A method for ecological restoration of a mine wasteland

Abstract

The application relates to a mine waste land ecological restoration method, and particularly relates to the technical field of a mine waste land ecological restoration method. The restoration method comprises the following steps: one, spraying and sowing a compost fermentation restoration layer on the surface of the mine waste land; and two, sowing a Bromus inermis on the compost fermentation layer. After the mine waste land is restored by the method, the Bromus inermis on the surface of the mine waste land grows well, the germination rate is higher than 98.4%, and the survival rate is higher than 95%. The sowing density of the Bromus inermis is 80-100 per square meter, watering is carried out once a week after sowing for 3 weeks, the vegetation coverage of the mine waste land reaches 87-92% after about one year, and the surface layer of the soil is free of bare land; the surface of the mine waste land is diversified in plants, there are about 11-14 kinds of plants per 100 square meters, and the biomass of the Bromus inermis on the surface of the mine waste land is slightly higher than that of ordinary soil potting.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ecological restoration, specifically to a method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites. Background Technology

[0002] The key to ecological damage caused by mining is land degradation, which is the alteration of soil factors, specifically the deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of abandoned soil, nutrient loss, and the increase of toxic and harmful substances in the soil. Therefore, soil remediation is one of the most important aspects of ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites.

[0003] Currently, the main measure for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites is off-site soil extraction: without damaging the soil in the original site, a suitable amount of soil is taken and moved to the severely damaged areas of the mine, and plants are planted on the soil. The damaged soil is repaired through the absorption, volatilization, root filtration, degradation, and stabilization of the plants. Although this method is based on not damaging the original soil, off-site soil extraction is undoubtedly a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul, and will inevitably affect the condition of the original soil.

[0004] my country possesses abundant biomass energy reserves, primarily concentrated in rural areas. According to relevant data, my country produces approximately 4.53 billion tons of biomass resources annually, including about 790 million tons of crop straw, 340 million tons of forestry residues, 300 million tons of domestic waste, and 50 million tons of other organic waste. Furthermore, the potential for biomass energy development and utilization in my country reaches 460 million tons of standard coal equivalent, while current actual utilization is only equivalent to 60 million tons of standard coal equivalent, indicating a vast future potential for biomass energy utilization. Biomass energy can be utilized in various flexible ways. Through biomass cogeneration, biomass boilers, and biomass pyrolysis gasification technologies, it can provide centralized heating for county towns; through biogas projects, it can supply gas to households and provide centralized regional heating through biogas cogeneration or biogas boilers; and through biomass household stoves, it can provide heating for scattered rural households, replacing traditional coal-fired stoves. In recent years, the national and local governments have successively issued a series of policy documents to support the development and utilization of biomass energy. The "Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a Waste Recycling System" proposes to promote the development and utilization of agricultural and forestry biomass energy according to local conditions and to steadily advance the diversified development and utilization of biomass energy. These policies have effectively promoted the development of the biomass energy industry.

[0005] Biomass power plants are power generation facilities that use biomass as fuel. The combustion of biomass produces a large amount of ash. Statistics show that burning 10,000 tons of biomass generates approximately 500 to 1,000 tons of ash. With the rapid development of the biomass power generation industry, the amount of ash produced is constantly increasing. If this ash is not properly disposed of, it will not only occupy a large amount of land resources but may also pollute the soil, water, and air. For example, heavy metals in the ash may seep into the soil and groundwater, leading to soil and water pollution, affecting the ecological environment and human health. Furthermore, the ash may generate dust during storage, increasing the content of suspended particulate matter in the air and impacting air quality. Therefore, how to effectively treat and utilize biomass power plant ash has become one of the key issues restricting the sustainable development of the biomass energy industry. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the need for off-site soil extraction for ecological restoration of existing mine wastelands and to solve the problem of effectively treating and utilizing biomass power plant ash, this invention provides a method for ecological restoration of mine wastelands.

[0007] The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to the present invention is carried out according to the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Spray a compost fermentation remediation layer onto the surface of the abandoned mining area;

[0009] Step 2: Sow awnless bromegrass on the compost fermentation layer;

[0010] The composting and fermentation remediation layer is mainly composed of biomass power plant ash, straw, and livestock and poultry manure composted and fermented.

