A gradient ventilation barrier multistage condenser

Abstract

The application discloses a gradient multistage condenser. The condenser comprises a vertical shell, the top of the vertical shell is provided with an air outlet pipe, the bottom of the vertical shell is provided with a liquid discharge pipe, and the side of the vertical shell is provided with an air inlet pipe near the bottom; the inside of the vertical shell is provided with at least two layers of air-permeable partitions which are arranged with air-permeable holes, the hole diameters of the air-permeable holes are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the air-permeable partitions comprise one or more of a millimeter partition, a micrometer partition and a nanometer partition; the air-permeable holes of the millimeter partition are millimeter holes, the air-permeable holes of the micrometer partition are micrometer holes, and the air-permeable holes of the nanometer partition are nanometer holes; and a heat exchange condensing device is arranged below each air-permeable partition. The multistage heat exchange condensing device arranged in the device realizes steam segmentation and uniform cooling. In addition, the hole diameters on the air-permeable partitions are arranged in a gradient, so that the condensing and separating effects are improved step by step, the gas-liquid contact time and the heat exchange area are greatly increased, the condensing efficiency is significantly improved, and the steam recovery rate can reach more than 95%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of heat exchange and condensation equipment, specifically relating to a multi-stage condenser with a gradient permeable partition. Background Technology

[0002] Existing condensing equipment, when handling steam from chemical production, pharmaceutical processes, and organic solvent recovery, generally suffers from technical bottlenecks due to structural design limitations, including low condensation efficiency, uneven cooling, and short gas-liquid contact time. These bottlenecks are detailed below:

[0003] 1. Conventional shell-and-tube and finned condensers, when operating with organic solvent vapors, suffer significant losses due to the large amount of organic solvent evaporation and the excessively fast vapor volatilization rate.

[0004] 2. Most existing membrane condensation devices are single-layer membrane structures, with short vapor-liquid contact time, limited heat exchange area, and lack of effective gas short-circuit protection design. Some vapor escapes with the airflow before being fully condensed, resulting in low condensation recovery rate and poor separation effect.

[0005] 3. Most condensers use a single-zone cooling method, with cooling structures only installed on the outside or bottom of the shell. This results in poor cooling uniformity, and uncondensed steam is prone to evaporation along with unsaturated steam after condensation. This makes it impossible to achieve segmented and graded cooling of steam, and it is difficult to further improve condensation efficiency.

[0006] Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new type of condenser that slows down the steam flow rate, allows for uniform cooling and sufficient condensation, integrates multi-stage cooling, gradient separation, and efficient condensation, and is also economical. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a gradient multi-stage condenser, which is equipped with a multi-stage heat exchange and condensation device, thereby slowing down the steam flow rate and achieving segmented and uniform cooling of the steam. In addition, the pore size on the permeable partition is arranged in a gradient manner, ensuring that the condensation and separation effect is improved step by step, increasing the gas-liquid contact time and heat exchange area, improving the condensation efficiency, and at the same time being economical and easy to promote industrially.

[0008] To address the above technical problems, this invention discloses a gradient multi-stage condenser, comprising a vertical shell, an outlet pipe at the top, a drain pipe at the bottom, and an inlet pipe on the side near the bottom; the interior of the vertical shell is provided with at least two layers of permeable partitions with arranged vent holes, the vent hole diameter decreasing from bottom to top; the permeable partitions include one or more of millimeter partitions, micrometer partitions, and nanometer partitions, that is, all permeable partitions can be millimeter partitions, all micrometer partitions, or all nanometer partitions, or millimeter partitions... The system comprises two or three of the following: a permeable layer, a micron-sized permeable layer, or a nano-sized permeable layer. When combined, one or more of each type of permeable layer can be used, but the pore size must decrease sequentially from bottom to top. The permeable pores of the millimeter-sized permeable layer are millimeter-sized pores, the permeable pores of the micron-sized permeable layer are micron-sized pores, and the permeable pores of the nano-sized permeable layer are nano-sized pores. A heat exchange and condensation device is installed below each permeable layer. The vertical shell is cylindrical or square in shape.

[0009] The breathable partition located at the top layer inside the vertical shell is used to deeply capture trace amounts of uncondensed vapor and fine droplets, achieving deep vapor-liquid separation; it also prevents fine droplets from being carried out by the airflow, ensuring the cleanliness of the gas discharged from the outlet pipe to meet the requirements of subsequent processes.

