A psychology experiment data collection system

Abstract

This application provides a data acquisition system for psychological experiments, relating to the field of data acquisition technology. The system includes: a wristband module for wearing on a target object to collect physiological and motion state data of the target object during a psychological experiment; a gateway module communicatively connected to the wristband module; and a central control module communicatively connected to the gateway module to receive and process data forwarded by the gateway module. The wristband module includes: a main control unit; a physiological parameter acquisition unit for collecting physiological data of the target object during the psychological experiment; a motion state acquisition unit for collecting motion state data of the target object during the psychological experiment; a first communication unit connected to the main control unit for sending the collected data to the gateway module; and a touchscreen for displaying a psychological experiment answering interface and an emotional state feedback interface to assist the target object in completing questionnaire selections and providing emotional state feedback.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of data acquisition technology, and in particular to a data acquisition system for psychological experiments. Background Technology

[0002] Psychological experiments are an important component of psychology and a crucial applied methodological course. In recent years, with the continuous development of psychological research methods, researchers have placed higher demands on the accuracy and real-time nature of experimental data. Traditional psychological experiments primarily rely on subject self-reports, behavioral observation, and fixed experimental equipment. While these methods provide a basis for psychological research to some extent, their dependence on subject-specific statements or researcher observations often leads to problems such as highly subjective data, difficulty in quantification, and limited experimental environments, thus restricting the scientific rigor and generalizability of the research results.

[0003] Therefore, improving the data collection capabilities of psychological experiments and ensuring the scientific validity and reproducibility of experimental results has become an important issue of concern for researchers. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, embodiments of this application provide a psychological experimental data acquisition system to overcome or at least partially solve the above problems.

[0005] A first aspect of this application provides a psychological experiment data acquisition system, the system comprising: At least one wristband module is used to be worn on a target object to collect physiological and motion data of the target object during a psychological experiment. At least one gateway module is communicatively connected to the wristband module; and The central control module is communicatively connected to the gateway module and receives and processes the data forwarded by the gateway module. The wristband module includes: Main control unit; A physiological parameter acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire physiological data of the target object during the psychological experiment. A motion state acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire motion state data of the target object during the psychological experiment. The first communication unit is connected to the main control unit and is used to send the collected data to the gateway module; A touchscreen, connected to the main control unit, is used to display a psychological experiment answering interface and an emotional state feedback interface to assist the target subject in completing the questionnaire selection and emotional state feedback.

[0006] In some embodiments, the physiological parameter acquisition unit includes: Heart rate sensor, used to collect heart rate data of the target object; and / or A blood oxygen sensor is used to collect blood oxygen data of the target object.

[0007] In some embodiments, the motion state acquisition unit includes: A triaxial accelerometer for acquiring acceleration data; and / or A three-axis gyroscope used to collect angular velocity data.

[0008] In some embodiments, the first communication unit is a Bluetooth communication unit, which sends the collected data to the gateway module via the Bluetooth protocol; The gateway module uploads data to the central control module via Wi-Fi.

[0009] In some embodiments, the wristband module and the gateway module communicate using the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol and support two working modes: connection mode and broadcast mode. In the connection mode, the wristband module broadcasts as a Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral device, and the gateway module scans and establishes a connection as a Bluetooth Low Energy central device. After the connection is established, the two parties exchange data at the attribute protocol and general attribute profile layer. The wristband module encapsulates the collected data into general attribute profile feature values ​​and pushes them to the gateway module. In the broadcast mode, no connection is established between the wristband module and the gateway module. The wristband module periodically sends data packets that do not require connection establishment through the broadcast channel. The gateway module scans the broadcast channel as an observer and parses the data packets. The data packets include at least a device identifier, sensor status, or a short numerical value.

[0010] In some embodiments, the gateway module connects to multiple wristband modules to concurrently collect wristband data from multiple objects.

[0011] In some embodiments, the system further includes: A user interface testing module, connected to the touchscreen, is used to test the display and interaction functions of the touchscreen; the user interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the interactive feedback of the psychology experiment answering interface, the emotional state feedback interface, and the communication feedback interface; The test system status information is displayed in real time, and the system status information includes at least the charging status and / or system fault prompts; Test the page switching function.

[0012] In some embodiments, the system further includes: A data interface testing module, connected to the central control module, is used to test and verify the data interface of the central control module; the data interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the data receiving interface by constructing sensor data packets of different formats and contents to verify whether the central control module correctly parses and persistently stores the data, and to verify the return of the corresponding abnormal status code and prompt information for abnormal requests. Test the device list retrieval interface to verify the completeness and query efficiency of the retrieved list of connected device identifiers; Test the device data query interface to verify the correctness of the function of multi-dimensional filtering and querying by device identifier, data type and / or time range, as well as the ability to handle exceptions for unregistered devices or incorrect parameters; Test the device data deletion interface to verify that the deletion of historical data of a specified device takes effect in real time and does not affect the integrity of data of other devices.

[0013] In some embodiments, the wristband module further includes: A 3D-printed shell, wherein the physiological parameter acquisition unit and the motion state acquisition unit are integrated within the 3D-printed shell; The physiological parameter acquisition unit is located on the bottom surface of the 3D printed shell facing the skin. The 3D printed shell has a window on the bottom surface facing the skin, and the light source of the physiological parameter acquisition unit is in contact with the wearer's skin surface through the window.

[0014] In some embodiments, the wristband module further includes: A power management unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to manage the power supply of the wristband module; The power management unit is configured to perform at least one of the following low-power control operations: screen backlight adjustment, sensor on-demand activation, and timed sleep mode for the main control unit.

[0015] The beneficial effects of this application are: This application provides a data acquisition system for psychological experiments. By integrating a physiological parameter acquisition unit, a motion state acquisition unit, and a touchscreen into a wristband module, it achieves simultaneous acquisition of participants' physiological data, motion state data, and subjective feedback data in psychological experiments. This avoids the data asynchrony problem caused by separate operation of multiple devices and improves the spatiotemporal consistency of experimental data. Furthermore, the touchscreen can display a psychological experiment answer interface and an emotional state feedback interface, assisting participants in completing questionnaire selections and providing emotional state feedback. This makes the subjective data acquisition process more intuitive and efficient, reduces the guidance burden on the experimenter, and lowers the additional cognitive load on participants due to complex operations, thus facilitating the acquisition of more authentic and reliable psychological state data. In addition, the wristband module is wearable and worn by the participants, featuring non-invasive and continuous monitoring capabilities. It can record participants' physiological responses and behavioral changes in real time throughout the psychological experiment, overcoming the limitations of traditional questionnaires or observation methods that can only obtain discrete time-point data. Attached Figure Description

[0016] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this application, are used to provide a further understanding of this application. The illustrative embodiments of this application and their descriptions are used to explain this application and do not constitute an undue limitation of this application.

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application, the drawings used in the description of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a psychological experimental data acquisition system provided in one embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a system architecture diagram of a multi-connection mechanism provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the communication process of a psychological experimental data acquisition system provided in one embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this application. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0020] The terms "first," "second," etc., used in the specification and claims of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and not to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such terms can be used interchangeably where appropriate so that embodiments of this application can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein, and the objects distinguished by "first" and "second" are generally of the same class, not limited in number; for example, the first object can be one or at least two. Furthermore, in the specification and claims, "and / or" indicates at least one of the connected objects, and the character " / " generally indicates that the preceding and following objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0021] Psychological experiments are an important component of psychology and a crucial applied methodological course. In recent years, with the continuous development of psychological research methods, researchers have placed higher demands on the accuracy and real-time nature of experimental data. Traditional psychological experiments primarily rely on subject self-reports, behavioral observation, and fixed experimental equipment. While these methods provide a basis for psychological research to some extent, their dependence on subject-specific statements or researcher observations often leads to problems such as strong data subjectivity, difficulty in quantification, and limited experimental environments, thus restricting the scientific rigor and generalizability of research results. Therefore, how to utilize modern technology to improve the data collection capabilities of psychological experiments and ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of experimental results has become an important issue of concern for researchers.

[0022] In view of the above problems, this application designs a data acquisition system for psychological experiments to improve the data acquisition capability of psychological experiments.

[0023] The first aspect of this application proposes a psychological experiment data acquisition system, referring to... Figure 1 , Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the architecture of a psychological experiment data acquisition system is shown, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the system includes: A first aspect of this application provides a data acquisition system, the system comprising: At least one wristband module is used to be worn on a target object to collect physiological and motion data of the target object during a psychological experiment. At least one gateway module is communicatively connected to the wristband module; and The central control module is communicatively connected to the gateway module and receives and processes the data forwarded by the gateway module. The wristband module includes: Main control unit; A physiological parameter acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire physiological data of the target object during the psychological experiment. A motion state acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire motion state data of the target object during the psychological experiment. The first communication unit is connected to the main control unit and is used to send the collected data to the gateway module; A touchscreen, connected to the main control unit, is used to display a psychological experiment answering interface and an emotional state feedback interface to assist the target subject in completing the questionnaire selection and emotional state feedback.

