A natural ecosystem authenticity determination method and device

Abstract

The application discloses a natural ecosystem authenticity determination method and device, relates to the technical field of ecological evaluation, and comprises the following steps: acquiring land use data of a research area, and calculating an ecological structure authenticity index; identifying a natural reference area based on ecological environment zoning and the ecological structure authenticity index; acquiring ecosystem service data, and calculating an ecological process authenticity index and an ecological function authenticity index based on the natural reference area; acquiring species distribution data, and calculating a biological and indicator species authenticity index; acquiring human activity data, and calculating a human disturbance intensity index; and finally, normalizing and weightedly fusing the indexes to obtain a natural ecosystem authenticity comprehensive index. The application solves the problems of single dimension, neglect of regional natural benchmark differences and lack of a multi-factor comprehensive framework of the existing evaluation method, and significantly improves the scientific nature of natural reserve management.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of ecological assessment, and in particular to a method and apparatus for determining the authenticity of natural ecosystems. Background Technology

[0002] Ecosystem authenticity refers to the state in which an ecosystem's structure, processes, and functions retain their natural characteristics, that is, the degree to which they remain undisturbed or minimally disturbed by humans and maintain their natural state. It is a crucial concept for measuring the degree to which an ecosystem maintains its natural state and is one of the core objectives of national park and nature reserve management. In recent years, with the intensification of global ecological degradation, authenticity has gradually become an important issue in international conservation policies and ecological assessments.

[0003] Current assessments of the authenticity of natural ecosystems primarily focus on aspects such as naturalness evaluation, landscape pattern analysis, human footprint index, and habitat quality models. However, existing research still has the following shortcomings: They tend to focus on a single dimension (structure or disturbance) and lack a multi-factor comprehensive framework; It emphasizes "whether it is natural" but gives less consideration to "the stability and functional performance of natural systems"; Many use uniform thresholds at the national or global scale, ignoring regional differences in natural benchmarks; There is a lack of zoning evaluation methods that combine climate zoning or ecological location.

[0004] Therefore, constructing a multidimensional authenticity evaluation system that can reflect the combined effects of ecosystem structure, functional stability, and human disturbance is of great significance for improving the scientific rigor of national park planning and nature reserve management. Existing assessment methods often fail to accurately capture "embedded disturbances" and lack mechanisms for using the authentic plateau region as a benchmark to assess the naturalness of processes and functions in other areas. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide a method and apparatus for determining the authenticity of natural ecosystems, in order to solve the problems of existing technologies such as single assessment dimensions, neglect of regional natural benchmark differences, and lack of multi-factor integrated framework.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides the following solution: Firstly, this application provides a method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, including: Calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI); The study area is divided into zones based on its ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological zone, the natural reference area of ​​each ecological zone is identified according to the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI). Acquire key ecosystem services in the study area; these key ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI). Calculate seasonal indicators for each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonal indicators include: seasonal trend index (SD), seasonal variability index (CV), and seasonal trade-off index (TR) for ecosystem services. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) is calculated based on seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and natural reference areas. Calculate the annual value of key ecosystem services; The Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) is calculated based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and natural reference areas. Obtain species distribution data for the study area and calculate the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI). Acquire human activity data for the study area and calculate the Analytic Intensity Index (ADI). Based on the aforementioned Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI), the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) is calculated.

[0007] Optionally, the calculation of the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI) specifically includes the following steps: Land use data is categorized into natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems; the natural ecosystems include wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, water bodies, and wastelands; the artificial ecosystems include arable land, construction land, and artificially constructed ditches; Based on the land use data, the area ratio of natural ecosystems, the maximum patch index, the patch density, and the artificial landscape embedding intensity are calculated; the area ratio of natural ecosystems and the maximum patch index are positively correlated indicators, while the patch density and the artificial landscape embedding intensity are negatively correlated indicators. The area ratio of the natural ecosystem, the maximum patch index, the patch density, and the intensity of artificial landscape embedding were normalized to their maximum and minimum values. Calculate the weights of each indicator after normalization. And calculate the structural authenticity index SAI: In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0008] Optionally, the step of dividing the study area into zones based on its ecological environment characteristics, and identifying the natural reference area for each ecological zone according to the Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), specifically includes the following steps: The terrain is divided into N types of regions; The regions are divided into M types based on vegetation type; Based on climate, it is divided into K types of regions; By eliminating artificial ecosystem types, we obtain natural ecosystem type regions; The N types of regions, M types of regions, K types of regions, and natural ecosystem type regions are spatially superimposed to form L ecological zones; Within each ecological partition, the top 1% or top 5 pixels in the SAI ranking are extracted and used as the reference area for that ecological partition.

