Block chain-based spectrum sharing and transaction credible management scheme in wireless network

Abstract

The invention discloses a spectrum sharing and transaction credible management scheme based on a block chain in a wireless network, and belongs to the technical field of wireless communication and information. The scheme constructs a block chain network comprising multi-role nodes of a spectrum provider, a user, a supervisor and the like, and deploys a series of smart contracts; comprising resource registration, demand release, automatic matching, access authorization, payment settlement, reputation management and supervision audit contract. Through the non-tampering and transparent characteristics of the block chain and the automatic execution capability of the smart contract, in combination with under-chain credible data input, the whole process credible and automatic management of spectrum resources from state perception, transaction matching, authorization access, use supervision to payment settlement is realized. According to the method, the problems of trust missing, low efficiency, difficult supervision and the like in traditional spectrum sharing are effectively solved, the spectrum utilization rate and the transaction efficiency are remarkably improved, the management cost is reduced, and a technical basis is provided for constructing a safe, efficient and credible dynamic spectrum sharing ecosystem.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of wireless communication technology, spectrum resource management, and blockchain technology, specifically to a management scheme based on blockchain technology to achieve a trustworthy, transparent, and automated spectrum sharing and transaction process. Background Technology

[0002] As a critical and scarce resource supporting mobile communications, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industry digital transformation, the traditional static or administrative allocation model for wireless spectrum is no longer sufficient to meet the explosive growth in traffic demand and diverse application scenarios. Static allocation leads to low utilization rates of a large amount of licensed spectrum in both time and space, creating a contradiction between spectrum scarcity and spectrum vacancy. Dynamic spectrum sharing and market-based trading are widely considered the fundamental way to improve spectrum efficiency and stimulate network innovation. This approach allows secondary users to dynamically access idle spectrum without causing harmful interference to primary users, or allows spectrum to be leased and sold as a commodity in the market, thereby achieving optimal resource allocation.

[0003] However, existing dynamic spectrum sharing and trading mechanisms face a series of severe challenges in practice, which can be summarized as a triple dilemma of trust, efficiency, and security. At the trust level, there is a lack of mutual trust among multiple stakeholders, making it difficult to verify the authenticity of spectrum status declarations and ensuring the fulfillment of transaction commitments, easily leading to disputes regarding interference liability and payment settlement. At the efficiency level, current centralized spectrum access systems or bilateral negotiation models suffer from single-point performance bottlenecks, huge management overhead, and long transaction matching and settlement cycles, making it difficult to support massive, high-frequency, and fine-grained real-time spectrum trading. At the security level, centralized databases and control systems are vulnerable to cyberattacks, posing risks of data tampering, service interruptions, and privacy breaches. Furthermore, regulatory agencies struggle to effectively and transparently supervise and audit decentralized and dynamic trading activities in real time, resulting in high compliance costs.

[0004] Blockchain technology, with its characteristics of distributed ledger, immutable data, traceable processes, and automatic execution of smart contracts, provides a new paradigm for building decentralized trust infrastructure. Existing research has explored the application of blockchain to spectrum management, primarily by storing transaction records and spectrum authorization information on the blockchain. However, these solutions often have significant limitations: first, they fail to address the issue of reliable on-chain recording of spectrum status; second, their functions are relatively limited, focusing mainly on the transaction process and failing to form a closed loop with core communication processes such as spectrum sensing, access control, interference coordination, and collaborative scheduling; third, they lack deep support for complex business logic and multi-party collaborative governance; and fourth, they struggle to strike a balance between privacy protection and regulatory transparency. Therefore, existing blockchain-based spectrum management solutions are mostly superficial applications and have not yet built a robust and efficient trusted spectrum ecosystem covering the entire lifecycle. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies and provide a comprehensive, blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management solution, achieving full-process trust and automation from spectrum perception, transaction matching, contract execution to regulatory auditing.

[0006] The present invention provides a blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme for wireless networks. This scheme is deployed on a blockchain network jointly maintained by multiple participating nodes. The blockchain network serves as a decentralized, trusted infrastructure, recording and verifying all spectrum management operations. The core functionality of the scheme is implemented through a set of interconnected smart contracts and executed according to the following steps:

[0007] S1: Resource registration step, through the resource registration contract, receives, verifies and permanently stores the spectrum resource attribute information submitted by the spectrum provider node. The attribute information includes at least the spectrum identifier, geographical coverage, available time window, basic pricing strategy and maximum allowed transmit power parameter.

[0008] S2: Demand posting step, through the demand posting contract, receive, format and permanently store the spectrum demand information submitted by the spectrum demand party node. The demand information includes at least the required frequency band, expected geographical location and service time, service quality requirements and payment budget.

[0009] S3: Automatic matching and transaction steps. Through automatic matching and transaction contracts, continuously monitor the events of the resource registration contract and demand release contract, and automatically match spectrum resources and demands that meet the conditions based on the preset matching algorithm and transaction rules. After reaching an agreement, generate and store an immutable transaction record containing the two parties to the transaction, spectrum parameters, price and validity period.

[0010] S4: Trusted access authorization step, through the trusted access authorization contract, responding to the completion event of the automatic matching and transaction contract, generating a unique, time-sensitive digital authorization token containing a precise spectrum usage license instruction based on the transaction record, and securely distributing the token to the corresponding demand-side node;

[0011] S5: Automatic payment and settlement step. Through the automatic payment and settlement contract, based on the payment terms in the transaction record and the preset performance verification conditions, the transfer of digital assets from the demander to the provider is automatically triggered and executed to complete the transaction settlement.

[0012] This invention constructs a complete, smart contract-based automated management closed loop. By programming and solidifying key processes such as resource registration, demand matching, authorization, and settlement onto the blockchain, it achieves automated operation without intermediaries and with full-process verifiability for the first time in the field of spectrum management. This fundamentally eliminates human manipulation and trust friction, and significantly improves the trading efficiency and system reliability of spectrum resources.

[0013] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the scheme also includes an off-chain trusted data layer tightly coupled with the blockchain network, used to ensure the authenticity and timeliness of the spectrum status data input to the blockchain before and during the execution of the S3 automatic matching and transaction steps; the off-chain trusted data layer specifically operates according to the following steps, serving as a supporting step for the S3 steps:

[0014] S2.1: Distributed sensing step, consisting of a distributed sensing unit composed of multiple wireless sensing nodes deployed in the target geographical area, collaboratively collecting real-time spectrum environment data, including signal strength, occupancy status, background noise and interference level of a specific frequency band;

[0015] S2.2: Data verification and aggregation step. Through the data verification and aggregation service, a consensus-based algorithm or trusted execution environment is used to cross-verify, denoise and aggregate the raw data from multiple sensing units to form a consistent and verifiable spectrum status report.

[0016] S2.3: Trusted on-chain step, through the oracle network as a secure off-chain to on-chain data bridge, the nodes of the oracle network obtain the spectrum status report from the data verification and aggregation service, and after ensuring its reliability by means of digital signature and / or deposit submission, submit the key data summary or proof to the blockchain network, triggering the relevant smart contract status update;

[0017] In the S3 automatic matching and transaction step, when making a matching decision, the automatic matching and transaction contract forcibly queries and verifies the latest spectrum status data related to the target geographical area and frequency band submitted by the oracle network, ensuring that the transaction is only allowed when the spectrum resources are verified to be actually available or about to be available.