[0011] The preparation method of compost fermentation repair layer is as follows: (1) Mix livestock and poultry manure with straw, then add organic material composting agent, and carry out aerobic composting; (2) Add biomass power plant ash, Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria, stir and mix to make compost fermentation repair layer.

[0012] Furthermore, the thickness of the compost fermentation remediation layer sprayed is 12~24cm.

[0013] Furthermore, the mass ratio of livestock and poultry manure to straw is 4-5:7.

[0014] Furthermore, the ratio of biomass power plant ash to straw mass is 1~2:7.

[0015] Furthermore, the addition amounts of Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes, and photosynthetic bacteria were 1×10⁻⁶ per cubic meter of compost. 9 ~2×10 9 CFU, 1×1010 ~2×10 10 CFU, 1×10 9 ~2×10 9 CFU.

[0016] Furthermore, in step (1), the temperature of the aerobic compost pile is controlled at 60℃~70℃ after it is raised, and maintained for 40~45 days.

[0017] This invention relates to a composting and fermentation restoration layer for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites, which is made from biomass power plant ash, straw, and livestock and poultry manure through composting and fermentation.

[0018] The preparation method of the compost fermentation remediation layer is as follows:

[0019] (1) Mix livestock and poultry manure with straw, then add organic material composting agent and carry out aerobic composting;

[0020] (2) Add biomass power plant ash, Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria and mix them to make a compost fermentation repair layer.

[0021] Furthermore, the mass ratio of livestock and poultry manure to straw is 4-5:7.

[0022] Furthermore, the ratio of biomass power plant ash to straw mass is 1~2:7.

[0023] Furthermore, the addition amounts of Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes, and photosynthetic bacteria were 1×10⁻⁶ per cubic meter of compost. 9 ~2×10 9 CFU, 1×10 10 ~2×10 10 CFU, 1×10 9 ~2×10 9 CFU.

[0024] Furthermore, in step (1), the temperature of the aerobic compost pile is controlled at 60℃~70℃ after it is raised, and maintained for 40~45 days.

[0025] This invention utilizes biomass power plant ash, livestock manure, and straw produced by biomass combustion power plants to remediate abandoned mining sites, solving the problem of the rational and effective utilization of large quantities of biomass power plant ash. Biomass power plant ash is rich in nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and can be used as a plant fertilizer. While addressing the disposal of large quantities of biomass power plant ash, this invention achieves resource utilization, reduces negative environmental impact, and also reduces the need for nutrient addition during the remediation of abandoned mining sites, significantly lowering remediation costs.

[0026] The biomass power plant ash, livestock and poultry manure, and straw used in the remediation of abandoned mining sites in this invention are all waste materials; this invention realizes the recycling of resources and is in line with the concept of sustainable development.

[0027] The awnless bromegrass on the surface of the mine wasteland restored by the method of this invention showed good growth, with a germination rate exceeding 98.4% and a survival rate higher than 95%. The sowing density of awnless bromegrass was 80-100 grains per square meter, and watering was carried out once a week for three weeks after sowing. The restoration results in the first year of sowing were as follows: Figure 1 As shown. Approximately one year later, the vegetation cover of the abandoned mining area reached 87-92% (e.g., Figure 2 As shown in the figure, there is no bare soil on the surface of the soil; the surface of the mine wasteland shows plant diversity, with about 11 to 14 plant species per 100 square meters, and the biomass of awnless bromegrass on the surface of the mine wasteland is slightly higher than that of ordinary soil potted plants.

[0028] Ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites requires more than just soil and vegetation restoration; it also necessitates the restoration of the microbial community. Improving the ecosystem's function is crucial for its natural maintenance. Microbial community restoration involves not only increasing the variety of microorganisms but also ensuring their beneficial effects on the soil and vegetation. This invention combines Bacillus subtilis HW1404, photosynthetic bacteria, and actinomycetes to inhibit various plant pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, it utilizes plant root secretions, organic matter, harmful gases (such as hydrogen sulfide), carbon dioxide, and nitrogen as a substrate to synthesize sugars, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogen compounds, and physiologically active substances, thus fertilizing the soil and promoting plant and animal growth. Its metabolites are either directly absorbed by plants or become nutrients for other microorganisms, increasing the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms and thus enhancing soil microbial diversity. It also continuously decomposes complex compounds such as cellulose and lignin, promoting soil aggregate formation and improving soil structure. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 This is a diagram showing the surface restoration of an abandoned mine site that was restored using the method of this invention.