[0009] Optionally, the expression for the seasonal variation trend index SD is as follows: ; in, , representing the change from spring to summer; , representing the change from summer to autumn; , representing the change from autumn to winter; The expression for the seasonal variation index CV is as follows: ; In the formula, This represents the standard deviation of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons. This represents the average value of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons; The seasonal trade-off index TR for ecosystem services is calculated through the following steps: Calculating the seasonal trade-off strength between any two ecosystem services yields the seasonal trade-off strengths for six ecosystem services: In the formula, n=4, representing 4 seasons; Indicates the strength of the seasonal trade-off between any two ecosystem services; and These represent the two ecosystem services in the [missing information - likely a date or time]. Supply value for each season; and These represent the average supply values ​​of the two ecosystem services over the four seasons; The average of the seasonal trade-off strengths of the six ecosystem services is used to obtain the TR.

[0010] Optionally, calculating the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on the seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and the natural reference area specifically includes the following steps: Calculate the deviation of seasonal indicators: In the formula, Indicates the first Ecosystem process indicators per pixel, , and These represent the maximum, minimum, and median values ​​of the indicator within the natural reference area, respectively. The seasonal indicator is adjusted based on its deviation: In the formula, , and These represent the adjusted seasonal variation trend index of ecosystem services, the adjusted seasonal variation index of ecosystem services, and the adjusted seasonal trade-off index of ecosystem services, respectively. Normalize the adjusted seasonal indicators; The entropy weight method is used to calculate the weight of each seasonal indicator after normalization. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) is calculated based on the weights of the aforementioned seasonal indicators. In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0011] Optionally, calculating the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and natural reference areas specifically includes the following steps: Calculate the deviation of ecosystem services; Adjust the ecosystem services based on their deviation. Normalize the adjusted ecosystem services; The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of each ecosystem service after normalization. The Ecosystem Function Authenticity Index (FAI) is calculated based on the weights of each ecosystem service. In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of ecosystem services.

[0012] Optionally, obtain species distribution data for the study area and calculate the Biodiversity and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), specifically including the following steps: Calculate the proportion of native species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species; The proportion of native species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species were normalized. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of the normalized proportion of local species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species. Based on the weights of the native species percentage and the flagship species' habitat adaptability, the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI) is calculated: In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0013] Optionally, the acquisition of human activity data in the study area and the calculation of the Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) specifically include the following steps: Construct a comprehensive index of human interference; The comprehensive human interference index is normalized; The weights of each comprehensive human interference index are obtained by using the entropy weight method on the normalized comprehensive human interference index. The Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) is calculated based on the weights of the aforementioned comprehensive human interference indicators: In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0014] Optionally, based on the SAI (Structure Authenticity Index), PAI (Process Authenticity Index), FAI (Function Authenticity Index), BAI (Biodiversity and Indicator Species Authenticity Index), and ADI (Human Disturbance Intensity Index), the ACI (Authenticity Index of Natural Ecosystems) is calculated using the following formula: ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each index, This indicates the weight of each index.

[0015] Secondly, this application provides a device for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, comprising: The Ecological Structure Authenticity Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI). The natural reference region determination module is used to partition the study area based on the ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological partition, to identify the natural reference region of each ecological partition according to the ecological structure authenticity index (SAI). The critical ecosystem service acquisition module is used to acquire the critical ecosystem services of the study area; the critical ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI). The seasonality indicator calculation module is used to calculate the seasonality indicators of each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonality indicators include: seasonal variation trend index SD, seasonal variation index CV, and ecosystem service seasonal trade-off index TR. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on the seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and the natural reference area. The annual critical ecosystem service value calculation module is used to calculate the annual critical ecosystem service value. The Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and the natural reference area. The Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI) calculation module is used to acquire species distribution data of the study area and calculate the Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI). The Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) calculation module is used to acquire human activity data in the study area and calculate the ADI. The Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) based on the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI).

[0016] According to the specific embodiments provided in this application, this application has the following technical effects: This application provides a method and apparatus for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, which has the following beneficial effects: Multidimensional comprehensive assessment: This application breaks through the limitations of single-dimensional assessment, and comprehensively characterizes the authenticity of the ecosystem through five dimensions: structure, process, function, biology, and disturbance. It not only focuses on "whether it is natural", but also on "the stability and functional performance of the natural system".