[0018] The above solution addresses the key challenge of connecting blockchain systems with physical world data. Through the collaboration of distributed sensing and oracle mechanisms, it ensures that the spectrum state data input into smart contracts has a high degree of authenticity and timeliness, enabling on-chain transaction decisions to be based on reliable physical reality. This effectively avoids invalid or disruptive transactions based on erroneous or outdated data, significantly improving the security and practicality of spectrum sharing.

[0019] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, in the S4 trusted access authorization step, the generated digital authorization token is a non-fungible token conforming to blockchain token standards or a digital certificate with a specific structure. The spectrum usage license instructions encoded within the token are machine-readable and include at least the center frequency, bandwidth, authorization start and end timestamps, three-dimensional geospatial usage boundaries, and maximum equivalent omnidirectional radiated power limit. The scheme also includes an automatic device configuration interface, enabling the communication equipment of the demand-side node to obtain this digital authorization token by querying the blockchain status or listening to contract events, and to parse the instructions within it. Through software-defined radio or programmable RF front-end, the transmission parameters are automatically and accurately configured to achieve compliant access. This scheme specifies the digital authorization token and its automatic configuration mechanism: firstly, it transforms spectrum usage rights into standard on-chain digital assets, achieving precise, unambiguous representation and efficient circulation of rights; secondly, it achieves automatic parsing and execution of authorization instructions through the device interface, avoiding manual configuration errors, ensuring strict compliance and immediacy of spectrum access, and providing a technical foundation for a truly buy-and-use experience.

[0020] Based on the optimization of the above management plan, the plan also includes spectrum usage supervision and compliance verification steps:

[0021] S6.1: Using the proof generation step, during the authorized use period, the communication device periodically or according to event triggers collects its own actual transmission parameters and / or the received signal characteristics collected by the cooperating nodes to generate a spectrum use proof data packet with a timestamp and digital signature;

[0022] S6.2: Proof data on-chain step, submitting the usage proof data packet to the blockchain network for storage, forming an immutable spectrum usage trajectory chain;

[0023] S6.3: Performance verification step. In the automatic payment and settlement step S5, the automatic payment and settlement contract will verify whether there is a continuous and compliant chain of proof of use corresponding to the current transaction, and will use this verification result as one of the core conditions for releasing payment funds, returning deposits, or determining default.

[0024] The above scheme constructs a credible performance verification mechanism. Through on-chain evidence of use, it provides objective and tamper-proof technical evidence for payment settlement and dispute resolution, realizes a precise settlement model, and forms effective constraints and transparent supervision on user behavior, thus ensuring the order of the spectrum sharing environment.

[0025] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the scheme also includes distributed reputation management and incentive steps:

[0026] S7.1: Behavior recording steps, through reputation management contracts, continuously record and structure the on-chain behavioral events of each participating node, including the number of successful transactions, fulfillment rate, accuracy and timeliness of providing spectrum status data, number of arbitrations and results;

[0027] S7.2: Reputation score calculation steps: using a predefined algorithm model, based on the history of the behavioral events, dynamically calculate and update the comprehensive reputation score of each node;

[0028] S7.3: Reputation Application Step. In the automatic matching and transaction step S3, the matching algorithm uses the seller's reputation score as a positive correlation factor for its resource ranking or recommendation weight, and uses the buyer's reputation score as the basis for calculating the required deposit ratio or credit line, thereby constructing an incentive-compatible ecosystem. Here, by quantifying and applying on-chain behavioral history, a reputation ecosystem combining positive incentives and negative penalties is constructed. High-reputation nodes can obtain preferential treatment such as transaction priority and lower collateral requirements, incentivizing all participants to maintain honest and compliant behavior in the long term, thereby systematically reducing the overall market risk and supervision costs, and promoting the formation of a healthy and sustainable sharing ecosystem.

[0029] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the scheme also includes decentralized dispute arbitration and enforcement steps:

[0030] S8.1: Dispute Initiation and Evidence Encapsulation Steps: Any participating node can initiate a dispute over a specific transaction through the dispute arbitration contract and submit relevant on-chain transaction records, authorization tokens, and proof of use as evidence.

[0031] S8.2: Jury selection and voting steps: The arbitration contract selects a jury from network nodes according to predefined rules. Jury members conduct anonymous or public voting after reviewing the evidence.

[0032] S8.3: Automatic Execution of the Arbitration Award. The arbitration contract forms a final award based on the voting results and automatically executes the award, including but not limited to transferring the disputed deposit to the injured party, deducting from the responsible party's credit score, or forcibly revoking their current spectrum access authorization. This solution provides an efficient and fair dispute resolution method that does not rely on central authority. Utilizing a complete chain of evidence stored on the blockchain and community-based adjudication based on predefined rules, it can quickly and transparently handle disputes such as interference and breach of contract, and automatically execute the award results. This enhances the system's autonomy and the confidence of participants, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of all parties involved in the transaction.

[0033] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the scheme also includes programmable oversight and compliance audit steps:

[0034] S9.1: Regulatory node access steps: The regulatory agency operates a regulatory node with a specific permission level to access the blockchain network. The specific permission level allows it to decrypt and view plaintext transaction details or access all original data records.

[0035] S9.2: The strategy contractification step encodes the core provisions of spectrum management regulations into compliant strategy functions that can be called by smart contracts;

[0036] S9.3: Real-time compliance check step. In the S3 automatic matching and transaction step or the S4 trusted access authorization step, the relevant contract automatically calls the compliance strategy function to perform verification and block non-compliant operations.

[0037] S9.4: Audit interface exposure steps, providing standardized data query APIs and visual dashboards for regulatory nodes to conduct panoramic, penetrating real-time monitoring and post-audit. This solution, by codifying regulations and deeply integrating them with transaction processes, achieves real-time, automated compliance review of market behavior. Simultaneously, the transparent audit interface reduces the difficulty of evidence collection and monitoring for regulatory agencies, balancing strong regulation with efficient market operation, and clearing obstacles for the compliant implementation of innovative technologies.

[0038] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the scheme also includes multiple layers of privacy protection processing steps:

[0039] S10.1: Identity anonymization step, participating nodes use pseudo-identities generated by asymmetric cryptography to interact on the chain, realizing the decoupling of identity from real entity in the conventional view;

[0040] S10.2: Transaction Details Protection Steps. For sensitive business information such as transaction prices and precise geographic coordinates, zero-knowledge proof technology is used, enabling participants to prove to the network that their transactions comply with all rules without disclosing specific values; alternatively, threshold homomorphic encryption technology is used to encrypt sensitive data before it is uploaded to the blockchain, and multiple authorized parties collaboratively decrypt it only when certain conditions are met. This solution strengthens privacy protection measures, balancing the conflict between transaction transparency and business / personal privacy. Through anonymity and advanced cryptography, it effectively protects the sensitive information of participants while ensuring transaction verifiability and regulatory traceability, eliminating concerns about the leakage of trade secrets and user tracking, and encouraging broader participation.

[0041] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, in the S3 automatic matching and trading step, the preset matching algorithm and trading rules support a pluggable market mechanism, specifically including:

[0042] S3.1: Mechanism selection: Based on the resource type and market strategy, select one or more combinations of fixed price, request / response, one-sided / two-sided auction;

[0043] S3.2: Interference-Aware Matching. In the matching calculation, a lightweight interference assessment model is integrated. This model estimates potential co-channel or adjacent-channel interference based on the geographical location, antenna height, transmit power, and terrain data of both trading parties and surrounding authorized users. Matching is only allowed if the interference is below a preset threshold, ensuring spatial reuse security. This solution improves the economic and physical layer efficiency of spectrum resource allocation, supports multiple auction mechanisms allowing the market to dynamically select the optimal pricing method based on supply and demand. The integrated interference assessment model can preemptively eliminate potential interference conflicts during the transaction matching stage, ensuring radio security for spectrum sharing from the source and achieving dual optimization of economic benefits and network quality.