[0010] The breathable baffle located at the bottom or middle layer inside the vertical shell can slow down the steam flow rate while ensuring that steam can flow through, thus enhancing the condensation effect.

[0011] The heat exchange and condensation device installed at the bottom of the vertical shell is used to pre-cool the steam entering the shell, quickly reduce the initial temperature of the steam, and reduce the condensation load of the upper permeable partition.

[0012] The heat exchange and condensation device installed between each pair of adjacent permeable layers is used to cool the steam passing through each permeable layer layer by layer and segment by segment, so as to ensure that the steam temperature gradually decreases and avoid the problem of insufficient local condensation.

[0013] The heat exchange and condensation device is a structure such as a condenser coil or a condenser plate.

[0014] Furthermore, a filter layer with arranged filter holes (centimeter-sized) is provided below the breathable barrier layer; a heat exchange and condensation device is provided below the filter layer. The filter layer is used to filter large solid particles in the steam to increase the efficiency of subsequent condensation and separation.

[0015] Furthermore, the filter layer is a rigid plate (rigid plate structure with convex surface facing up or convex surface facing down) or a concave-convex structure (rigid plate structure is stable and can be self-supporting) or a soft membrane, and the pore size of the filter layer is 1 to 3 cm; when the filter layer is a soft membrane, a support frame is provided below it or a support frame is provided above and below it (soft membrane is soft and cannot be self-supporting, so it needs to be supported by a support frame).

[0016] Furthermore, the number of layers in the millimeter-sized separator is ≤4, and the pore size of the pores on it is 1-8mm; the number of layers in the micrometer-sized separator is ≤4, and the pore size of the pores on it is 1-800μm; the number of layers in the nanometer-sized separator is ≤3, and the pore size of the pores on it is 100-800nm.

[0017] Furthermore, the millimeter-sized partition is a rigid plate or a flexible membrane with a planar, arc-shaped, or concave-convex structure; when the millimeter-sized partition is a flexible membrane, a support frame is provided below it or both above and below it.

[0018] Furthermore, when the micron or nano layer is located in the top layer inside the vertical shell, it is a rigid plate or soft membrane with a planar, arc-shaped, or concave-convex structure; when the micron or nano layer is located in the bottom or middle layer inside the vertical shell, it is a rigid plate or soft membrane with an arc-shaped or concave-convex structure, and a drain hole is provided at its low position, with the drain holes of two adjacent breathable layers staggered in the vertical direction; when the breathable layer is a soft membrane, a support frame is provided below it or both above and below it.

[0019] The support frame is made of corrosion-resistant stainless steel mesh or PTFE strips. While providing support for the flexible membrane, the mesh area of ​​the stainless steel mesh and the gap between the PTFE strips must be large enough to prevent obstruction of the vent holes and drain holes, ensuring that steam and condensate can pass smoothly through the vent holes and drain holes respectively.

[0020] Furthermore, the pore size of the drainage holes in both the micron-layer and the nano-layer is 1–5 mm.

[0021] Furthermore, the millimeter-sized, micrometer-sized, and nanometer-sized separators are convex-facing arc-shaped structures. Both the arc-shaped and concave-convex structures can form natural liquid-collecting surfaces at the lower part of the breathable separator, facilitating the flow of condensate to lower areas and preventing condensate from stagnating on the surface of the breathable separator. The convex-facing arc-shaped structure is even more conducive to the rapid flow of condensate along the arc surface to the lowest points in all directions.

[0022] Furthermore, a hollow, inverted frustum-shaped condensate collector is installed inside the drain pipe. The upper end of the condensate collector is open, and its upper edge is fixed to the drain pipe. A circular perforated plate with through holes is installed at the bottom. The condensate collector is used to reduce the upward evaporation of vapor from the stored condensate. Its sides are sealed and airtight, so the vapor can only rise through the circular perforated plate. During its ascent, the vapor comes into contact with the downward dripping condensate and condenses, turning into condensate before dripping back down, thereby reducing vapor evaporation.

[0023] Furthermore, the diameter of the circular perforated plate is 1 / 3 to 2 / 3 of the inner diameter of the drain pipe, and the diameter of the through hole is 1 to 8 mm.