[0017] Dynamic benchmark identification: This application innovatively utilizes regions with high structural authenticity as natural reference benchmarks (natural reference areas) to assess process and functional authenticity. This method avoids errors caused by using a uniform threshold, fully considers regional differences in natural benchmarks, and makes the assessment results more consistent with the local ecological background.

[0018] Capturing embedded disturbances: Introducing the Artificial Landscape Embedding Intensity (ALI) index into the structural authenticity assessment can effectively capture situations where the natural area accounts for a large proportion but is deeply embedded in the artificial landscape, thus improving the sensitivity of the assessment.

[0019] High scientific rigor and credibility: Through case verification (such as Songnen Crane Township National Park), the assessment results of this application are highly consistent with the actual protection status of the nature reserve (the authenticity within the reserve is significantly higher than that in the surrounding area), proving that the method can effectively characterize the authenticity of natural ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for national park planning and nature reserve management. Attached Figure Description

[0020] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0021] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, provided as an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the results of the authenticity assessment of the natural ecosystem in the potential area of ​​Songnenhe Township National Park, provided for another embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0023] To make the above-mentioned objectives, features and advantages of this application more apparent and understandable, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0024] In one exemplary embodiment, such as Figure 1 As shown, a method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem is provided. This method is executed by a computer device, specifically by a terminal or server alone, or by both a terminal and a server. In this embodiment, the method includes the following steps: Step 101: Calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI).

[0025] The authenticity of ecological structure focuses on whether the natural pattern still exists. It assesses whether the natural ecosystem structure still dominates in each spatial unit within the study area and has not been severely disrupted or invaded by artificial landscapes.

[0026] Indicator selection principles: At the spatial structure level, whether the natural ecosystem still maintains a state close to its pre-human disturbance characteristics, including area dominance, overall continuity, patch integrity, and low degree of human disturbance integration. The selected indicators are explained in Table 1 below: Table 1 Indicator Selection Guidelines

[0027] The expression for the Largest Patch Index (LPI) in the table above is as follows: ; in, For the first The area of ​​each patch, This represents the total number of plaques of this type. The area of ​​the largest patch of this type. This refers to the total area of ​​the entire landscape. This indicates the percentage of the largest patch relative to the total landscape area.

[0028] The expression for patch density (PD) is as follows: ; in, The total number of patches of a certain type (or the entire landscape). The total area of ​​the entire landscape (usually in hectares).

[0029] The specific implementation steps are as follows: (1) Land use data are classified into natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. Natural ecosystems include wetlands, grasslands, forests, water bodies, wastelands, etc., while artificial ecosystems include cultivated land, construction land, artificial ditches, etc.

[0030] (2) Calculate the four indicators in Table 1 based on data from natural and artificial ecosystems.

[0031] (3) Perform maximum and minimum value normalization on each indicator, where the normalization formula for the positively correlated indicator is: The normalization formula for negative correlation indicators is: ; In the formula, value represents the index value of each statistical unit (e.g., pixel) within the study area, and max and min represent the maximum and minimum index values, respectively. This represents the normalized value of the indicator.

[0032] (4) The entropy weight method is used to obtain the weights of each index after normalization. And calculate the Structural Authenticity Index (SAI). ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0033] Step 102: Divide the study area into zones based on its ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological zone, identify the natural reference area of ​​each ecological zone according to the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI).

[0034] Step 103: Obtain key ecosystem services for the study area; the key ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI).

[0035] Step 104: Calculate the seasonality indicators for each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonality indicators include: seasonal trend index SD, seasonal variation index CV, and ecosystem service seasonal trade-off index TR.

[0036] Step 105: Calculate the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on the seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and the natural reference area.

[0037] Ecosystem authenticity is reflected not only in its structural pattern but also in whether ecological processes maintain their dynamic characteristics under natural conditions. Natural ecosystems typically possess stable seasonal rhythms, reasonable fluctuation ranges, and coordinated ecosystem service relationships, while ecosystems disturbed by human activity often exhibit abnormal fluctuations or process imbalances. Ecosystem process authenticity focuses on whether "natural processes are still dominated by natural factors and maintain their proper temporal rhythms and spatial connectivity." Process authenticity is not equivalent to "whether the process exists," but rather "whether the process still occurs, whether it is driven by nature (rather than engineering / management), and whether it maintains its natural temporal and spatial patterns." In other words, it is the ability and stability of an ecosystem to continuously perform key ecological regulatory functions through its natural structure and processes under conditions of little or no human intervention.