[0044] Based on the optimization of the above management scheme, the blockchain network adopts a permissioned consortium blockchain architecture. The consensus mechanism employs a practical Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism or its variants suitable for high-frequency trading scenarios, or a mechanism based on proof-of-authority. All smart contracts interact through a well-defined application binary interface and event logs. Steps S1 to S5, and optional steps S6 to S10, are chained together in an event-driven manner to form a complete, autonomous, and verifiable workflow for spectrum resource sharing and automated trading. This invention, by employing a consortium blockchain and an efficient consensus mechanism, ensures necessary decentralization and security while meeting the processing performance and low latency requirements of high-frequency spectrum exchanges. The event-driven modular workflow design makes the system highly flexible and scalable, facilitating the upgrading and customized deployment of functional modules, thus enhancing the technical feasibility and engineering practicality of the solution.

[0045] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0046] 1. This invention fundamentally establishes decentralized trust and improves resource circulation efficiency. By immutably embedding key information such as spectrum status, transaction contracts, access authorization, and payment records into a distributed ledger, it solves the problem of mutual trust among multiple stakeholders and ensures the transparency and traceability of the transaction process. At the same time, smart contracts replace traditional intermediaries, automatically executing resource matching, pricing, signing, and settlement, enabling rapid transaction completion and significantly reducing negotiation, reconciliation, and clearing costs. This makes massive, micro-amount, and real-time fragmented spectrum transactions possible, thereby releasing the liquidity and economic value of spectrum resources.

[0047] 2. This invention achieves a unity of enhanced security and refined governance at the level of system security and automated management: The distributed architecture of blockchain avoids the single point of failure and attack risks of centralized databases, improving the overall robustness of the system. On the one hand, spectrum access authorization is encoded as verifiable on-chain digital credentials, realizing precise and tamper-proof control over the access parameters of terminal devices; on the other hand, combined with a reputation scoring model and automated arbitration mechanism, it can effectively identify and punish malicious behavior, forming an incentive-compatible autonomous ecosystem. This not only ensures the credibility of data records, but also the credibility and automation of physical layer access behavior management.

[0048] 3. At the regulatory compliance and industry ecosystem level, this invention provides regulatory agencies with unprecedented transparency tools and helps build a collaborative and shared spectrum market. As a licensed node participating in the network, regulatory agencies can conduct real-time and non-repudiable audits of global transactions and spectrum usage. At the same time, they can use pre-set compliance inspection contracts to automatically execute policies, which significantly reduces regulatory costs and improves timeliness. In addition, the standardized on-chain interface and trusted environment break down the information and trust barriers of the traditional spectrum market, enabling small and medium-sized operators, vertical industries, and even personal devices to participate in the supply and consumption of spectrum resources with low barriers to entry. This promotes the formation and development of a multi-level and diversified spectrum sharing ecosystem and provides reliable infrastructure support for dynamic resource management in the integrated computing and air-space-ground network of the 6G era. Attached Figure Description

[0049] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of the blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in the wireless network of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the blockchain-based spectrum sharing and trusted transaction management scheme in a wireless network according to the present invention.

[0051] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the workflow of the off-chain trusted data layer in this invention.

[0052] Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the trusted access authorization and automatic device configuration process in this invention;

[0053] Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the spectrum usage supervision and compliance verification process in this invention;

[0054] Figure 6 This is a diagram of the distributed reputation management system architecture in this invention;

[0055] Figure 7 This is a flowchart of the decentralized dispute arbitration process in this invention;

[0056] Figure 8This is a diagram of the programmable regulatory and compliance audit architecture in this invention;

[0057] Figure 9 This is a diagram of the multi-layered privacy protection processing architecture in this invention;

[0058] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the interference-sensing matching model structure in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0059] To illustrate the possible application scenarios, technical principles, implementable specific solutions, and achievable objectives and effects of this application in detail, the following description, in conjunction with the listed specific embodiments and accompanying drawings, provides a detailed explanation. The embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of this application and are therefore intended to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0060] like Figures 1-10 As shown, this invention provides a blockchain-based trusted management scheme for spectrum sharing and transactions in wireless networks. This scheme constructs a decentralized, automated, and auditable new spectrum resource management system. The core architecture of the scheme is deployed on a blockchain network jointly constructed and maintained by multiple participating nodes, including spectrum owners, spectrum consumers, aggregators, and regulatory agencies. As the underlying trusted infrastructure of the system, the blockchain network utilizes the immutable, transparent, and traceable characteristics of its distributed ledger technology to fully record and allow all key spectrum resource descriptions, transactions, authorizations, and performance operations to be jointly verified by all network nodes, fundamentally establishing a global trust foundation without the need for third-party intermediaries.

[0061] The core business logic and rules of the proposed solution are implemented through a set of carefully designed, collaborative smart contracts. These contracts define the rights and obligations of the participants and ensure the automatic execution of the process. The core workflow is executed sequentially or in parallel as follows:

[0062] S1: Resource Registration and Standardization Description Steps. The spectrum provider submits the attribute information of the spectrum resources it intends to share by invoking a resource registration contract deployed on the blockchain. After verifying the format and compliance of the input information, the resource registration contract permanently stores it in the blockchain state with a standardized structure. The attribute information is a multi-dimensional vector, including at least: a globally or regionally unique spectrum identifier, precise geographical coverage, a clear availability window, a flexible basic pricing strategy, and key radio frequency parameters—the maximum allowed transmit power spectral density and out-of-band leakage index. This step transforms physical spectrum resources into standardized digital assets that can be recognized and processed by smart contracts.

[0063] S2: Demand Posting and Intent Formatting Step. Spectrum demanders clearly express their spectrum usage intent by invoking a demand posting contract. This contract formats the demand information into machine-readable query conditions and persists them. The demand information includes at least: the required frequency band range and bandwidth, the desired geographical location of the service, precise service time requirements, service quality requirements, and payment budget and preferences. This step enables the system to uniformly understand and match fragmented and diverse market demands.

[0064] S3: Smart Matching and Transaction Contract Generation Steps. The automatic matching and transaction contract, as the core matching engine, continuously monitors on-chain events generated by steps S1 and S2. This transaction contract incorporates advanced matching algorithms and configurable transaction rules. It automatically performs multi-dimensional matching and evaluation of spectrum resources and demands that meet basic conditions. Upon reaching an agreement, it automatically generates a structured, tamper-proof digital transaction record. This digital transaction record, as the sole trusted source, must include at least the following complete elements: the anonymized identities of both parties, the precise technical parameters of the target spectrum, the final transaction price, the authorization validity period, and the digital signatures of both parties, constituting a legally and technically binding electronic contract.

[0065] S4: Digital Authorization Token Generation and Distribution Steps. Once the transaction record in step S3 is confirmed, the trusted access authorization contract will be automatically triggered. Based on the aforementioned transaction record, the authorization contract generates a digital authorization token with a unique serial number and strong timeliness. This digital authorization token encodes a precise set of spectrum usage license instructions, which may include: center frequency, bandwidth, effective and ineffective timestamps, three-dimensional spatial usage boundaries, directional antenna mode constraints, and maximum equivalent omnidirectional radiated power limits. This digital authorization token is securely and instantly distributed to the encrypted wallet address of the requesting node through blockchain transactions, marking the formal transfer of usage rights.

