association. The donor device (DD1) 1020, donor device (DD2) 1010, seeker device (SD1) 1030, and seeker device (SD2) 1040 may have a medium to high reputation score (e.g., medium to high level of trustworthiness) for sharing their capabilities, a pre-approved exchange system (e.g., an established system) for sharing their capabilities, a medium to high reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their acquired data.

[0155] exist Figure 10During the operation of signaling 1000, for signal 1005, donor device (DD1) 1020 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1030 and seeker device (SD2) 1040. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate one or more capabilities of donor device (DD1) 1020 that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1030 and seeker device (SD2) 1040 (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensors, battery power, heterogeneous computing, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof and / or other capabilities), and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD1) 1020 and the switching system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the notification message, for signal 1015, seeker device (SD1) 1030 may transmit a response message requesting one or more capabilities (e.g., computing, connectivity, and / or other capabilities) from donor device (DD1) 1020 and indicating the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1025, donor device (DD1) 1020 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) one or more of the requested capabilities to seeker device (SD1) 1030. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1035, donor device (DD1) 1020 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1030 for sharing one or more of the requested capabilities (e.g., for exchanging work and / or results).

[0156] exist Figure 10During the operation of signaling 1000, for signal 1045, donor device (DD2) 1010 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1030 and seeker device (SD2) 1040. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate one or more capabilities of donor device (DD2) 1010 (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensors, battery power, heterogeneous computing, etc.) that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1030 and seeker device (SD2) 1040, and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD2) 1010 and the exchange system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the announcement message, for signal 1055, seeker device (SD1) 1030 may transmit a response message that requests one or more capabilities (e.g., sensors, heterogeneous computing, etc.) from donor device (DD2) 1010 and indicates the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1065, donor device (DD2) 1010 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) one or more requested capabilities to seeker device (SD1) 1030. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1075, donor device (DD2) 1010 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1030 for sharing one or more requested capabilities (e.g., for exchanging work and / or results).

[0157] At signal 1085, after the battery power of donor device (DD2) 1010 drops to a specified threshold level, donor device (DD2) 1010 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1030 to terminate the connection (e.g., terminate link 1075). At signal 1095, after the timer expires, donor device (DD1) 1020 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1030 to terminate the connection (e.g., link 1035).

[0158] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling 1100 used for exchanging data between devices with permanent associations. Figure 11The diagram illustrates donor device (DD1) 1120, donor device (DD2) 1110, seeker device (SD1) 1130, and seeker device (SD2) 1140, all within a permanent association. The donor device (DD1) 1120, donor device (DD2) 1110, seeker device (SD1) 1130, and seeker device (SD2) 1140 may have a medium to high reputation score (e.g., medium to high level of trustworthiness) for sharing their capabilities, a pre-approved exchange system (e.g., an established system) for sharing their capabilities, a medium to high reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a pre-approved exchange system for sharing their acquired data.

[0159] exist Figure 11 During the operation of signaling 1100, for signal 1105, donor device (DD1) 1120 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker devices (SD1) 1130 and (SD2) 1140. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate data (e.g., an audio multimedia file) that can be obtained by donor device (DD1) 1120 and shared with seeker devices (SD1) 1130 and (SD2) 1140, and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD1) 1120 and the exchange system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the announcement message, for signal 1115, seeker device (SD1) 1130 may transmit a response message that requests a response message (e.g., an audio multimedia file) from donor device (DD1) 1120 and indicates the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1125, donor device (DD1) 1120 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) data (e.g., audio path of a multimedia file) to seeker device (SD1) 1130. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1135, donor device (DD1) 1120 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1130 for sharing data (e.g., exchanging data).

[0160] exist Figure 11During the operation of signaling 1100, for signal 1145, donor device (DD2) 1110 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1130 and seeker device (SD2) 1140. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate donor device (DD2) 1110 data (e.g., multimedia files from a camera) that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1130 and seeker device (SD2) 1140, and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD2) 1110 and the exchange system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the announcement message, for signal 1155, seeker device (SD1) 1130 may transmit a response message that requests a response message (e.g., multimedia files from a camera) from donor device (DD2) 1110 and indicates the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1165, donor device (DD2) 1110 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) data to seeker device (SD1) 1130. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1175, donor device (DD2) 1110 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1130 for sharing data (e.g., exchanging data).

