A power wireless ad hoc network fault-tolerant architecture system based on ultra-wideband technology

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of power wireless ad hoc network fault-tolerant architecture systems based on ultra-wideband technology, belongs to a kind of power wireless ad hoc network fault-tolerant architecture systems based on ultra-wideband technology, including ultra-wideband communication module and fault-tolerant ad hoc network architecture;Ultra-wideband communication module is integrated in sensor node layer, and data transmission is realized by the signal flow of antenna array→radio frequency front end→baseband processing→power management→sensor interface;Fault-tolerant ad hoc network architecture includes relay node cluster, sink node and double-path transmission mechanism;Sensor node layer is deployed on power equipment;Relay node cluster is deployed according to optimized position, and forms double-ring disjoint topology;Sink node is data collection center, and is connected to power monitoring system;Double-path transmission mechanism includes main path and standby path;The power wireless ad hoc network fault-tolerant architecture system based on ultra-wideband technology provided in the application meets the demand of high bandwidth, strong fault-tolerance, low power consumption, multifunction for intelligent operation and maintenance of power system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power wireless communication and ad hoc network fault tolerance technology, and in particular to a power wireless ad hoc network fault tolerance architecture system based on ultra-wideband technology. Background Technology

[0002] With the intelligent and digital development of power systems, power equipment condition monitoring has placed higher demands on the precision, real-time nature of data acquisition, and flexibility of monitoring scenarios. It needs to support high sampling rate data transmission such as vibration and fault recording, and adapt to the mobility requirements of equipment in complex plant areas. This makes the transmission performance, reliability, and deployment flexibility of power monitoring networks the core requirements.

[0003] The current power monitoring network has many prominent problems: 1. Traditional wired networks have high deployment costs and poor mobility. Mainstream wireless solutions such as LoRa and ZigBee suffer from low bandwidth (<1Mbps), weak anti-interference, and separation of positioning and communication. 2. Existing wireless ad hoc networks mostly adopt single-path transmission or simple redundancy design. The deployment of relay nodes lacks a systematic fault tolerance mechanism, and node failures can easily lead to data loss. 3. When the sensor is directly connected to the aggregation node, the power consumption will increase by 3-5 times when the communication distance exceeds 500 meters, which will increase the operation and maintenance costs and shorten the equipment life.

[0004] Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology boasts GHz-level bandwidth and is currently primarily used for indoor positioning (10cm-level accuracy). Its potential in communication scenarios involving dense power equipment clusters has not yet been fully explored. Existing network architecture deficiencies and limitations in UWB technology applications make it difficult for power monitoring networks to meet the comprehensive requirements of intelligent operation and maintenance for high bandwidth, high reliability, low power consumption, and strong fault tolerance. Therefore, developing a novel wireless self-organizing network fault-tolerant architecture system adapted to power scenarios is of great significance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless self-organizing networks based on ultra-wideband technology, which solves the problems of insufficient bandwidth, weak anti-interference ability, imperfect fault tolerance mechanism, excessive energy consumption and high deployment cost in existing power monitoring networks.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology, including an ultra-wideband communication module and a fault-tolerant ad hoc network architecture; The ultra-wideband communication module is integrated into the sensor node layer, and data transmission is achieved through the signal flow of antenna array → RF front end → baseband processing → power management → sensor interface; The fault-tolerant self-organizing network architecture includes a relay node cluster, a aggregation node, and a dual-path transmission mechanism; The sensor node layer is deployed on the power equipment to collect power equipment monitoring data; the relay node cluster is deployed in optimized locations to form a double-ring non-intersecting topology for data forwarding; the aggregation node is the data aggregation center and connects to the power monitoring system; the dual-path transmission mechanism includes a primary path and a backup path, with the primary path being sensor → relay A → aggregation node and the backup path being sensor → relay B → aggregation node.

[0007] Preferably, the antenna array of the ultra-wideband communication module serves as a key component for signal radiation and reception, and its specific structure is as follows: Basic Structure: A 4-element MIMO printed antenna is adopted to meet the special requirements of power monitoring scenarios. Based on an FR4 substrate with etched copper foil lines of 50Ω characteristic impedance, a T-type matching structure is used to achieve conjugate matching with the 50Ω port of the DW3000 RF chip, optimizing the VSWR to below 2. This ensures optimal signal coupling between elements, achieving efficient signal radiation and reception, and guaranteeing signal transmission efficiency. Interference suppression structure: An integrated third-order LC elliptic filter, consisting of a π-type network formed by a 0402 packaged high-Q surface mount inductor and a microwave ceramic capacitor, accurately suppresses interference frequency bands below 3.5GHz and above 6.5GHz; A 0.1mm thick grounding copper foil layer is added to the bottom layer, and an electromagnetic shielding cavity is formed with the top microstrip antenna through a 0.3mm diameter hole to suppress multipath reflection in a metallic environment; A sawtooth-shaped slot is etched at the edge of the grounding layer to absorb energy from common interference frequency bands of 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz using the principle of electromagnetic resonance; Ferrite beads are embedded at the connection between the radiating patch and the feeder, which is equivalent to a high-frequency choke coil to attenuate common-mode interference introduced by the power link and does not affect the transmission of 3.5-6.5GHz signals.

[0008] Preferably, the radio frequency front-end module of the ultra-wideband communication module is the core of realizing ultra-wideband high-speed communication, and its structural design specifically includes: Core chip: DW3000 UWB transceiver is used; DW3000 is a mature commercial UWB transceiver chip that supports the IEEE 802.15.4z standard and features low power consumption and high-precision ranging (suitable for the positioning needs of power equipment). Its stability has been verified in industrial scenarios.

[0009] Frequency Band Design: The operating frequency band is set at 3.5-6.5GHz. Since power system harmonic interference is mainly generated by nonlinear loads such as frequency converters and rectifiers, its frequency range is concentrated in the low-frequency band of 100Hz-3kHz. To avoid power system harmonic interference, the operating frequency band is set at 3.5-6.5GHz. This frequency band is chosen because it does not overlap with the energy concentration area of ​​power harmonics, and the wavelength of high-frequency signals (approximately 5-8.5cm) is much smaller than the size of power equipment, making it difficult to form effective coupling interference and thus avoiding low-frequency harmonic radiation.

