Detection of biomarkers in a biological sample

Abstract

The present application relates to the detection of biomarkers in biological samples. Apparatuses and methods for use with a biological sample from a subject are provided. A substrate includes a plurality of biosynthetic molecules disposed on the substrate, the biosynthetic molecules configured to undergo a biochemical interaction in the presence of a given biomarker within the biological sample. A transducer is configured to generate electrical energy in response to the occurrence of the biochemical interaction, and a wireless transmitter is configured to transmit a signal indicative of the generated electrical energy. Other applications are also described.

Description

Cross-references to related applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 723,189, filed November 21, 2024, entitled “Detection of Biomarkers in Bodily Emissions,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] Some applications typically involve the analysis of biological samples (e.g., bodily excretions). Specifically, some applications involve devices and methods for detecting biomarkers in biological samples (e.g., bodily excretions). background

[0003] Substances indicative of certain conditions may be found in human bodily excrement. Some of these conditions apply to both male and female subjects. For example, a subject's urine or feces may contain one or more physical properties, chemical compounds, and / or microscopic components that indicate an underlying condition. Overview

[0004] In some embodiments, the substrate includes one or more biosynthetic molecules configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker. In some applications, the substrate additionally includes a converter configured to convert the energy generated by the biochemical interactions into electrical energy. For some embodiments, the substrate additionally includes an analog-to-digital converter to convert the signal generated by the converter into a digital signal. For some applications, the electrical components within the substrate are powered by a power source (e.g., a battery, microbattery, capacitor, chemical energy storage device, nanogenerator (such as a piezoelectric nanogenerator or triboelectric nanogenerator)), and in some instances, the power source is degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable. For some applications, the battery powers a miniature wireless transmitter, which in some instances is degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable, and the miniature wireless transmitter is configured to transmit electromagnetic signals, such as radio wave signals, like UHF radio wave signals, indicating whether biosynthetic molecules have undergone biochemical interactions with biomarkers and / or indicating the concentration of biomarkers (e.g., based on the intensity of the generated current and / or voltage). For some applications, the transmitter uses short-range wireless technology standards (such as Bluetooth®) to transmit signals. For some applications, the transmitter uses Zigbee® and / or near-field communication protocols to transmit signals.

[0005] For some applications, biosynthetic molecules include one or more of aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, bacteriophages, and / or different types of biosynthetic molecules. In some instances, biochemical interactions result in changes in electrochemical potential, spatial conformation (i.e., kinetic changes), and / or thermal changes (e.g., via exothermic or endothermic reactions). These changes are converted into electronic signals. For some applications, the converter is a thermoelectric converter configured to convert thermal changes (e.g., heat generated or absorbed by biochemical interactions) into electrical energy. Optionally or additionally, the converter is a piezoelectric converter configured to convert mechanical energy (e.g., spatial conformation changes) generated by biochemical interactions into electrical energy. For some applications, the converter is a structured field-effect transistor and / or a potentiostat configured to convert changes in electrochemical potential generated by biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0006] For some applications, the substrate (including all components on the substrate, such as electronic components) is fully degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable. For some applications, the electronic components on the substrate (e.g., converters, analog-to-digital converters, power supplies, and / or transmitters) comprise degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable biomaterials and / or organic materials.

[0007] Therefore, according to some embodiments, an apparatus for use with biological samples is provided, the apparatus comprising: The substrate includes: More than one biosynthetic molecule disposed on a substrate, the biosynthetic molecule being configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in a biological sample; A converter configured to generate electrical energy in response to the occurrence of biochemical interactions; and A wireless transmitter configured to transmit a signal indicating the generation of electrical energy.

[0008] In some embodiments, the substrate includes toilet paper, which is configured to receive the subject's feces and / or urine within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules in response to the subject's interaction with the toilet paper.

[0009] In some implementations, the substrate is configured to receive one or more of saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, phlegm, sweat, and / or tears within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate.

[0010] In some implementations, the substrate includes a substrate selected from the group consisting of toilet paper, tampons, sanitary products, and rinseable pads, and the substrate is configured to receive the subject's vaginal fluid within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate.

[0011] In some implementations, the substrate is configured to receive a biological sample within the reaction distance of a biosynthetic molecule in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate. The biological sample is selected from the group consisting of volatile organic compounds present in the subject, epidermal tissue fluids, mucosal tissue fluids, and extracellular matrix (ECM).

[0012] In some implementations, the wireless transmitter has a thickness of less than 500 micrometers.

[0013] In some embodiments, the biosynthetic molecules include one or more biosynthetic molecules selected from the group consisting of aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, and phages.

[0014] In some implementations, the substrate also includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert electrical energy generated by the converter into a digital signal.

[0015] In some implementations, the substrate also includes a power source.

[0016] In some implementations, the power source includes a battery having a thickness of less than 500 micrometers.

[0017] In some implementations, the device is used with a toilet bowl, and the base is configured to be placed inside the toilet bowl.