[0024] Specifically, such as Figure 1 As shown, the data acquisition system mainly includes a wristband module, a gateway module, and a central control module. The wristband module is worn on the wrist of the subject (i.e., the target subject) to continuously collect various data from the subject during the psychological experiment in a non-invasive manner. The wristband module includes a main control unit, a physiological parameter acquisition unit, a motion state acquisition unit, a first communication unit, and a touch screen.

[0025] The main control unit can employ a low-power microcontroller, such as an ESP32 or nRF52840, to coordinate data interaction and command execution between various units. The physiological parameter acquisition unit is electrically connected to the main control unit to collect real-time physiological data from the subjects. The motion state acquisition unit is also electrically connected to the main control unit to collect motion state data from the subjects, including but not limited to limb movement data, posture change data, and activity state data. Analysis of the motion state data can identify micro-movement changes in the subjects during the experimental task, providing auxiliary evidence for judging their psychological state. The first communication unit is electrically connected to the main control unit to send data collected by the physiological parameter acquisition unit and the motion state acquisition unit to the gateway module. The touchscreen is electrically connected to the main control unit to display the psychological experiment answer interface and the emotional state feedback interface. During the experiment, subjects can select questionnaire items and provide immediate emotional state feedback via the touchscreen. This design makes the subjective data collection process more intuitive and convenient, helps reduce the operational burden on subjects, and improves the timeliness and accuracy of data feedback.

[0026] The gateway module communicates with the wristband module to receive data sent by the wristband module and forward the data to the central control module. In practical applications, one gateway module can establish communication connections with multiple wristband modules simultaneously to meet the concurrent data acquisition needs of large-scale psychological experiments.

[0027] The central control module communicates with the gateway module to receive data forwarded by the gateway module and to process, store and manage the data in a unified manner. The central control module can be configured as a local server or a cloud server. It uses data analysis algorithms to perform correlation analysis on physiological data, motion state data and subjective feedback data, providing multi-dimensional data support for psychological research. The central control module is mainly responsible for receiving, storing and managing data from the wristband module. Specific responsibilities include: (1) Data reception. The central control module establishes communication connections with multiple gateway devices through the Wi-Fi network and receives wristband data uploaded by the gateway in real time. The system supports multiple gateways working in parallel to ensure that the data from multiple wristband devices can be received and processed synchronously in a stable and efficient manner. (2) Data management and analysis: The central control module builds a backend service based on the FastAPI framework, which is responsible for receiving data transmitted by the gateway and storing, managing and analyzing the data. The system effectively processes the data through the backend interface to support subsequent visualization and data analysis. (3) Visualization: The central control system provides a graphical front-end interface for experimental personnel to view the physiological data of each subject in real time. These data are displayed intuitively and clearly, facilitating real-time monitoring and adjustment by experimenters during the experiment. (4) Data storage and synchronization mechanism: In order to ensure the integrity and traceability of the data, the central control module has a local data storage and synchronization mechanism. This mechanism ensures that when the network fails, the data can be safely stored locally and synchronized after the network is restored, avoiding data loss.

[0028] Mental health issues are often accompanied by obvious physiological reactions. Therefore, researchers use wearable devices to collect physiological indicators such as heart rate and skin temperature for mental health monitoring. Smart bracelets can monitor the wearer's physiological state in real time, such as heart rate, pulse, and activity level, and transmit the collected data to the backend experimental management system in real time via wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy. This facilitates centralized storage and analysis, enabling remote acquisition and analysis of experimental data. Compared with traditional experimental equipment, the psychological experimental system based on smart bracelets not only improves the flexibility of data acquisition but also provides richer physiological data support, thereby enhancing the depth and accuracy of psychological research. This embodiment integrates physiological parameter acquisition, activity monitoring, and subjective feedback interaction into a single bracelet module, achieving multimodal synchronous acquisition of psychological experimental data and solving the data inconsistency problem caused by separate operation of multiple devices in traditional methods. At the same time, the wearable, non-invasive design ensures the natural state of the subjects during the experiment, which is conducive to obtaining more authentic and continuous psychological and behavioral data.

[0029] In some embodiments, the physiological parameter acquisition unit includes: Heart rate sensor, used to collect heart rate data of the target object; and / or A blood oxygen sensor is used to collect blood oxygen data of the target object.

[0030] Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation are important physiological parameters for measuring human health. Heart rate reflects the frequency of the heartbeat, while blood oxygen saturation indicates the oxygen content in the blood. These two parameters are crucial for assessing an individual's health status, especially in emergency situations. Smart bracelets and other devices, while enabling real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen, are also gradually integrating various sensing technologies, providing technical support for health assessment and early warning.

[0031] Depending on the specific needs of psychological experiments, the physiological parameter acquisition unit can be configured with various sampling modes. In resting state or low-intensity experiments, a lower sampling frequency (e.g., once per second) can be used to reduce power consumption. In experiments involving inducing emotions or stress responses, the sampling frequency can be dynamically increased (e.g., 10 to 50 times per second) to capture instantaneous changes in heart rate or blood oxygen levels. The sampling frequency can be adjusted automatically by the main control unit based on the experimental stage markers, or remotely set by the main control unit receiving configuration commands from the central control module.

[0032] The acquired heart rate and blood oxygen data are synchronized with the acceleration and angular velocity data output by the motion state acquisition unit on the same time reference, and are either stored in association by the main control unit or uploaded in real time through the first communication unit. This method of synchronous acquisition and associated storage of multimodal data facilitates the subsequent data analysis phase to explore the temporal relationship between changes in psychological state and physiological response.

[0033] Optionally, heart rate and blood oxygenation detection are implemented using the MAX30102, a highly integrated optical physiological signal sensor that supports simultaneous acquisition of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation, operating based on photoplethysmography (PPG). The chip integrates high-performance red and infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodiodes, a low-noise analog front-end, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a digital signal processing unit (DSP), effectively suppressing motion artifacts and improving signal quality. The MAX30102 features a high sampling rate, low power consumption, and small size, making it particularly suitable for wearable devices with high requirements for continuous monitoring and energy consumption control. This embodiment selects this chip, enabling real-time monitoring of the user's heart rate and blood oxygenation levels without significantly increasing size and power consumption.

[0034] In some embodiments, the wristband module further includes: A 3D-printed shell, wherein the physiological parameter acquisition unit and the motion state acquisition unit are integrated within the 3D-printed shell; The physiological parameter acquisition unit is located on the bottom surface of the 3D printed shell facing the skin. The 3D printed shell has a window on the bottom surface facing the skin, and the light source of the physiological parameter acquisition unit is in contact with the wearer's skin surface through the window.

[0035] Specifically, the outer shell contains multiple cavities for securing components such as the circuit board, battery, sensor module, and communication antenna. The physiological parameter acquisition unit and the motion state acquisition unit are integrated onto the same circuit board, which is fixed inside the 3D-printed outer shell. The physiological parameter acquisition unit (including a heart rate sensor and a blood oxygen sensor) is located on the skin-facing side of the circuit board, while the motion state acquisition unit (including a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope) can be located on the same side or the other side of the circuit board, depending on space constraints and signal acquisition requirements.

[0036] The 3D-printed shell has at least one window on its bottom surface facing the skin, the position of which corresponds to the optical element of the physiological parameter acquisition unit. The window can be a fully open structure or filled with a light-transmitting material (such as transparent resin) to ensure effective transmission of the optical signal. When worn, the light signal emitted by the light source of the physiological parameter acquisition unit is emitted through the window, penetrates the wearer's skin, is reflected or transmitted through subcutaneous tissue, and is then received by a photodetector through the same window or another dedicated window.

[0037] In this embodiment, heart rate detection can be performed using photoplethysmography (PPG). PPG is a physiological parameter measurement technique based on optical detection principles, which can be used for non-invasive monitoring of key vital signs such as heart rate and blood oxygen saturation. This method extracts pulse wave information by measuring the changes in the transmittance of human tissue caused by the periodic changes in blood volume due to heartbeats.

[0038] PPGs typically use two light sources and a photodetector for signal acquisition. The two light sources are red and near-infrared light, and the photodetector, implemented using highly sensitive optoelectronic devices such as photodiodes or phototransistors, is used to accurately sense minute changes in light intensity. During operation, the light emitted by the light sources shines onto the surface of human tissue. Some of the light is absorbed by hemoglobin in the blood, while some is scattered or reflected by the tissue. The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart causes changes in blood flow, resulting in periodic fluctuations in blood volume within the vessels, thus affecting the amount of light absorbed. The photodetector collects the light intensity signal generated by these absorption changes, thereby obtaining a pulse waveform reflecting the characteristics of blood flow. Signal processing algorithms can then be used to estimate heart rate and blood oxygen saturation.