[0161] At signal 1185, after the battery power of donor device (DD2) 1110 drops to a specified threshold level, donor device (DD2) 1110 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1130 to terminate the connection (e.g., terminate link 1175). At signal 1195, after a timer expires, donor device (DD1) 1120 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1130 to terminate the connection (e.g., link 1135).

[0162] In one or more aspects, devices within a temporary association (e.g., workplace environment association and public gathering association) can establish and form connections (e.g., links) between devices to share capabilities. In one or more examples, a donor device (DDx) can announce its intent to capabilities / resources / data via BLE broadcast messages (e.g., announcement messages). In some examples, a donor device can announce its participation intent by periodically, manually, or upon detecting a change in location by broadcasting "device capability" messages (e.g., announcement messages).

[0163] Other devices near the donor device (e.g., seeker devices) are capable of receiving the broadcast message (e.g., it may include the donor device's reputation score and exchange system information) and can determine whether there are any capabilities (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensing, battery power, distributed / heterogeneous computing, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof and / or other capabilities) or these devices (e.g., seeker devices) that want to use and utilize their current task assignments or access the donor device's data.

[0164] In one or more examples, the seeker device (SDx) may respond to the donor device (DDx) by transmitting response messages and may establish IPC protocols to request specific capability elements (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensing, battery power, distributed / heterogeneous computing, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof and / or other capabilities) or access data from the donor device.

[0165] In one or more examples, in the permanent association use case, the reputation score of the donor device can be set to high (e.g., indicating a trusted device), and the exchange system can be set to pre-approved (e.g., a free exchange system) because these devices are more likely to be part of a home or business network.

[0166] In one or more examples, in a temporary use case, when the seeker device can be any random device receiving broadcast messages, access to resources, capabilities, or data can be granted in exchange for credits (e.g., electronic tokens). The seeker device can verify reputation scores (e.g., medium or high reputation scores) and exchange systems (e.g., barter or fee-based exchange systems) and can make a decision to complete the transaction by exchanging appropriate credits for access to resources or data set by the donor device. The seeker device can transmit appropriate electronic tokens to the donor device to express its intent and participate in the transaction.

[0167] Depending on the specific implementation of the system, when using a single seeker device or multiple seeker devices, the donor device (DDx) can operate in P2P or P2MP mode. Similarly, seeker devices can work with peer-to-peer or point-to-multipoint associations, but follow the same protocol.

[0168] Once the seeker device receives confirmation from the donor device (e.g., via an acknowledgment message) and the donor device has received the appropriate electronic token from the seeker device, a secure channel or intermediate cloud exchange (e.g., shared storage or disk file) repository can be established between the donor device and the seeker for an associated length (e.g., fixed duration, custom duration, or permanent duration).

[0169] Figure 12 and Figure 13An example of signaling can be shown that can be used to establish and form a connection (e.g., a link) between a donor device and a seeker device within a temporary association to share capabilities. Specifically, Figure 12 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling 1200 for sharing capabilities and resources between devices with temporary associations. Figure 12 The diagram illustrates donor device (DD1) 1220, donor device (DD2) 1210, seeker device (SD1) 1230, and seeker device (SD2) 1240, which are in a temporary association. The donor device (DD1) 1220, donor device (DD2) 1210, seeker device (SD1) 1230, and seeker device (SD2) 1240 may have a low to medium reputation score (e.g., low to medium level of trust) for sharing their capabilities, a barter or fee-based exchange system for sharing their capabilities, a low to medium reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a barter or fee-based exchange system for sharing their acquired data.