[0018] In some implementations, the device also includes a sensor module configured to be disposed within the toilet bowl and to detect signals.

[0019] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in a biological sample of water within a toilet bowl.

[0020] In some implementations, biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions that produce thermal changes in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0021] In some implementations, the converter includes a thermoelectric converter configured to convert thermal changes resulting from biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0022] In some implementations, biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions that produce spatial conformational changes in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0023] In some implementations, the converter includes a piezoelectric converter configured to convert spatial conformational changes resulting from biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0024] In some implementations, biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions that produce changes in electrochemical potential in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0025] In some implementations, the converter includes a structured field-effect transistor configured to convert changes in electrochemical potential resulting from biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0026] In some implementations, the converter includes an enhancer configured to convert changes in electrochemical potential resulting from biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0027] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of iodine in a biological sample.

[0028] In some implementations, biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given pathogen in a biological sample.

[0029] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more inflammatory biomarkers in a biological sample.

[0030] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

[0031] In some embodiments, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker in a biological sample that indicates whether a female subject is premenopausal or postmenopausal, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2).

[0032] In some embodiments, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the menstrual cycle of a female subject, said biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

[0033] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a biological sample.

[0034] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood of a male subject having prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), wherein the one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0035] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood that a subject has cancer, an autoimmune disease, and / or inflammation. The one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0036] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood that a subject has a sexually transmitted disease. The one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0037] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the urine of the subject.

[0038] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of troponin in the subject's urine.

[0039] According to some implementation schemes, a method is also provided, including: Biological samples from subjects are placed within the reaction distance of more than one biosynthetic molecule arranged on a substrate, the biosynthetic molecule being configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample. To enable biomarkers (if present in biological samples) to undergo biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy; and The transmitter, positioned on the substrate, transmits a signal indicating the generated electrical energy.

[0040] In some embodiments, the substrate includes toilet paper, and placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules includes allowing the subject's feces and / or urine to enter the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules through interaction between the subject and the toilet paper.

[0041] In some implementations, placing biological samples from the subject within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules includes allowing the subject's saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, phlegm, perspiration, and / or tears to enter the reaction distance of biosynthesis through subject-substrate interactions.

[0042] In some implementations, the substrate includes a substrate selected from the group consisting of toilet paper, tampons, sanitary products, and rinseable pads, and placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules includes allowing the subject's vaginal fluid to enter the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules through interaction between the subject and the substrate.

[0043] In some implementations, placing a biological sample from a subject within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules includes placing the biological sample within the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules through the interaction between the subject and the substrate. The biological sample is selected from the group consisting of volatile organic compounds present in the subject's body, epidermal tissue fluids, mucosal tissue fluids, and extracellular matrix (ECM).

[0044] In some embodiments, the biosynthetic molecules include one or more biosynthetic molecules selected from the group consisting of aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, and phages.

[0045] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present within a biological sample) to biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules involves placing the substrate in a toilet bowl.

[0046] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present in a biological sample) to a biochemical interaction with a biosynthetic molecule includes subjecting the biosynthetic molecule to a biochemical interaction that produces a thermal change in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0047] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present within a biological sample) to biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, includes using a thermoelectric converter to convert the thermal changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0048] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present in a biological sample) to a biochemical interaction with a biosynthetic molecule includes subjecting the biosynthetic molecule to a biochemical interaction that produces a spatial conformational change in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0049] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present within a biological sample) to biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, includes using a piezoelectric transducer to convert the spatial conformational changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0050] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present in a biological sample) to a biochemical interaction with a biosynthetic molecule includes subjecting the biosynthetic molecule to a change in electrochemical potential in the presence of a given biomarker.

[0051] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present within a biological sample) to biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, includes using a structured field-effect transistor to convert changes in electrochemical potential resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0052] In some implementations, subjecting a biomarker (if present in a biological sample) to biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, includes using a potentiostat to convert changes in electrochemical potential resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

[0053] In some implementations, biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given pathogen in a biological sample.

[0054] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more inflammatory biomarkers in a biological sample.

[0055] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

[0056] In some embodiments, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker in a biological sample that indicates whether a female subject is premenopausal or postmenopausal, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2).

[0057] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the menstrual cycle of a female subject, the biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

[0058] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a biological sample.

[0059] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood of a male subject having prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), wherein the one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0060] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood that a subject has cancer. The one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0061] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample that indicate the likelihood that a subject has a sexually transmitted disease. The one or more biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

[0062] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the urine of the subject.

[0063] In some implementations, the biosynthetic molecules are configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of troponin in the subject's urine.

[0064] According to some embodiments, a device for use with biological samples from a subject and a toilet bowl is also provided, the device comprising: A substrate, configured to be placed in a toilet bowl and in contact with a biological sample, the substrate being configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample; and Sensor, the sensor being configured to detect a signal generated by a substrate; and A computer processor configured to generate an output in response to a detected signal.

