A thermal runaway early warning and three-dimensional defense inhibition system and method for energy storage batteries

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of early warning and stereoscopic defense inhibition system and method of energy storage battery thermal runaway, belong to energy storage safety technical field.Electricity battery module is filled with T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad, and it is used as mechanical vibration isolation and piezoresistive sensing element;T3 fixed-point emergency sprinkler assembly based on fusible alloy plug sealing is hung above module.The application uses the control logic of "mechanical sensing driving hydraulic preaction": pipeline is in "dry insulation state" under normal conditions;When T1 detects that battery swelling leads to electrical property mutation, cluster-level controller immediately drives pipeline to inject water and maintain pressure, and completes switching to "wet standby state";When temperature breaks through physical threshold, fusible alloy plug melts, and fire-fighting liquid in wet standby pipeline is immediately zero-delay fixed-point sprayed.The application discards expensive and unreliable active electronic sensor array, solves traditional water fire fighting dry-wet contradiction and flooding water loss problem, and realizes low-cost, high-robustness four-level stereoscopic defense.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of safety protection technology for electrochemical energy storage power stations, and in particular to an early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system and method for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries. Background Technology

[0002] Electrochemical energy storage power stations, especially lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage systems, are experiencing rapid growth in installed capacity. However, due to inconsistencies in individual battery cells or external misuse, fires caused by battery thermal runaway occur frequently, seriously threatening the safe operation of energy storage power stations.

[0003] Battery thermal runaway typically involves a chain reaction: internal micro-short circuit / gas generation — temperature rise — separator meltdown — violent combustion / explosion. Current technologies primarily address fire safety in energy storage power stations through two main approaches: The first type is gas extinguishing systems (such as perfluorohexanone and heptafluoropropane). While these solutions can suppress open flames, they cannot effectively reduce the internal temperature of the battery. Furthermore, since battery thermal runaway involves deep chemical reactions, once the gas dissipates, it is extremely easy for the fire to reignite.

[0004] The second category is water sprinkler systems. Wet pipe systems require the pipes to be constantly filled with fire extinguishing fluid. If installed inside the battery box, they are highly susceptible to short circuits due to pipe corrosion or leaks at connections, posing a serious safety hazard. Dry pipe systems are normally dry, only requiring valves to be opened to inject water during a fire. However, this results in a significant response delay, often meaning the fire has already spread out of control by the time the water reaches the sprinklers. More critically, current water-based fire suppression strategies largely rely on module-level flooding or full-box immersion. Although thermal runaway often originates from point faults in individual battery cells, current technology lacks targeted spraying methods for individual cells. This indiscriminate, wide-area spraying not only wastes a huge amount of extinguishing fluid but also easily leads to external short circuits in numerous surrounding, fault-free battery cells and BMS electrical equipment due to water contamination, causing severe secondary disasters and economic losses.

[0005] Furthermore, existing monitoring and early warning methods primarily rely on BMS systems to collect voltage and temperature signals. However, in the early stages of thermal runaway, changes in voltage and temperature often lag behind the mechanical deformation caused by gas generation inside the battery. Although existing technologies utilize high-precision pressure or gas sensors, these sensors are expensive, bulky, and have complex wiring, making them difficult to apply on a large scale in energy storage systems composed of thousands of cells. More critically, in the high-temperature, dense smoke, and strong electromagnetic interference environments during thermal runaway, active electronic sensors are highly susceptible to signal distortion and even communication interruptions, failing to meet the high reliability requirements of fire-fighting applications. Current technology lacks a solution that can eliminate the need for expensive discrete sensor stacking, utilize low-cost structured components to achieve early mechanical sensing, and thereby resolve the contradiction between "dry pipe safety" and "wet pipe speed" in water fire fighting, while simultaneously achieving a three-dimensional defense and suppression system of "single-cell fixed-point spraying." Summary of the Invention