[0066] S5: Condition-triggered automatic payment and settlement steps. The automatic payment and settlement contract is closely linked to the transaction records generated in S3 and the authorization status in S4. Based on the payment terms clearly stated in the transaction records and the preset performance conditions verifiable on the chain, it automatically triggers execution without human intervention when the conditions are met. Settlement is usually completed through digital assets built into the blockchain network, realizing the atomic transfer of funds from the demander's escrow account or direct wallet to the provider's account, thereby solving the trust and delay issues in transaction settlement.

[0067] Through the closed-loop operation of the above five core steps, the present invention achieves fully automated and reliable management of the entire process from resource digitization, market matching, ownership transfer, and performance settlement, providing a complete technical solution for building an efficient, fair, and secure dynamic spectrum market.

[0068] The present invention introduces an off-chain trusted data layer that is tightly coupled and works in collaboration with the underlying blockchain network. This off-chain trusted data layer is specifically responsible for bridging the physical radio environment and the digital blockchain world. Its core mission is to provide real, real-time and verified spectrum situation information for smart contract decisions before and during the execution of the S3 automatic matching and transaction steps, thereby ensuring that on-chain transactions are strictly consistent with the physical world state and preventing invalid or harmful transactions based on false or outdated information.

[0069] The off-chain trusted data layer, as an independent but verifiable subsystem, operates strictly according to the following steps, providing crucial data support and trust guarantees for step S3:

[0070] S2.1: Distributed Cooperative Sensing and Data Acquisition Steps. A heterogeneous sensing network consisting of multi-standard, configurable wireless sensor nodes is deployed within the target geographical area. These nodes act as information receivers in the physical world, performing cooperative scanning and monitoring of specific frequency bands according to predetermined strategies or dynamic commands. The acquired raw spectrum environment data is multi-dimensional and fine-grained, including not only signal strength, occupancy status, background noise, and specific signal characteristics in the frequency domain, but also occupancy statistics in the time domain, signal arrival direction in the spatial domain, and crucial co-channel and adjacent-channel interference levels. The data acquisition process itself can record integrity check codes.

[0071] S2.2: Multi-source Data Trusted Aggregation and Consensus Verification Steps. Raw sensing data is sent to a decentralized data verification and aggregation service network. This aggregation service network employs a two-layer mechanism to ensure the reliability of the output report: First, at the data level, using a consensus algorithm based on redundant sensing or a hardware-level trusted execution environment, data from different spatial locations and different types of sensor nodes are cross-validated, denoised, calibrated, and spatiotemporally aligned to filter out abnormal or malicious data. Second, at the report level, the processed data is aggregated into a standardized spectrum status report with a unified timestamp regarding the target region-frequency band combination. This standardized spectrum status report includes spectrum availability conclusions, confidence indicators, and key evidence hashes; its generation process is auditable.

[0072] S2.3: Trusted On-Chain Steps Based on Economic Incentives and Cryptographic Guarantees. A decentralized oracle network, specifically designed for physical world data, serves as the sole secure bridge connecting the off-chain data layer and on-chain smart contracts. Oracle nodes retrieve signed spectrum state reports from this aggregation service network. To ensure faithful transmission, oracle nodes must bind their reputation and assets to the authenticity of the submitted data through a combination of economic staking and cryptographic proof. Subsequently, the oracle network, through its consensus mechanism, submits the final confirmed key data summary to the blockchain network in the form of a transaction. This transaction triggers a state update of the relevant smart contract, signifying that the spectrum state at a given time and space officially becomes a trusted on-chain fact.

[0073] Trusted Data-Driven Decision-Making Mechanism: Under this architecture, the automatic matching and transaction contract in step S3 are designed to rely on trusted on-chain facts. Before each matching decision, the transaction contract will forcibly query the latest spectrum status verification result maintained by the oracle network, which strictly corresponds to the transaction target. The transaction contract logic stipulates that the transaction matching process is only allowed to continue if the verification result shows that the spectrum resource is actually available or has a high probability of becoming available within the target time period, and the confidence level is higher than a preset threshold; otherwise, the transaction will be automatically suspended or rejected. This mechanism directly and reliably embeds the real-time constraints of the physical layer into the economic transaction logic, fundamentally ensuring the radio security and operational feasibility of spectrum sharing.

[0074] In the S4 trusted access authorization step, the digital authorization token generated by the system serves as the authoritative carrier and executable credential of spectrum usage rights in the digital world. Its physical form primarily encompasses two highly feasible and interoperable technical paths: first, using a non-fungible token conforming to mainstream blockchain token standards, which possesses a globally unique identifier, is indivisible, and has a traceable entire circulation history; second, generating a digital certificate with a strong cryptographic security structure, which follows standard formats such as X.509 and includes verifiable blockchain anchor proofs. Both forms ensure the uniqueness, anti-counterfeiting properties, and programmability of the authorization.

[0075] The core value of the digital license token lies in its internally encoded set of spectrum usage license instructions that can be directly parsed and executed by machines. This license instruction set adopts a standardized data format and precisely includes at least the following multi-dimensional constraint parameters: center frequency, license bandwidth, license activation and deactivation timestamps with nanosecond-level precision, three-dimensional geospatial usage boundaries, and detailed transmission radio frequency parameter limits. The latter includes not only the maximum equivalent isotropic radiated power but also the maximum power spectral density, out-of-band emission template, harmonic and spurious radiation requirements, and specific modulation and waveform constraints.

[0076] To achieve a seamless transition from digital authorization to physical delivery, this invention defines a unified device auto-configuration interface. The communication devices of the requesting nodes integrate a lightweight blockchain client or a dedicated security agent. This interface enables devices to acquire tokens through two proactive mechanisms: first, periodically polling the blockchain to check the authorization status associated with their identity address; and second, subscribing to and listening for specific authorization events published by smart contracts. Once a token is acquired, the device's built-in security engine automatically verifies the token's digital signature, validity, and scope of permissions, and parses the instruction set contained therein.

[0077] The parsed parameters are directly and automatically configured into the waveform library and parameter pool of the software-defined radio through the device driver layer, or loaded into the configuration register of the programmable RF front-end. The entire process requires no manual intervention, realizing a fully automated closed loop from authorization issuance to parameter parsing to hardware configuration. This ensures that the device's transmission behavior is synchronized and strictly consistent with the terms of authorization on the blockchain at the millisecond level. It not only eliminates manual configuration errors but also makes dynamic, fine-grained, and short-cycle spectrum sharing truly feasible in engineering, achieving the ultimate experience of timely spectrum resources. At the same time, it lays the foundation for real-time interference coordination and collaborative scheduling.

[0078] This invention further constructs a closed-loop, verifiable spectrum usage supervision and compliance verification system. This compliance verification system aims to transform actual spectrum usage behavior at the physical layer into credible and auditable electronic evidence on the blockchain, and to achieve automated performance management based on this evidence. The compliance verification system works collaboratively through the following core steps:

[0079] S6.1: Steps for generating multi-source trusted proof data.

[0080] During the authorized usage period, the requester's communication equipment not only passively follows the parameters but also actively proves its compliance. This proof is generated periodically or based on key events. The proof data originates from dual trusted data collection:

[0081] Self-monitoring data: The device's built-in safety measurement module collects its real-time transmission parameters, including precise timestamps, geographic location, actual transmission center frequency, bandwidth, instantaneous power, power spectral density, and waveform characteristics.