[0010] Bandwidth and rate configuration: The bandwidth setting for wireless communication takes into account typical concurrent service scenarios and protocol layer overhead. The nominal rate of a single link is set to 50Mbps. According to Shannon's theorem, the larger the bandwidth, the higher the theoretical transmission rate. A bandwidth of 500MHz is designed. Combined with BPSK modulation and coding optimization, the nominal rate of a single link is set to 50Mbps.

[0011] Preferably, the baseband processor module of the ultra-wideband communication module is responsible for signal modulation / demodulation and anti-interference processing, and its structural design specifically includes: Modulation method: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is adopted, with 64 subcarriers. The more subcarriers, the higher the spectrum utilization. 64 subcarriers balance spectrum efficiency and hardware implementation complexity in power scenarios.

[0012] Anti-interference technology: Integrated chirp spread spectrum technology, the formula for the chirp signal is: in, The waveform of the transmitted signal is shown; A represents the maximum amplitude of the signal, measured in volts. t is the starting frequency of the frequency band, which is 3.5 GHz; K is the frequency modulation frequency, which is 200 MHz / μs; t is the time, in microseconds.

[0013] By spreading the signal energy across a wider frequency band using linear frequency modulation (LFM), the probability of narrowband interference is reduced. At the same time, electromagnetic noise in power scenarios is mostly narrowband, and after spreading, it can be received through matched filtering to extract useful signals, further improving communication reliability.

[0014] Preferably, the power management module of the ultra-wideband communication module adopts a four-mode power consumption control and dynamic power control structure design to meet the long-endurance requirements of power sensors. The four-mode power consumption control structure defines a power consumption range framework to achieve precise matching of power consumption driven by service requirements. The dynamic power control is an optimization within the active mode and the listening mode, specifically including: Four-mode power consumption control structure: Deep sleep mode: For power sensors such as switchgear temperature and vibration sensors, high-frequency monitoring is not required, and they are not triggered by any services most of the time. When there is no data interaction for 10 minutes, the power supply to most circuits except for the real-time clock (RTC) is cut off, while basic wake-up functions are retained; Sleep mode: When there is no real-time data transmission but basic connection needs to be maintained, the RF front-end and high-power unit of the baseband processor are turned off to maintain the low-power standby of the baseband chip and basic monitoring of the power management module. Listening mode: When preparing to send or receive data but not yet acquiring channel resources, such as waiting for a channel to become available in a CSMA / CA mechanism or waiting for a route response in a Mesh network. In listening mode, the RF front-end enters a low-power listening state, such as enabling bandpass filtering + LNA and disabling power amplification, while the baseband processor starts channel detection algorithms, such as spectrum sensing and collision detection. Activation mode: High bandwidth data transmission, such as fault waveform uploading, multi-channel sensor concurrent acquisition or high-precision positioning, such as when equipment anomaly monitoring requires 10cm-level ranging, in activation mode, the RF front-end power amplifier is fully turned on, reaching Pmax, the baseband processor runs at full computing power: OFDM modulation and spread spectrum demodulation are processed at full speed, and the power management releases full power supply. The four modes define a power consumption range framework. Dynamic power control is an optimization within the active and listener modes. The specific formula for dynamic power control is as follows. In active mode: long distance ( >80m) Ensure coverage, medium distance (50m≤) (<80m) Linear power reduction ensures that the active state power consumption is not fixed at 28mA, but dynamically adapts to the distance, further saving energy; in listening mode, if the node determines that the probability of close-range communication is high, such as when the sensor is close to the aggregation node, the radio frequency power can be reduced in advance in the listening state, so that the power consumption of 8mA is further reduced, avoiding excessive listening and wasting power.

[0015] The specifics of dynamic power control are as follows: Within activation mode and listening mode, based on communication distance Dynamically adjust transmission power The formula is as follows: in, This is the actual transmission power, based on the communication distance. Dynamically adjusted, unit: dBm; This is the maximum transmission power; Maximum transmission power; Communication location time slot multiplexing: In this design, pilot signals are used for UWB ranging, power business data is transmitted, and protection intervals prevent interference between time slots. In power scenarios, equipment requires both "location monitoring" and "data transmission." Traditional solutions require separate modules. This design uses time slot multiplexing to integrate positioning and communication functions within the same frame, reusing hardware resources and reducing hardware costs and power consumption (eliminating the need for an additional UWB positioning module). During the pilot signal phase, the module quickly enters a near-listening state with lightweight positioning power consumption (below 8mA, as positioning only requires transmitting and receiving short pulses), using UWB pulses to complete ranging. During the data phase, the module switches to "active state" or "sleep state" as needed. This compresses the "positioning + communication" mode switching to 21... The process is completed internally, avoiding prolonged high power consumption, allowing the four modes to accurately match time-slot-level business needs, balancing efficiency and functionality.

[0016] Preferably, the sensor interface of the ultra-wideband communication module adopts a standardized interface, which supports docking with various power sensors, such as vibration and temperature sensors.

[0017] Preferably, the optimized deployment method for relay node clusters includes the following steps: S71. Environmental Modeling and Candidate Location Generation: An electromagnetic propagation model specific to the power industry scenario is established to accurately predict the transmission characteristics of wireless signals in the complex environment of substations, providing a scientific basis for candidate location generation. The electromagnetic propagation model is based on the path loss formula, as shown below: in, Distance The path loss at the location, in dB; For reference distance path loss; For reference distance, it is 1m; The path loss exponent is set to 3.2. The shadow fading component follows a normal distribution N(0,σ²), where σ = 4 dB; Here, is the metal obstacle attenuation coefficient; Nmetal is the number of metal obstacles that can penetrate; using this model, the system can identify... The area with a signal coverage blind spot and high interference is defined as the region with a signal density greater than 110dB. The optimal signal propagation path is then calculated.