[0024] To adapt to working conditions containing acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and corrosive vapors, the vertical shell (inner wall or integral), heat exchange condenser (outer wall or integral), condensate collector (inner wall and circular perforated plate part or integral), filter layer, and air permeable layer are all made of metal or non-metal acid, alkali, and solvent resistant materials, such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), FEP (tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer), PFA (perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer), 316L stainless steel, Hastelloy, titanium alloy, silicon carbide ceramics, and coatings.

[0025] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0026] 1. This device is equipped with a multi-stage heat exchange and condensation unit, which realizes segmented and uniform cooling of steam. In addition, the pore size on the permeable layer is arranged in a gradient (decreasing from bottom to top), ensuring that the condensation and separation effect is improved step by step, effectively avoiding blockage of the permeable layer, greatly increasing the gas-liquid contact time and heat exchange area, improving condensation efficiency, and enabling the steam recovery rate to reach over 95%.

[0027] 2. This device has drainage holes at the low position of the micron or nano layer on the arc or concave-convex surface, and the drainage holes on two adjacent breathable layers are staggered in the vertical direction to realize automatic condensate flow and rapid drainage, effectively reducing the thickness of the liquid film and reducing the heat transfer resistance.

[0028] 3. This device integrates multiple functions such as coarse filtration, multi-stage gradient condensation, and liquid drainage. It has a simple overall structure, high functional integration, is easy to install in industry, and has economic advantages.

[0029] 4. The breathable barrier and heat exchange condensation device can be made of solvent-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials, suitable for working conditions containing acids, alkalis, organic solvents, and corrosive vapors. Metal materials can also be selected to suit clean steam working conditions. The pore size of the breathable barrier and the number of heat exchange condensation devices can be adjusted according to different types of solvent vapors to achieve better condensation effect. The application scope covers multiple fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, and solvent recovery.

[0030] 5. The gradient aperture structure and staggered drainage hole design effectively avoid blockage of the air-permeable barrier, ensuring smooth drainage; the equipment has a simple structure and is easy to process. The air-permeable barrier and heat exchange condensation device can be flexibly added, removed, or replaced according to different working conditions and actual condensation effects required. The maintenance cost is low, the operation is stable, and the difficulty of later operation and maintenance is reduced. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall external structure of the device of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the device in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 This is a longitudinal cross-sectional three-dimensional structural diagram of the device in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the device in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 5 A three-dimensional structural diagram of a condensate collector;

[0036] Figure 6 A three-dimensional structural diagram of a longitudinal cross-section of a condensate collector;

[0037] Figure 7 This is a top view of the circular perforated plate.

[0038] Figure 8 This is a top view of the filter layer structure.

[0039] Figure 9 This is a top view of the first millimeter-sized partition in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 10 This is a top view of the second millimeter partition layer in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 11 for Figure 10 Enlarged structural diagram at point A;

[0042] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the device in Embodiment 3 of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 13 This is a top view of the first micrometer-sized separator in Embodiment 3 of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 14 for Figure 13 Enlarged structural diagram at point B;

[0045] Figure 15 for Figure 13 Enlarged structural diagram at point C;

[0046] Figure 16 This is a top view of the second micrometer-sized separator in Embodiment 3 of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 17 for Figure 16 Enlarged structural diagram at point D;

[0048] Figure 18 for Figure 16 Enlarged structural diagram at point E in the middle.

[0049] In the diagram: 1. Vertical shell; 2. Exhaust pipe; 3. Inlet pipe; 4. Drain pipe; 5. Filter layer; 6. Millimeter layer; 6.1 First millimeter layer; 6.2 Second millimeter layer; 7. Micrometer layer; 7.1 First micrometer layer; 7.2 Second micrometer layer; 7.3 Third micrometer layer; 8. Nanometer layer; 9. Condensation coil; 10. Support frame; 10.1 Millimeter support frame; 10.1.1 First millimeter support frame; 10.1.2 The first millimeter support frame; 2mm support frame; 10.2μm support frame; 10.2.1 First μm support frame; 10.2.2 Second μm support frame; 10.2.3 Third μm support frame; 10.3nm support frame; 11. Condensate collector; 12. Circular perforated plate; 13. Through hole; 14. Filter hole; 15. First millimeter hole; 16. Second millimeter hole; 17. First μm hole; 18. First drain hole; 19. Second μm hole; 20. Second drain hole. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The present invention will be further explained below with reference to the embodiments. The following embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0051] Example 1