[0039] Based on the relative structural positions of the light source and photodetector, PPG detection modes are mainly divided into two types: transmissive and reflective. In the transmissive mode, the light source and photodetector are placed on opposite sides of the human tissue. Light penetrates the tissue and is received by the detector on the other side, commonly used in areas with thinner tissue, such as fingertips and earlobes. In the reflective mode, the light source and detector are located on the same side. The detector receives the echo signal after the light is reflected from the tissue, suitable for areas with thicker tissue, such as the forehead and wrist. Compared with traditional electrical signal detection methods, PPG technology has advantages such as non-invasiveness, simple structure, ease of wear, and strong real-time performance, making it particularly suitable for portable and wearable devices, such as smartwatches and wristbands. In the system proposed in this application embodiment, considering that the device is worn on the wrist, and taking into account both comfort and operability, a reflective PPG measurement scheme is selected to achieve real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen.

[0040] In some embodiments, the motion state acquisition unit includes: A triaxial accelerometer for acquiring acceleration data; and / or A three-axis gyroscope used to collect angular velocity data.

[0041] A triaxial accelerometer is used to collect linear acceleration changes of a subject in three-dimensional space, corresponding to the X-axis (left-right direction), Y-axis (front-back direction), and Z-axis (up-down direction). Its core sensing element typically employs a capacitive or piezoresistive sensing structure manufactured using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. When the wristband module moves with the subject's limbs, the tiny mass block inside the accelerometer displaces due to inertia, causing a change in capacitance or resistance. This change is converted into a voltage signal by a signal conditioning circuit, and then output as a digitized acceleration value via an analog-to-digital converter.

[0042] Acceleration data can be used to analyze various motion characteristics of the subjects. For example, by calculating the magnitude of the resultant acceleration, it is possible to determine whether the subject is currently at rest, walking, running, or engaged in strenuous exercise; by performing frequency domain analysis on the acceleration signal, parameters such as step frequency and movement rhythm can be extracted; by analyzing the component distribution of gravitational acceleration on the three axes, the attitude angles of the wristband module (such as pitch and roll angles) can be estimated, thereby inferring the spatial orientation of the subject's limbs.

[0043] A three-axis gyroscope is used to acquire the angular velocity changes of a test subject rotating around the X, Y, and Z axes, corresponding to roll, pitch, and yaw angular velocities, respectively. Its working principle is based on the Coriolis effect: when a rotating object undergoes angular motion in an inertial frame, its internal vibrating mass is subjected to a Coriolis force proportional to the angular velocity, causing displacement of the mass. The microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope detects this displacement, and after passing it through a capacitive sensing circuit and analog-to-digital conversion, outputs a digital angular velocity value.

[0044] Integrating the angular velocity data yields the absolute attitude angle change of the wristband module; differentiating the angular velocity data yields angular acceleration information. Compared to accelerometers, gyroscopes are more sensitive to rapid rotational motions and are suitable for capturing subtle movements such as wrist twisting and palm flipping in subjects. These movement characteristics are of great significance in psychological research on fine motor tasks or emotional expression.

[0045] In practical applications, when relying solely on accelerometers for attitude calculation, linear acceleration introduces interference; when relying solely on gyroscopes for attitude calculation, integral drift accumulates errors over time. The main control unit of this system can be configured to fuse the output data from the three-axis accelerometers and the three-axis gyroscopes.

[0046] Specifically, the MPU6050 is a highly integrated six-axis motion sensor, including a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope, capable of comprehensively capturing the user's motion status information. The chip communicates with the main control ESP32 chip via the I²C bus, supports a low-power mode, and meets the energy consumption control requirements of wearable devices. The MPU6050 features a high sampling rate and high accuracy, making it suitable for scenarios requiring real-time motion data acquisition. This chip can detect the wearer's stationary state, wrist movements, hand tremors, etc., providing a reliable foundation for subsequent data analysis and functional implementation.

[0047] In some embodiments, the first communication unit is a Bluetooth communication unit, which sends the collected data to the gateway module via the Bluetooth protocol; The gateway module uploads data to the central control module via Wi-Fi.

[0048] In the psychological experimental data acquisition system, Bluetooth transmission is responsible for enabling short-range communication between the wristband module and the gateway module, while the gateway module uses Wi-Fi to upload data and exchange commands with the remote server.

[0049] In this embodiment, the wristband module (the first communication unit) and the gateway module communicate wirelessly using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol. Compared to the classic Bluetooth protocol, BLE has the advantages of low power consumption, fast connection, and moderate transmission distance, making it particularly suitable for short-range, periodic data transmission scenarios between wearable devices and gateways.

[0050] The BLE protocol stack is a core component of BLE communication technology and a standard software structure for enabling data exchange between Bluetooth devices. It defines a complete set of communication processes and functional modules to ensure low-power, high-reliability communication between different devices. In this system, the wristband module acts as a BLE Peripheral (slave device), periodically broadcasting at the Link Layer and Physical Layer (PHY) to announce its presence or enter a connection-waiting state. The gateway module, acting as the Central (master device), first scans the wristband's broadcasts and establishes a connection at the Link Layer. After a successful connection, both parties exchange data at the Attribute Protocol (ATT) and Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) layers. The gateway module reads the wristband's publicly available service and characteristic information, including key parameters such as heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and acceleration, through the GATT protocol. This data is encapsulated and transmitted at the L2CAP layer of the BLE protocol stack, and the Security Manager (SM) provides pairing, encryption, and authentication mechanisms to ensure the reliability and privacy of the experimental data. Through layered collaboration of the BLE protocol stack, the system achieves low-power, stable and reliable wireless acquisition of physiological data, meeting the dual requirements of real-time performance and energy consumption control in psychological experiments.

[0051] Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless local area network technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, widely used in various embedded systems to enable devices to access the Internet. The ESP32 chip integrates a complete Wi-Fi module, supports the 802.11b / g / n protocol, and has two working modes: soft access point (AP) and workstation (STA), providing network access, data transmission, and network service capabilities.

[0052] In this system, the ESP32 acts as the main control chip for the gateway module, operating in STA mode, i.e., connecting to the laboratory's wireless LAN as a "terminal." When connecting to the network, the ESP32 completes the following steps: First, it initializes and configures the STA parameters using the system's Wi-Fi stack; second, it scans for available hotspots and initiates connection requests; once connected, it automatically obtains network parameters such as IP address, gateway, and DNS via the DHCP protocol; finally, the device becomes an independent network node in the LAN, capable of communicating with external servers through a router.

[0053] Through effective management of the Wi-Fi module, the system can achieve long-term, stable remote data communication while maintaining low power consumption and good network compatibility.

[0054] HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a request-response oriented application layer protocol and one of the most commonly used communication protocols on the Internet. In this system, the gateway device uploads data collected from the wristband to the central server or database interface via the HTTP protocol.

[0055] The data upload process is as follows: First, after collecting the data broadcast by the wristband, the ESP32 gateway organizes it into structured data in JSON format. Then, it constructs a POST request using the built-in HTTP client library. The request header contains necessary fields such as Content-Type, and the request body carries the sensor data. Finally, the request is sent to a preset server URL, and the server parses and stores the data after receiving it.

[0056] This mechanism boasts advantages such as ease of implementation and good platform compatibility, making it particularly suitable for deploying fast-response interface services in web servers or lightweight backend frameworks. To improve the system's real-time performance and stability, the HTTP upload process typically combines network connection status detection, retransmission mechanisms, and queue caching strategies to ensure data is not lost and is uploaded successfully.

[0057] The HTTP protocol is based on TCP connections, and therefore relies on a complete TCP / IP communication protocol stack to ensure the reliability and order of data transmission. Therefore, this system employs BLE communication technology for data transmission between the wristband module and the central control module to achieve efficient data interaction between the wristband module and the gateway device. Simultaneously, Wi-Fi communication technology is used to enable data transmission and interconnection between the gateway device and the central control module.

[0058] The wristband module is the core component of the system, primarily responsible for the collection and preliminary processing of physiological data. Based on the ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 module and necessary peripheral circuits, this module integrates a MAX30102 heart rate and blood oxygen sensor and an MPU6050 six-axis motion sensor. The former collects the subject's heart rate and blood oxygen data, while the latter collects the subject's motion status data. It also integrates a capacitive touchscreen, allowing users to select questionnaire answers and receive real-time feedback on emotional states. This data is formatted into JSON format and transmitted to the gateway in real-time via BLE technology. The central control module is the system's data management and display center, responsible for receiving, storing, processing, and analyzing data uploaded from the gateway, and providing real-time visualization of the analyzed data. The backend of the central control device uses the FastAPI framework to receive uploaded data and store it in JSON files. The frontend uses HTML, CSS, and JavaScript technologies for data visualization, displaying participants' physiological data, experimental status, and real-time feedback.