[0170] exist Figure 12 During the operation of signaling 1200, for signal 1205, donor device (DD1) 1220 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1230 and seeker device (SD2) 1240. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate one or more capabilities of donor device (DD1) 1220 that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1230 and seeker device (SD2) 1240 (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensors, battery power, heterogeneous computing, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof and / or other capabilities), and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD1) 1220 and the switching system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the notification message, for signal 1215, seeker device (SD1) 1230 may transmit a response message requesting one or more capabilities (e.g., computing and connectivity) from donor device (DD1) 1220 and indicating the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1225, donor device (DD1) 1220 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) one or more of the requested capabilities to seeker device (SD1) 1230. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1235, donor device (DD1) 1220 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1230 for sharing one or more of the requested capabilities (e.g., for exchanging work and / or results).

[0171] exist Figure 12 During the operation of signaling 1200, for signal 1245, donor device (DD2) 1210 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1230 and seeker device (SD2) 1240. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate one or more capabilities of donor device (DD2) 1210 that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1230 and seeker device (SD2) 1240 (e.g., computing, connectivity, sensors, battery power, heterogeneous computing, power supply or battery, memory, storage, hardware, any combination thereof and / or other capabilities), and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD2) 1210 and the switching system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the notification message, for signal 1255, seeker device (SD1) 1230 may transmit a response message requesting one or more capabilities (e.g., sensors and heterogeneous computing) from donor device (DD2) 1210 and indicating the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1265, donor device (DD2) 1210 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) one or more of the requested capabilities to seeker device (SD1) 1230. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1275, donor device (DD2) 1210 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1230 for sharing one or more of the requested capabilities (e.g., for exchanging work and / or results).

[0172] At signal 1285, after the battery power of donor device (DD2) 1210 drops to a specified threshold level, donor device (DD2) 1210 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1230 to terminate the connection (e.g., terminate link 1275). At signal 1295, after a timer expires, donor device (DD1) 1220 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1230 to terminate the connection (e.g., link 1235).

[0173] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling 1300 used for exchanging data between devices with temporary associations. Figure 13The diagram illustrates donor device (DD1) 1320, donor device (DD2) 1310, seeker device (SD1) 1330, and seeker device (SD2) 1340, which are in a temporary association. The donor device (DD1) 1320, donor device (DD2) 1310, seeker device (SD1) 1330, and seeker device (SD2) 1340 may have a low to medium reputation score (e.g., low to medium level of trust) for sharing their capabilities, a barter or fee-based exchange system for sharing their capabilities, a low to medium reputation score for sharing their acquired (e.g., sensed) data (e.g., image or video data), and a barter or fee-based exchange system for sharing their acquired data.

[0174] exist Figure 13 During the operation of signaling 1300, for signal 1305, donor device (DD1) 1320 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1330 and seeker device (SD2) 1340. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate data (e.g., an audio multimedia file) that can be obtained by donor device (DD1) 1320 and shared with seeker device (SD1) 1330 and seeker device (SD2) 1340, and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD1) 1320 and the exchange system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the announcement message, for signal 1315, seeker device (SD1) 1330 may transmit a response message that requests a response message (e.g., an audio multimedia file) from donor device (DD1) 1320 and indicates the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1325, donor device (DD1) 1320 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) data (e.g., audio path of a multimedia file) to seeker device (SD1) 1330. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1335, donor device (DD1) 1320 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1330 for sharing data (e.g., exchanging data).

[0175] exist Figure 13During the operation of signaling 1300, for signal 1345, donor device (DD2) 1310 may send (e.g., broadcast) a message (e.g., an announcement message) to seeker device (SD1) 1330 and seeker device (SD2) 1340. In one or more examples, the announcement message may indicate data (e.g., multimedia files from a camera) of donor device (DD2) 1310 that can be shared with seeker device (SD1) 1330 and seeker device (SD2) 1340, and may indicate the reputation score of donor device (DD2) 1310 and the exchange system to be used for sharing. Upon receiving the announcement message, for signal 1355, seeker device (SD1) 1330 may transmit a response message that requests a response message (e.g., multimedia files from a camera) from donor device (DD2) 1310 and indicates the exchange system to be used (e.g., electronic token exchange). Upon receiving the response message, for signal 1365, donor device (DD2) 1310 may transmit an acknowledgment message indicating confirmation of receipt of the response message and confirmation of providing (e.g., sharing) data to seeker device (SD1) 1330. After transmitting the acknowledgment message, at link 1375, donor device (DD2) 1310 may establish a connection (e.g., link) with seeker device (SD1) 1330 for sharing data (e.g., exchanging data).