[0006] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide an early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system and method for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries. It aims to overcome the problems of existing monitoring methods relying on expensive and unreliable active electronic sensors in extreme environments such as thermal runaway, the inability of traditional water fire-fighting systems to simultaneously ensure "dry pipe insulation safety" and "wet pipe rapid response" when applied in battery boxes, and the fact that existing fire-fighting strategies often use module-level indiscriminate flooding, which can easily cause secondary disasters. In this way, it provides a three-dimensional defense suppression scheme based on "structure-sensor integration" design, using "mechanical-hydraulic pre-action linkage" mechanism to realize the switching between dry and wet states of fire-fighting pipelines, and having the ability to physically trigger individual battery cells at specific points.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: an early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries, comprising a plurality of battery clusters, wherein each battery cluster is composed of a plurality of battery modules; and each battery module contains a plurality of battery cells. The battery cells are equipped with a T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad that integrates structure and sensing, filling the side gaps between adjacent battery cells. It is configured to serve as both a mechanical vibration isolation buffer for battery cell assembly and an in-situ expansion force sensing element, and is electrically connected to the signal acquisition unit. Based on the piezoresistive effect, it is used to generate a sudden change in resistance characteristics when the battery cell undergoes abnormal expansion deformation, and output a mechanical early warning signal. The top cover of the battery cell is covered with a T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch, which is used to release fire extinguishing gas when the temperature rises abnormally to suppress the initial open flame. A T3 emergency sprinkler assembly is suspended above the battery module. The T3 emergency sprinkler assembly is connected to the external T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply main pipe through a T3 branch solenoid valve. The assembly is arranged in an array, with a thermal nozzle located directly above each battery cell. The nozzle of the thermal nozzle is physically sealed by a fusible alloy plug to achieve single-cell-level fixed-point physical triggering for faulty battery cells. The battery module is equipped with a T0 liquid cooling plate at the bottom, which is used for daily thermal management of the battery cells and powerful active heat dissipation in emergency situations.

[0008] Furthermore, the system also includes a cluster-level controller configured to execute the following pre-action control logic: when a resistance change signal is received from the T1 conductive sponge buffer pad, it is determined to be an early mechanical warning, and the T0 liquid-cooled circulating pump is instructed to increase to full speed for preliminary emergency cooling; simultaneously, the T3 branch solenoid valve is opened, allowing fire-fighting liquid to be pre-filled into the pipeline of the T3 emergency sprinkler assembly to maintain pressure and prepare for the fire-fighting pipeline to change from the normal "dry insulation state" to the "wet pressure-maintaining preparation state"; at this time, since the fusible alloy plug has not yet melted, the system is in a "prepared but not released" physical standby state, creating hydraulic conditions for the subsequent zero-delay fixed-point spraying of the thermal nozzles; synchronously, the controller sends an early thermal runaway alarm signal to the BMS system of the energy storage power station and cuts off the charging and discharging main circuit of the faulty battery cluster.

[0009] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: 1. Solved the contradiction between dry and wet firefighting and the reliability problem under extreme conditions (mechanical-hydraulic pre-action mechanism): This invention innovatively utilizes the mechanical expansion of the battery cell in the early stage of thermal runaway as a pre-trigger signal to construct a pre-action mechanism of "mechanical sensing driving hydraulic state switching". Before the fusible alloy plug melts (late stage of thermal runaway), the system has completed the water injection and pressure holding of the pipeline in advance, realizing the transition from "dry pipe insulation state" to "wet pipe preparatory state". This not only eliminates the risk of leakage and short circuit due to long-term water storage in wet pipes, but also solves the problem of response lag in the dry pipe system. In addition, compared with active electronic sensors that rely on BMS power supply and communication, the "conductive sponge + microcapsule fire extinguishing patch + fusible alloy plug" of this system adopts physical-level triggering logic, and still has extremely high robustness and anti-interference ability under extreme conditions such as high temperature, dense smoke and signal interruption accompanied by thermal runaway.

[0010] 2. Low Cost and High Integration: Through optimized hardware architecture design, this invention effectively reduces the system's reliance on expensive electronic components, achieving significant cost reduction and efficiency improvement. Specifically, in the sensing layer, this invention utilizes the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad as a mechanical sensing element, avoiding the need for additional distributed pressure sensor arrays for individual battery cells through structural reuse. In the suppression layer, the T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch and the T3 spray assembly are based on spontaneous material release and physical thermal melting triggering, respectively, simplifying the configuration requirements for independent temperature and smoke detectors and complex supporting circuits. This highly integrated passive architecture design significantly reduces system hardware costs and BMS computing power burden while effectively avoiding potential failure risks caused by electronic component aging or power outages.

[0011] 3. Precise Targeting and Anti-Flooding: This invention combines the arrayed arrangement of heat-sensitive nozzles with the passive triggering characteristics of fusible alloys to achieve precise targeted spraying of faulty battery cells. It can also close valves in a timely manner, which can quickly remove the core heat of the faulty battery cell and block heat diffusion, while limiting the spray range and total amount of fire-fighting liquid to the maximum extent, effectively preventing secondary disasters caused by blind flooding that could damage surrounding normal equipment.