[0059] In some embodiments, the wristband module and the gateway module communicate using the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol and support two working modes: connection mode and broadcast mode. In the connection mode, the wristband module broadcasts as a Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral device, and the gateway module scans and establishes a connection as a Bluetooth Low Energy central device. After the connection is established, the two parties exchange data at the attribute protocol and general attribute profile layer. The wristband module encapsulates the collected data into general attribute profile feature values ​​and pushes them to the gateway module. In the broadcast mode, no connection is established between the wristband module and the gateway module. The wristband module periodically sends data packets that do not require connection establishment through the broadcast channel. The gateway module scans the broadcast channel as an observer and parses the data packets. The data packets include at least a device identifier, sensor status, or a short numerical value.

[0060] This system supports two Bluetooth Low Energy operating modes: Connect mode and Broadcast mode. The two modes can be selected or dynamically switched according to the specific needs of the psychology experiment.

[0061] In connection mode, a one-to-one logical connection is established between the wristband module and the gateway module, enabling bidirectional and reliable data interaction. In connection mode, the peripheral device (i.e., the wristband module) is initially in a broadcast state, and the central device (i.e., the gateway module) initiates a connection request after discovering the target device. Once the connection is established, both parties can communicate bidirectionally through a dedicated data channel. During communication, the master and slave devices periodically wake up and exchange data at predetermined connection intervals. Data is transmitted using characteristics in the ATT protocol, supporting Notify and Read / Write access operations. In this system, after each collection of physiological and motion data, the wristband device encapsulates it into GATT characteristics and actively pushes it to the gateway via the Notify mechanism. This method has the advantages of low communication latency and strong real-time performance, making it suitable for high-frequency, low-volume physiological signal transmission. After receiving the data, the gateway device processes it locally or forwards it via Wi-Fi, transmitting the data to the central server for unified management and analysis.

[0062] In broadcast mode, no connection is established between the wristband module and the gateway module; they communicate data in a unidirectional, connectionless manner. In broadcast mode, peripheral devices periodically send data packets that do not require connection establishment via the ADV channel, such as device identifiers, sensor status, or short numerical values. The central device (i.e., the gateway module) scans the broadcast channel as an observer and parses the data of interest. This mode is suitable for scenarios with frequent reporting but no need for a response, such as heartbeat reporting of device status or low-priority environmental monitoring data.

[0063] In some embodiments, the gateway module connects to multiple wristband modules to concurrently collect wristband data from multiple objects.

[0064] In this embodiment, the gateway module is configured to connect to multiple wristband modules simultaneously to achieve concurrent acquisition of wristband data from multiple subjects, thereby meeting the practical needs of large-scale psychological experiments for simultaneous measurement of multiple subjects.

[0065] The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol supports a multi-connection mechanism (where a central device establishes and maintains connections with multiple peripheral devices simultaneously). Leveraging this feature, the gateway module is configured as the BLE central device, and each wristband module is configured as a BLE peripheral device, thus achieving a one-to-many star network topology. This allows the system to simultaneously collect wristband data from multiple subjects in practical applications, meeting the concurrency requirements of large-scale psychological experiments.

[0066] For example, refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2A system architecture diagram of a multi-connection mechanism is shown, such as Figure 2 As shown, one gateway module can simultaneously establish connections with N wristband modules. The value of N depends on the hardware performance of the gateway module, the implementation of the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol stack, and the connection interval parameter settings. In practical applications, the value of N can be between 10 and 20. When the experimental scale exceeds the capacity of a single gateway module, horizontal scaling can be achieved by deploying multiple gateway modules. Each gateway module is responsible for a certain number of wristband modules, and the data from all gateway modules ultimately converges to the central control module.

[0067] With its flexible protocol structure and high-efficiency data transmission, BLE communication technology can stably and efficiently complete wireless data interaction between multiple devices in this system, providing reliable communication support for the accurate collection and subsequent analysis of psychological experimental data.

[0068] The wristband module uses the ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 module as its core processing unit (i.e., the main control unit), combined with necessary power supply and voltage regulation circuits, startup and reset circuits, USB-UART download and debugging interface circuits, as well as module interfaces and peripheral expansion circuits, to form a complete ESP32-S3 minimum system circuit. This system is responsible for the core data acquisition, processing, and communication tasks, and efficiently broadcasts the acquired data to the Bluetooth gateway in real time via Bluetooth Low Energy technology.

[0069] In addition, the bracelet module is equipped with a MAX30102 heart rate and blood oxygen sensor to accurately collect the user's heart rate and blood oxygen data. Simultaneously, the module features an MPU6050 six-axis motion sensor, integrating a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope to monitor the wearer's movement status and posture changes, providing real-time motion data.

[0070] For convenient user interaction, the wristband module is equipped with a TFT display screen (i.e., a touchscreen) to display the questionnaire answer interface and status feedback information, ensuring intuitive information presentation and efficient feedback. The module also integrates necessary peripheral circuit interfaces, such as buttons and touch input, providing users with a more flexible and convenient operating method. Through these designs, the wristband module not only achieves efficient physiological data collection but also optimizes and enhances user experience and interaction.

[0071] In some embodiments, the ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 module was selected as the main control chip for the wristband. This module, launched by Espressif Systems, is a highly integrated Wi-Fi and BLE dual-mode system-on-a-chip (SoC). It incorporates the ESP32-S3 series chip and features an Xtensa® dual-core 32-bit LX7 processor with a clock speed of up to 240 MHz. The module supports a rich set of peripheral interfaces, such as I²C, SPI, UART, and ADC, and has up to 36 GPIO pins. It supports a maximum of 16MB of Flash memory and 8MB of PSRAM, meeting the needs of parallel data acquisition and processing from multiple sensors while ensuring stable operation of the graphical interface and communication tasks. The ESP32-S3 also boasts excellent low-power characteristics and supports multiple sleep and wake-up modes, making it particularly suitable for wearable device scenarios.

[0072] The touchscreen can utilize a 1.69-inch ST7789 color TFT screen, providing users with intuitive visual feedback. This screen communicates with the ESP32 microcontroller via an SPI interface, supporting 240×280 resolution graphics and text display, and can present answer options, status feedback, and other information. It is a widely used display in wearable devices such as smart bracelets and smartwatches, featuring high resolution and low power consumption.

[0073] The gateway device can use the ESP32-S3N16R8 module as the main controller, which offers higher performance and memory resources, making it suitable for centralized processing of data from multiple wristbands. Its hardware platform supports multi-threaded BLE client communication and Wi-Fi network connectivity, enabling it to receive broadcast or active connection data from multiple wristbands in real time and transmit it to the central control system via the local network or USB interface. The gateway can be powered via USB, facilitating integration with host computers or edge servers.

[0074] In some embodiments, the central control module of this system can be deployed on a regular PC to manage data from multiple wristbands. This central control module can simultaneously run backend services and a frontend visual interface, possessing strong processing capabilities and good system scalability, making it suitable for scenarios in psychology experiments with high requirements for real-time performance and stability.

[0075] Specifically, the control terminal (i.e., the central control module) uses a conventional PC as its hardware foundation, possessing high computing and storage capabilities to stably run backend data services and the frontend interactive interface. The platform supports Wi-Fi or wired network access, meeting the needs of large-scale data reception and processing within a local area network. The system backend is built on the FastAPI framework, using Python to implement data reception, parsing, storage, and API service functions. FastAPI boasts high performance and asynchronous concurrent processing capabilities, suitable for scenarios where multiple Bluetooth gateways concurrently upload data, while also facilitating subsequent maintenance and functional expansion. The frontend interface is developed using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript to achieve visualized data display. By calling the interfaces provided by FastAPI, physiological data and status information uploaded by each wristband device can be viewed in real time in a browser, improving experimental monitoring efficiency and operability. This technology selection scheme, while ensuring development efficiency and system stability, also considers real-time requirements and the scalability of multi-terminal access, providing a reliable central data management and display platform for psychology experiments.

[0076] Reference Figure 3 , Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the communication flow of a psychological experiment data acquisition system is shown, such as... Figure 3 As shown, the workflow of the psychology experiment data acquisition system includes: First, the wristband module (such as...) Figure 3 The ESP32 wristband shown is powered on and initialized, activating the sensors and BLE broadcast module; secondly, it periodically collects heart rate, blood oxygen, and exercise data, formatting it into broadcast data packets; then, the gateway device (such as...) Figure 3 The BLE gateway shown scans the received BLE broadcasts and uploads the data to the central control module (such as...) via HTTP. Figure 3 The central control system (as shown); finally, the central control module parses the data, stores it, and displays it visually through the front-end interface (e.g., the central control module). Figure 3 As shown, it can be shown to the experimenter); repeat the above steps, and the system enters the cyclic acquisition and transmission process, supporting multiple devices to work in parallel.

[0077] The structural design and packaging scheme of the wristband module fully considers wearing comfort, stability, and scalability, while focusing on optimizing hardware integration and space utilization. To ensure a good user experience, all core hardware components, including modules, sensors, batteries, and display modules, are compactly integrated inside the wristband, minimizing unnecessary space occupation and ensuring comfort and stability during wear.