[0176] At signal 1385, after the battery power of donor device (DD2) 1310 drops to a specified threshold level, donor device (DD2) 1310 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1330 to terminate the connection (e.g., terminate link 1375). At signal 1395, after a timer expires, donor device (DD1) 1320 may transmit a termination message to seeker device (SD1) 1330 to terminate the connection (e.g., link 1335).

[0177] Figure 14 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process 1400 for mitigating (e.g., via sharing) underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, and / or energy capabilities. Process 1400 may be performed by a first device (e.g., Figure 15 The process 1400 can be performed by a computing device or computing system 1500 or by a component or system of the first device (e.g., a chipset). The operation of process 1400 can be implemented on one or more processors (e.g., a computing device or computing system 1500) or by a component or system of the first device (e.g., a chipset). Figure 2 Controller / processor 280 Figure 4 Processor 484 and / or DSP 482, Figure 15Software components executed and running on the processor 1510 (or other processor). Furthermore, the signal transmission and reception performed by the first device in process 1400 may be, for example, by one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (such as one or more wireless transceivers, e.g., Figure 2 One or more DEMOD / MOD 254a to 254r, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264 and / or TX-MIMO processor 266, Figure 4 One or more of the SIM 474, modem 476 and / or wireless transceiver 478 Figure 15 This is achieved through the communication interface 1540, and / or other antennas and / or transceivers.

[0178] At box 1410, the first device (or a component thereof) may send (or output for sending) an announcement message to one or more second devices indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with the one or more second devices. As described herein, such one or more capabilities may include any one or more capabilities that can be shared between devices. For example, such one or more capabilities may include computing power, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, hardware capabilities, any combination thereof, and / or one or more other capabilities. In some cases, computing power may include artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) capabilities, computing capacity capabilities (e.g., the amount of processors and / or memory available to the first device), etc.

[0179] In some cases, the notification message further indicates the exchange system used to share the one or more capabilities. For example, the exchange system could be a pre-approved exchange, a barter exchange, or a fee-based exchange. In some aspects, the notification message further indicates a reputation score, which indicates the trust level of the first device.

[0180] At box 1420, a first device (or a component thereof) may receive a response message from at least one of one or more second devices that requests at least one of one or more capabilities from the first device.

[0181] At box 1430, a first device (or a component thereof) may establish a connection with at least one second device to share at least one capability. In some aspects, the first device (or a component thereof) may form a corresponding device group association with each of one or more second devices. For example, the device group association may be a permanent association or a temporary association, as described herein. In some cases, the first device (or a component thereof) may establish a connection via one or more third devices. In some examples, the first device (or a component thereof) may form a corresponding device group association with each of one or more third devices.

[0182] In some cases, a computing device or apparatus may include various components such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and / or other components configured to perform the steps of the processes described herein. In some examples, a computing device may include a display, one or more network interfaces configured to transmit and / or receive data, any combination thereof, and / or other components. The one or more network interfaces may be configured to transmit and / or receive wired and / or wireless data, including data according to 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or other cellular standards, data according to the WiFi (802.11x) standard, and data according to Bluetooth. ™ Standard data, data according to the Internet Protocol (IP) standard, and / or other types of data.

[0183] Components that enable the implementation of a computing device in a circuit. For example, a component may include electronic circuitry or other electronic hardware, and / or may be implemented using electronic circuitry or other electronic hardware, which may include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., a microprocessor, graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), central processing unit (CPU), and / or other suitable electronic circuitry), and / or may include computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof for performing the various operations described herein, and / or may be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof for performing the various operations described herein. The computing device may also include a display (as an example of an output device or as a supplement to an output device), a network interface configured to communicate and / or receive data, any combination thereof, and / or other components. The network interface may be configured to communicate and / or receive Internet Protocol (IP)-based data or other types of data.