[0012] 4. Four-level three-dimensional defense: It constructs a full-process defense system from T0 active heat dissipation (routine maintenance), T1 mechanical sensing (early pre-action), T2 chemical inhibition (inhibiting initial fire) to T3 physical cooling (preventing reignition). Each level is backed up by the orderly relay of temperature and time gradients. Attached Figure Description

[0013] Figure 1 This is a panoramic structural diagram of an early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of an energy storage battery provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the four-level three-dimensional defense structure inside the battery module provided in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 The present invention provides a flowchart of a four-level three-dimensional defense control system based on mechanical sensing drive and dry / wet state switching.

[0014] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached diagram: 1-Battery cluster; 2-T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply main pipe; 3-T0 liquid-cooled liquid supply main pipe; 4-T0 liquid-cooled liquid return main pipe; 5-Cluster-level controller; 7-Battery module; 8-Control signal bus; 9-Branch solenoid valve (cluster-level view); 10-Variable frequency circulating pump; 11-Fire pump set.

[0015] Module View Details: 101-Battery Cell; 102-Piezoresistive Signal Acquisition and Control Unit; 103-T1 Flame-Retardant Conductive Sponge Buffer Pad; 104-T3 Emergency Sprinkler Branch Pipe; 105-Thermosensitive Nozzle; 106-T0 Liquid Cooling Plate; 107-T2 Microcapsule Fire Extinguishing Patch; 108-Module-Level Solenoid Valve; 109-Fuse Alloy Plug. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0017] Example 1: System Hardware Architecture like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment provides an early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries. At the macro level, the system uses battery cluster 1 as the basic protection unit. An external fire pump set is connected to each battery cluster through the T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply main pipe 2, and a liquid cooling unit is connected to each battery cluster through the T0 liquid cooling supply main pipe 3 and the return main pipe 4. The cluster-level controller 5, as the central brain that executes the "mechanical-hydraulic pre-action logic", communicates with each execution component through the control signal bus 8 and maintains signal interaction with the BMS system.

[0018] like Figure 2 As shown, penetrating deep into the microscopic interior of the battery module 7, this invention constructs a highly robust, non-electrically dependent, three-dimensional defense structure. Several square aluminum-cased battery cells 101 are closely arranged within the module. T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pads 103 are filled between the large-area side seams of adjacent battery cells 101.

[0019] The T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge cushioning pad 103 is a functional composite component. Its matrix is ​​made of a flame-retardant modified flexible porous polymer (e.g., flame-retardant PU or silicone foam material), and it is internally loaded with a conductive medium (e.g., conductive carbon black or carbon nanotubes). In this embodiment, the cushioning body is configured to have piezoresistive characteristics: under natural conditions, the cushioning body is in a slightly compressed high-resistance state; when the battery cell 101 expands abnormally due to internal gas generation and compresses the cushioning body to a preset threshold, its internal conductive network is reconstructed, resulting in a sudden change in electrochemical characteristics (specifically, in this embodiment, the resistance value changes from...). sudden drop The change in this electrical signal is captured in real time by the connected signal acquisition unit 102, serving as a pre-action mechanical signal to trigger the system's actions.

[0020] A T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch 107 is affixed to the surface of the top cover plate of battery cell 101. This fire extinguishing patch encapsulates a phase change fire extinguishing agent (such as perfluorohexanone), and its trigger threshold is set to... , Typically set within the temperature rise range before the cell explosion-proof valve opens (e.g.) When the temperature reaches the trigger threshold, the fire extinguishing microcapsule patch spontaneously ruptures upon heating, releasing a phase change extinguishing agent. This process is completely passively triggered and requires no additional temperature sensors or electronic circuitry.