[0078] The internal structure of the bracelet is designed with full consideration of the functional requirements and space constraints of each module. The core processing unit is located in the center of the bracelet. Various sensors, batteries, and other modules are arranged around it to ensure accurate signal acquisition, efficient data processing, and stable communication. The display interface is located on the front of the bracelet, providing a user-friendly interface without compromising wearing comfort.

[0079] In terms of PCB design, a four-layer structure is adopted, with the middle two layers being VCC and GND layers, which effectively reduces signal interference and power supply noise. High-frequency and low-frequency signal lines are isolated and routed separately to reduce signal interference, while differential signal technology is used to ensure stable signal transmission. In addition, decoupling capacitors are placed near the power supply pins of all critical ICs to ensure power supply stability. To optimize heat dissipation and reduce impedance, frequent vias are avoided in the design to ensure signal transmission quality and circuit reliability.

[0080] The hardware design of the wristband module, in addition to the core sensor and display modules, also involves communication interfaces with external devices. The wristband module transmits data to the gateway device via Bluetooth and can also be charged via an external power source. The interface design should consider frequent data uploads and device charging operations during experiments, ensuring both ease of use and safety.

[0081] In some embodiments, the wristband module uses a standard Type-C charging interface for convenient charging. During charging, the system can automatically switch to a low-power mode based on the battery status, extending battery life. Data from the wristband module is transmitted to the Bluetooth gateway via BLE broadcast; the entire communication process does not require establishing a persistent connection with the gateway, reducing power consumption and improving the system's real-time responsiveness.

[0082] In some embodiments, the system further includes: A user interface testing module, connected to the touchscreen, is used to test the display and interaction functions of the touchscreen; the user interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the interactive feedback of the psychology experiment answering interface, the emotional state feedback interface, and the communication feedback interface; The test system status information is displayed in real time, and the system status information includes at least the charging status and / or system fault prompts; Test the page switching function.

[0083] Specifically, this user interface testing module is used to perform automated or semi-automated testing of the touchscreen's display and interaction functions during the development, factory testing, or field deployment phases of the wristband module. This module ensures that all functional modules of the touchscreen are in normal working order before actual psychological experiments, avoiding data acquisition failures due to abnormal interface display or interaction malfunctions. The user interface testing module can be integrated into the wristband module's firmware and run as an independent test task; alternatively, external testing equipment (such as a personal computer or dedicated testing fixture) can connect to the wristband module via a debugging interface to send test commands and receive test results.

[0084] In psychology experiments, the answer interface typically presents the questions and options in the questionnaire, and participants complete the answers by clicking buttons or selection boxes on the screen. The emotional state feedback interface is used to collect participants' subjective emotional experiences during or after the experiment. Common interface formats include emotional dimension scoring, emoticon selection (such as happy, calm, sad, angry, etc.), or Likert scale scoring. The user interface testing module is also configured to test the real-time display of system status information. This system status information includes at least charging status and / or system fault prompts. Charging status information reflects the current power management status of the bracelet module, including whether it is connected to an external power source, whether the battery is charging, and the current battery percentage. System fault prompts are used to alert the user when the bracelet module malfunctions; common fault types include sensor initialization failure, insufficient storage space, overheating battery, and communication timeout. Page switching functions include: entering the answer interface from the main menu, switching from the answer interface to the emotional feedback interface, and returning to the previous menu from any interface.

[0085] Specifically, the user interface is a crucial part of the interaction between the wristband and the user in this system, involving multiple functional modules such as the question-and-answer interface, status feedback interface, and communication feedback interface. During testing, a driver program written in MicroPython was used to display various interactive options (such as buttons and selection boxes) on the screen, including interactive feedback between the question-and-answer interface and the status interface, real-time display of system status information (such as charging status and system fault prompts), and page switching. The screen's ability to stably display various content, timely data updates, and the absence of abnormal frame drops or screen flickering indicate that the screen display effect is consistent with design expectations and provides clear and intuitive information display during user interaction. The system exhibits high responsiveness and accuracy in interface interaction, stably and smoothly completing various user operations, conforming to human-computer interaction design principles, and ensuring a good user experience.

[0086] In some embodiments, the system further includes: A data interface testing module, connected to the central control module, is used to test and verify the data interface of the central control module; the data interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the data receiving interface by constructing sensor data packets of different formats and contents to verify whether the central control module correctly parses and persistently stores the data, and to verify the return of the corresponding abnormal status code and prompt information for abnormal requests. Test the device list retrieval interface to verify the completeness and query efficiency of the retrieved list of connected device identifiers; Test the device data query interface to verify the correctness of the function of multi-dimensional filtering and querying by device identifier, data type and / or time range, as well as the ability to handle exceptions for unregistered devices or incorrect parameters; Test the device data deletion interface to verify that the deletion of historical data of a specified device takes effect in real time and does not affect the integrity of data of other devices.

[0087] In this embodiment, testing can be performed using the interactive API documentation interface (Swagger UI) automatically generated by the FastAPI framework. Data submission, parameter debugging, and response observation can be performed directly through this interface, improving testing efficiency and accuracy. Objectives include: verifying the correct reception and storage of data, the correctness and timeliness of interface responses, and the ability to handle abnormal requests.

[0088] The test content includes the following four types of core interfaces: A-1, Data Receiving Interface Test (POST / api / data). This interface is used to receive raw sensor data uploaded from the wristband or BLE gateway. This test mainly constructs sensor data packets of different formats and contents to verify whether the central control module correctly parses and persistently stores the data; verifies the correctness and timeliness of the interface response; and verifies the return of corresponding exception status codes and prompts for abnormal requests with incorrect formats or missing fields. During the test, sensor data packets of different formats and contents are constructed to verify whether the backend can correctly parse and persistently store the data to a local JSON file. The test data covers different device IDs, data types (such as sensor, feedback, answer), and various combinations of timestamps and data fields. The test results show that all data requests conforming to the specifications can be correctly received and stored by the system, with a response status of 200 OK and a response body returning {"status": "success", "message": "Data received and stored"}. Simultaneously, for abnormal requests with incorrect formats or missing fields, the system can return corresponding exception prompts such as HTTP 422 or 500, indicating a good input validation mechanism.

[0089] A-2, Device List Retrieval Interface Test (GET / api / devices). This interface is used to retrieve the IDs of all devices currently connected to and storing data in the system (a list of connected device identifiers). During testing, multiple devices were simulated uploading data before calling this interface. The returned results accurately contained the MAC addresses of all devices, meeting expectations. The interface response time consistently remained within 50ms, indicating good query efficiency and suitability for front-end device management and selection list display applications.

[0090] A-3, Device Data Query Interface Test (GET / api / device / {device_id}). This interface supports querying all data for a device by ID, and can also be filtered in multiple dimensions using parameters such as data_type, start_time, and end_time. The test included querying all data for a specified device, querying data of a specified data type (e.g., sensor), and querying data records within a specific time range. Test results show that the interface can flexibly return the required information based on the parameters, and the returned data is in a standardized format and complete in content. For requests involving unregistered devices or incorrect data_types, the system returns reasonable error messages (e.g., 404 NotFound), demonstrating good error handling and boundary control capabilities.

[0091] A-4, Device Data Deletion Interface Test (DELETE / api / device / {device_id}). This interface is used to clear all historical data of a specified device. The test steps include: uploading test data, calling the deletion interface, and re-querying the data to confirm the deletion effect. Verification results show that the data deletion operation takes effect in real time and does not affect the integrity of data on other devices. The interface returns a 200 OK status and a confirmation string.

[0092] In some embodiments, the wristband module further includes: A power management unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to manage the power supply of the wristband module; The power management unit is configured to perform at least one of the following low-power control operations: screen backlight adjustment, sensor on-demand activation, and timed sleep mode for the main control unit.

[0093] Specifically, the touchscreen is one of the highest power consumption components in the wristband module, especially since the power consumed by the screen backlight accounts for a significant proportion of the total power consumption of the wristband module. To reduce screen-related power consumption, this system proposes to adopt a dynamic backlight adjustment strategy.

[0094] For example, automatic adjustment based on ambient light sensing. An ambient light sensor is located on the front of the wristband module (the side with the touchscreen). This sensor is connected to the main control unit and is used to detect the light intensity of the wearer's environment in real time. The power management unit automatically adjusts the brightness level of the screen backlight based on the illuminance value fed back by the ambient light sensor. Specifically, when the ambient light is strong (such as outdoors or in a bright indoor environment), the power management unit increases the backlight brightness to ensure clear readability of the screen content; when the ambient light is weak (such as in a dark room or at night), the power management unit decreases the backlight brightness, significantly reducing backlight power consumption while meeting basic visibility requirements. As an example and not a limitation, the backlight brightness can be divided into 256 levels from 0 to 255. The power management unit controls the backlight drive circuit through a pulse width modulation signal to achieve stepless and smooth brightness adjustment.