[0184] Process 1400 is illustrated as a logic flowchart, the operations of which represent a sequence of operations that can be implemented by hardware, computer instructions, or combinations thereof. In the context of computer instructions, each operation represents a computer-executable instruction stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, performs the described operation. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform a specific function or implement a specific data type. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as limiting, and any number of described operations can be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the process.

[0185] Additionally, process 1400 may be executed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions, and may be implemented by hardware or a combination thereof as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) that executes jointly on one or more processors. As noted above, the code may be stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising multiple instructions executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium may be non-transitory.

[0186] Figure 15 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 1500, which can be used to alleviate (e.g., via sharing) underutilized computing, sensing, connectivity, energy, power supply or battery, memory, storage devices, hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other capabilities. Specifically, Figure 15 An example of a computing system 1500 is illustrated. This computing system can be any computing device, such as constituting an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any component thereof, wherein the components of the system communicate with each other using connection 1505. Connection 1505 can be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection to processor 1510, such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 1505 can also be a virtual connection, a networking connection, or a logical connection.

[0187] In some aspects, computing system 1500 is a distributed system in which the functions described herein can be distributed across a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent a plurality of such components, each of which performs some or all of the functions described for that component. In some aspects, the components can be physical or virtual devices.

[0188] Example system 1500 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1510 and a connection 1505 that communicatively couples various system components, including system memories 1515 such as read-only memory (ROM) 1520 and random access memory (RAM) 1525, to processor 1510. Computing system 1500 may include a cache 1512 of high-speed memory that is directly connected to, closely proximate to, or integrated into processor 1510.

[0189] Processor 1510 may include any general-purpose processor and hardware or software services (such as services 1532, 1534, and 1536 stored in storage device 1530 and configured to control processor 1510), as well as dedicated processors in which software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1510 may be a substantially completely independent computing system containing multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0190] To enable user interaction, the computing system 1500 includes an input device 1545 that can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphic input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice input, etc. The computing system 1500 may also include an output device 1535 that can be one or more of a plurality of output mechanisms. In some instances, a multi-mode system allows a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with the computing system 1500.

[0191] The computing system 1500 may include a communication interface 1540, which typically controls and manages user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate the receiving and / or transmitting of wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including utilizing audio jacks / plugs, microphone jacks / plugs, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports / plugs, Apple... ™ Lightning ™ Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, fiber optic ports / plugs, dedicated wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth ™ Wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth ™ Low-power (BLE) wireless signal transmission, IBEACON ™Wireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), microwave access global interoperability (WiMAX), infrared (IR) wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, self-organizing network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or those communications in some combination thereof.

[0192] The communication interface 1540 may also include one or more ranging sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser rangefinders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 1510, thereby configuring the processor 1510 to perform determinations and calculations required to obtain various measurements from the one or more ranging sensors. In some examples, measurements may include time of flight, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, distance, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 1540 may also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers used to determine the position of the computing system 1500 based on one or more signals received from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the U.S. GPS, the Russian GLONASS, the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo GNSS. There are no limitations on operation on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here can be easily replaced to obtain improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0193] Storage device 1530 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable storage device, and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium capable of storing data accessible by a computer, such as magnetic tape, flash memory cards, solid-state storage devices, digital versatile discs, cartridges, floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, magnetic stripes, any other magnetic storage media, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state storage, CD-ROM, rewritable CD, digital video disc (DVD), Blu-ray Disc (BDD), holographic disc, another optical medium, secure digital (SD) card, micro-secure digital (microSD) card, Memory Stick.® Cards, smart card chips, EMV chips, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards, mini / micro / nano / micro SIM cards, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash EPROM, cache memory (e.g., layer 1 (L1) cache, layer 2 (L2) cache, layer 3 (L3) cache, layer 4 (L4) cache, layer 5 (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache), resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or cassette and / or combinations thereof.