[0021] Above the module's interior, a T3 single-unit fixed-point emergency sprinkler assembly is suspended. This assembly includes a T3 emergency sprinkler branch pipe 104 and several thermal nozzles 105. Each thermal nozzle 105 is vertically aligned with the explosion-proof valve port of a battery cell 101 to achieve precise "point-to-point" suppression. Crucially, the internal flow channel of the thermal nozzle 105 employs an "inner diameter step" or "inverted cone" mechanical self-locking structure, and its spray port is normally physically sealed by a fusible alloy plug 109. This structural design ensures that, under pre-filled and pressure-maintained conditions in the subsequent pipeline (e.g., 0.4 MPa), the fluid pressure is converted into a clamping force on the alloy plug rather than a push-out force, preventing accidental spraying due to plugging. The melting point setting value of the fusible alloy plug... satisfy: ;in, The trigger temperature of the T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch. This is the critical temperature at which the battery cell experiences severe thermal runaway. As a specific engineering example, this embodiment will... Set as This gradient setting ensures that the system first triggers T2 gas suppression; only if this fails and the temperature continues to rise will T3 water spray be physically triggered. Simultaneously, a normally closed module-level solenoid valve 108 is installed at the inlet of the T3 emergency spray branch pipe 104 to ensure that the pipeline is in a dry, insulated state under normal conditions.

[0022] At the bottom of the battery cell 101, a T0 liquid cooling plate 106 is provided, which is in contact with the bottom of the battery cell through thermally conductive structural adhesive. The T0 liquid cooling plate 106 is connected to an external variable frequency circulating pump 10 to form an active circulation loop, which is used for daily thermal management of the battery cell and powerful active heat dissipation in the later stage of thermal runaway.

[0023] Example 2: A four-level three-dimensional defense control method based on mechanical sensing drive and dry / wet state switching like Figure 3 As shown, the core of this system lies in the logical linkage of each defense layer. The specific workflow is as follows: T0: Routine patrol and passive sentry monitoring phase During this phase, the system operates in a normalized safety standby mode. To eliminate the risk of insulation degradation or micro-leakage short circuits that may be caused by long-term liquid-laden operation of traditional wet fire-fighting pipelines, the module-level solenoid valve 108 remains normally closed, ensuring that the T3 emergency sprinkler branch pipe 104 is in a completely liquid-free "dry insulation safety state" (or optionally filled with slightly positive pressure nitrogen for inert protection). Simultaneously, the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad 103, filling the gaps between the battery cells, remains in a naturally slightly pressurized silent state, exhibiting high impedance characteristics (e.g., R>10kΩ), acting as a silent sentinel for the system to continuously monitor the mechanical integrity of the battery cells. Regarding thermal management, the cluster-level controller 5, based on real-time temperature data from the BMS system, instructs the variable frequency circulating pump 10 to operate at a low-power, economical speed, solely for maintaining the thermal balance of the battery cells during daily charge-discharge cycles, without any additional intervention.

[0024] T1: Mechanical Sensing and Pre-action Stage When a single battery cell 101 within the module decomposes its electrolyte and generates gas due to overcharging or internal short circuit, causing irreversible micro-expansion of the casing, the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad 103 filling the gap is mechanically compressed. When the deformation exceeds a physical threshold, the electrical parameters of the buffer undergo a characteristic abrupt change (in this embodiment, the resistance value drops sharply from high impedance to below the low resistance threshold), generating an early thermal runaway mechanical warning signal. Upon receiving the signal, the cluster-level controller 5 immediately executes the core "mechanical-hydraulic pre-action" command: on one hand, it commands the variable frequency circulating pump 10 to increase to 100% full speed, utilizing the T0 liquid cooling plate 106 for full-power active heat dissipation, attempting to curb the thermal runaway process through physical cooling; on the other hand, it simultaneously executes the crucial "dry-wet state switching" operation: directly driving the T3 branch solenoid valve 108 of the corresponding module to open, allowing external fire-fighting liquid to quickly fill the T3 emergency sprinkler branch pipe 104 and establish a constant working water pressure (e.g., 0.4MPa), switching the pipeline from "dry insulation state" to "wet pressure-holding standby state." In this state, since the battery cell temperature has not yet reached the melting point of the fusible alloy plug 109, the high-pressure fluid is effectively sealed inside the nozzle by the mechanical structure of the alloy plug, and the system is in a "prepared but not released" physical standby state, eliminating transportation delay time for subsequent spraying and avoiding accidental spraying. At the same time, the controller synchronously sends a high-priority interrupt signal to the BMS system to immediately cut off the main charging and discharging circuit of the faulty battery cluster and prevent the current thermal effect from accumulating.