[0030] Figure 2 The image shows the surface restoration status of the abandoned mine site in June of the following year, achieved using the method of this invention.

[0031] Figure 3 This is a graph showing the results of relative abundance detection of bacteria at the phylum level in soil microbial detection according to Implementation Method 1;

[0032] Figure 4 This is a graph showing the results of relative abundance detection of bacterial species at the soil microbial detection level in Implementation Method 1.

[0033] Figure 5 This is a graph showing the results of relative abundance detection of fungi at the phylum level in soil microbial detection according to Implementation Method 1;

[0034] Figure 6 This is a graph showing the results of relative abundance detection of fungal species at the soil microbial level in Implementation Method 1. Detailed Implementation

[0035] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0036] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0037] Specific Implementation Method 1: The ecological restoration method for abandoned mining sites in this implementation method is carried out according to the following steps:

[0038] Step 1: Spray a compost fermentation remediation layer onto the surface of the abandoned mining area;

[0039] Step 2: Sow awnless bromegrass on the compost fermentation layer;

[0040] The composting and fermentation remediation layer is mainly composed of biomass power plant ash, straw, and livestock and poultry manure composted and fermented.

[0041] The preparation method of compost fermentation repair layer is as follows: (1) Mix livestock and poultry manure with straw, then add organic material composting agent, and carry out aerobic composting; (2) Add biomass power plant ash, Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria, stir and mix to make compost fermentation repair layer.

[0042] The thickness of the compost fermentation and remediation layer sprayed is 15-18 cm; the mass ratio of livestock and poultry manure (cow manure) to straw is 4:7; the mass ratio of biomass power plant ash to straw is 2:7; and the addition amounts of Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes, and photosynthetic bacteria are 1×10⁻⁶ per cubic meter of compost. 9 ~2×10 9 CFU, 1×10 10 ~2×10 10 CFU, 1×10 9 ~2×10 9 cfu; In step (1), the temperature of the aerobic compost pile is controlled at 60℃~70℃ after it is raised, and maintained for 40 days.

[0043] This implementation method selected a mine in Acheng District, Harbin City for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites. The experiment was divided into three groups, and the awnless bromegrass seeds used were from the same seed batch:

[0044] Group 1: In April 2024, a compost fermentation remediation layer was sprayed onto the surface of the abandoned mine site. The sowing density of awnless bromegrass was 80-100 grains per square meter. Watering was carried out once a week for 3 weeks after sowing. In early May 2024, the germination rate of awnless bromegrass was counted, with an average germination rate of 98.6%. In late May 2024, the survival rate of the germinated awnless bromegrass was counted, with an average survival rate of 95.4% (as shown in Table 1).

[0045] Group 2: Located in the same abandoned mine site as Group 1, with basically the same natural environmental conditions; no compost fermentation and remediation layer was sprayed on the surface of the abandoned mine site; the sowing density of awnless bromegrass was 80-100 grains per square meter; watering was carried out once a week for 3 weeks after sowing. In early May 2024, the germination rate of awnless bromegrass was counted, with an average germination rate of only 17.5%; in late May 2024, the survival rate of the germinated awnless bromegrass was counted, with an average survival rate of only 56.3% (as shown in Table 1).

[0046] Group 3: Soil was taken from ordinary farmland in Acheng District, Harbin City, and potted with awnless bromegrass. Watering was carried out once a week for three weeks after sowing. The germination rate of the awnless bromegrass was measured in early May 2024, with an average germination rate of 98.0%; the survival rate of the germinated awnless bromegrass was measured in late May 2024, with an average survival rate of 96.0% (as shown in Table 1).