[0095] For example, automatic shutdown based on usage status. In addition to brightness adjustment, the power management unit can also be configured to automatically perform backlight shutdown based on the touchscreen's usage status. Specifically, the main control unit continuously monitors touch events on the touchscreen. When no touch operation is detected within a preset first time threshold (e.g., 10 seconds), the main control unit determines that the user is not currently interacting with the screen and sends a backlight reduction command to the power management unit, reducing the backlight brightness to a lower level (e.g., 20% of maximum brightness). If no touch event occurs within a subsequent second time threshold (e.g., 30 seconds), the main control unit determines that the user has temporarily left or no longer needs the screen display, and sends a backlight shutdown command to the power management unit, completely cutting off the power supply to the backlight drive circuit. When the main control unit detects a touch event again (e.g., the user taps the screen), it immediately wakes up the power management unit, restores backlight power supply, and adjusts the brightness to a suitable level previously determined based on ambient light. This usage-based backlight shutdown strategy significantly reduces power consumption in standby mode, as subjects only briefly use the screen when answering questions or providing feedback during experiments, with the screen automatically turning off at other times.

[0096] The physiological parameter acquisition unit and motion state acquisition unit are the data sources for the wristband module, but they are also among the main power consumers. Different psychological experiments have different requirements for sensor sampling frequency and data accuracy, and the data acquisition needs also vary at different stages of the same experiment. Therefore, this system adopts a sensor on-demand activation strategy, that is, the sensor is powered on and put into working state only when data acquisition is needed, and the sensor is kept in a power-off or sleep state at other times.

[0097] For example, the power management unit activates the corresponding sensors at designated times based on the time schedule parsed by the main control unit. Specifically, when the experiment enters a stage requiring the collection of a certain type of data, the main control unit sends a power enable signal to the corresponding sensor to the power management unit. The power management unit then connects the power rail of the sensor, and the sensor begins data acquisition after initialization. When this stage ends, the main control unit sends a power-off signal, the power management unit cuts off the sensor's power supply, and the sensor enters a zero-power state.

[0098] In addition to time-based scheduling, this system can also support on-demand sensor activation based on event triggers. For example, when the touchscreen detects that a user has started answering a questionnaire, the main control unit determines that the current scenario requires high data and proactively activates the motion acquisition unit to capture micro-hand movements during the answering process for subsequent behavior analysis. Similarly, when the heart rate sensor detects abnormal fluctuations in heart rate (such as a sudden and significant increase), the main control unit can temporarily activate the blood oxygen sensor and motion acquisition unit to obtain more comprehensive physiological information and assist in determining the cause of the abnormal heart rate.

[0099] On-demand sensor activation includes not only complete power-on / off control but also dynamic adjustment of the sampling frequency. For scenarios with low data requirements, it's unnecessary to collect data at the highest frequency; appropriately reducing the sampling frequency can save power while ensuring basic data availability. Specifically, the power management unit works with the main control unit to change the sensor's sampling frequency by reconfiguring the sensor's register settings. For example, in a resting-state monitoring scenario, the sampling frequency of the triaxial accelerometer can be reduced to 10 times per second; in a fine motion capture scenario, the sampling frequency can be increased to 100 times per second. The sampling frequency adjustment can be automatically executed based on battery status: when the battery level is detected to be below a preset threshold (e.g., 20%), the system automatically lowers the sampling frequency of all sensors by one level to extend the remaining battery life and ensure the experiment can be completed successfully.

[0100] The main control unit is the core control component of the wristband module, and its operating state directly determines the overall power consumption of the system. To minimize power consumption, this system proposes a timed sleep strategy for the main control unit. The main control unit supports multiple sleep modes, including light sleep and deep sleep. In light sleep mode, the internal high-speed clock of the main control unit stops running, and the processor core suspends instruction execution, but some peripherals (such as the universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter and I²C interface) and random access memory contents are preserved, resulting in a short wake-up time (typically in the microsecond range). In deep sleep mode, almost all internal circuits of the main control unit are powered down, retaining only the real-time clock and a small number of wake-up source circuits, reducing power consumption to the microampere level, but the wake-up time is relatively long (typically in the millisecond range).

[0101] The power management unit is configured to control the state switching of the main control unit according to a preset sleep-wake cycle. This periodic sleep-wake mechanism ensures that the main control unit operates only during necessary time periods, remaining in sleep mode most of the time, thus significantly reducing average power consumption. The choice of sleep duration needs to strike a balance between data real-time performance and power consumption: shorter sleep durations result in higher real-time data acquisition, but increase the wake-up frequency of the main control unit, leading to higher average power consumption; longer sleep durations result in lower average power consumption, but increase the data sampling interval, potentially losing rapidly changing physiological signals. Preferably, the typical sleep duration of this system is set to 250 milliseconds, corresponding to a data acquisition frequency of 4 times per second, which meets the real-time requirements of most psychological experiments for physiological signals while maintaining low average power consumption.

[0102] To meet the stable power supply needs of portable devices in various scenarios, the system supports direct power supply via USB Type-C interface, while also having the function of charging lithium batteries. It automatically switches to battery power when the external power source is disconnected, ensuring continuous system operation.

[0103] This system uses a USB Type-C interface as the main external power supply and charging input. The VBUS pin of the interface is connected to the subsequent power supply module via a 5V power line. This 5V voltage not only directly powers the system but also serves as the input power for the lithium battery charging management module TP4056. When using a 5V DC power supply, the system employs an AMS1117-ADJ linear regulator chip to construct a 3.0V~3.6V voltage regulation circuit, providing a stable voltage for the ESP32 main control chip and its peripherals. A +5V voltage is connected to the input terminal, and the input voltage is decoupled by a filter capacitor to filter out power supply noise. The voltage regulator chip U2 is an AMS1117-ADJ adjustable three-terminal regulator, which works by adjusting the voltage division ratio between the ADJ (adjustment terminal) and the output terminal to achieve the target output voltage. A Schottky diode D1 (model 1N5819WS) is connected in series at the output terminal. This serves two purposes: firstly, to prevent reverse power connection from burning out the circuit, and secondly, to provide low voltage drop characteristics (approximately 0.3V), improving the overall system efficiency. The output voltage is further processed through multi-stage filtering, including decoupling capacitors C1 (100nF), C2 (10µF), and C30 (47µF), to suppress high-frequency noise and ripple at the output, improving power supply stability and anti-interference capability. A power indicator circuit consisting of LED1 and current-limiting resistor R1 (10kΩ) is also included in the circuit to indicate whether the regulated output is normal, facilitating testing and maintenance.

[0104] The wristband module also includes a lithium battery. The 5V DC voltage in the system not only provides power to the main control circuit but also manages the charging of the lithium battery. This system uses a highly integrated and stable linear charging chip, TP4056, to implement a constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging strategy for a single 3.7V lithium battery. In this circuit, the VCC pin of the TP4056 is connected to the 5V power input terminal to provide the chip's operating voltage; the BAT pin is connected to the positive terminal of the lithium battery to achieve battery charging. The charging current is adjusted by the setting resistor R27 (250 mΩ) connected to the PROG pin. According to the TP4056's design specifications, the charging current is approximately 1A, which can meet the fast charging needs of most portable devices. To facilitate charging status monitoring, the TP4056 also integrates two status indicator outputs. The CHRG# pin is connected to LED2, which illuminates during charging; the STDBY# pin is connected to LED3, which illuminates when the battery is fully charged. These two LEDs are connected to ground via current-limiting resistors R15 and R16 to provide clear and intuitive charging status feedback, which helps with system debugging and operational status identification. In addition, to improve system stability and anti-interference capabilities, a decoupling capacitor C28 (100nF) is connected in parallel at the power input to effectively filter voltage ripple and ensure stable chip operation.

[0105] The system's main power node is VBAT, to which the lithium battery output is connected. An automatic switching circuit is constructed using a P-channel MOSFET AO3401A (U10) and a Schottky diode 1N5819WS (D2). When an external 5V voltage is present, the MOSFET is turned on, the system is powered by the external power supply, and D2 is turned off to prevent battery feedback. When the external power supply is disconnected, the MOSFET is turned off, and the lithium battery powers the system through D2, achieving seamless switching. Simultaneously, the low voltage drop characteristic of the Schottky diode is utilized to reduce power loss and improve system endurance efficiency.

[0106] Design of the startup and reset circuit: The ESP32-S3 requires a specific pin state combination to enter normal operation or firmware burning mode upon power-up. The core logic of the reset circuit is implemented through the EN pin, which is connected to the 3.3V power supply network via a pull-up resistor R7 (10kΩ) to ensure it remains high by default, preventing logic errors caused by a floating signal. To suppress interference from power supply transients on the reset timing, a capacitor C9 (100nF) is connected in parallel between the EN pin and ground, forming an RC delay circuit. This delay characteristic ensures that the EN pin voltage rises slowly during power-up, releasing the reset signal after the power supply stabilizes, meeting the minimum pulse width requirement for the reset timing specified in the datasheet (typically ≥1ms). The manual reset function is implemented via a button K2-1661SN, with one end connected to the EN pin and the other end grounded. When the user triggers the button, the EN level is forcibly pulled low to generate a reset pulse.