[0052] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the gradient permeable layer multi-stage condenser provided in this embodiment includes a vertical shell 1. The vertical shell 1 is a cylindrical structure with an outer diameter of 500mm, an inner diameter of 480mm, and a height of 1200mm, made of 316L stainless steel. It has an outlet pipe 2 at the top, a drain pipe 4 at the bottom, and an inlet pipe 3 near the bottom on the side. Inside the vertical shell 1, from bottom to top, are arranged a filter layer 5, a first millimeter layer 6.1, a second millimeter layer 6.2, a first micrometer layer 7.1, and a second micrometer layer 7.2. The filter layer 5 is a planar rigid plate. The first millimeter layer 6.1, the second millimeter layer 6.2, the first micrometer layer 7.1, and the second micrometer layer 7.2 are all flexible membranes. A condenser coil 9 is provided below the filter layer 5 and below each breathable layer. The condenser coil 9 has a diameter of 15mm and a coil spacing of 50mm. It is made of 316L stainless steel and is connected to external cooling water. Cooling water at a temperature of 10℃ is introduced into the coil.

[0053] like Figures 5 to 7 As shown, the inner diameter of the drain pipe 4 is 120mm, and a condensate collector 11 is provided inside it. The upper end of the condensate collector 11 is open, and the upper edge is fixed to the drain pipe 4. A circular perforated plate 12 with a diameter of 40mm is provided at the bottom, and the diameter of the through hole 13 on the circular perforated plate 12 is 6mm.

[0054] like Figure 8 As shown, the filter layer 5 has a thickness of 5mm and the filter holes 14 on it have a diameter of 1.5cm. It is made of 316L stainless steel.

[0055] like Figures 9 to 11 As shown, both the first millimeter partition 6.1 and the second millimeter partition 6.2 are convex-facing arc-shaped structures, each with a thickness of 1mm, and both are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The first millimeter hole 15 on the first millimeter partition 6.1 has a diameter of 5mm, and a first millimeter support frame 10.1.1 is positioned below it. The first millimeter support frame 10.1.1 is made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 1mm and a mesh size of 10mm × 10mm (side length × side length). The second millimeter hole 16 on the second millimeter partition 6.2 has a diameter of 1mm, and a second millimeter support frame 10.1.2 is positioned below it. The second millimeter support frame 10.1.2 is also made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 1mm and a mesh size of 10mm × 10mm (side length × side length).

[0056] Both the first micron-level separator 7.1 and the second micron-level separator 7.2 are convex-facing arc-shaped structures with a thickness of 0.5 mm, and are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The first micron-level separator 7.1 has a first micron-level hole 17 with a diameter of 80 μm and a first drain hole 18 with a diameter of 2 mm. A first micron-level support frame 10.2.1 is located below it. The first micron-level support frame 10.2.1 is made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 0.5 mm and a mesh size of 5 mm × 5 mm (side length × side length). The drain holes on the first micron-level separator 7.1 are uniformly distributed along the circumference of the separator.

[0057] The second micrometer hole 19 on the second micrometer partition 7.2 has a diameter of 60μm, and a second micrometer support frame 10.2.2 is provided below it. The second micrometer support frame 10.2.2 is a 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 0.5mm and a mesh size of 5mm×5mm (side length×side length).

[0058] 300 kg of methanol solution vapor was introduced into the condenser at an inlet temperature of 65°C and a vapor processing capacity of 100 kg / h, yielding 295 kg of methanol with a recovery rate of 98%.

[0059] Example 2

[0060] like Figure 1 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the gradient multi-stage condenser provided in this embodiment includes a vertical shell 1, which is a cylindrical structure with an outer diameter of 500mm, an inner diameter of 480mm, and a height of 1200mm, made of 316L stainless steel. It has an outlet pipe 2 at the top, a drain pipe 4 at the bottom, and an inlet pipe 3 near the bottom on the side. Inside the vertical shell 1, from bottom to top, are arranged a filter layer 5, a first millimeter layer 6.1, a second millimeter layer 6.2, a micrometer layer 7, and a nanometer layer 8. The filter layer 5 is a planar rigid plate. The millimeter layer 6, the micrometer layer 7, and the nanometer layer 8 are all flexible membranes. A condenser coil 9 is provided below the filter layer 5 and between every two adjacent layers. The condenser coil 9 has a diameter of 15mm, a coil spacing of 50mm, and is made of 316L stainless steel. This condenser coil 9 is connected to external cooling water, and cooling water at a temperature of 10℃ is circulated inside it.