[0038] Therefore, this application uses areas with high structural authenticity as natural reference benchmarks and constructs the Process Authenticity Index (PAI) by comparing the seasonal variation characteristics of ecosystem services in the study area with those in the reference area.

[0039] The process authenticity assessment includes two core steps: (1) identification of natural reference areas; and (2) quantitative assessment of ecological process authenticity. The technical process is as follows: structural authenticity → reference area identification → construction of ecosystem process indicators based on seasonal variation → calculation of adjustment coefficients based on deviation → process authenticity index. Natural reference regions serve as benchmarks for characterizing the natural state of ecosystem processes. Based on structural authenticity results, this application extracts the most structurally authentic regions within ecological and environmental zones as reference regions.

[0040] To avoid the impact of different natural conditions on ecological processes, the study area was divided into ecologically homogeneous zones. These zones are spatial units with relatively consistent internal ecological characteristics but significant external differences. The zoning criteria include: Topographic regions (based on DEM) Terrain; Vegetation type zones (based on a 1:1,000,000 vegetation map provided by the Plant Science Data Center) ; Climate zones (based on the Köppen-Geiger classes climate zone division) ; Natural ecosystem types (only wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, water bodies, wastelands, etc. are preserved) ; The combination of these four factors forms a comprehensive ecological zone: ; The criteria for classifying topographic regions are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Criteria for Topographic Zoning

[0041] Within each ecological zone, the zones are sorted according to their structural authenticity index: First, extract the top 1% of pixels with the highest structural authenticity from each ecological zone.

[0042] Then, count the number of the top 1% of pixels. If the number of extracted pixels reaches 5, these pixels are used as the reference area for each partition; if the number of extracted pixels is less than 5, the 5 pixels with the highest structural authenticity are extracted instead and used as the reference area, thus ensuring that each partition has a reference benchmark.

[0043] Selection and calculation of key ecosystem services: The selection principles for key ecosystem services are as follows: ① Only natural regulatory functions are assessed, excluding food supply, artificial aquaculture, and engineering-based water storage. Emphasis should be placed on water conservation, soil retention, energy maintenance, and plant growth. ② Functions must be "naturally driven," and their contributions must be primarily provided by natural ecosystems, not dominated by human facilities. ③ Emphasis is placed on "stability and consistency," meaning services must persist for many years without relying on frequent human intervention. Based on these principles, the selected services include: water retention (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary product (NPP), and kNDVI (vegetation structure characteristics).

[0044] For each indicator, the ecosystem service values ​​for spring, summer, autumn, and winter were calculated separately. Among them, the seasonal water yield (WR) was calculated by the Seasonal Water Yield module of the InVEST model; the seasonal water supply (SR) was calculated by the InVEST model; the seasonal water supply (NPP) was calculated by the CASA model; and the kNDVI was calculated by the Google Earth Engine platform.

[0045] Calculation of seasonal indicators of ecosystem services: The naturalness of ecological processes can be characterized from three aspects: seasonal variation trends, seasonal variability, and seasonal trade-offs in ecosystem services.

[0046] First, in each partition, calculate the seasonal variation trend index SD for each ecosystem service, using the following formula: The change value from spring to summer; The change from summer to autumn; The change value from autumn to winter; Based on the above seasonal differences in ecosystem services, calculate the seasonal variation trend index SD: ; Second, for each partition, calculate the seasonal variability index (CV) for each ecosystem service using the following formula: ; In the formula, This represents the standard deviation of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons. This represents the average value of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons.

[0047] Third, for each ecosystem service, calculate the seasonal trade-off index TR in each partition, using the following formula: ; In the formula, n=4, representing 4 seasons; Indicates the strength of the seasonal trade-off between any two ecosystem services; and These represent the two ecosystem services in the [missing information - likely a date or time]. Supply value for each season; and These represent the average supply values ​​of two ecosystem services over the four seasons. Based on this formula, pairwise correlations between ecosystem services are calculated, resulting in six pairs (i.e., six seasonal trade-off indices for ecosystem services): WR–SR, WR–NPP, WR–KNDVI, SR–NPP, SR–KNDVI, and NPP–KNDVI. The average of these six seasonal trade-off indices is then used to obtain the TR (True / True Balance).