[0194] Storage device 1530 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which enable the system to perform functions when the code defining such software is executed by processor 1510. In some aspects, hardware services performing specific functions may include software components for performing functions stored in a computer-readable medium connected to necessary hardware components such as processor 1510, connection 1505, output device 1535, etc. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing, or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory media in which data can be stored and which does not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over a wired connection. Examples of non-transitory media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic disks or magnetic tapes, optical storage media such as compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs (DVDs), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. Computer-readable media may store code and / or machine-executable instructions thereon, which may represent procedures, functions, subroutines, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or hardware circuitry by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc., may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

[0195] Specific details have been provided in the foregoing description to offer a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples presented herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that this application is not limited thereto. Therefore, although illustrative aspects of this application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the various inventive concepts may be embodied and employed in various other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be construed as including these variations unless limited by prior art. The various features and aspects of the applications described above may be used individually or in combination. Furthermore, without departing from the broader scope of this specification, aspects may be used in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein. Therefore, the specification and drawings should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. For illustrative purposes, the methods are described in a particular order. It should be understood that, in alternative aspects, the methods may be performed in a different order than described.

[0196] For clarity, in some instances, this technology may be presented as comprising individual functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps, or routines embodied in a method, either in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components may be used in addition to those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these aspects in unnecessary detail. In other cases, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail to avoid obscuring the aspects.

[0197] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application; however, such implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0198] Various aspects described above can be presented as processes or methods, depicted as flowcharts, diagrams, data flow graphs, structure diagrams, or block diagrams. Although flowcharts can describe operations as sequential processes, many operations within an operation can be executed in parallel or concurrently. Furthermore, the order of operations can be rearranged. A process terminates when its operations are completed, but a process may have additional steps not included in the accompanying diagrams. A process can correspond to a method, function, procedure, subroutine, subroutine, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to the function returning to the calling function or the main function.

[0199] The processes and methods described in the examples above can be implemented using stored computer-executable instructions or computer-executable instructions otherwise obtainable from a computer-readable medium. Such instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that configure, or otherwise configure, a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or processing device to perform a function or group of functions. The portion of the computer resource used may be accessible via a network. The computer-executable instructions may be, for example, binary files, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. Examples of computer-readable media that can be used to store the instructions, the information used, and / or information created during the methods according to the described examples include disks or optical discs, flash memory, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0200] In some respects, computer-readable storage devices, media, and memories may include cables or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer-readable storage media explicitly exclude media such as power consumption, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.

[0201] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and arts. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may, in some cases, be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or light particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0202] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and may take any form factor of various form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing necessary tasks may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include laptops, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mount devices, standalone devices, etc. The functionality described herein may also be embodied in peripheral devices or interlocking cards. By further example, such functionality may also be implemented on circuit boards of different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0203] Instructions, media for transmitting such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example components for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0204] The techniques described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques can be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication devices (mobile phones), or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication devices (mobile phones) and other devices. Any feature described as a module or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium can form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging material. The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or conveys program code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed, read and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

[0205] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuits. Such processors can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in alternatives, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, as used herein, the term "processor" may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or means suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0206] Those skilled in the art will understand that, without departing from the scope of this description, the less than (“<”) and greater than (“>”) symbols or terms used herein may be replaced with less than or equal to (“>”) respectively. ") and greater than or equal to (" The symbol ) is used instead.

[0207] When a component is described as being “configured” to perform certain operations, such configuration can be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operations, or any combination thereof.

[0208] The phrase “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” means that any component is physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or that any component is in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to that other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0209] Claim language or other languages ​​that state "at least one of" and / or "one or more of" in a set indicate that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language stating "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, A and B and C, or any repetition is information or data (e.g., A and A, B and B, C and C, A and A and B, etc.), or any other ordering, repetition, or combination of A, B, and C. The language "at least one of the set" and / or "one or more of the set" does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, the language of a claim stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" may refer to A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B. The phrases "at least one" and "one or more" are used interchangeably herein.