[0061] like Figures 5 to 7 As shown, the inner diameter of the drain pipe 4 is 120mm, and a condensate collector 11 is provided inside it. The upper end of the condensate collector 11 is open, and the upper edge is fixed to the drain pipe 4. A circular perforated plate 12 with a diameter of 40mm is provided at the bottom, and the diameter of the through hole 13 on the circular perforated plate 12 is 6mm.

[0062] like Figure 8 As shown, the filter layer 5 has a thickness of 5mm and the pores 14 on it have a diameter of 1.5cm. It is made of 316L stainless steel.

[0063] like Figures 9 to 11 As shown, both the first millimeter partition 6.1 and the second millimeter partition 6.2 are convex-facing arc-shaped structures, each with a thickness of 1mm, and both are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The first millimeter hole 15 on the first millimeter partition 6.1 has a diameter of 5mm, and a first millimeter support frame 10.1.1 is positioned below it. The first millimeter support frame 10.1.1 is made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 1mm and a mesh size of 10mm × 10mm (side length × side length). The second millimeter hole 16 on the second millimeter partition 6.2 has a diameter of 1mm, and a second millimeter support frame 10.1.2 is positioned below it. The second millimeter support frame 10.1.2 is also made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 1mm and a mesh size of 10mm × 10mm (side length × side length).

[0064] The micron-layer 7 is a convex-facing arc-shaped structure with a thickness of 0.5 mm, made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The micron-pores on this micron-layer have a diameter of 20 μm, and the drainage holes have a diameter of 3 mm. A micron-support frame 10.2 is installed below it. The micron-support frame 10.2 is made of 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 1 mm and a mesh size of 5 mm × 5 mm (side length × side length). The drainage holes on the micron-layer 7 are uniformly distributed along the circumference of the layer.

[0065] The nano-layer 8 has a convex-facing, arc-shaped structure with a thickness of 0.5 mm and is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The nanopores on this nano-layer have a pore size of 100 nm, and a nano-support frame 10.3 is disposed below it. The nano-support frame 10.3 is a 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 0.5 mm and a mesh size of 5 mm × 5 mm (side length × side length).

[0066] 300 kg of chloroform solution vapor was introduced into the condenser at an inlet temperature of 65°C and a steam processing capacity of 100 kg / h, yielding 288 kg of chloroform with a recovery rate of 96%.

[0067] Example 3

[0068] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that a third micron-sized partition 7.3 is added above the second micron-sized partition 7.2, a second drain hole 20 is added on the second micron-sized partition 7.2, and the first drain hole 18 on the first micron-sized partition 7.1 is set into four groups, each group containing seven drain holes. The rest of the device settings are the same as in embodiment 1.

[0069] like Figures 12 to 18 As shown, the third micron-level separator 7.3 is a flexible membrane with a convex-upward curved structure, a thickness of 1 mm, and is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The micron-sized pores on the third micron-level separator 7.3 have a diameter of 70 μm, and a third micron-level support frame 10.2.3 is disposed below it. The third micron-level support frame 10.2.3 is a 316L stainless steel mesh with a wire diameter of 0.5 mm and a mesh size of 5 mm × 5 mm (side length × side length).

[0070] The second drainage hole 20 on the second micron-layer 7.2 has a diameter of 2 mm. The second drainage hole 20 is also set in four groups, each group containing seven drainage holes, and distributed on the circumference of the second micron-layer 7.2. The drainage holes on the first micron-layer 7.1 and the second micron-layer 7.2 are offset by 45° in the vertical direction.

[0071] 300 kg of methanol solution vapor was introduced into the condenser at an inlet temperature of 65°C and a vapor processing capacity of 100 kg / h, yielding 296 kg of methanol with a recovery rate of 98.7%.

[0072] The recovery rate of this device increases with the increase of the number of breathable layers. The breathable layers in Examples 1-3 are all set according to the pore size decreasing from bottom to top, which avoids the problem of insufficient cooling area and excessive pressure caused by a large range of pore size, and achieves a better condensation effect.

[0073] The polytetrafluoroethylene millimeter-sized, micrometer-sized, and nanometer-sized separators used in Examples 1-3 are all commercially available.