[0082] Collaborative Witness Data: Collaborative monitoring nodes in the network collect air interface received signal characteristics of target devices within their coverage area, including received signal strength, signal fingerprint, direction of arrival, and changes in perceived interference levels.

[0083] After being signed by the device's private key or a hardware security module, the raw data is encapsulated into a spectrum usage proof data packet with a specific structure. The proof data packet contains a data hash, a source identifier, and an associated authorization token ID, forming a non-repudiable snapshot of the behavior.

[0084] S6.2: Structured Evidence Preservation and Trajectory Chain Construction Steps.

[0085] The generated proof data packet is submitted to the blockchain network through a secure communication link. The system does not store all the original data, but adopts an efficient hash anchoring and selective disclosure mechanism: First, the hash value of the data packet is calculated, and this hash is put on the chain together with key metadata to form an immutable evidence record; the original data can be stored in an off-chain distributed storage system, and the on-chain evidence includes its content identifier; over time, all evidence records associated with the same authorization token logically form a continuous spectrum usage trajectory chain in chronological order, which fully depicts the entire lifecycle behavior of this spectrum usage.

[0086] S6.3: Automated performance adjudication steps based on intelligent verification.

[0087] This step is deeply integrated into the payment and settlement logic of S5. Before executing the final settlement, the automatic payment and settlement contract will start a preset verification subroutine. The core task of this verification subroutine is:

[0088] Existence and continuity verification: Query the blockchain to verify whether there is a series of time-series proofs of use issued by the authorized device within the authorization validity period.

[0089] Behavioral compliance analysis: By calling the on-chain verification contract or obtaining the analysis results provided by the oracle, compare whether the actual launch parameters in the proof of use are always within the permitted parameter boundaries specified by the authorized token in step S4. The analysis may include statistical compliance rate.

[0090] Interference Complaint Correlation Check: Check whether there are valid interference complaints submitted by other parties in the same time, space and frequency band, which have been preliminarily determined by arbitration, and correlate them with the current usage trajectory.

[0091] The final performance determination is fully automated: the settlement contract is deemed fully performed only when the verification results show "a continuous and compliant chain of proof of use" and "no related valid interference complaints," thus automatically releasing the full payment and returning the performance deposit. If the proof chain is interrupted, or violations exceeding the permitted parameters are detected, or related interference complaints exist, the contract will automatically trigger different processing procedures according to preset rules: such as partial payment, deduction of deposit, marking a credit blemish, or even early termination of authorization and refund of the remaining amount. This mechanism transforms ex-post supervision into automated constraints during and before the event, ensuring order and fairness in the spectrum sharing market.

[0092] This invention further designs a distributed reputation management and economic incentive system deeply integrated with the blockchain ledger. This economic incentive system aims to quantify and make transparent the historical behavior of participants, and capitalize their reputation, thereby constructing a self-evolving ecosystem that encourages cooperation and punishes fraud in a decentralized environment. The economic incentive system is implemented through the following mechanistic steps:

[0093] S7.1: Structured Recording and Evidence Preservation of All-Dimensional On-Chain Behavioral Events. Through a dedicated reputation management core contract, the system continuously monitors and captures key on-chain behavioral events of all participants in the network. These events are transformed into standardized, verifiable claims and structuredly stored in the blockchain state or a storage layer anchored to it. The recorded behavioral dimensions include, but are not limited to:

[0094] Transaction and performance credit: total number and total value of historical successful transactions, order fulfillment rate, average fulfillment time, number of early terminations or defaults.

[0095] Data contribution quality: For nodes that provide spectrum status data, record the final accuracy and timeliness of their submitted data, and calculate their data credibility score.

[0096] Dispute and Arbitration History: Number of times a dispute has been initiated for arbitration, the results of the arbitration, the number of times the individual participated as a juror and the quality of their votes.

[0097] Collaborative behavior: the frequency and reliability of responding to network collaborative awareness requests and providing proof of use to others.

[0098] All records are immutable timestamps and associated transaction hashes, forming a permanent, public record for each node.

[0099] S7.2: Credit Score Calculation Steps Based on a Multi-Factor Dynamic Weight Model. The system employs a transparent, open, and parameterizable credit score algorithm model. This model uses the structured behavioral history recorded in S7.1 as input and dynamically calculates the comprehensive credit score for each node. The calculation process has the following characteristics:

[0100] Multi-dimensional weighted fusion: Different weight factors are assigned to different types of behavioral events, and the weights can be adjusted by community voting through governance contracts.

[0101] Time decay function: Introducing a time decay factor makes the impact of recent behavior on credit score greater than that of long-term history, encouraging nodes to maintain good behavior in the long term, and providing credit repair pathways for nodes that have made mistakes.

[0102] Role-specific model: Slightly different scoring models are used for different types of participating nodes.

[0103] Anti-manipulation design: The model prevents malicious manipulation of the reputation score by smoothing out, detecting and suppressing suspicious patterns such as fraudulent transactions or collusion. The final calculated reputation score is a continuous value within a certain range, and its status is updated on the blockchain periodically.

[0104] S7.3: Application steps of credit capitalization deeply embedded in core processes. The calculated credit score is not a static label, but is deeply embedded in various core economic and operational processes of the system:

[0105] In the S3 automated matching and trading process: the matching algorithm considers not only price and parameters, but also the seller's reputation score as a core ranking factor. Resources from sellers with high reputations will receive higher rankings and recommendation weights in the list, and may even enjoy lower platform fees. For buyers, their reputation score directly determines the proportion of transaction deposits or the amount of on-chain credit they can obtain, thereby reducing their financial threshold and liquidity pressure to participate in transactions.

[0106] In dispute arbitration: high-reputation nodes are more likely to be selected as jury members and may have higher voting weight; at the same time, the dispute ruling may be more stringent on low-reputation parties.

[0107] In regulation and compliance: Regulatory nodes can use credit scores as a risk assessment indicator to conduct more frequent compliance spot checks on nodes with low credit scores.

[0108] Credit assetization: Extremely high credit scores can be transformed into a recognizable honor mark or used as a threshold condition for participating in network governance.

[0109] Through the aforementioned closed-loop reputation system, nodes will have strong economic and technical incentives to conduct honest transactions, provide high-quality data, use spectrum in compliance with regulations, and actively participate in network maintenance in order to maintain and enhance their own reputation value. This will drive the entire ecosystem to spontaneously evolve in a more efficient, trustworthy, and healthy direction, significantly reducing the system's total supervision costs and trust friction.

[0110] This invention also constructs a rigorous, automated, and tamper-proof decentralized dispute arbitration and enforcement mechanism, aiming to provide an efficient, fair, and independent solution for the inevitable disputes in the distributed spectrum sharing market. This enforcement mechanism encodes traditional legal arbitration logic into an executable smart contract process, specifically through the following enhanced steps:

[0111] S8.1: Structured Dispute Initiation and Verifiable Evidence Chain Encapsulation Steps. Any participating node that believes its rights have been infringed can formally initiate a dispute regarding a specific completed or ongoing transaction by calling a specific interface of the dispute arbitration contract. When initiating a dispute, the type of dispute must be clearly stated, the initiator must pay an arbitration deposit to prevent frivolous litigation, and a complete and verifiable evidence chain package must be encapsulated. This evidence chain package is directly linked to existing on-chain evidence, including: the relevant transaction record hash, the corresponding digital authorization token ID, the spectrum usage proof hash for the relevant time period, and optionally, off-chain monitoring reports provided by oracles or signed interference logs. All evidence is solidified upon submission, ensuring its integrity and non-repudiation.