[0047] Table 1

[0048] Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Average germination rate in early May 2024 98.6% 17.5% 98.0% Average survival rate in late May 2024 95.4% 56.3% 96.0%

[0049] Natural growth without human intervention. In June 2025, the first and second groups of plots were tested, and the measurement data included vegetation cover and plant diversity. The experimental results are shown in Table 2.

[0050] Table 2

[0051] vegetation cover Plant diversity Group 1 87~92% 11-14 kinds of plants Group 2 7~8% 3-5 kinds of plants

[0052] The biomass of a single awnless bromegrass plant in the first group in the second year was slightly higher than that of a single awnless bromegrass plant in the third group in the first year.

[0053] Figure 1 This is the first set of photos taken in July 2024. Figure 2 These are the first set of photos of the same plot of land taken in June 2025. Through comparison and experimentation, it can be found that the abandoned mine land restored by the method of this invention has achieved ecological restoration.

[0054] Natural growth without human intervention. Soil microbial testing was conducted on the first group of plots during the following periods in 2024-2025: control period (CK, before spraying the compost fermentation remediation layer), initial processing (1-3 weeks after spraying the compost fermentation remediation layer), mid-processing (4-5 months after spraying the compost fermentation remediation layer), post-production processing (12-13 months after spraying the compost fermentation remediation layer), and completed processing (18-19 months after spraying the compost fermentation remediation layer).

[0055] Results of relative abundance detection at the phylum level for bacteria are as follows Figure 3 As shown, the community during the blank period exhibited typical characteristics of oligotrophic mining soil, with extremely high abundance of Cyanobacteriota (24.58%), indicating that under nutrient-deficient conditions, photosynthetic autotrophic microorganisms were the main drivers of the ecosystem; in addition, Acidobacteriota (9.16%) and Chloroflexota (11.98%) also accounted for a considerable proportion.

[0056] In the initial and middle stages of the treatment, with the introduction of fermented cow manure, the abundance of cyanobacteria rapidly decreased to 4.25%-7.84%. Conversely, Pseudomonas rapidly increased, reaching 36.34% and 35.61% in the initial and middle stages, respectively, becoming the dominant phylum, indicating that exogenous organic matter stimulated the proliferation of these fast-acting nutritional bacteria. This trend peaked in the later stage of the treatment, with the abundance of Pseudomonas rising to 47.34%, while Actinomycetota microorganisms significantly increased to 22.73%, and Bacteroidetes reached the highest value throughout the process (10.36%), indicating that the soil entered an active period of intense organic matter degradation and transformation.

[0057] The community structure of the treated soil at the bacterial phylum level tended to be stable and closer to that of mature soil. Actinobacteria further rose to become the second dominant phylum (27.81%), second only to Pseudomonas (30.79%). Acidobacteria recovered to 11.48% (higher than CK), while Cyanobacteria dropped to 2.16%, indicating that the soil has been successfully transformed from an autotrophic soil to a chemoheterotrophic ordinary healthy soil structure.

[0058] Results of relative abundance detection at the bacterial species level are as follows Figure 4As shown, species-level succession more accurately reflects changes in functional microbial communities. During the blank period, the dominant species were mainly cyanobacteria such as Microcoleus (2.83%) and Tolypothrix (2.73%), which are the main microorganisms of biological crusts, reflecting the desertification characteristics of the original surface and consistent with the trend at the phylum level.

[0059] In the initial stage of treatment, the dominant bacteria rapidly shifted to Kallotenue (3.09%), a group typically associated with the decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic or facultative anaerobic conditions, reflecting the microenvironmental changes in the early stages of cow manure mulching. In the middle stage of treatment, Aquabacterium (4.13%) emerged as the leading dominant bacteria, while Sphingomonas (2.22%) began to accumulate, indicating that the community began to degrade more complex organic compounds. In the later stages of treatment, functional bacteria became dominant, with Streptomyces (5.33%) and Aquamicrobium (4.78%) becoming the main groups. Aquamicrobium not only degrades recalcitrant substances but also produces antibiotics to reshape the soil microecology.

[0060] Pseudarthrobacter (4.34%) became the dominant bacteria in the treated soil. This genus of bacteria often exists as plant rhizosphere growth promoters (PGPRs) and has a strong ability to adapt to the environment and degrade pollutants, indicating that the remediated soil has a good biological basis to support plant growth.