[0074] Working principle of this device:

[0075] Steam is introduced into the condenser through the inlet pipe. The steam is first pre-cooled by the heat exchange condenser at the bottom, causing an initial temperature reduction. The pre-cooled steam flows upward, passing through the filter layer or the first permeable layer, and condenses upon contact with the heat exchange condenser above it. The condensate drips downward through the filter holes in the filter layer, or through the vent holes or drain holes in the permeable layer. Next, the steam continues to flow upward, passing through the second permeable layer, and condenses again upon contact with the heat exchange condenser above it. The condensate drips downward through the vent holes or drain holes in the permeable layer.

[0076] In this manner, the steam undergoes progressive cooling through the heat exchange and condensation unit, achieving gas-liquid separation. Finally, the gas is discharged through the outlet pipe, and the condensate is discharged through the drain pipe. A condensate collector inside the drain pipe slows down the upward evaporation of steam from the condensate; some steam rises through the through-holes and re-contaminates with the heat exchange and condensation unit, forming liquid which is then discharged from the condenser.

[0077] In order not to obstruct the display of other components, Figure 3 The ventilation holes and drainage holes on each ventilation layer are not shown in the diagram, but in the actual structure, each ventilation layer is provided with the aforementioned ventilation holes and drainage holes.

[0078] Of course, the present invention may have other various embodiments. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make various corresponding changes and modifications according to the present invention, but these corresponding changes and modifications should all fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-stage condenser with a gradient permeable partition, characterized in that, The device includes a vertical housing, with an outlet pipe at the top, a drain pipe at the bottom, and an inlet pipe on the side near the bottom. Inside the vertical housing are at least two layers of breathable partitions with arranged pores, the pore diameter decreasing from bottom to top. Each breathable partition includes one or more of millimeter-sized, micrometer-sized, and nanometer-sized partitions. The millimeter-sized partitions have millimeter-sized pores, the micrometer-sized partitions have micrometer-sized pores, and the nanometer-sized partitions have nanometer-sized pores. A heat exchange and condensation device is located below each breathable partition.

2. The multi-stage condenser with gradient permeable partition according to claim 1, characterized in that: Below the breathable barrier layer, there is also a filter layer with arranged filter holes, the filter holes being centimeter-sized; below the filter layer, there is a heat exchange and condensation device.

3. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 2, characterized in that: The filter layer is a rigid plate or a flexible membrane with a planar, arc-shaped, or concave-convex structure, and the pore size of the filter layer is 1 to 3 cm. When the filter layer is a flexible membrane, a support frame is provided below it or both above and below it.

4. The multi-stage condenser with gradient permeable partition according to claim 1, characterized in that: The number of layers in the millimeter-sized separator is ≤4, and the pore size of the pores on it is 1-8 mm; the number of layers in the micrometer-sized separator is ≤4, and the pore size of the pores on it is 1-800 μm; the number of layers in the nanometer-sized separator is ≤3, and the pore size of the pores on it is 100-800 nm.

5. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 4, characterized in that: The millimeter partition is a rigid plate or a flexible membrane with a planar, arc-shaped, or concave-convex structure; when the millimeter partition is a flexible membrane, a support frame is provided below it or both above and below it.

6. The multi-stage condenser with gradient permeable partition according to claim 4, characterized in that: When the micron or nano layer is located in the top layer inside the vertical shell, it is a rigid plate or soft membrane with a planar, arc, or concave-convex structure. When the micron or nano layer is located in the bottom or middle layer inside the vertical shell, it is a rigid plate or soft membrane with an arc or concave-convex structure, and a drain hole is provided at its low position. The drain holes of two adjacent breathable layers are staggered in the vertical direction. When the breathable layer is a soft membrane, a support frame is provided below it or both above and below it.

7. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 6, characterized in that: The pore size of the drainage holes in both the micron-layer and the nano-layer is 1–5 mm.

8. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that: The millimeter-sized, micrometer-sized, and nanometer-sized separators are arc-shaped structures with convex surfaces facing upwards.

9. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 1, characterized in that: The drain pipe is equipped with a hollow, inverted frustum-shaped condensate collector. The upper end of the condensate collector is open, the upper edge is fixed to the drain pipe, and the bottom is equipped with a circular perforated plate with through holes.

10. The gradient permeable partition multi-stage condenser according to claim 9, characterized in that: The diameter of the circular orifice plate is 1 / 3 to 2 / 3 of the inner diameter of the drain pipe, and the diameter of the through hole is 1 to 8 mm.

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