[0065] In some implementations, the substrate is configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the subject's urine, and a computer processor is configured to generate an output in response to this, indicating the likelihood that the subject has congestive heart failure.

[0066] In some implementations, the substrate is configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of troponin in the subject's urine, and a computer processor is configured to generate an output in response to this, indicating the likelihood that the subject has myocardial ischemia.

[0067] According to some embodiments, a device for use with a biological sample from a subject is also provided, the device comprising: More than one biosynthetic molecule, which is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in a biological sample; A converter configured to generate electrical energy in response to the occurrence of biochemical interactions; and A wireless transmitter configured to transmit a signal indicating the generation of electrical energy.

[0068] According to some implementation schemes, a method is also provided, including: Biological samples from subjects are placed within the reaction distance of more than one biosynthetic molecule, which is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample. To enable biomarkers (if present in biological samples) to undergo biochemical interactions with biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy; and The transmitter transmits a signal indicating the electrical energy generated.

[0069] This disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Brief description of the attached diagram Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram of a substrate configured to generate an electrical signal indicating the presence of a biomarker, according to some applications of this disclosure; Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram of a base in a toilet bowl, based on some applications of this disclosure; and Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the analytical steps performed on biological samples of subjects according to some applications of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0070] Now for reference Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram of a substrate 26 configured to generate an electrical signal indicating the presence of a biomarker, according to some applications of this disclosure. Also referenced is... Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram of the device 20 used with the substrate 26.

[0071] For some applications, the base 26 can be flushed in the toilet bowl 23 (in... Figure 1B (as shown in the image). For example, the base may include toilet paper 40 (as shown in the image). Figure 1A (As shown in the image), wipes (such as facial wipes), tampons, washable pads, hygiene products, and / or different types of substrates. For some applications, sensor module 22 is disposed within toilet bowl 23 and configured to detect signals generated by the substrate. Optionally or additionally, the signals generated by the substrate are transmitted directly to user interface device 32, which may include, but is not limited to, telephone 34, tablet computer 36, laptop computer 38, or various types of personal computing devices.

[0072] Figure 1AA single sheet of toilet paper 40 within a roll of toilet paper is shown, having perforations 42 at each end. In some embodiments, the substrate includes one or more biosynthetic molecules 44 configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker. In some applications, the substrate additionally includes a converter 46 configured to convert the energy generated by the biochemical interactions into electrical energy. For some embodiments, the substrate additionally includes an analog-to-digital converter 48 to convert the signal generated by the converter 46 into a digital signal. For some applications, the electrical components within the substrate are powered by a micro-power source 50 (e.g., a battery, microcell, capacitor, chemical energy storage device, nanogenerator (such as a piezoelectric nanogenerator or triboelectric nanogenerator)), which in some instances is degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable. For some applications, a power source powers a miniature wireless transmitter 52, which in some instances is degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable, and the miniature wireless transmitter 52 is configured to transmit electromagnetic signals, such as radio wave signals, like UHF radio wave signals, indicating whether biosynthetic molecules have undergone biochemical interactions with biomarkers and / or indicating the concentration of biomarkers (e.g., based on the intensity of the generated current and / or voltage). For some applications, the transmitter uses short-range wireless technology standards (such as Bluetooth®) to transmit signals. For some applications, the transmitter uses Zigbee® and / or near-field communication protocols to transmit signals.

[0073] For some applications, substrate 26 (including all components on the substrate, such as electronic components) is fully degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable. For some applications, electronic components on the substrate (e.g., converter 46, analog-to-digital converter 48, power supply 50, and / or transmitter 52) comprise degradable (e.g., biodegradable) and / or disposable biomaterials and / or organic materials.

[0074] As described above, for some applications, the sensor module 22 disposed within the toilet bowl 23 is configured to detect signals generated by the substrate. Optionally or additionally, the signals generated by the substrate are transmitted directly to a sensor within a user interface device 32, which may include, but is not limited to, a telephone 34, a tablet computer 36, a laptop computer 38, or various types of personal computing devices.

[0075] In some applications, sensor module 22 and / or user interface device 32 communicate with a remote server, thereby communicating with third-party devices. For example, the device can communicate with a doctor or insurance company via a communication network without the subject's intervention. The doctor or insurance company can evaluate the results on the third-party device and determine whether further testing or intervention is appropriate for the subject.

[0076] For some applications, data related to the received signal is stored in memory. For some applications, the sensor module includes a computer processor 28 and associated memory disposed within housing 30. For some applications, the memory associated with the computer processor 28 stores data related to the received signal. Periodically, subjects can submit the stored data to a remote device at a facility, such as a healthcare facility (e.g., a doctor's office or pharmacy) or an insurance company, and the computer processor at the remote device at the facility can then perform the analysis described above on the batch of data acquired over a period of time.