[0061] The bacterial α diversity index is shown in Table 1.

[0062] Table 1

[0063] Observed_species Chao1 Shannon Simpson Pielou_J CK 2261 2505.35 6.56 0.9954 0.85 Initial-Processing 2095 2354.04 6.42 0.9956 0.84 Mid-term Processing 2260 2525.62 6.59 0.9957 0.85 Post-production-Processing 1513 1766.60 5.69 0.9894 0.78 Completed-Processing 2430 2641.09 6.80 0.9961 0.87

[0064] Diversity indices reveal the dynamic changes in community stability. The Shannon index was 6.55 during the blank period, but slightly decreased to 6.42 at the beginning of treatment, indicating that the initial introduction of exogenous materials caused some disturbance to the original community. In the middle of treatment, the diversity index rebounded (Shannon 6.59), and the community began to adapt to the new environment.

[0065] The diversity decreased significantly in the later stages of treatment (Shannon decreased to 5.69, Simpson decreased to 0.9894). This was due to the proliferation of a few dominant decomposing bacteria such as Streptomyces in the later stages, which led to a decrease in community evenness (Pielou_J 0.78), which is a directional screening process.

[0066] After treatment, all diversity indices increased and surpassed those of the soil in the blank period, with the Shannon index reaching a maximum of 6.80 and the number of observed species reaching 2430. This indicates that after remediation, the soil established a bacterial community with richer species and more complex ecological niches than the original mining site, and the ecological stability was significantly improved, which is consistent with the results of relative abundance.

[0067] The results of the relative abundance detection at the fungal phylum level are as follows: Figure 5 As shown, the soil in the blank period was dominated by Ascomycota (86.34%), followed by Basidiomycota (11.36%), with a relatively balanced structure. However, in the early, middle, and late stages of the treatment, with the addition of fermented cow manure, Ascomycota exhibited overwhelming dominance, reaching abundances of 96.08%, 94.07%, and 99.27%, respectively, almost completely excluding other fungal groups; the relative abundance of Basidiomycota decreased to 0.35% in the later stages. This indicates that the rapidly growing Ascomycota phylum, widely present in cow manure, has an absolute competitive advantage in environments rich in organic matter.

[0068] After treatment, the fungal community in the soil recovered, with the abundance of Basidiomycota rising to 11.92%, slightly higher than that of the control group. At the same time, the abundance of Mucoromycota also increased to 2.93%. This indicates that the easily decomposable organic matter was exhausted, and Basidiomycota, which can degrade recalculate substances, regained its ecological niche, and the soil fungal community restored its phylum-level balance.

[0069] Results of relative abundance detection at the fungal species level are as follows Figure 6 As shown. During the blank period, the dominant species were *Albifimbriaverrucaria* (22.87%) and *Alternaria* (11.27%), mostly plant pathogens or broad-spectrum saprophytes. In the early stages of treatment, the abundance of the typical dung fungus *Podospora communis* significantly increased (30.35%) and became dominant, replacing the original community. In the middle stages of treatment, *Cephaliophora tropica* (20.46%) and *Preussia sp.* (12.49%) became dominant; these communities are typically active in humus-rich environments. In the later stages of treatment, *Podospora pauciseta* became dominant and exhibited a single-dominance phenomenon, with a relative abundance as high as 50.48%. This phenomenon is consistent with the decrease in diversity index at this stage, indicating that environmental selection pressure was extremely high at this point, suitable only for the survival of a few specific saprophytic bacteria.

[0070] Significant succession occurred in the soil fungal community structure after treatment. Unlike the initial remediation stage, where a few foetida genera dominated, the treated community exhibited a higher degree of equilibrium. Specifically, the typical soil saprophytic fungi Phona (relative abundance 8.40%) and Epicoccum (8.06%) emerged as new common dominant genera. Furthermore, Alternaria, an indicator of healthy soil, recovered its relative abundance to 5.21%, approaching the level of the local background soil. These changes collectively indicate that the fungal community has successfully transitioned from a stage dominated by primary colonizers to a more mature and stable native soil stage.

[0071] The fungal α diversity index is shown in Table 2.