[0018] Based on the analysis results of the electromagnetic model, a spatial discretization method was used to generate candidate locations: the three-dimensional space of the substation was divided into a 1m×1m×1m cubic grid. After excluding equipment entities and safety restricted areas, locations were selected that met the following criteria: distance from power equipment greater than or equal to 2m, fixed installation foundation (such as brackets or walls), and accessible power supply. Location points with a voltage level <100dB; S72. Establish an optimization model. This model enables the power monitoring system to deploy relays at suitable locations with minimal cost, ensuring reliable dual-path coverage for all sensors and balancing engineering economics and system stability. Considering deployment costs such as hardware procurement, installation, and maintenance, low-cost relay deployment locations are selected to reduce overall project investment. Simultaneously, by maximizing minimum coverage intensity, the model ensures that the sensor with the lowest coverage intensity among all sensors reaches its maximum value, avoiding monitoring blind spots. The dual-node coverage constraint ensures that each sensor must connect to at least two relays, forming redundant links and avoiding the risk of single-relay coverage. The path independence constraint ensures that the path is physically or logically independent at least two points, preventing simultaneous failure of both relays. The distance constraint ensures the transmission quality of ultra-wideband signals (3.5-6.5GHz), guaranteeing attenuation ≤8dB. The multi-objective function is: in, For position Deployment costs; For relay deployment decision variables, determine whether to be in the candidate position. Deploy relays; For sensor-relay connection variables, determine the sensor Connect to relay? ; For sensors Position coordinates; For relay nodes Position coordinates; Calculating the path disjointness degree is a key constraint in establishing the optimization model. The formula is: in, For path The total number of nodes; For path The total number of nodes; This represents the number of shared nodes between two paths, excluding endpoints. During calculation, the system first constructs a topology graph, then calculates the shortest path to the convergence node for each sensor. Remove Calculate the second shortest path after the node Finally, calculate the number of shared nodes between the two paths and output the path disjointness value; S73. Multi-objective evolutionary solution: An improved NSGA-III algorithm is used for optimization computation. The algorithm iterates from a randomly generated initial population (100 deployment schemes), with each scheme represented by a binary string (length equal to the number of candidate positions, "1" indicating deployment). Each iteration contains four key steps: S731, Constraint Repair Engine: Automatically corrects solutions that do not meet constraints, ensuring that all solutions meet engineering requirements; for example, for sensors that do not meet double coverage, add the nearest candidate location; for paths with a disjointness of less than 2, add the location that maximizes the disjoint value. S732. Calculate the objective function: Calculate three objective function values ​​for each scheme, including: deployment cost, minimum coverage strength, and total communication energy consumption; S733, Non-dominated sorting, divides the solution set according to the hierarchy of superiority; S734, Genetic Operations: Generating a new generation of population by simulating binary crossover and polynomial mutation; The formula for simulating binary crossover is: Offspring generation = Parent generation 1 + β·(Parent generation 2 - Parent generation 1) Among them, the β distribution factor is controlled by η_c=4; Polynomial mutation, with a mutation probability of 1 / n, where n is the number of variables; After 500 iterations, the Pareto front solution set consisting of 15-20 non-dominated schemes is output. S74, relay deployment scheme and network path planning integration, specifically including: Solution Classification and Selection: Utilizing Pareto solution set analysis and dynamic optimization mechanisms, the system achieves scientific selection and adaptive adjustment of solutions. The Pareto solution set, as the set of "non-dominated solutions" in multi-objective optimization problems, reflects the trade-offs between objectives such as cost and coverage strength in this system. The Pareto solution set is divided into three categories: economical, balanced, and highly reliable solutions, adapting to different scenario requirements. Dynamic feedback optimization: After deployment, the system monitors RSSI and packet loss rate link quality indicators in real time, establishing a dynamic feedback mechanism. When the RSSI in a certain area remains below -85dB for 5 consecutive minutes, the system initiates an incremental optimization strategy: adjusting 5-10% of the nodes in the affected area. This includes reselecting relay deployment locations and optimizing the connection relationship between sensors and relays. By fine-tuning local variables and combining the established optimization model, the local optimum is recalculated, achieving dynamic updates to the deployment plan. This closed-loop mechanism of "monitoring-early warning-local optimization" avoids the high computational complexity and resource consumption of global optimization while rapidly responding to environmental changes, ensuring that the power monitoring system maintains a continuously efficient and reliable operating state throughout its entire lifecycle.

[0019] Preferably, the dual-path fault switching mechanism operates on the following premise: relying on the dual physical independent paths formed by the optimized arrangement of relay nodes, each sensor has at least two transmission channels with a path non-intersection degree greater than or equal to 2, the transmission channels being the main path and the backup path, and the backup path being a pre-established but inactive state. Triggering conditions for dual-path fault switching mechanism: adopts dual-threshold fault detection of hard fault and soft fault; hard fault trigger: two consecutive ACKs greater than 5ms; soft fault trigger: RSSI < -85dBm and lasts for 3 monitoring cycles. The core objective of the dual-path failover mechanism is to control the entire handover latency of the seamless handover process to within 20ms, as shown by the formula. ensure; The specific switching process of the dual-path failover mechanism is divided into four stages: In the fault detection and decision-making phase, the total time is less than or equal to 15ms: After the sensor confirms the main path fault, the optimal backup relay is selected from the pre-stored backup path table; the selection criteria include: signal strength RSSI>-75dBm, path reliability disjointness greater than or equal to 3, and historical transmission quality. The path switching request phase lasts for 2ms: The sensor sends a switching request frame to the selected backup relay. The switching request frame includes the original path ID, the last successfully transmitted packet sequence number N, and the sensor authentication code. The route reconstruction phase lasts for 2ms: The first step is that after the backup relay receives the switch request frame, it sends a route update instruction to the aggregation node; the second step is that after the aggregation node verifies the legality of the request, it updates the routing table, switches the original path pointing to the primary relay node to the backup path, and sends an acknowledgment message to the backup relay. During the data transmission recovery phase, the total time is ≤0.02ms: the backup relay sends a handover ready ACK to the sensor, and the sensor starts transmitting data from sequence number N+1; the system ensures data continuity through packet reordering, and the packet reordering rule is that the starting sequence number of the new path = the last sequence number of the original path + 1; Key technical safeguards for dual-path failover mechanism: path ID binding and data reassembly algorithm; Path ID binding: Each data packet carries a path identifier. ; The data reassembly algorithm ensures packet order continuity, data integrity, and deduplication during dual-path transmission; the packet order continuity guarantee formula is: ; The formula for deduplication in dual-path transmission is: .