[0025] T2: Chemical Inhibition and Relay Defense Phase If the Level 1 stage T0 intensive liquid cooling fails to completely suppress the chain reaction inside the cell, causing the cell surface temperature to continue to rise to the preset chemical trigger threshold... (This embodiment is set as) When the T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch 107, attached to the top cover of the battery cell, undergoes a phase change rupture upon heating. Within milliseconds, this component instantly releases fire extinguishing gases such as perfluorohexanone, utilizing the heat absorption and cooling effects of the gases, along with their oxygen-isolating and asphyxiating properties, to extinguish initial open flames or suppress deflagration of flammable gases. It is worth noting that this process is entirely based on the thermophysical properties of the materials, representing a passive triggering mechanism with zero electronic involvement, remaining reliable and effective even under extreme conditions such as BMS power failure or communication outages. Simultaneously, since the system has already completed the pre-filling of pipelines in stage S2, the T3 emergency sprinkler component is now in a "wet pressure-holding standby" state, forming a dual gas-liquid relay defense posture of "gas suppression in front, and liquid ready to respond behind."

[0026] T3: Fixed-point immersion and reignition prevention stage If thermal runaway continues to worsen, the cell temperature will exceed the physical melting point of the fusible plug. (For example The fusible alloy plug 109 directly above the faulty cell melted and detached. Since the pipeline had been pre-filled with fire-fighting fluid during stage S2, the fusible alloy plug melted, and the fire-fighting fluid was sprayed out with zero delay, achieving targeted immersion. The liquid vertically submerged the faulty cell, utilizing the latent heat of the liquid's phase change to dissipate the enormous heat and completely prevent the propagation of thermal runaway to adjacent cells.

[0027] To resolve the technical contradiction between continuous large-volume water injection causing module flooding and short circuits and the resurgence of deep heat in the battery cells due to water injection cessation, the cluster-level controller 5 implements an intermittent pulse suppression control strategy during this stage: after detecting the opening of the module-level solenoid valve 108 and completing the first round of continuous and powerful spraying (e.g., for 60 seconds), the controller temporarily closes the solenoid valve and enters the "sentinel monitoring and bottom heat removal mode." During this interval, the bottom T0 liquid cooling plate 106 maintains full-speed operation, continuously removing deep heat accumulation at the bottom of the battery cells. Simultaneously, the controller uses the macroscopic temperature trend collected by the BMS system as an auxiliary reference. If an abnormal temperature rebound is detected, it immediately instructs the solenoid valve to reopen and perform short-term pulse supplementary spraying (e.g., spraying for 10 seconds and pausing for 30 seconds). This closed-loop control logic of "spraying-pause-bottom heat removal-on-demand supplementary spraying" ensures the suppression of stubborn reignited fires while strictly controlling the total injection volume of fire-fighting fluid, effectively preventing secondary electrical short circuits caused by indiscriminate flooding.

[0028] Those skilled in the art will understand that the above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention. The T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad mentioned in this embodiment is only a specific example of a "structure-sensor integrated" component. Any technical solution that utilizes elastic materials to fill the gaps between battery cells and uses the changes in electrical properties caused by their mechanical deformation as a trigger signal to drive the fire protection system to perform "pipeline pre-filling" or "dry / wet state switching" actions falls within the protection scope of the core concept of this invention. Similarly, the fusible alloy plug mentioned in the text is only a preferred example of a "thermal-sensitive physical release mechanism." Any structure that uses thermal elements such as glass balls (thermal-sensitive temperature tubes), shape memory alloy drive valves, or bimetallic mechanical locking devices to achieve "fixed-point physical sealing and high-temperature automatic release" is considered an equivalent transformation of the present invention. All equivalent transformations made based on the content of this specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, should be included within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A system for early warning and three-dimensional defense against thermal runaway in energy storage batteries, characterized in that, It includes several battery clusters, each of which includes several battery modules, a T0 liquid cooling supply main pipe, a T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply trunk pipe, and a cluster-level controller; The battery module is equipped with several battery cells, and adjacent battery cells are tightly filled with T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pads that are electrically connected to the cluster level controller. The T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad is configured to have piezoresistive sensing characteristics, which are used to generate a sudden change in electrical characteristics when the battery cell expands and deforms under pressure. The cluster-level controller is configured to: when a sudden change in the electrical characteristics of the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad is detected and meets the preset triggering conditions, execute the pre-action control logic to control the liquid filling state of the T0 liquid cooling main pipe and the T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply main pipe, so that the fire-fighting pipeline switches from the dry state to the wet pressure-holding state. The top cover of the battery cell is covered with a T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch. A T3 emergency sprinkler assembly is installed in the upper internal space of the battery module. The T3 emergency sprinkler assembly is connected to a branch of the T3 emergency fire-fighting liquid supply main pipe through a module-level solenoid valve. The module-level solenoid valve is electrically connected to the cluster-level controller. The T3 emergency sprinkler assembly has a thermal nozzle directly above each of the battery cells. The spray nozzle of the thermal nozzle is physically sealed by a fusible alloy plug. The physical melting point of the fusible alloy plug is higher than the trigger temperature of the T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch and lower than the critical temperature at which the battery cell will experience thermal runaway and generate an open flame. A T0 liquid cooling plate is installed at the bottom of the battery module. The T0 liquid cooling plate is connected to the T0 liquid cooling main pipe.