[0072] Table 2

[0073] Observed_species Chao1 Shannon Simpson Pielou_J CK 380 439.17 3.63 0.9272 0.61 Initial-Processing 303 363.86 3.13 0.8880 0.55 Mid-term Processing 480 532.50 3.89 0.9368 0.63 Post-production-Processing 237 314.00 1.99 0.7159 0.36 Completed-Processing 456 481.55 4.24 0.9689 0.69

[0074] In the initial stage of the treatment, diversity decreased due to drastic environmental changes (inoculation with fermented cow manure) (Shannon 3.13). In the middle stage, fungal community diversity unexpectedly increased (Shannon 3.89, 480 observed species), possibly due to intense competition and coexistence between dung fungi and native fungi. In the later stage, diversity declined, with the Shannon index at only 1.99 and the Simpson index dropping to 0.72. This is directly related to the fact that *Podospora pauciseta* accounted for over 50% of the abundance at the species level, reflecting a deepening degree of community homogenization.

[0075] After treatment, the fungal diversity of the soil significantly recovered and reached its highest point throughout the process, with the Shannon index rising to 4.24 and 456 observed species. This indicates that after remediation, the soil fungal community not only recovered to a healthy state but also exhibited higher species richness and evenness than the unremediated plot, resulting in enhanced ecological stability.

[0076] Based on comprehensive data on bacterial and fungal community succession, this invention demonstrates significant ecological restoration effects on abandoned mining sites. The restoration process is not a simple linear additive process, but rather a dynamic process involving initial disturbance (the addition of fermented cow manure alters the environment and provides nutrients), dynamic screening of functional bacteria and a surge in the relative abundance of dominant species in the middle and later stages, culminating in the reconstruction and stabilization of the microbial ecosystem upon completion of restoration. In particular, the recovery of Actinomycetota and Pseudarthrobacter among bacteria, and Basidiomycota among fungi, proves that the soil has evolved from a barren, photosynthetically autotrophic state into a soil ecosystem. In terms of final results, the α-diversity of bacteria and fungi after treatment is significantly higher than that of the untreated control group, and the community composition shows an enrichment of numerous potential plant growth-promoting and biocontrol bacteria. This indicates that this restoration measure not only increases the biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms but also optimizes the community functional structure, establishing a healthy soil micro-ecological foundation for the subsequent introduction and establishment of vegetation in abandoned mining sites.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites, characterized in that, This method is performed in the following steps: Step 1: Spray a compost fermentation remediation layer onto the surface of the abandoned mining area; Step 2: Sow awnless bromegrass on the compost fermentation layer; The composting and fermentation remediation layer is mainly composed of biomass power plant ash, straw, and livestock and poultry manure composted and fermented. The preparation method of compost fermentation repair layer is as follows: (1) Mix livestock and poultry manure with straw, then add organic material composting agent, and carry out aerobic composting; (2) Add biomass power plant ash, Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria, stir and mix to make compost fermentation repair layer.

2. The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the compost fermentation remediation layer sprayed is 12~24cm.

3. The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The mass ratio of livestock and poultry manure to straw is 4~5:

7.

4. The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to claim 3, characterized in that, The ratio of biomass power plant ash to straw mass is 1~2:

7.

5. The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to claim 4, characterized in that, The addition rates of Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes, and photosynthetic bacteria were 1×10⁻⁶ per cubic meter of compost. 9 ~2×10 9 CFU, 1×10 10 ~2×10 10 CFU, 1×10 9 ~2×10 9 CFU.

6. The method for ecological restoration of abandoned mining sites according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step (1), the temperature of the aerobic compost pile is controlled at 60℃~70℃ after it is raised, and maintained for 40~45 days.

7. A composting fermentation remediation layer for ecological restoration of mine wastelands, characterized in that, The composting and fermentation remediation layer is mainly composed of biomass power plant ash, straw, and livestock and poultry manure composted and fermented. The preparation method of the compost fermentation remediation layer is as follows: (1) Mix livestock and poultry manure with straw, then add organic material composting agent and carry out aerobic composting; (2) Add biomass power plant ash, Bacillus subtilis HW1404, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria and mix them to make a compost fermentation repair layer.

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