[0020] Preferably, the system workflow specifically includes: The normal transmission phase of the system is an efficient and orderly data acquisition and transmission process, which specifically includes the following steps: S911, Activation Trigger: When the power sensor detects a change in the device status, the activation mode of the UWB communication module is activated; S912, Data Modulation: The monitoring data collected by the sensor is modulated into a radio frequency signal through UWB's unique linear frequency modulation spread spectrum technology; S913, Main Path Transmission: The modulated data packets are transmitted through the main transmission path; the main transmission path is sensor → main relay node → aggregation node, where there are at least two relay nodes within 100 meters around each sensor, a primary relay node and a backup relay node, and the paths from the primary relay node and the backup relay node to the aggregation node are non-intersecting with a degree ≥2. S914, Multi-hop forwarding: After receiving a data packet, the primary relay node adopts a multi-hop forwarding mechanism with 2-3 hops to transmit the data to the aggregation node. The forwarding process takes less than or equal to 10ms. S915, Data Upload: After verifying and reassembling the received data packets, the aggregation node transmits them to the power monitoring center through the fiber optic network; S916, Energy Consumption Optimization: To ensure optimal energy consumption, the system monitors the communication distance in real time. And dynamically adjust the transmission power To achieve optimal energy consumption control; S917 Health Check: The system performs a main path health check every 5 seconds, and uses the ACK confirmation mechanism and RSSI monitoring to predict potential faults.

[0021] During the fault handling phase, when the system detects a communication anomaly, the fault handling process is immediately initiated, which includes the following steps: S921. Fault determination: A dual threshold mechanism is used to determine the fault type. When the time taken for two consecutive ACK confirmations is >5ms, it is determined to be a hard fault; when the RSSI is below -85dBm for three consecutive cycles, it is determined to be a soft fault. S922, Switching Trigger: When a hard fault or soft fault is detected, the fault switching process is triggered immediately, and the total delay from fault detection to complete data transmission recovery is ≤20ms.

[0022] Therefore, the present invention employs the above-mentioned fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology, which has the following beneficial effects: (1) Enhanced transmission performance and deployment flexibility: With the help of the GHz-level bandwidth of ultra-wideband technology, it supports the efficient transmission of high sampling rate data (up to 50Mbps) such as vibration and fault recording. At the same time, it replaces the traditional wired network to achieve wireless monitoring with low deployment cost and high mobility, which is suitable for the dynamic adjustment of power equipment. Compared with LoRa / ZigBee and other solutions, there is no need to separate the deployment of positioning and communication modules, which further reduces the overall deployment cost. (2) Enhanced fault tolerance and reliability: By optimizing the arrangement of relay nodes to form a double-ring non-intersecting topology, combined with a dual-path transmission mechanism, it is ensured that each sensor is connected to at least 2 relay nodes and the path non-intersection degree is ≥2; the dual-threshold fault switching mechanism (total delay ≤20ms) can quickly respond to node failures, electromagnetic interference and other problems, avoid data loss caused by single-path transmission, and significantly improve the network's fault resistance capability. (3) Energy consumption and operation and maintenance economy optimization: The dynamic power control strategy is adopted to adaptively adjust the transmission power according to the communication distance, avoiding the problem of high power consumption over long distances when the sensor is directly connected to the aggregation node (power consumption is reduced by 3-5 times when the communication distance is >500 meters); at the same time, the incremental optimization relay deployment adjustment mechanism reduces resource consumption during operation and maintenance and extends the service life of the equipment. (4) Fully explore the technological potential: Extend ultra-wideband technology from a single indoor positioning scenario to the field of communication for power-intensive equipment clusters, while realizing time-slot multiplexing of communication and positioning (21 (It can complete mode switching within the system) and, in addition to ensuring transmission performance, it also has centimeter-level positioning capabilities, providing multi-dimensional data support for the precise operation and maintenance of power equipment.

[0023] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is the overall system architecture of an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of an ultra-wideband communication module according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the fault-tolerant self-organizing network architecture design according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the environment modeling and candidate location generation process in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the path non-intersection degree calculation according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a flowchart of the multi-objective evolutionary solution process according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a flowchart of the fault switching mechanism in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0026] This invention relates to a fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology. The system is implemented step-by-step through the following steps, each combined with the appendix. Figure 1-7 Detailed explanation: I. System architecture deployment, such as Figure 1 As shown This system adopts a layered distributed architecture, with its core consisting of a sensor node layer, a relay node cluster, a aggregation node, and a dual-path transmission mechanism. The specific deployment is as follows: Sensor node layer: Monitoring terminals integrating ultra-wideband communication modules will be precisely deployed in key monitoring parts of power equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers, and switchgear, such as transformer windings, circuit breaker contacts, and inside switchgear, to collect real-time monitoring data such as equipment vibration, temperature, and fault recording.

[0027] Relay Node Cluster: Based on the optimized deployment plan, relay devices are deployed at fixed intervals within the substation, forming a double-ring non-intersecting topology. This ensures that at least two relay nodes exist within a 100-meter radius of each sensor node, providing physical support for primary and backup path transmission.

[0028] Aggregation Node: Deployed near the substation monitoring room, serving as the core of data aggregation, it connects to the power monitoring system via a wired link, receives data forwarded by relay nodes, performs verification and reassembly, and then uploads it to the monitoring platform.

[0029] Dual-path transmission mechanism: Two transmission paths are clearly defined, one primary and one backup. The primary path is "sensor → relay A → aggregation node", which is responsible for daily data transmission tasks. The backup path is "sensor → relay B → aggregation node", which is in a pre-established but inactive state and is only activated when the primary path fails.