[0107] Design of USB-UART download and debug interface circuit: The system uses a CH340K USB-TTL converter chip to build the UART0 communication interface, enabling bidirectional data transmission, firmware burning, and debug log output between the ESP32-S3 module and the host computer. The CH340K's TXD and RXD pins are connected to the ESP32-S3's U0_RXD and U0_TXD pins respectively via current-limiting resistors R2 and R3 (220Ω) to suppress signal reflection and enhance anti-interference capabilities. The GPIO0 pin serves as the boot mode selection signal and is grounded by default via pull-down resistor R4 (10kΩ), allowing the module to enter normal operation mode. To achieve automatic firmware download, GPIO0 needs to be pulled high under specific timing conditions. Therefore, the system introduces an automatic download control circuit composed of dual NPN transistors Q1 and Q2 (model S8050), controlled collaboratively by the USB-TTL module's DTR# and RTS signals. When the host computer initiates a download command, the logical combination of the DTR# and RTS signals drives Q1 and Q2 to conduct, momentarily pulling GPIO0 high. Simultaneously, the drive current is adjusted through resistor R5 (10kΩ) to ensure signal integrity. This design enables a firmware burning process without physical button intervention, significantly improving development efficiency.

[0108] Design of module interface and peripheral expansion circuit: The ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 module has a rich pinout, with some GPIO interfaces used in the system to connect to external sensors, displays, and interactive devices. The I²C bus is used to connect the MAX10305 and MPU6050 sensors, the SPI interface connects to the ST7789 display, and some GPIOs are used for buttons, LEDs, PWM control, etc.

[0109] Through the above minimum system circuit design, the ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 module can efficiently complete data acquisition, image display and wireless communication tasks with low power consumption and high stability, providing solid hardware support for wearable smart bracelets in psychology experiments.

[0110] The MAX30102 is a highly integrated biosensor module from Maxim Integrated (now Analog Devices), featuring built-in red and infrared LEDs, a photodiode receiver, and related analog front-end circuitry (AFE). This sensor is primarily used to detect blood oxygen saturation and heart rate in humans and is widely applied in medical, health monitoring, and wearable device fields.

[0111] The MAX30102 operates based on the PPG method, which involves emitting light of specific wavelengths (660 nm red and 940 nm infrared) into the skin and measuring the intensity changes of the light reflected back by tissues such as skin and blood. The light absorption characteristics of blood are closely related to heart rate and blood oxygen saturation. Fluctuations in the intensity of the reflected light can reflect pulse fluctuations in the blood, thereby allowing the calculation of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation.

[0112] This system uses the MAX30102 module to acquire heart rate and blood oxygen signals from the wrist. This sensor chip communicates with the ESP32 main controller via an I²C interface. Its SCL (clock line) and SDA (data line) are connected to the ESP32's I²C pins, and pull-up resistors are used to stabilize the communication bus signals. To ensure signal integrity, necessary bypass and decoupling capacitors are configured in the communication lines to reduce interference risks. The power supply section provides two stable power supplies, 1.8V and 3.3V, according to the MAX30102 design requirements. The 1.8V power supply powers the chip's logic circuitry, using an AMS1117-1.8 regulator to step down the system's 3.3V voltage, with a 10μF capacitor at the output for power filtering. The 3.3V power supply directly drives the chip's internal infrared and red LEDs, and 100nF bypass capacitors (C13, C14) are used to filter high-frequency interference and improve the system's noise immunity. Regarding pin connections, both PGND (power ground) and GND (signal ground) of the chip are grounded to ensure the stability of power supply and signal transmission. The VLED+ pin is connected to a 3.3V power supply to power the built-in LED driver, ensuring sufficient light intensity to improve signal detection quality. The INT# interrupt output pin is also reserved in the system for later implementation of interrupt-based optimized data reading strategies.

[0113] Furthermore, to reduce ambient light interference and improve the stability of optical detection, necessary anti-interference and filtering circuits are designed around the sensor, and it is encapsulated in a 3D-printed shell to ensure the close contact between the infrared light and the skin surface. This effectively suppresses noise interference caused by unstable wearing, improving the accuracy and continuity of signal acquisition. To ensure signal acquisition quality, necessary filtering and anti-interference measures are designed around the module, and the sensor is encapsulated in a 3D-printed shell, ensuring close contact between the light source and the skin surface. This minimizes external light interference and the impact of shaking during wear, improving the accuracy of the acquired data.

[0114] This system uses the MPU6050 chip as the sensor for acquiring motion status and wristband wearing status. This chip, integrated inside the wristband, can monitor the wearer's acceleration and posture changes in real time, providing accurate data support for motion background analysis.

[0115] The MPU6050 is a highly integrated six-axis sensor chip from InvenSense, featuring a built-in three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope. It can acquire real-time acceleration and angular velocity information of an object in three-dimensional space. It communicates with the host chip via I²C or SPI interfaces and is widely used in embedded systems for attitude estimation, motion capture, and motion detection.

[0116] The MPU6050 provides a high-performance motion detection solution for wearable devices, integrating data acquisition, processing, and output, through the coordinated acquisition of three-axis acceleration and three-axis angular velocity, and efficient attitude calculation using a DMP (Digital Dynamics Management) system. The three-axis accelerometer detects the linear acceleration changes of the device in the X, Y, and Z spatial directions in real time, measured in g (standard gravitational acceleration). By analyzing the distribution and changes of acceleration along each axis, the current motion state of the measured object can be effectively determined, such as stationary, translational, raising a hand, walking, or rapid movement. For example, when worn on the wrist, the accelerometer can reflect the frequency and amplitude of hand movements, thus aiding in the identification of behavioral patterns. The gyroscope measures the angular velocity of an object around the X, Y, and Z axes, measured in ° / s (degrees per second). Angular velocity is an important physical quantity describing rotational changes; by integrating the angular velocity signal, the device's rotational angle or attitude change in space (such as pitch, roll, and yaw) can be estimated. By combining accelerometer data, joint analysis of motion trajectory and attitude can be achieved, resulting in more comprehensive motion behavior characteristics. The MPU6050 incorporates a DMP unit for preprocessing and attitude fusion of raw acceleration and angular velocity data. The DMP performs low-pass filtering, gyroscope integral drift compensation, and sensor data fusion, offloading computational tasks from the main control chip, significantly reducing its computational burden and improving the overall system real-time performance and stability. Furthermore, the DMP can output quaternion data to accurately describe the device's current attitude information in three-dimensional space. In psychological experimental data acquisition systems, the MPU6050 helps researchers capture the motion state and attitude changes of subjects in real time, providing crucial data support for the correlation analysis of psychological states and behavioral responses.

[0117] The sensor module communicates with the main control ESP32 chip via the I²C bus. The SCL (clock line) and SDA (data line) pins of the MPU6050 are connected to the I²C communication pins of the ESP32 to ensure stable data transmission. The power supply section uses a 3.3V regulated output to directly power the chip's VDD pin, and a 100nF bypass capacitor (C31) is placed at the power supply end to filter out high-frequency interference and improve the system's anti-interference capability.

[0118] Based on the MPU6050's pin configuration, the INT (interrupt output) pin is used to notify the main control chip that new data is available, improving data acquisition efficiency. The chip's GND pin is reliably grounded to ensure the system's electrical stability. The peripheral circuitry incorporates necessary filtering and anti-interference measures, and the sensor is encapsulated in a 3D-printed shell to ensure close contact between the chip and the wearer's skin, minimizing external interference and the effects of movement during wear, thus improving the accuracy of the acquired data.

[0119] Through the above circuit design, this system can stably and accurately acquire the user's motion status continuously, providing reliable support for subsequent data analysis and function implementation. The sensor and ESP32 are connected via an I²C bus, with level conversion circuitry used to ensure communication stability when necessary. External components include anti-interference components such as filter capacitors. The module is encapsulated in a 3D-printed housing to ensure signal acquisition quality.

[0120] This system uses a color capacitive touchscreen as the human-computer interaction interface to provide users with intuitive visual feedback. The display supports a 240×280 resolution, possesses excellent image and text display capabilities, and can display answer options, status prompts, and other information. It also features touch operation functionality, effectively enhancing the system's interactivity and ease of use. The display module uses the ST7789 display driver chip, supporting an SPI communication interface for efficient image and text refresh. This chip supports 16 / 18 / 24-bit color depth, displaying rich colors, and features graphics processing functions such as area filling and scrolling display. It also has a built-in image cache to reduce data transmission with the main control chip, improving display efficiency. The TFT LCD screen is based on thin-film transistor technology, with each pixel controlled by an independent transistor, achieving a high refresh rate and accurate color display, suitable for real-time presentation of dynamic images. The capacitive touchscreen obtains touch coordinates by detecting changes in capacitance. The screen surface is covered with a transparent conductive layer; finger contact causes a local electric field change, which the system uses to identify the touch point location. This technology supports multi-touch, enabling various gesture operations such as swiping and clicking. In this system, the display module can present the subject's movement status, experimental process, and data change curves in real time, providing researchers with intuitive visual information. Its graphics processing capabilities and low power consumption make it suitable for applications with high portability and interactive requirements, such as psychology experiments.