[0077] For some applications, biosynthetic molecules 44 include one or more of aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, bacteriophages, and / or different types of biosynthetic molecules. In some instances, biochemical interactions result in changes in electrochemical potential, spatial conformation (i.e., kinetic changes), and / or thermal changes (e.g., via exothermic or endothermic reactions). These changes in electrochemical potential, spatial conformation, and / or thermal changes are converted into electronic signals.

[0078] For some applications, converter 46 is a thermoelectric converter configured to convert thermal changes (e.g., heat generated or absorbed) through biochemical interactions into electrical energy. For example, a thermoelectric converter may include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride, structures comprising repeating oxygen octahedra surrounding another type of ion (i.e., perovskite-like structures, structures having the general formula ABO3 (i.e., CaTiO3, BaTiO3, PbZrO3, PbTiO3, niobates, and tantalates)), cobalt phthalocyanine, lithium tantalate, and / or tourmaline.

[0079] Optionally or additionally, converter 46 is a piezoelectric converter configured to convert mechanical energy generated by biochemical interactions (e.g., changes in spatial conformation) into electrical energy. For example, a piezoelectric converter may include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride, piezoelectric polysaccharides (including cellulose, chitin, and / or chitosan), and piezoelectric nanofibers containing glycine crystals embedded within carbon nanotubes (e.g., polycaprolactone carbon nanotubes). For some applications, converter 46 is a structured field-effect transistor and / or potentiostat configured to convert changes in electrochemical potential generated by biochemical interactions into electrical energy. For some applications, analog-to-digital converter 48 converts the signal generated by converter 46 into a digital signal.

[0080] In some embodiments, the power source 50 is a micro battery with a thickness of less than 500 micrometers and a diameter, length, and / or width of less than 15 mm. Similarly, in some embodiments, the wireless transmitter 52 is a micro wireless transmitter with a thickness of less than 500 micrometers and a diameter, length, and / or width of less than 15 mm.

[0081] For some applications, the substrate is configured such that biological samples (e.g., bodily excretions) enter the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules 44 by the subject wiping themselves with the substrate (or wiping the subject with the substrate). For example, when toilet paper is used as a substrate, the subject's feces and / or urine enter the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules by the subject wiping themselves with toilet paper. Alternatively, when toilet paper, facial wipes, and / or tissues are used as a substrate, the subject's saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, phlegm, sweat, tears, and / or other excretions from the subject enter the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules by the subject wiping themselves with the substrate. Also alternatively, when toilet paper, tampons, or rinseable pads are used as a substrate, the subject's vaginal fluid enters the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules by placing the substrate in contact with or near the subject's vagina. For some applications, volatile organic compounds present in the subject's body, epidermal tissue fluids, mucosal tissue fluids, and / or extracellular matrix (ECM) enter the reaction distance of biosynthetic molecules, for example, by placing the substrate in contact with it. For some applications, the substrate is placed separately from the biological sample in the toilet bowl. For example, the subject may place the substrate in the toilet bowl before, during, and / or after urinating and / or defecating, allowing the biological sample to reach the biosynthetic molecules on the substrate within the toilet bowl for reaction.

[0082] For some applications, the aquatic environment of the toilet bowl causes biomarkers to react with (or partially react with) biosynthetic molecules, resulting in biochemical interactions between the biosynthetic molecules. Therefore, although the biological sample enters the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules by being wiped by the subject with the substrate, the biochemical interactions (or a portion thereof) only occur when the substrate is inside the toilet bowl.

[0083] As described above, for some applications, biosynthetic molecule 44 includes one or more of aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, bacteriophages, and / or different types of biosynthetic molecules configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker. Some examples of such biomarkers and corresponding conditions are now provided.

[0084] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of iodine, and the computer processor is configured to detect the presence and / or concentration of iodine in a subject's biological sample (e.g., urine) by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate output indicating whether the subject's iodine intake is insufficient, adequate, and / or excessive (e.g., on the user interface device 32). For example, in response to detecting that the concentration of iodine in the subject's urine is below a threshold (e.g., a threshold of 150 μg / L or lower), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject's iodine intake is insufficient; in response to detecting that the concentration of iodine in the subject's urine is within a given range (e.g., a range of 150–499 μg / L or a subrange thereof), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject's iodine intake is adequate; and / or in response to detecting that the concentration of iodine in the subject's urine is above a threshold (e.g., a threshold of 500 μg / L or higher), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject's iodine intake is excessive.

[0085] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of hCG in a subject's biological sample (e.g., urine) by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate an output (e.g., on user interface device 32) indicating the likelihood of pregnancy in a female subject based on the detected hCG concentration. For example, in response to detecting that the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a subject's urine is below a threshold (e.g., 70 picomoles / L or lower), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject has insufficient iodine intake and / or that the subject may not be pregnant; in response to detecting that the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a subject's urine is within a given range (e.g., 70-174 picomoles / L or a subrange thereof), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject's pregnancy status is unclear; and / or in response to detecting that the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a subject's urine is above a threshold (e.g., 174 picomoles / L or higher), the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject may be pregnant.