[0030] II. Implementation of Ultra-Wideband Communication Modules, such as Figure 2 As shown The ultra-wideband communication module is designed according to the signal flow of "antenna array → RF front end → baseband processing → power management → sensor interface", and the specific implementation of each module is as follows: (a) Antenna Array Basic Structure: A 4-element MIMO printed antenna is adopted to meet the special requirements of power monitoring scenarios. Based on an FR4 substrate with etched copper foil lines of 50Ω characteristic impedance, a T-type matching structure is used to achieve conjugate matching with the 50Ω port of the DW3000 RF chip, optimizing the VSWR to below 2. This ensures optimal signal coupling between elements, achieving efficient signal radiation and reception, and guaranteeing signal transmission efficiency. Interference suppression structure: An integrated third-order LC elliptic filter, consisting of a π-type network formed by a 0402 packaged high-Q surface mount inductor and a microwave ceramic capacitor, accurately suppresses interference frequency bands below 3.5GHz and above 6.5GHz; A 0.1mm thick grounding copper foil layer is added to the bottom layer, and an electromagnetic shielding cavity is formed with the top microstrip antenna through a 0.3mm diameter hole to suppress multipath reflection in a metallic environment; A sawtooth-shaped slot is etched at the edge of the grounding layer to absorb energy from common interference frequency bands of 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz using the principle of electromagnetic resonance; Ferrite beads are embedded at the connection between the radiating patch and the feeder, which is equivalent to a high-frequency choke coil to attenuate common-mode interference introduced by the power link and does not affect the transmission of 3.5-6.5GHz signals.

[0031] (ii) Radio frequency front-end module The DW3000 UWB transceiver is used as the core chip. The DW3000 is a mature commercial UWB transceiver chip that supports the IEEE 802.15.4z standard and features low power consumption and high-precision ranging (suitable for the positioning needs of power equipment). Its stability has been verified in industrial scenarios.

[0032] Since power system harmonic interference is mainly generated by nonlinear loads such as frequency converters and rectifiers, its frequency range is concentrated in the low-frequency band of 100Hz-3kHz. To avoid power system harmonic interference, the operating frequency band is set to 3.5-6.5GHz. This frequency band is set so that it does not overlap with the energy concentration area of ​​power harmonics, and the wavelength of high-frequency signals (approximately 5-8.5cm) is much smaller than the size of power equipment, making it difficult to form effective coupling interference, and thus keeping it away from low-frequency harmonic radiation.

[0033] The bandwidth setting for wireless communication takes into account typical concurrent service scenarios and protocol layer overhead, setting the nominal rate of a single link to 50Mbps. According to Shannon's theorem, the larger the bandwidth, the higher the theoretical transmission rate. After BPSK modulation and coding optimization, a 500MHz bandwidth can stably support the 50Mbps transmission requirement.

[0034] (iii) Baseband processor module Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is adopted; the number of subcarriers is set to 64 to improve spectral efficiency. The more subcarriers, the higher the spectral utilization; 64 subcarriers balance spectral efficiency and hardware implementation complexity in power scenarios.

[0035] Chirp spread spectrum (CSP) is used as an anti-interference technique. The mathematical expression of the CSP signal is as follows: in, The waveform of the transmitted signal is shown; A represents the maximum amplitude of the signal, measured in volts. t is the starting frequency of the frequency band, typically 3.5 GHz; K is the frequency modulation frequency, typically 200 MHz / μs; t is the time, in microseconds.

[0036] By spreading the signal energy across a wider frequency band using linear frequency modulation (LFM), the probability of narrowband interference is reduced. At the same time, electromagnetic noise in power scenarios is mostly narrowband, and after spreading, it can be received through matched filtering to extract useful signals, further improving communication reliability.

[0037] (iv) Power Management Module A four-mode power consumption control is adopted, as shown in Table 1, to achieve precise matching of power consumption driven by business needs: Table 1. Power consumption control in four modes of power management

[0038] Deep sleep mode: Power sensors such as switchgear temperature and vibration sensors do not require high-frequency monitoring and are not triggered by any business most of the time. When there is no data interaction (including positioning and communication) for 10 minutes, it is determined to be "long-term idle", and the power supply to almost all circuits except the real-time clock (RTC) is cut off, and only the most basic wake-up functions (such as external interrupt and timed wake-up) are retained.

[0039] Sleep mode: This mode is defined by the network layer as a state where there is no immediate data transmission but basic connectivity needs to be maintained, such as waiting for polling from the upper-level node or synchronizing the network clock. In sleep mode, the RF front-end and high-power units of the baseband processor are turned off, but the baseband chip maintains low-power standby and basic monitoring of the power management module is maintained.

[0040] Listening mode: A node is preparing to receive or send data but has not yet acquired channel resources, such as waiting for the channel to become available in a CSMA / CA mechanism or waiting for a route response in a Mesh network. In listening mode, the RF front-end enters low-power listening (e.g., enabling bandpass filtering + LNA and disabling power amplification), and the baseband processor starts channel detection algorithms (e.g., spectrum sensing, collision detection).

[0041] Activation Mode: Performs high-bandwidth data transmission (such as fault waveform uploading, concurrent acquisition of multiple sensors) or high-precision positioning (such as equipment anomaly monitoring requiring 10cm-level ranging). In activation mode, the RF front-end power amplifier is fully open (up to Pmax), the baseband processor runs at full computing power (OFDM modulation + spread spectrum demodulation full-speed processing), and the power management system releases full power supply.

[0042] The specifics of dynamic power control are as follows: Within activation mode and listening mode, based on communication distance Dynamically adjust transmission power The formula is as follows: in, This is the actual transmission power, based on the communication distance. Dynamically adjusted, unit: dBm; This is the maximum transmission power; Maximum transmission power; Communication location time slot multiplexing: Among them, the pilot frequency is used for UWB ranging, data transmission of power business data, and protection intervals to avoid interference between time slots.

[0043] (v) Sensor Interface It adopts a standardized interface design, is compatible with commonly used industrial protocols such as Modbus and CAN, and supports interface with various power monitoring sensors such as vibration sensors and temperature sensors to achieve standardized data input.