[0112] S8.2: A two-tiered jury selection process based on reputation and randomness, along with an incentive-based voting procedure. Upon the initiation of a dispute, the arbitration contract immediately and automatically selects a small jury from all network nodes according to a set of transparent, manipulation-resistant, predefined rules. The selection employs a two-tiered mechanism to ensure fairness and competence:

[0113] Eligibility pool filtering: First, select nodes from all nodes that meet the minimum reputation score threshold, are recently online, and have no conflict of interest to form a candidate pool.

[0114] Random weighted selection: From the candidate pool, a verifiable random function is used to combine the probability of node reputation weights for final selection, so that high-reputation nodes have a higher chance of being selected, while retaining randomness to prevent collusion.

[0115] Selected jurors are required to pledge a certain amount of assets as a sign of responsibility. They are granted the authority to examine all submitted evidence in a secure off-chain or on-chain crypto environment. Subsequently, jurors vote anonymously to protect themselves from retaliation. To incentivize diligent performance, jurors will receive a share of the arbitration fees for their participation and votes consistent with the final majority verdict; conversely, unexcused absence or misconduct will result in the forfeiture of their pledge.

[0116] S8.3: Ruling Generation and Automatic Execution Based on Smart Contracts. After the voting deadline, the arbitration contract counts the votes according to preset rules, automatically generates the final ruling, and immediately and permanently records the ruling on the blockchain; subsequently, the contract enters the unconditional automatic execution phase:

[0117] Asset disposal: According to the ruling, the contract allows for the direct transfer of disputed deposits or transaction funds held in escrow within the contract to the injured party's account.

[0118] Reputation Sanctions: Automatically invoke the reputation management contract to programmatically deduct from the reputation score of the responsible party, with the deduction amount linked to the severity of the violation.

[0119] Access control: In the event of serious violations, the contract can automatically invoke the access authorization contract to forcibly revoke or freeze the relevant spectrum access authorization token of the responsible party in advance, thereby immediately disabling its device.

[0120] Results made public: The summary of the ruling was publicly recorded as part of the public knowledge online.

[0121] The entire arbitration and enforcement process is code-driven. Once started, it runs logically until completion, with no possibility of human intervention or interruption. This establishes extremely high credibility of the rulings and enforcement efficiency, thereby reducing dispute resolution costs and maintaining market order.

[0122] This invention also designs a deeply embedded programmable regulatory and compliance audit framework, transforming traditional external, ex-post, and sampling-based regulation into an endogenous, real-time, and panoramic service, ensuring that innovation does not cross regulatory red lines. This audit framework achieves the integration of technology and governance through the following enhancement steps:

[0123] S9.1: Secure Access Procedures for Hierarchical Regulatory Nodes Based on Cryptographic Authorization. The regulatory agency, as a licensed participant, operates a regulatory node with special cryptographic credentials and permission levels to access the blockchain network. This permission level is managed through smart contracts and off-chain protocols to achieve fine-grained control.

[0124] Data visibility permissions: Allow regulatory nodes to decrypt and view plaintext transaction details and complete raw data records that are inaccessible to ordinary nodes. This is typically achieved through the master private key held by the regulatory agency or key fragmentation based on threshold cryptography.

[0125] Behavioral intervention authority: In case of emergency or serious violation, the authorized regulatory node can trigger a specific emergency intervention contract through a signed instruction, such as suspending spectrum trading in a specific area across the entire network or temporarily freezing the account of a problematic node.

[0126] Privacy protection balance: The aforementioned high-privilege access is strictly recorded in the on-chain audit log and usually needs to meet multi-signature or time lock conditions to prevent abuse of power, thus ensuring regulatory capabilities while respecting the normal business privacy practices.

[0127] S9.2: Steps for Machine-Readable Regulations and Building a Policy Function Library. The core compliance requirements of written spectrum management regulations, policy documents, and international agreements are transformed into precise, unambiguous machine-executable code through collaboration between legal and engineering experts. This executable code is encapsulated into a set of compliance policy functions that can be called by various smart contracts and deployed in an authoritative, upgradeable policy contract library. For example:

[0128] Regional rule function: Verifies whether the target location and frequency band are within a restricted area.

[0129] Power mask function: Verifies whether the transmit power meets the power spectral density mask requirements for this region and frequency band.

[0130] Usage restriction function: Verifies whether a user holds a basic license to use a specific frequency band.

[0131] The version and effective time of the policy function are both controlled by on-chain governance to ensure transparent and synchronized changes in regulations.

[0132] S9.3: Embedded Real-Time Compliance Checks and Automated Enforcement Steps. Compliance checks are not an independent step, but are deeply embedded in core business processes. At key operational nodes, smart contracts automatically initiate compliance verification:

[0133] In the S3 automatic matching and transaction process, after the matching algorithm initially selects a trading pair, the trading contract will synchronously call a series of related compliance strategy functions. Only when all functions return compliance results can the transaction be finally confirmed and recorded on the blockchain; otherwise, the transaction will be automatically rejected and the reason for rejection will be recorded.

[0134] In the S4 trusted access authorization process, before generating the authorization token, the authorization contract will verify again whether the specific parameters of the authorization have passed a more detailed compliance check to ensure that the issued license itself is legal.

[0135] This process is fully automated and mandatory, eliminating non-compliant transactions or authorizations at the source and enabling its application in the field of spectrum regulation.

[0136] S9.4: A comprehensive, verifiable audit interface and report generation process. Providing regulatory agencies with an advanced toolset that far exceeds traditional database auditing capabilities.

[0137] Standardized data query API: Provides a complete set of GraphQL or RESTful APIs, allowing regulatory nodes to accurately query and filter on-chain and related off-chain data by combining multiple dimensions such as time, region, frequency band, participants, and transaction type.

[0138] Interactive visualization dashboard: Transforms complex data into intuitive views such as spectrum maps, transaction heatmaps, and compliance status maps, and supports real-time monitoring of spectrum sharing dynamics across the entire network.

[0139] Penetrating audit trail: It can trace a single interference complaint back to a specific transaction, authorization, equipment certification, and even the initial perceived data, forming a complete and legally admissible chain of evidence.

[0140] Automated report generation: It can automatically generate compliance reports, market statistics reports, and risk warning reports on a regular basis, improving regulatory efficiency.

[0141] Through this framework, regulation has shifted from a passive response to proactive prevention and precise governance, which has not only promoted the vitality of the spectrum market but also strengthened the bottom line of safety and compliance.

[0142] This invention also constructs a multi-layered, complementary privacy enhancement and data security protection framework, designed to meet the stringent protection requirements for trade secrets, user location privacy, and identity information in spectrum sharing scenarios, without compromising system verifiability and regulatory compliance. This protection framework is implemented through the following in-depth and detailed steps:

[0143] S10.1: Dynamic Anonymization and Accountable Identity Management Steps Based on a Layered Identity Model. To protect the identities of participants, the system introduces a layered identity model. In daily on-chain interactions, all participating nodes use pseudo-identities generated by asymmetric cryptography as their primary identifiers. These pseudo-identities are completely decoupled from real legal entities or devices under the normal business view. To achieve a higher level of privacy, nodes can generate and use multiple independent pseudo-identities for different transactions or different relationships, preventing behavioral profiling. However, to ensure system accountability, this anonymization mechanism is combined with a strictly controlled identity service module: real identity information is verified and generates credentials at a trusted registry through zero-knowledge proofs or secure multi-party computation. These credentials can be used to prove to the network that the participant has legitimate eligibility to participate without exposing their real identity. In the event of serious malicious behavior and after authorization through legal procedures, a preset key recovery or decryption mechanism can, under certain conditions, associate the pseudo-identity with the real entity, achieving selective deanonymization and balancing privacy and accountability.