[0210] Claims using phrases such as "at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to," "at least one processor being configured to," "one or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to," or "one or more processors being configured to," or other languages, indicate that one or more processors (in any combination) are capable of performing associated operations. For example, a claim using the phrase "at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to: X, Y, and Z" means that a single processor can be used to perform operations X, Y, and Z; or that multiple processors are each assigned a specific subset of tasks involving operations X, Y, and Z, such that the multiple processors together perform X, Y, and Z; or that a group of multiple processors work together to perform operations X, Y, and Z. In another example, a claim using the phrase "at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to: X, Y, and Z" could mean that any single processor can perform only a subset of operations X, Y, and Z.

[0211] When referring to one or more elements that perform functions (e.g., steps of a method), one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may jointly perform these functions. When more than one element jointly performs these functions, each function does not need to be performed by every single element (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements), and / or each function does not need to be performed by only one element as a whole (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function). Similarly, when referring to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., a device) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause another element to perform all functions, or more than one element may be jointly configured to cause another element to perform these functions.

[0212] When referring to an entity that performs or is configured to perform functions (e.g., steps of a method) (e.g., any entity or device described herein), the entity may be configured to cause one or more elements (individually or collectively) to perform those functions. One or more components of the entity may include at least one memory, at least one processor, at least one communication interface, another component configured to perform one or more of those functions, and / or any combination thereof. When referring to an entity that performs functions, the entity may be configured to cause one component to perform all functions, or to cause more than one component to perform those functions collectively. When the entity is configured to cause more than one component to perform those functions collectively, each function does not need to be performed by every single component (e.g., different functions may be performed by different components), and / or each function does not need to be performed by only one component as a whole (e.g., different components may perform different sub-functions of a function).

[0213] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, engines, circuits, and algorithm steps described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, engines, modules, circuits, and steps have been broadly described above in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this application.

[0214] The techniques described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques can be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication devices (mobile phones), or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication devices (mobile phones) and other devices. Any feature described as an engine, module, or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, these techniques can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable data storage medium can form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging material. The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or conveys program code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed, read and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

[0215] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuits. Such processors can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in alternatives, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, as used herein, the term "processor" may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or means suitable for implementing the techniques described herein. Furthermore, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated software or hardware modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated into a combined video encoder-decoder (CODEC).

[0216] The exemplary aspects of this disclosure include:

[0217] Aspect 1. A first device for sharing device capabilities, the first device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: output an announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for transmission to the one or more second devices; receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and establish a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0218] Aspect 2. The first device according to aspect 1, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

[0219] Aspect 3. The first device according to any one of Aspects 1 or 2, wherein the notification message further indicates an exchange system for sharing the one or more capabilities.

[0220] Aspect 4. The first device according to aspect 3, wherein the exchange system is one of pre-approved exchange, barter exchange, or fee-based exchange.

[0221] Aspect 5. The first device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the notification message further indicates a reputation score, the reputation score indicating the credibility level of the first device.

[0222] Aspect 6. The first device according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the at least one processor is configured to form a corresponding device group with each of the one or more second devices.

[0223] Aspect 7. The first device according to aspect 6, wherein the device group association is one of a permanent association or a temporary association.

[0224] Aspect 8. The first device according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the connection is established via one or more third devices.

[0225] Aspect 9. The first device according to aspect 8, wherein the at least one processor is configured to form a corresponding device group with each of the one or more third devices.

[0226] Aspect 10. A method for sharing device capabilities, the method comprising: sending an announcement message from a first device to one or more second devices, the announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device available for sharing with the one or more second devices; receiving a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and establishing a connection between the first device and the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0227] Aspect 11. The method according to aspect 10, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

[0228] Aspect 12. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 or 11, wherein the notification message further indicates an exchange system for sharing the one or more capabilities.

[0229] Aspect 13. The method according to aspect 12, wherein the exchange system is one of pre-approved exchange, barter exchange, or fee-based exchange.

[0230] Aspect 14. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 13, wherein the notification message further indicates a reputation score, the reputation score indicating the credibility level of the first device.