[0044] III. Implementation of Fault-Tolerant Self-Organizing Network Architecture, such as Figure 3 As shown (I) Optimized Arrangement of Relay Nodes The implementation will proceed in four stages: "Environmental modeling and candidate location generation → Optimization model establishment → Multi-objective evolutionary solution → Deployment scheme integration". Phase 1, Environment Modeling and Candidate Location Generation, such as Figure 4 As shown, an electromagnetic propagation model specific to the power scenario is established, with the following formula: in, Distance The path loss at the location, in dB; For reference distance path loss; For reference distance, it is 1m; The path loss exponent is set to 3.2. The shadow fading component follows a normal distribution N(0,σ²), where σ = 4 dB; Nmetal represents the metal obstacle attenuation coefficient; Nmetal represents the number of metal obstacles that can be penetrated. Based on the analysis results of the electromagnetic model, a spatial discretization method was used to generate candidate locations: the three-dimensional space of the substation was divided into a 1m×1m×1m cubic grid. After excluding equipment physical areas and safety restricted areas, candidate locations were selected that met the following conditions: distance from power equipment greater than or equal to 2m, fixed installation foundation, and power supply accessibility. Location points with a voltage level <100dB; Phase 2: Establish the optimization model, define the multi-objective function, and set constraints: in, For position Deployment costs; For relay deployment decision variables, determine whether to be in the candidate position. Deploy relays; For sensor-relay connection variables, determine the sensor Connect to relay? ; For sensors Position coordinates; For relay nodes Position coordinates; Calculating the path disjointness degree is a key constraint in establishing the optimization model. The formula is: in, For path The total number of nodes; For path The total number of nodes; This represents the number of shared nodes between two paths, excluding endpoints. During calculation, the system first constructs a topology graph, then calculates the shortest path to the convergence node for each sensor. Remove Calculate the second shortest path after the node Finally, calculate the number of shared nodes between the two paths and output the disjointness value of the paths, such as... Figure 5 As shown; Phase 3, multi-objective evolutionary solution, such as Figure 6 As shown, an improved NSGA-III algorithm is used for optimization computation; the algorithm starts iterating from a randomly generated initial population, and each scheme is represented by a binary string; each iteration contains four key steps: Step 1, Constraint Repair Engine: Automatically corrects solutions that do not meet constraints, ensuring that all solutions meet engineering requirements; Step 2: Calculate the objective function: Calculate three objective function values ​​for each scheme, including: deployment cost, minimum coverage strength, and total communication energy consumption; Step 3: Non-dominated sorting, dividing the solution set according to its superiority or inferiority level; Step 4, Genetic Operations: Generate a new generation of population by simulating binary crossover and polynomial mutation; The formula for simulating binary crossover is: Offspring generation = Parent generation 1 + β·(Parent generation 2 - Parent generation 1) Among them, the β distribution factor is controlled by η_c=4; Polynomial mutation, with a mutation probability of 1 / n, where n is the number of variables; After 500 iterations, the Pareto front solution set consisting of 15-20 non-dominated schemes is output. Phase 4: Integration of relay deployment scheme and network path planning, specifically including: Solution Classification and Selection: The Pareto solution set is divided into three categories: economical, balanced, and highly reliable, to adapt to different scenario requirements; Dynamic feedback optimization: After deployment, the system monitors RSSI and packet loss rate link quality indicators in real time and builds a dynamic feedback mechanism; when the RSSI of a certain area is below -85dB for 5 consecutive minutes, the system starts an incremental optimization strategy: adjusting 5-10% of the nodes in the affected area.

[0045] (ii) Dual-path fault switching mechanism, such as Figure 7 As shown The prerequisite for the operation of the dual-path fault switching mechanism is that it relies on the dual physical independent paths formed by the optimized arrangement of relay nodes. Each sensor has at least two transmission channels with a path non-intersection degree of greater than or equal to 2. The transmission channels are the main path and the backup path, and the backup path is in a pre-established but inactive state. Triggering conditions for dual-path fault switching mechanism: adopts dual-threshold fault detection of hard fault and soft fault; hard fault trigger: two consecutive ACKs greater than 5ms; soft fault trigger: RSSI < -85dBm and lasts for 3 monitoring cycles. The core objective of the dual-path failover mechanism is to control the entire handover latency of the seamless handover process to within 20ms, as shown by the formula. ensure; The specific switching process of the dual-path failover mechanism is divided into four stages: In the fault detection and decision-making phase, the total time is less than or equal to 15ms: After the sensor confirms the main path fault, the optimal backup relay is selected from the pre-stored backup path table; the selection criteria include: signal strength RSSI>-75dBm, path reliability disjointness greater than or equal to 3, and historical transmission quality. The path switching request phase lasts for 2ms: The sensor sends a switching request frame to the selected backup relay. The switching request frame includes the original path ID, the last successfully transmitted packet sequence number N, and the sensor authentication code. The route reconstruction phase lasts for 2ms: The first step is that after the backup relay receives the switch request frame, it sends a route update instruction to the aggregation node; the second step is that after the aggregation node verifies the legality of the request, it updates the routing table, switches the original path pointing to the primary relay node to the backup path, and sends an acknowledgment message to the backup relay. During the data transmission recovery phase, the total time is ≤0.02ms: the backup relay sends a handover ready ACK to the sensor, and the sensor starts transmitting data from sequence number N+1; the system ensures data continuity through packet reordering, and the packet reordering rule is that the starting sequence number of the new path = the last sequence number of the original path + 1; Key technical safeguards for dual-path failover mechanism: path ID binding and data reassembly algorithm; Path ID binding: Each data packet carries a path identifier. ; The data reassembly algorithm ensures packet order continuity, data integrity, and deduplication during dual-path transmission; the packet order continuity guarantee formula is: ; The formula for deduplication in dual-path transmission is: .

[0046] IV. System Workflow (a) Normal transmission phase When the power sensor detects a change in the device status, it activates the UWB communication module, collects data, and modulates it into a radio frequency signal using linear frequency modulation spread spectrum technology.

[0047] Data packets are transmitted via the main path "sensor → main relay node → aggregation node". The main relay node uses a 2-3 hop forwarding mechanism to transmit data to the aggregation node within 10ms.

[0048] During transmission, the system performs a main path health check every 5 seconds, uses the ACK confirmation mechanism and RSSI monitoring to predict potential faults, and dynamically adjusts the transmission power based on the communication distance d. .

[0049] After the aggregation node verifies and reassembles the data packets, it transmits them to the power monitoring center via the fiber optic network.

[0050] (II) Fault Handling Phase Fault determination: A dual threshold mechanism is adopted. Two consecutive ACK confirmation timeouts (>5ms) are identified as hard faults, and RSSI is identified as soft faults if it is below -85dBm for three consecutive cycles.