[0144] S10.2: Confidentiality Protection Steps for Sensitive Transaction Data Based on Advanced Cryptography. For highly sensitive commercial and personal information such as transaction prices, precise geographic coordinates, and detailed device fingerprints, the system goes beyond simple encryption, employing cutting-edge cryptographic primitives to ensure data is usable but not visible:

[0145] Zero-knowledge proof application: For transaction rule compliance verification, a dedicated zero-knowledge proof circuit is designed, which allows participants to generate a cryptographic proof to prove to the network that their transaction meets all key constraints without disclosing specific values ​​such as budget, precise coordinates, and power values ​​on the chain. This enables transaction matching and compliance checks to be carried out, while sensitive data remains confidential throughout the process.

[0146] Threshold homomorphic encryption and conditional decryption: For sensitive data that needs to be stored on-chain or subjected to certain computations, threshold homomorphic encryption is used. The data is encrypted locally before being uploaded to the chain, and specific computations are supported in the ciphertext state. The decryption key for the original data is split into multiple shards, held by different authorized parties. Data can only be decrypted when a threshold number of shard holders collaborate under preset stringent conditions. This ensures that sensitive data is absolutely confidential under normal circumstances, and can be restored to transparency in accordance with laws and regulations when necessary.

[0147] Differential privacy and data aggregation: When market statistics need to be released, mathematically proven noise is injected into the data before aggregation to prevent sensitive information of individual participants from being deduced from the statistical information.

[0148] Through the above-mentioned multi-layered privacy protection measures, this solution not only builds a highly transparent and trustworthy transaction environment, but also provides enterprise-level data security for participants, effectively eliminating concerns about the leakage of trade secrets and user tracking, and removing key privacy obstacles for the large-scale commercial application of the spectrum sharing market.

[0149] In the S3 automatic matching and trading step, the pre-set matching algorithm and trading rules are designed as a modular, pluggable decision engine, supporting flexible adaptation to various economic models and optimization objectives based on market maturity, resource characteristics, and regulatory requirements. Specifically, this includes the following deeply integrated mechanisms:

[0150] S3.1: Configurable Multi-Mode Market Mechanism Selection and Execution Steps. The system allows resource providers or market operators to pre-configure or dynamically select the most suitable trading mechanism for a specific spectrum resource or resource pool. This decision can be triggered automatically or manually based on resource type, market demand characteristics, and market strategies. Supported core mechanisms include, but are not limited to:

[0151] Fixed price / catalog sales: This is suitable for standardized spectrum products with stable demand. The provider sets a clear unit price, and the demander purchases directly as needed.

[0152] Request / Response: Applicable to non-standard or large-scale transactions, where the demander initiates a request that includes specific technical specifications and budget, and potential providers submit private or public quotations, with a deal reached after multiple rounds of negotiation.

[0153] One-sided auction: Usually dominated by a single seller with multiple buyers bidding, suitable for premium discovery of scarce resources.

[0154] Bilateral auction: Multiple buyers and sellers submit orders simultaneously, and the system continuously matches them according to rules such as price priority and time priority to form a market clearing price. It is suitable for highly liquid markets.

[0155] These mechanisms can be used in combination, with real-time auctions for peak overflow capacity, and smart contracts ensuring that pricing, matching, and settlement logic under different mechanisms are executed strictly and automatically.

[0156] S3.2: Interference-Aware Intelligent Matching Steps Based on Multidimensional Constraints and Real-Time Radio Environment Simulation. To achieve secure spectrum reuse, matching decisions are not solely based on commercial terms, but rather deeply integrate a lightweight yet accurate interference assessment model as the core constraint. This interference assessment model is activated during each potential match calculation:

[0157] Input multidimensional parameters: The model receives and processes inputs from multiple parties, including the precise geographical locations of the trading parties, antenna parameters, proposed transmit power / power spectral density, and terrain data and propagation models.

[0158] Perform concurrent interference analysis: The model quickly estimates the co-channel and adjacent-channel aggregation interference levels that the new link may cause to the existing licensed links after the potential match takes effect, and compares them with the tolerable interference thresholds at the receivers of each link.

[0159] Making a safety ruling: A match is only marked as radio safe and allowed to proceed to the subsequent commercial verification process if model calculations show that key indicators such as signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SIR) or interference-to-noise ratio (INR) of all affected links can be maintained above the preset safety threshold. Otherwise, the match will be automatically rejected, and the system may attempt to adjust parameters or recommend alternative resources.

[0160] This invention integrates system architecture and workflow:

[0161] To support the aforementioned complex and high-frequency interactions, the blockchain network preferably adopts a permissioned consortium blockchain architecture. Participating nodes must undergo identity authentication and authorization to ensure the trustworthiness and traceability of network participants. The consensus mechanism is optimized for the needs of high-frequency transactions and rapid state updates, employing efficient and practical Byzantine fault tolerance and its variants, or an authoritative proof mechanism based on verified identities, to achieve high throughput and low latency while ensuring finality. All functional modules are implemented through smart contracts, which interact loosely through well-defined application binary interfaces and standardized event logs. The entire system workflow—from the basic S1 to S5 core steps to optional enhanced steps such as S6, S7, S8, S9, and S10—is entirely event-driven. The successful execution of a preceding step emits a specific on-chain event, and subsequent steps' listening contracts capture the event and trigger their own logic execution. This approach forms a highly automated, cohesive, and verifiable complete workflow, enabling full lifecycle autonomous management from spectrum resource digitization, market discovery, secure matching, trusted authorization, compliant use to closed-loop settlement and governance, constituting a robust and trustworthy next-generation spectrum resource sharing and trading infrastructure.

[0162] Finally, it should be noted that although the above embodiments have been described in the text and drawings of this application, this should not limit the scope of patent protection of this application. Any technical solutions that are based on the essential concept of this application and utilize the content described in the text and drawings of this application, resulting in equivalent structural or procedural substitutions or modifications, as well as the direct or indirect application of the technical solutions of the above embodiments to other related technical fields, are all included within the scope of patent protection of this application.

Claims

1. A blockchain-based trusted management scheme for spectrum sharing and transactions in wireless networks, characterized in that: The proposed solution is deployed on a blockchain network maintained by multiple participating nodes. This blockchain network serves as a decentralized, trusted infrastructure, recording and verifying all spectrum management operations. The core functionality of the solution is implemented through a set of interconnected smart contracts and executed according to the following steps: S1: Resource registration step, through the resource registration contract, receives, verifies and permanently stores the spectrum resource attribute information submitted by the spectrum provider node. The attribute information includes at least the spectrum identifier, geographical coverage, available time window, basic pricing strategy and maximum allowed transmit power parameter. S2: Demand posting step, through the demand posting contract, receive, format and permanently store the spectrum demand information submitted by the spectrum demand party node. The demand information includes at least the required frequency band, expected geographical location and service time, service quality requirements and payment budget. S3: Automatic matching and transaction steps. Through automatic matching and transaction contracts, continuously monitor the events of the resource registration contract and demand release contract, and automatically match spectrum resources and demands that meet the conditions based on the preset matching algorithm and transaction rules. After reaching an agreement, generate and store an immutable transaction record containing the two parties to the transaction, spectrum parameters, price and validity period. S4: Trusted access authorization step, through the trusted access authorization contract, responding to the completion event of the automatic matching and transaction contract, generating a unique, time-sensitive digital authorization token containing a precise spectrum usage license instruction based on the transaction record, and securely distributing the token to the corresponding demand-side node; S5: Automatic payment and settlement step. Through the automatic payment and settlement contract, based on the payment terms in the transaction record and the preset performance verification conditions, the transfer of digital assets from the demander to the provider is automatically triggered and executed to complete the transaction settlement.

2. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, The scheme also includes an off-chain trusted data layer tightly coupled to the blockchain network, used to ensure the authenticity and timeliness of the spectrum status data input to the blockchain before and during the execution of the S3 automatic matching and transaction steps; the off-chain trusted data layer specifically operates as a supporting step for the S3 steps according to the following steps: S2.1: Distributed sensing step, consisting of a distributed sensing unit composed of multiple wireless sensing nodes deployed in the target geographical area, collaboratively collecting real-time spectrum environment data, including signal strength, occupancy status, background noise and interference level of a specific frequency band; S2.2: Data verification and aggregation step. Through the data verification and aggregation service, a consensus-based algorithm or trusted execution environment is used to cross-verify, denoise and aggregate the raw data from multiple sensing units to form a consistent and verifiable spectrum status report. S2.3: Trusted on-chain step, through the oracle network as a secure off-chain to on-chain data bridge, the nodes of the oracle network obtain the spectrum status report from the data verification and aggregation service, and after ensuring its reliability by means of digital signature and / or deposit submission, submit the key data summary or proof to the blockchain network, triggering the relevant smart contract status update; In the S3 automatic matching and transaction step, when making a matching decision, the automatic matching and transaction contract forcibly queries and verifies the latest spectrum status data related to the target geographical area and frequency band submitted by the oracle network, ensuring that the transaction is only allowed when the spectrum resources are verified to be actually available or about to be available.

3. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the S4 trusted access authorization step, the generated digital authorization token is a non-fungible token conforming to blockchain token standards or a digital certificate with a specific structure; the spectrum usage license instructions encoded within the token are machine-readable and include at least the center frequency, bandwidth, authorization start and end timestamps, three-dimensional geospatial usage boundaries, and maximum equivalent omnidirectional radiated power limit; the scheme also includes an automatic device configuration interface, enabling the communication equipment of the demand-side node to obtain this digital authorization token by querying the blockchain status or listening to contract events, and to parse the instructions within it, automatically and accurately configuring transmission parameters through software-defined radio or programmable radio front-end to achieve compliant access.

4. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 3, characterized in that, The scheme also includes steps for spectrum usage monitoring and compliance verification: S6.1: Using the proof generation step, during the authorized use period, the communication device periodically or according to event triggers collects its own actual transmission parameters and / or the received signal characteristics collected by the cooperating nodes to generate a spectrum use proof data packet with a timestamp and digital signature. S6.2: Proof data on-chain step, submitting the usage proof data packet to the blockchain network for storage, forming an immutable spectrum usage trajectory chain; S6.3: Performance verification step. In the automatic payment and settlement step S5, the automatic payment and settlement contract will verify whether there is a continuous and compliant chain of proof of use corresponding to the current transaction, and will use this verification result as one of the core conditions for releasing payment funds, returning deposits, or determining default.

5. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 2, characterized in that, The scheme also includes distributed reputation management and incentive steps: S7.1: Behavior recording steps, through reputation management contracts, continuously record and structure the on-chain behavioral events of each participating node, including the number of successful transactions, fulfillment rate, accuracy and timeliness of providing spectrum status data, number of arbitrations and results; S7.2: Reputation score calculation steps: using a predefined algorithm model, based on the history of the behavioral events, dynamically calculate and update the comprehensive reputation score of each node; S7.3: Reputation Application Step. In the automatic matching and transaction step S3, the matching algorithm uses the seller's reputation score as a positive correlation factor for its resource ranking or recommendation weight, and uses the buyer's reputation score as the basis for calculating the required deposit ratio or credit line, thereby constructing an incentive-compatible ecosystem.

6. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solution also includes decentralized dispute arbitration and enforcement procedures: S8.1: Dispute Initiation and Evidence Encapsulation Steps: Any participating node can initiate a dispute over a specific transaction through the dispute arbitration contract and submit relevant on-chain transaction records, authorization tokens, and proof of use as evidence. S8.2: Jury selection and voting steps: The arbitration contract selects a jury from network nodes according to predefined rules. Jury members conduct anonymous or public voting after reviewing the evidence. S8.3: Automatic execution of the arbitration award. The arbitration contract forms a final award based on the voting results and automatically executes the award, including but not limited to transferring the disputed deposit to the injured party, deducting credit scores from the responsible party, or forcibly revoking its current spectrum access authorization.

7. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solution also includes programmable regulatory and compliance audit steps: S9.1: Regulatory node access steps: The regulatory agency operates a regulatory node with a specific permission level to access the blockchain network. The specific permission level allows it to decrypt and view plaintext transaction details or access all original data records. S9.2: The strategy contractification step encodes the core provisions of spectrum management regulations into compliant strategy functions that can be called by smart contracts; S9.3: Real-time compliance check step. In the S3 automatic matching and transaction step or the S4 trusted access authorization step, the relevant contract automatically calls the compliance strategy function to perform verification and block non-compliant operations. S9.4: Audit interface exposure steps, providing standardized data query APIs and visualization dashboards for regulatory nodes to perform panoramic and penetrating real-time monitoring and post-event auditing.

8. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1 or 7, characterized in that, The solution also includes multiple layers of privacy protection processing steps: S10.1: Identity anonymization step, participating nodes use pseudo-identities generated by asymmetric cryptography to interact on the chain, realizing the decoupling of identity from real entity in the conventional view; S10.2: Transaction details protection steps. For sensitive business information such as transaction price and precise geographical coordinates, zero-knowledge proof technology is used to enable participants to prove to the network that their transaction complies with all rules without disclosing specific values; or, threshold homomorphic encryption technology is used to encrypt sensitive data before putting it on the blockchain, and multiple authorized parties will work together to decrypt it only when conditions are met.

9. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the S3 automatic matching and trading step, the preset matching algorithm and trading rules support a pluggable market mechanism, specifically including: S3.1: Mechanism selection: Based on the resource type and market strategy, select one or more combinations of fixed price, request / response, one-sided / two-sided auction; S3.2: Interference-aware matching. In the matching calculation, a lightweight interference assessment model is integrated. The interference assessment model estimates potential co-channel or adjacent-channel interference based on the geographical location, antenna height, transmission power and terrain data of the two parties to the transaction and the surrounding authorized users. Matching is only allowed when the interference is below a preset threshold to ensure spatial reuse security.

10. The blockchain-based spectrum sharing and transaction trust management scheme in a wireless network according to claim 1, characterized in that, The blockchain network adopts a permissioned consortium blockchain architecture, and the consensus mechanism adopts a practical Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism or its variants suitable for high-frequency trading scenarios, or a mechanism based on proof of authority. All smart contracts interact through a well-defined application binary interface and event log. Steps S1 to S5 and optional steps S6 to S10 are linked together in an event-driven manner to form a complete, autonomous, and verifiable workflow for spectrum resource sharing and transaction automation.

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