[0231] Aspect 15. The method according to any one of aspects 10 to 14, the method further comprising associating the first device with each of the one or more second devices to form a respective device group.

[0232] Aspect 16. The method according to aspect 15, wherein the device group association is one of a permanent association or a temporary association.

[0233] Aspect 17. The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 16, wherein the connection is established via one or more third devices.

[0234] Aspect 18. The method according to aspect 17, the method further comprising associating the first device with each of the one or more third devices to form a corresponding device group.

[0235] Aspect 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium of a first device, the non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to: output a notification message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for sending to the one or more second devices; receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; and establish a connection with the at least one second device for sharing the at least one capability.

[0236] Aspect 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to aspect 19, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

[0237] Aspect 21. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Aspects 19 or 20, wherein the notification message further indicates an exchange system for sharing the one or more capabilities.

[0238] Aspect 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to aspect 21, wherein the exchange system is one of pre-approved exchange, barter exchange, or chargeable exchange.

[0239] Aspect 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Aspects 19 to 22, wherein the notification message further indicates a reputation score, the reputation score indicating the credibility level of the first device.

[0240] Aspect 24. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of aspects 19 to 23, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, associate the one or more processors with each of the one or more second devices to form a corresponding device group.

[0241] Aspect 25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to aspect 24, wherein the device group association is one of a permanent association or a temporary association.

[0242] Aspect 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of aspects 19 to 25, wherein the connection is established via one or more third devices.

[0243] Aspect 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to aspect 26, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, associate the one or more processors with each of the one or more third devices to form a corresponding device group.

[0244] Aspect 28. An apparatus for generating virtual content in a distributed system, the apparatus comprising one or more components for performing operations according to any one of Aspects 10 to 18.

[0245] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope of the language claims, wherein an element referred to in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one," but rather "one or more" unless specifically stated otherwise.

Claims

1. A first device for sharing device capabilities, the first device comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and being configured to: Output an announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for use in sending to the one or more second devices; Receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; as well as Establish a connection with the at least one second device to share the at least one capability.

2. The first device according to claim 1, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

3. The first device of claim 1, wherein the notification message further indicates an exchange system for sharing the one or more capabilities.

4. The first device according to claim 3, wherein the exchange system is one of pre-approved exchange, barter exchange, or fee-based exchange.

5. The first device of claim 1, wherein the notification message further indicates a reputation score, the reputation score indicating the credibility level of the first device.

6. The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to form a corresponding device group with each of the one or more second devices.

7. The first device according to claim 6, wherein the device group association is one of a permanent association or a temporary association.

8. The first device of claim 1, wherein the connection is established via one or more third devices.

9. The first device of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is configured to form a corresponding device group with each of the one or more third devices.

10. A method for sharing device capabilities, the method comprising: A first device sends a notification message to one or more second devices, the notification message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with the one or more second devices; The first device receives a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; as well as The first device establishes a connection with the at least one second device to share the at least one capability.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the notification message further indicates an exchange system for sharing the one or more capabilities.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the exchange system is one of a pre-approved exchange, a barter exchange, or a fee-based exchange.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the notification message further indicates a reputation score, the reputation score indicating the credibility level of the first device.

15. The method of claim 10, further comprising associating the first device with each of the one or more second devices to form a corresponding device group.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the device group association is one of a permanent association or a temporary association.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the connection is established via one or more third devices.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising associating the first device with each of the one or more third devices to form a corresponding device group.

19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium of a first device, the non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions causing the one or more processors, when executed by one or more processors, to: Output an announcement message indicating one or more capabilities of the first device that can be shared with one or more second devices, for use in sending to the one or more second devices; Receive a response message from at least one of the one or more second devices, the response message requesting at least one capability from the one or more capabilities of the first device; as well as Establish a connection with the at least one second device to share the at least one capability.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the one or more capabilities include at least one of computing capabilities, connectivity capabilities, sensing capabilities, energy capabilities, distributed computing capabilities, power supply capabilities, battery capabilities, memory capabilities, storage capabilities, or hardware capabilities.

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