[0051] Switchover Execution: The switchover process is initiated immediately after fault confirmation, and is executed in four stages: "fault detection and decision-making → path switching request → route reconstruction → data transmission recovery" to ensure uninterrupted data transmission.

[0052] Therefore, the present invention adopts the above-mentioned fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology. Through the collaborative design of ultra-wideband communication modules and fault-tolerant ad hoc network architecture, the high bandwidth, high reliability, low power consumption and strong fault tolerance goals of power wireless communication are achieved.

[0053] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology, characterized in that, This includes ultra-wideband communication modules and fault-tolerant self-organizing network architecture; The ultra-wideband communication module is integrated into the sensor node layer, and data transmission is achieved through the signal flow of antenna array → RF front end → baseband processing → power management → sensor interface; The fault-tolerant self-organizing network architecture includes a relay node cluster, a aggregation node, and a dual-path transmission mechanism; The sensor node layer is deployed on the power equipment to collect power equipment monitoring data; the relay node cluster is deployed in optimized locations to form a double-ring non-intersecting topology for data forwarding; the aggregation node is the data aggregation center and connects to the power monitoring system; the dual-path transmission mechanism includes a primary path and a backup path, with the primary path being sensor → relay A → aggregation node and the backup path being sensor → relay B → aggregation node.

2. The fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The antenna array of the ultra-wideband communication module is a key component for signal radiation and reception, and its specific structure is as follows: Basic structure: It adopts a 4-element MIMO printed antenna, based on the copper foil line with 50Ω characteristic impedance etched on the FR4 substrate, and achieves conjugate matching with the 50Ω port of the RF chip DW3000 through a T-type matching structure, and optimizes the VSWR to below 2 to ensure signal transmission efficiency. Interference suppression structure: An integrated third-order LC elliptic filter is constructed from a π-type network consisting of a 0402 packaged high-Q surface mount inductor and a microwave ceramic capacitor. A 0.1mm thick grounding copper foil layer is added to the bottom layer, and an electromagnetic shielding cavity is formed with the top microstrip antenna through a 0.3mm diameter hole to suppress multipath reflection in a metallic environment; A sawtooth-shaped slot is etched at the edge of the grounding layer to absorb energy from common interference frequency bands of 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz using the principle of electromagnetic resonance; Ferrite beads are embedded at the connection between the radiating patch and the feeder, which is equivalent to a high-frequency choke coil to attenuate common-mode interference introduced by the power link and does not affect the transmission of 3.5-6.5GHz signals.

3. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 2, characterized in that, The radio frequency front-end module of the ultra-wideband communication module is the core of realizing ultra-wideband high-speed communication. Its structural design specifically includes: Core chip: DW3000 UWB transceiver; Frequency band design: The operating frequency band is set at 3.5-6.5GHz; Bandwidth and rate configuration: Based on Shannon's theorem, a 500MHz bandwidth is designed, and combined with BPSK modulation and coding optimization, the nominal rate of a single link is set to 50Mbps.

4. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 3, characterized in that, The baseband processor module of the ultra-wideband communication module is responsible for signal modulation, demodulation, and anti-interference processing. Its structural design specifically includes: Modulation method: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation with 64 subcarriers; Anti-interference technology: Integrated chirp spread spectrum technology, the formula for the chirp signal is: in, The waveform of the transmitted signal is shown; A represents the maximum amplitude of the signal, measured in volts. t is the starting frequency of the frequency band, which is 3.5 GHz; K is the frequency modulation frequency, which is 200 MHz / μs; t is the time, in microseconds.

5. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 4, characterized in that, The power management module of the ultra-wideband communication module adopts a four-mode power consumption control and dynamic power control structure to meet the long-endurance requirements of power sensors. The four-mode power consumption control structure defines the power consumption range framework, while the dynamic power control is an optimization within the active mode and the listening mode, specifically including: Four-mode power consumption control structure: Deep sleep mode: When there is no data interaction for 10 minutes, the power supply to most circuits except the real-time clock (RTC) is cut off, while the basic wake-up function is retained; Sleep mode: When there is no real-time data transmission but basic connection needs to be maintained, the RF front-end and high-power unit of the baseband processor are turned off to maintain the low-power standby of the baseband chip and basic monitoring of the power management module. Listening mode: When preparing to send and receive data but not yet obtaining channel resources, in listening mode, the radio frequency front end enters a low-power listening state, and the baseband processor starts the channel detection algorithm. Activation mode: During high-bandwidth data transmission or high-precision positioning, in activation mode, the RF front-end power amplifier is fully turned on, the baseband processor runs at full computing power, and the power management releases full power supply. The specifics of dynamic power control are as follows: Within activation mode and listening mode, based on communication distance Dynamically adjust transmission power The formula is as follows: in, This is the actual transmission power, based on the communication distance. Dynamically adjusted, unit: dBm; This is the maximum transmission power; Maximum transmission power; Communication location time slot multiplexing: Among them, the pilot frequency is used for UWB ranging, data transmission of power business data, and protection intervals to avoid interference between time slots.

6. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 5, characterized in that, The sensor interface of the ultra-wideband communication module adopts a standardized interface, which supports docking with various power sensors.

7. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optimized deployment method for relay node clusters includes the following steps: S71. Environmental Modeling and Candidate Location Generation: Establish an electromagnetic propagation model specific to the power scenario, with the following formula: in, Distance The path loss at the location, in dB; For reference distance path loss; For reference distance, it is 1m; The path loss exponent is set to 3.