[0086] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and / or estradiol (E2), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentrations of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and / or estradiol (E2) in a biological sample from a subject by detecting signals generated by the substrate. For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the urine of a female subject (e.g., the first morning urine). For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the average concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the subject's urine over a given time period (e.g., a period between one week and two months). For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate output (e.g., on user interface device 32) indicating whether the female subject is premenopausal or postmenopausal based on the concentration or average concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the subject's urine. For example, in response to the detection that the concentrations of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), estrone (E1), and / or estradiol (E2) in the subject's urine are below a threshold or the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is above a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is postmenopausal; and in response to the detection that the concentrations of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), estrone (E1), and / or estradiol (E2) in the subject's urine are above a threshold or the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is below a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is premenopausal.

[0087] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and / or luteinizing hormone (LH), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentrations of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and / or luteinizing hormone (LH) in a biological sample from a subject by detecting signals generated by the substrate. For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the urine of a female subject (e.g., the first morning urine). For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate an output (e.g., on a user interface device 32) indicating the current stage of the female subject's menstrual cycle based on the concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the subject's urine. For example, in response to detecting a concentration of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) in the subject's urine above a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle; and in response to detecting a concentration of pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) in the subject's urine below a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Optionally or additionally, in response to detecting a concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the subject's urine below a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle; and in response to detecting a concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the subject's urine above a threshold, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject is in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle.

[0088] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of urinary PSA in the subject's urine by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the concentration of urinary PSA in the urine (e.g., first morning urine) of a male subject. For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate an output (e.g., on user interface device 32) indicating that the subject may have prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on the concentration of PSA in the subject's urine. For some applications, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject's serum PSA should be measured, so that the subject can be diagnosed based on the ratio between their urinary PSA and their serum PSA.

[0089] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more urinary polyamines (such as spermine), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of one or more urinary polyamines (such as spermine) in the urine of a subject by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the concentration of one or more urinary polyamines (such as spermine) in the urine of a male subject. For some applications, the computer processor is configured to determine the average concentration of one or more of the aforementioned entities in the urine of a subject over a given time period (e.g., a time period between 12 hours and 72 hours). For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate an output (e.g., on the user interface device 32) indicating that the subject may have prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on the concentration and / or average concentration of one or more urinary polyamines (such as spermine) in the urine of a subject. For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers indicating cancer (e.g., bladder cancer), and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of the biomarker by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate output indicating that the subject may have cancer (e.g., on user interface device 32) based on the concentration and / or average concentration of the biomarker in a biological sample (such as urine) from the subject.

[0090] For some applications, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers indicating sexually transmitted diseases and / or any microbial infection, parasitic infection, and / or viral infection of the gastrointestinal tract and / or urinary tract, and a computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of the biomarker by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. For example, biosynthetic molecule 44 may include being configured to react with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in the presence of one or more biomarkers indicating sexually transmitted diseases and / or any microbial infection, parasitic infection, and / or viral infection, and a computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of the biomarker by detecting a signal generated by the substrate. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Cocci-specific monoclonal antibodies that undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of syphilis. Optionally or additionally, biosynthetic molecule 44 includes a specific recombinant Treponema pallidum configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of syphilis. T. Pallidum Antigens (e.g., TPHA, TpN 15, TpN 17, TpN 47). Alternatively or additionally, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo a biochemical interaction in the presence of 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-2-methylpropionate to detect Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis). Trichomonas vaginalisFor some such applications, the computer processor is configured to generate output indicating that the subject may have a sexually transmitted disease, gastrointestinal infection, and / or urinary tract infection based on the concentration and / or average concentration of biomarkers in biological samples (such as urine or feces) from the subject (e.g., on user interface device 32).

[0091] For some applications, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers such as proteins (e.g., albumin) and / or creatinine in urine. For some applications, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., calprotectin) in feces and / or in urine (e.g., nitrite).

[0092] For some applications, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given type of pathogen in feces and / or urine to identify the source of infection. For example, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of pyuria, leukocyte esterase (LE), and / or nitrite in urine to detect urinary tract infections. Optionally or additionally, biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of calprotectin and / or lactoferrin in feces to detect gastrointestinal infections.

[0093] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in urine. For some such applications, in response to the detection of B-type natriuretic peptide in urine and / or in response to the detection of a concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide in urine exceeding a threshold, the computer processor determines (and optionally generates an output indicating the following) the likelihood that the subject has congestive heart failure. For some applications, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject should be tested for congestive heart failure.

[0094] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of troponin in urine. For some such applications, in response to the detection of troponin in urine and / or in response to the detection of troponin concentration in urine exceeding a threshold, the computer processor determines (and optionally generates an output indicating the following) the likelihood that the subject has myocardial ischemia. For some applications, the computer processor generates an output indicating that the subject should be tested for myocardial ischemia.