2. The energy storage battery thermal runaway early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge cushioning pad is made of flame-retardant flexible porous polymer as the matrix and manufactured through a conductive medium composite process. Its electrical characteristics change abruptly as follows: under normal conditions without compression, it exhibits high impedance characteristics, but when compressed and deformed due to the expansion of the battery cell, the resistance value drops in a stepwise manner to below a set threshold.

3. The early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries according to claim 1, characterized in that, The T3 emergency sprinkler assembly includes a T3 emergency sprinkler branch pipe, which is normally in a dry, insulated state without liquid or in a low-pressure inert gas-filled state. The module-level solenoid valve is a normally closed valve, which opens only when the cluster-level controller receives a sudden change signal in the electrical characteristics of the T1 conductive elastic buffer, so as to allow external fire-fighting liquid to enter the T3 emergency sprinkler branch pipe and establish a constant working pressure, thereby achieving a wet standby state that is ready to fire but not yet activated.

4. The early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries according to claim 1, characterized in that, The T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch contains perfluorohexanone phase change fire extinguishing agent, and its triggering temperature is set to 100°C to 120°C; the melting point of the fusible alloy plug is set to 145°C to 155°C.

5. The early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of energy storage batteries according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cluster-level controller is also equipped with intermittent pulse suppression logic: after detecting that the T3 emergency spray component has started spraying for a preset time, the module-level solenoid valve is temporarily closed and the system enters a monitoring state; if the module temperature is subsequently detected to have a rebound trend, the module-level solenoid valve is reopened for short-term pulse supplementary spraying.

6. The early warning and three-dimensional defense suppression system for thermal runaway of an energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cluster-level controller is configured to: upon determining that a sudden change in the electrical characteristics of the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad has occurred, send an early thermal runaway alarm signal to the BMS system of the energy storage power station, and link the BMS system to cut off the charging and discharging circuit of the faulty battery cluster.

7. A method for early warning and three-dimensional defense against thermal runaway in energy storage batteries based on the system described in any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: S1. Routine patrol and sentinel monitoring: Keep the module-level solenoid valve closed, the T3 emergency spray assembly in the dry pipe standby state, and use the T0 liquid cooling plate to dissipate heat from the battery cell daily; at the same time, use the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad as a silent sentinel to sense the mechanical status of the battery cell in real time. S2, Mechanical Early Warning and Hydraulic Pre-action: When the electrical characteristics of the T1 flame-retardant conductive sponge buffer pad change abruptly and meet the preset threshold, it is determined that the battery cell has undergone initial expansion; the cluster-level controller immediately instructs the T0 liquid-cooled circulating pump to increase to full speed and simultaneously opens the module-level solenoid valve to pre-fill the T3 emergency sprinkler assembly with fire-fighting liquid and establish working pressure, thus completing the dry and wet state switching. S3, Multi-level gradient suppression: If the cell temperature rises and triggers the T2 microcapsule fire extinguishing patch, it releases fire extinguishing gas to suppress the initial fire; if the cell temperature continues to rise and causes the fusible alloy plug to melt and fall off, the fire-fighting liquid that has been pre-charged and pressurized in the T3 emergency sprinkler assembly will immediately be sprayed out through the thermal nozzle with zero delay to immerse the faulty cell at a fixed point. S4. Safety Termination and Reignition Prevention: After the controlled spray reaches the set duration, the cluster-level controller executes an intermittent pulse spray strategy, which, together with the continuous bottom heat removal of the T0 liquid cooling plate, prevents the battery cell from reigniting. At the same time, it strictly controls the duration of a single pulse spray and the total cumulative spray duration to prevent the fire-fighting liquid from overflowing due to continuous injection while ensuring the suppression effect.

Images