2. The shadow fading component follows a normal distribution N(0,σ²), where σ = 4 dB; Nmetal represents the metal obstacle attenuation coefficient; Nmetal represents the number of metal obstacles that can be penetrated. Based on the analysis results of the electromagnetic model, a spatial discretization method was used to generate candidate locations: the three-dimensional space of the substation was divided into a 1m×1m×1m cubic grid. After excluding equipment physical areas and safety restricted areas, candidate locations were selected that met the following conditions: distance from power equipment greater than or equal to 2m, fixed installation foundation, and power supply accessibility. Location points with a voltage level <100dB; S72. Establish an optimization model, define a multi-objective function, and set constraints: in, For position Deployment costs; For relay deployment decision variables, determine whether to be in the candidate position. Deploy relays; For sensor-relay connection variables, determine the sensor Connect to relay? ; For sensors Position coordinates; For relay nodes Position coordinates; Calculating the path disjointness degree is a key constraint in establishing the optimization model. The formula is: in, For path The total number of nodes; For path The total number of nodes; This represents the number of shared nodes between two paths, excluding endpoints. During calculation, the system first constructs a topology graph, then calculates the shortest path to the convergence node for each sensor. Remove Calculate the second shortest path after the node Finally, calculate the number of shared nodes between the two paths and output the path disjointness value; S73. Multi-objective evolutionary solution: An improved NSGA-III algorithm is used for optimization computation. The algorithm starts iterating from a randomly generated initial population, and each solution is represented by a binary string. Each iteration contains four key steps: S731, Constraint Repair Engine: Automatically corrects solutions that do not meet constraints, ensuring that all solutions meet engineering requirements; S732. Calculate the objective function: Calculate three objective function values ​​for each scheme, including: deployment cost, minimum coverage strength, and total communication energy consumption; S733, Non-dominated sorting, divides the solution set according to the hierarchy of superiority; S734, Genetic Operations: Generating a new generation of population by simulating binary crossover and polynomial mutation; The formula for simulating binary crossover is: Offspring generation = Parent generation 1 + β·(Parent generation 2 - Parent generation 1) Among them, the β distribution factor is controlled by η_c=4; Polynomial mutation, with a mutation probability of 1 / n, where n is the number of variables; After 500 iterations, the Pareto front solution set consisting of 15-20 non-dominated schemes is output. S74, relay deployment scheme and network path planning integration, specifically including: Solution Classification and Selection: The Pareto solution set is divided into three categories: economical, balanced, and highly reliable, to adapt to different scenario requirements; Dynamic feedback optimization: After deployment, the system monitors RSSI and packet loss rate link quality indicators in real time and builds a dynamic feedback mechanism; when the RSSI of a certain area is below -85dB for 5 consecutive minutes, the system starts an incremental optimization strategy: adjusting 5-10% of the nodes in the affected area.

8. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The prerequisite for the operation of the dual-path fault switching mechanism is that it relies on the dual physical independent paths formed by the optimized arrangement of relay nodes. Each sensor has at least two transmission channels with a path non-intersection degree of greater than or equal to 2. The transmission channels are the main path and the backup path, and the backup path is in a pre-established but inactive state. Triggering conditions for dual-path fault switching mechanism: adopts dual-threshold fault detection of hard fault and soft fault; hard fault trigger: two consecutive ACKs greater than 5ms; soft fault trigger: RSSI < -85dBm and lasts for 3 monitoring cycles. The core objective of the dual-path failover mechanism is to control the entire handover latency of the seamless handover process to within 20ms, as shown by the formula. ensure; The specific switching process of the dual-path failover mechanism is divided into four stages: In the fault detection and decision-making phase, the total time is less than or equal to 15ms: after the sensor confirms the main path fault, the optimal backup relay is selected from the pre-stored backup path table; The selection criteria include: signal strength RSSI > -75dBm, path reliability disjointness greater than or equal to 3, and historical transmission quality; The path switching request phase lasts for 2ms: The sensor sends a switching request frame to the selected backup relay. The switching request frame includes the original path ID, the last successfully transmitted packet sequence number N, and the sensor authentication code. The route reconstruction phase lasts for 2ms: The first step is that after the backup relay receives the switch request frame, it sends a route update instruction to the aggregation node; the second step is that after the aggregation node verifies the legality of the request, it updates the routing table, switches the original path pointing to the primary relay node to the backup path, and sends an acknowledgment message to the backup relay. During the data transmission recovery phase, the total time is ≤0.02ms: the backup relay sends a handover ready ACK to the sensor, and the sensor starts transmitting data from sequence number N+1; the system ensures data continuity through packet reordering, and the packet reordering rule is that the starting sequence number of the new path = the last sequence number of the original path + 1; Key technical safeguards for dual-path failover mechanism: path ID binding and data reassembly algorithm; Path ID binding: Each data packet carries a path identifier. ; The data reassembly algorithm ensures packet order continuity, data integrity, and deduplication during dual-path transmission; the packet order continuity guarantee formula is: ； The formula for deduplication in dual-path transmission is: 。 9. A fault-tolerant architecture system for power wireless ad hoc networks based on ultra-wideband technology according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system workflow specifically includes: The normal transmission phase includes the following steps: S911, Activation Trigger: When the power sensor detects a change in the device status, the activation mode of the UWB communication module is activated; S912, Data Modulation: The monitoring data collected by the sensor is modulated into a radio frequency signal through UWB's unique linear frequency modulation spread spectrum technology; S913, Main Path Transmission: The modulated data packets are transmitted through the main transmission path; the main transmission path is sensor → main relay node → aggregation node, where there are at least two relay nodes within 100 meters around each sensor, a primary relay node and a backup relay node, and the paths from the primary relay node and the backup relay node to the aggregation node are non-intersecting with a degree ≥2. S914, Multi-hop forwarding: After receiving a data packet, the primary relay node adopts a multi-hop forwarding mechanism with 2-3 hops to transmit the data to the aggregation node. The forwarding process takes less than or equal to 10ms. S915, Data Upload: After verifying and reassembling the received data packets, the aggregation node transmits them to the power monitoring center through the fiber optic network; S916, Energy Consumption Optimization: To ensure optimal energy consumption, the system monitors the communication distance in real time. And dynamically adjust the transmission power To achieve optimal energy consumption control; S917 Health Check: The system performs a main path health check every 5 seconds, and uses the ACK confirmation mechanism and RSSI monitoring to predict potential faults; The troubleshooting phase specifically includes the following steps: S921. Fault determination: A dual threshold mechanism is used to determine the fault type. When the time taken for two consecutive ACK confirmations is >5ms, it is determined to be a hard fault; when the RSSI is below -85dBm for three consecutive cycles, it is determined to be a soft fault. S922, Switching Trigger: When a hard fault or soft fault is detected, the fault switching process is triggered immediately, and the total delay from fault detection to complete data transmission recovery is ≤20ms.

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