[0095] As described above, for some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary volatile organic compounds, and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of urinary volatile organic compounds by detecting signals generated by the substrate. For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary polyamines, and the computer processor is configured to detect the concentration of polyamines by detecting signals generated by the substrate. For some applications, urinary polyamines and / or urinary volatile organic compounds indicate that a male subject has prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Optionally or additionally, urinary polyamines and / or urinary volatile organic compounds indicate the likelihood that a subject has cancer, autoimmune diseases, and / or inflammation. Also optionally or additionally, urinary polyamines and / or urinary volatile organic compounds indicate the likelihood that a subject has a sexually transmitted disease.

[0096] For some applications, the biosynthetic molecule 44 is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of biomarkers in the subject's saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, phlegm, sweat, tears, vaginal discharge, and / or other discharges from the subject. For some applications, the substrate includes toilet paper, facial wipes, tampons, rinseable pads, hygiene products, and / or tissues, and one or more of the aforementioned discharges reach the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule through the subject's interaction with the substrate, for example, by wiping itself with the substrate.

[0097] Now for reference Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method performed according to some applications of this disclosure. For some applications, in a first step 54, the subject rubs a portion of their body with substrate 26, causing a biological sample to deposit onto the substrate. In some embodiments, in step 56, this results in the biosynthetic molecules on the substrate reaching the reaction distance of a given biomarker within the biological sample. For some applications, the substrate is then placed in a toilet bowl in step 58. In some embodiments, in step 60, placing the substrate in the aqueous environment of the toilet bowl causes the biomarker to undergo biochemical interactions, such as generating an electronic signal. It should be noted that in some embodiments, biochemical interactions (causing an electronic signal to be generated by the substrate) occur even without placing the substrate in the aqueous environment of the toilet bowl. Furthermore, various steps in other boxes may be omitted, and additional steps may be performed.

[0098] In step 62, the biochemical interaction is converted into an electronic signal. In some instances, the biochemical interaction results in changes in electrochemical potential, spatial conformation (i.e., kinetic changes), and / or thermal changes (e.g., via exothermic or endothermic reactions). These changes are converted into electronic signals. As described above, for some applications, converter 46 is a thermoelectric converter configured to convert thermal changes (e.g., heat generated or absorbed by the biochemical interaction) into electrical energy, which can be detected by a computer processor. Optionally or additionally, converter 46 is a piezoelectric converter configured to convert mechanical energy generated by the biochemical interaction into electrical energy, which can be detected by a computer processor. For some applications, an analog-to-digital converter 48 converts the signal generated by converter 46 into a digital signal. For some applications, converter 46 is a structured field-effect transistor and / or a potentiostat configured to convert changes in electrochemical potential generated by the biochemical interaction into electrical energy, which can be detected by a computer processor.

[0099] Subsequently (in step 64), the computer processor receives the signal generated by the substrate. The computer processor analyzes the signal (step 66) and (in step 68) generates an output in response thereto.

[0100] As described above, for some applications, the biological sample is deposited separately from the substrate into the toilet bowl. For example, a subject may place the substrate in the toilet bowl before, during, and / or after urinating and / or defecating, allowing the biological sample to reach the biosynthetic molecules on the substrate within the toilet bowl. For this application, the subject does wipe themselves with the substrate, but the biosynthetic molecules on the substrate are configured to undergo only one biochemical interaction in the aqueous environment of the water within the toilet bowl, in the presence of biomarkers in the biological sample. For some applications, as an alternative to or supplement to the biosynthetic molecules arranged on the substrate, the biosynthetic molecules are deposited into the toilet bowl via different methods. For example, a cartridge containing the biosynthetic molecules may be arranged within the toilet (e.g., within the toilet bowl itself or within the toilet tank), and the cartridge is configured to inject the biosynthetic molecules into the toilet bowl and / or toilet tank.

[0101] Applications of the disclosure described herein may take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) that provides program code for use or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system, such as a computer processor of user interface device 32, a computer processor 28 disposed within housing 30, or a remote cloud-based computer processor. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any means that may include, store, transmit, propagate, or deliver a program for use or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium may be an electronic medium, a magnetic medium, an optical medium, an electromagnetic medium, an infrared medium, or a semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. For some applications, the computer-usable or computer-readable medium is a non-transitory computer-usable or computer-readable medium.

[0102] Examples of computer-readable media include semiconductor or solid-state memory, magnetic tape, removable computer floppy disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), rigid disks, and optical discs. Current examples of optical discs include read-only storage optical discs (CD-ROM), read-write optical discs (CD-R / W), and DVDs. For some applications, cloud storage is used.