[0121] The screen's SCK (clock line), SDA (data line), DC (data / instruction select), and CS (chip select) pins are connected to their corresponding pins on the ESP32 to ensure stable data transmission. The screen is powered by a 3.3V supply, and a MOSFET is used to control the screen's on / off state, implementing intelligent power management to reduce power consumption. The power management section includes an AO3400A MOSFET, which controls the screen's backlight pin (BL) to achieve automatic on / off functionality. The design uses adjustable resistors (R44, R45, R46) to control backlight brightness, ensuring optimal power consumption in different usage scenarios. In the circuit design, filter capacitors (C19, C23) are designed to stabilize the power supply and filter out high-frequency interference, improving the system's anti-interference capability. Simultaneously, each pin is protected by appropriate pull-up resistors (R36, R38) to ensure signal integrity and stability.

[0122] Through the above circuit design, the display module can stably and accurately display user interface information in real time, providing reliable visual support for user interaction. The ESP32 and ST7789 are connected via an SPI bus, with level conversion circuits used to ensure communication stability when necessary. External components include anti-interference components such as filter capacitors. The screen is encapsulated within the wristband to ensure display quality and user experience.

[0123] The PCB board used in this embodiment features rounded corners, for example, with a corner radius of 5.2mm. This structure enhances the board's mechanical strength and impact resistance while maintaining aesthetics. The PCB employs a four-layer structure, with the inner layers being the power plane (VCC) and the ground plane (GND). This layout helps improve the stability of the power supply system and effectively suppresses the impact of electromagnetic interference (EMI) on signal integrity by optimizing the ground plane structure.

[0124] In terms of component layout, the electrical characteristics and spatial distribution requirements of each functional module were fully considered to ensure that the signal transmission path is as short as possible, thereby reducing the risk of signal delay and interference. In particular, for high-precision sensing modules such as heart rate, blood oxygen, and motion status acquisition, their placement should be far away from high-power devices (such as power supply modules) to reduce noise interference. In addition, power supply modules and ground planes are preferentially placed in the middle of the PCB to reduce electromagnetic influence on surrounding sensitive circuits.

[0125] In terms of cabling design, the effective isolation and coordination of power and ground layers in the four-layer board not only improves the stability of power transmission but also enhances the integrity of high-speed signal transmission. High-frequency signal lines should be as short as possible, with continuous ground layers as return paths to avoid signal crosstalk and noise interference. GND protection is installed around sensitive signal paths, and power lines and signal lines are prevented from crossing to further optimize the signal environment.

[0126] The power line width is calculated based on the actual load current to ensure that the power path meets current carrying capacity while avoiding excessive voltage drop and energy loss. For analog signal areas susceptible to interference, a multi-layer grounding strategy can effectively create electromagnetic shielding space, improving the system's anti-interference capability and signal quality.

[0127] To further reduce electromagnetic radiation and interference, various EMI suppression measures were adopted in the design, including rationally planning the grounding layer layout, placing decoupling capacitors at critical power nodes, and introducing grounding vias in high-frequency paths. In particular, in the isolation design of the power and signal layers, the impact of power supply noise on critical signal lines was significantly reduced through interlayer physical isolation and electromagnetic compatibility treatment, ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility and stability of the entire system.

[0128] SMT (Surface Mount Technology) is a highly efficient manufacturing process widely used in the assembly of modern electronic products. This process significantly improves component integration and enhances overall product reliability by directly soldering surface mount components (SMDs) to the surface of the PCB, eliminating the need for traditional pin insertion holes.

[0129] In this embodiment, all components are assembled using SMT (Surface Mount Technology) assembly, with highly automated equipment used for precise component placement during production. This process ensures high-precision placement and soldering of components, significantly improving assembly efficiency and reducing human error. For component selection, suitable components were precisely chosen based on system functional requirements and size limitations. For common passive components such as capacitors and resistors, 0402 packages were used. This small package size not only effectively saves PCB space but also improves the board's integration and overall reliability. All components are mounted on both sides to optimize PCB layout and further increase component assembly density.

[0130] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on the differences from other embodiments. The same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to each other.

[0131] It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes that element. Furthermore, it should be noted that the scope of the methods and apparatuses in the embodiments of this application is not limited to performing functions in the order shown or discussed, but may also include performing functions substantially simultaneously or in the reverse order, depending on the functions involved. For example, the described methods may be performed in a different order than described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Additionally, features described with reference to certain examples may be combined in other examples.

[0132] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Of course, they can also be implemented by hardware, but in many cases the former is a better implementation method. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a computer software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium (such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk) and includes several instructions to cause a terminal (which may be a mobile phone, computer, server, air conditioner, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments of this application.

[0133] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, this application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A psychological experiment data acquisition system, characterized in that, The system includes: At least one wristband module is used to be worn on a target object to collect physiological and motion data of the target object during a psychological experiment. At least one gateway module is communicatively connected to the wristband module; and The central control module is communicatively connected to the gateway module and receives and processes the data forwarded by the gateway module. The wristband module includes: Main control unit; A physiological parameter acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire physiological data of the target object during the psychological experiment. A motion state acquisition unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to acquire motion state data of the target object during the psychological experiment. The first communication unit is connected to the main control unit and is used to send the collected data to the gateway module; A touchscreen, connected to the main control unit, is used to display a psychological experiment answering interface and an emotional state feedback interface to assist the target subject in completing the questionnaire selection and emotional state feedback.

2. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The physiological parameter acquisition unit includes: Heart rate sensor, used to collect heart rate data of the target object; and / or A blood oxygen sensor is used to collect blood oxygen data of the target object.

3. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The motion state acquisition unit includes: A triaxial accelerometer for acquiring acceleration data; and / or A three-axis gyroscope used to collect angular velocity data.

4. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first communication unit is a Bluetooth communication unit, which sends the collected data to the gateway module via the Bluetooth protocol; The gateway module uploads data to the central control module via Wi-Fi.

5. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The wristband module and the gateway module communicate using the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol and support two working modes: connection mode and broadcast mode. In the connection mode, the wristband module broadcasts as a Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral device, and the gateway module scans and establishes a connection as a Bluetooth Low Energy central device. After the connection is established, the two parties exchange data at the attribute protocol and general attribute profile layer. The wristband module encapsulates the collected data into general attribute profile feature values ​​and pushes them to the gateway module. In the broadcast mode, no connection is established between the wristband module and the gateway module. The wristband module periodically sends data packets that do not require connection establishment through the broadcast channel. The gateway module scans the broadcast channel as an observer and parses the data packets. The data packets include at least a device identifier, sensor status, or a short numerical value.

6. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The gateway module connects to multiple wristband modules to concurrently collect wristband data from multiple individuals.

7. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes: A user interface testing module, connected to the touchscreen, is used to test the display and interaction functions of the touchscreen; the user interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the interactive feedback of the psychology experiment answering interface, the emotional state feedback interface, and the communication feedback interface; The test system status information is displayed in real time, and the system status information includes at least the charging status and / or system fault prompts; Test the page switching function.

8. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes: A data interface testing module, connected to the central control module, is used to test and verify the data interface of the central control module; the data interface testing module is configured as follows: Test the data receiving interface by constructing sensor data packets of different formats and contents to verify whether the central control module correctly parses and persistently stores the data, and to verify the return of the corresponding abnormal status code and prompt information for abnormal requests. Test the device list retrieval interface to verify the completeness and query efficiency of the retrieved list of connected device identifiers; Test the device data query interface to verify the correctness of the function of multi-dimensional filtering and querying by device identifier, data type and / or time range, as well as the ability to handle exceptions for unregistered devices or incorrect parameters; Test the device data deletion interface to verify that the deletion of historical data of a specified device takes effect in real time and does not affect the integrity of data of other devices.

9. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wristband module also includes: A 3D-printed shell, wherein the physiological parameter acquisition unit and the motion state acquisition unit are integrated within the 3D-printed shell; The physiological parameter acquisition unit is located on the bottom surface of the 3D printed shell facing the skin. The 3D printed shell has a window on the bottom surface facing the skin, and the light source of the physiological parameter acquisition unit is in contact with the wearer's skin surface through the window.

10. The psychological experiment data acquisition system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wristband module also includes: A power management unit, connected to the main control unit, is used to manage the power supply of the wristband module; The power management unit is configured to perform at least one of the following low-power control operations: screen backlight adjustment, sensor on-demand activation, and timed sleep mode for the main control unit.

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