[0103] A data processing system suitable for storing and / or executing program code will include at least one processor (e.g., a computer processor of user interface device 32, a computer processor 28 disposed within housing 30, or a remote cloud-based computer processor) directly or indirectly coupled to a memory element (e.g., the memory of user interface device 32) via a system bus. The memory element may include local memory used during actual execution of the program code, mass storage, and a cache memory that provides temporary storage for at least some of the program code to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from mass storage during execution. The system may read the instructions of the present invention stored on a program storage device and follow those instructions to perform methods of embodiments of this disclosure.

[0104] A network adapter can be coupled to a processor, enabling the processor to couple to other processors or remote printers or storage devices via an intermediate private or public network. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the types of network adapters currently available.

[0105] Computer program code used to perform the operations of this disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including object-oriented programming languages ​​(such as Java, Smalltalk, C++, etc.) and traditional procedural programming languages ​​(such as C or similar programming languages).

[0106] It will be understood that the algorithms described herein can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a processor of a special-purpose computer, or a processor of other programmable data processing apparatus used for manufacturing machines, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of a computer (e.g., the computer processor of user interface device 32, computer processor 28 disposed within housing 30, or a remote cloud-based computer processor) or the processor of other programmable data processing apparatus, produce means for implementing the functions / actions specified in the algorithms described herein. These computer program instructions can also be stored in a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) that can instruct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of writing including means of instruction for implementing the functions / actions specified in the algorithm. The computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions, which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus, provide a process for implementing the functions / actions specified in the algorithms described herein.

[0107] In some instances, the computer processor described herein is a hardware device programmed with computer program instructions to produce a dedicated computer. For example, when programmed to execute the algorithms described herein, the computer processor acts as a dedicated computer processor for analyzing bodily waste. In some instances, the operations performed by the computer processor described herein convert the physical state of a memory (which is a real physical object) into different magnetic polarities, charges, etc., depending on the memory technology used.

[0108] Those skilled in the art will understand that this disclosure is not limited to the content specifically shown and described above. Rather, the scope of protection of this disclosure includes combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described above, as well as variations and modifications of these features that would occur to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and that are not found in the prior art.

Claims

1. A device for use with a biological sample from a subject, the device comprising: The substrate includes: More than one biosynthetic molecule disposed on the substrate, the biosynthetic molecule being configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample; A converter configured to generate electrical energy in response to the occurrence of the biochemical interaction; and A wireless transmitter configured to transmit a signal indicating the generation of the electrical energy.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises toilet paper, the toilet paper being configured to receive the subject's feces and / or urine within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules in response to the subject's interaction with the toilet paper.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the substrate is configured to receive, within a reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule, one or more excretions of the subject selected from the group consisting of: saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, mucus, sputum, sweat, and tears, in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a substrate selected from the group consisting of toilet paper, tampons, sanitary products, and washable pads, and wherein the substrate is configured to receive vaginal fluid of the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecules in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the substrate is configured to receive the biological sample within a reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule in response to the interaction between the subject and the substrate, the biological sample being selected from the group consisting of volatile organic compounds present in the subject, epidermal tissue fluids, mucosal tissue fluids, and extracellular matrix (ECM).

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wireless transmitter has a thickness of less than 500 micrometers.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the biosynthetic molecule comprises one or more biosynthetic molecules selected from the group consisting of: aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, and phages.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the substrate further comprises an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert electrical energy generated by the converter into a digital signal.

9. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the substrate further comprises a power source.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein the power source comprises a battery with a thickness of less than 500 micrometers.

11. The device according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the device is used with a toilet bowl, wherein the base is configured to be placed in the toilet bowl.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is used in conjunction with a sensor module disposed within the toilet bowl, and wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to transmit the signal by transmitting a signal detectable by the sensor module.

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo the biochemical interaction in the presence of a given biomarker in a biological sample of water within the toilet bowl.

14. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo a biochemical interaction that produces a thermal change in the presence of the given biomarker.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the converter comprises a thermoelectric converter configured to convert thermal changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

16. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions that produce a spatial conformational change in the presence of the given biomarker.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the converter comprises a piezoelectric converter configured to convert spatial conformational changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

18. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo a biochemical interaction that produces a change in electrochemical potential in the presence of the given biomarker.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the converter comprises a structured field-effect transistor configured to convert an electrochemical potential change generated by the biochemical interaction into electrical energy.

20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the converter comprises a potentiostat configured to convert electrochemical potential changes generated by the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

21. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of iodine in the biological sample.

22. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given pathogen in the biological sample.

23. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more inflammatory biomarkers in the biological sample.

24. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

25. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker in the biological sample indicating whether a female subject is premenopausal or postmenopausal, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2).

26. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker indicative of the menstrual cycle of a female subject in the biological sample, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the biological sample.

28. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample indicating the likelihood that a male subject has prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

29. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample indicating the likelihood that the subject has cancer, an autoimmune disease, and / or inflammation, said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

30. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample indicating the likelihood that the subject has a sexually transmitted disease, said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

31. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the urine of the subject.

32. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of troponin in the urine of the subject.

33. A method comprising: A biological sample from a subject is placed within the reaction distance of more than one biosynthetic molecule arranged on a substrate, the biosynthetic molecule being configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample. The biomarker, if present in the biological sample, undergoes biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy. and The transmitter arranged on the substrate transmits a signal indicating the generated electrical energy.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the substrate comprises toilet paper, and wherein placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule comprises allowing the subject's feces and / or urine to enter the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule through interaction between the subject and the toilet paper.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule comprises allowing one or more excretions of the subject selected from the group consisting of saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, mucus, sputum, sweat, and tears to enter the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule through interaction between the subject and the substrate.

36. The method of claim 33, wherein the substrate comprises a substrate selected from the group consisting of toilet paper, tampons, sanitary products, and washable pads, and wherein placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule comprises allowing the subject's vaginal fluid to enter the biosynthetic molecule through interaction between the subject and the substrate.

37. The method of claim 33, wherein placing a biological sample from the subject within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule comprises placing the biological sample within the reaction distance of the biosynthetic molecule by the interaction between the subject and the substrate, the biological sample being selected from the group consisting of volatile organic compounds, epidermal tissue fluids, mucosal tissue fluids, and extracellular matrix (ECM) present in the body of the subject.

38. The method of claim 33, wherein the biosynthetic molecule comprises one or more biosynthetic molecules selected from the group consisting of: aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, and phages.

39. The method of claim 33, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo a biochemical interaction with the biosynthetic molecule comprises placing the substrate in a toilet bowl.

40. The method according to any one of claims 33-39, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo a biochemical interaction with the biosynthetic molecule comprises causing the biosynthetic molecule to undergo a biochemical interaction that produces a thermal change in the presence of the given biomarker.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, comprises using a thermoelectric converter to convert the thermal changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

42. The method according to any one of claims 33-39, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo a biochemical interaction with the biosynthetic molecule comprises causing the biosynthetic molecule to undergo a biochemical interaction that produces a spatial conformational change in the presence of the given biomarker.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, comprises using a piezoelectric transducer to convert the spatial conformational changes resulting from the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

44. The method according to any one of claims 33-39, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo a biochemical interaction with the biosynthetic molecule comprises causing the biosynthetic molecule to undergo an electrochemical potential change in the presence of the given biomarker.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, comprises using a structured field-effect transistor to convert the electrochemical potential change generated by the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

46. ​​The method of claim 44, wherein causing the biomarker, if present in the biological sample, to undergo biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy, comprises using a potentiostat to convert the electrochemical potential change generated by the biochemical interactions into electrical energy.

47. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given pathogen in the biological sample.

48. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more inflammatory biomarkers in the biological sample.

49. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

50. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker indicating whether a female subject is premenopausal or postmenopausal in the biological sample, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2).

51. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a biomarker indicative of the menstrual cycle of a female subject in the biological sample, said biomarker being selected from the group consisting of: pregnanediol glucoside (PdG) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

52. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of urinary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the biological sample.

53. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample indicating the likelihood that a male subject has prostate cancer and / or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

54. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample that indicate the likelihood that the subject has cancer, said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

55. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of one or more biomarkers in the biological sample indicating the likelihood that the subject has a sexually transmitted disease, said one or more biomarkers being selected from the group consisting of urinary polyamines and urinary volatile organic compounds.

56. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the urine of the subject.

57. The method according to any one of claims 33-46, wherein the biosynthetic molecule is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of troponin in the urine of the subject.

58. A device for use with a biological sample from a subject and a toilet bowl, the device comprising: A substrate configured to be placed in the toilet bowl and in contact with the biological sample, the substrate being configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample; and A sensor configured to detect a signal generated by the substrate; and A computer processor configured to generate an output in response to a detected signal.

59. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein the substrate is configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of B-type natriuretic peptide in the urine of the subject, and wherein the computer processor is configured to generate an output in response to this, indicating the possibility that the subject has congestive heart failure.

60. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein the substrate is configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal indicating the presence of troponin in the urine of the subject, and wherein the computer processor is configured to generate an output in response to this, indicating the possibility that the subject has myocardial ischemia.

61. A device for use with a biological sample from a subject, the device comprising: More than one biosynthetic molecule, said biosynthetic molecule being configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample; A converter configured to generate electrical energy in response to the occurrence of the biochemical interaction; and A wireless transmitter configured to transmit a signal indicating the generation of the electrical energy.

62. A method comprising: A biological sample from a subject is placed within the reaction distance of more than one biosynthetic molecule, which is configured to undergo biochemical interactions in the presence of a given biomarker in the biological sample. The biomarker, if present in the biological sample, undergoes biochemical interactions with the biosynthetic molecules, such as to generate electrical energy. and The transmitter transmits a signal indicating the electrical energy generated.

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