[0048] The deviation calculation process is as follows: Deviation indicates the degree to which an ecosystem process indicator deviates from its authenticity. For each ecosystem process indicator: First, statistically analyze the value of the indicator within a natural reference area to obtain its maximum, minimum, and median values. Values ​​falling between the maximum and minimum values ​​are defined as the authenticity range reference range for that indicator. If the... If the index of a pixel falls within this range, its deviation is set to 0; otherwise, the magnitude of its deviation from the maximum and minimum values ​​is calculated and set as the deviation. . The closer to 0, the closer to the natural state; The larger the size, the more serious the deviation from the natural state.

[0049] ; In the formula, Indicates the first Ecosystem process indicators per pixel, , and These represent the maximum, minimum, and median values ​​of the indicator within the natural reference area, respectively.

[0050] Process authenticity index calculation: Adjustments are made to each indicator based on the deviation coefficient.

[0051] ; In the formula, , and These represent the adjusted seasonal trend index of ecosystem services, the adjusted seasonal variation index of ecosystem services, and the adjusted seasonal trade-off index of ecosystem services, respectively. , and The indicator is normalized by its maximum and minimum values. The normalization formula is as follows: ; In the formula, value represents the index value of each statistical unit (e.g., pixel) within the study area, and max and min represent the maximum and minimum index values, respectively. This represents the normalized value of the indicator.

[0052] For the normalized indicators, the entropy weight method is used to obtain the weights of each indicator. And calculate the Process Authenticity Index (PAI). ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0053] Step 106: Calculate the annual value of key ecosystem services.

[0054] Step 107: Calculate the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and the natural reference area.

[0055] Ecological function authenticity refers to the ability and stability of an ecosystem to continuously perform key ecological regulatory functions through natural structures and processes under conditions of little or no human intervention. Ecological function authenticity is not about "how strong the function is," but rather "whether the function is mainly realized by the natural ecosystem and through natural processes."

[0056] The calculation steps are as follows: (1) Calculate the annual ecosystem service value. The annual gross water supply (WR) is obtained by summing the water supply of the four seasons, the annual gross soil retention supply (SR) is obtained by summing the soil retention of the four seasons, the net primary productivity (NPP) is obtained by summing the net primary productivity of the four seasons, and the annual vegetation structure characteristic (kNDVI) is represented by the average of the vegetation structure characteristics of the four seasons.

[0057] (2) Natural reference region identification, which is the same as the method in step 102.

[0058] (3) The deviation is calculated in the same way as in step 105.

[0059] (4) Functional authenticity calculation, as follows.

[0060] Adjustments are made to each indicator based on the deviation coefficient.

[0061] ; In the formula, , , and These represent the adjusted annual total supply of water conservation, the adjusted annual total supply of soil conservation, the adjusted annual total supply of net primary productivity, and the adjusted annual vegetation structure characteristics, respectively.

[0062] right , , and The indicator is normalized by its maximum and minimum values. The normalization formula is as follows: ; In the formula, value represents the index value of each statistical unit (e.g., pixel) within the study area, and max and min represent the maximum and minimum index values, respectively. This represents the normalized value of the indicator.

[0063] For the normalized indicators, the entropy weight method is used to obtain the weights of each indicator. And calculate the Functional Authenticity Index (FAI). ; In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of ecosystem services.

[0064] Step 108: Obtain species distribution data for the study area and calculate the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI).

[0065] In the context of national parks and nature reserves, biotic authenticity does not simply mean a high number of species. Rather, it emphasizes whether an area still maintains its "naturally occurring species composition, structural relationships, and indicative species patterns," and whether it has been systematically reshaped by human activities. Therefore, biotic authenticity encompasses at least three layers of meaning, as shown in Table 3: Table 3 Meaning of Biotic Authenticity

[0066] Calculation of the sustainability capacity of native species: Species within the region are classified into native species and non-native / dispersed species. Data sources and classification criteria: publicly available websites such as GBIF, literature review, the "List of Species of China", local bird and mammal registers, and flora registers.

[0067] ; In the formula, Indicates the first The percentage of native species within each statistical unit. Indicates the first The number of native species within each statistical unit Indicates the first The total number of species within a statistical unit. This indicator represents the ability to maintain native species; the higher the value, the stronger the authenticity.

[0068] Flagship species maintenance capacity calculation: Flagship species for the study area were identified based on the *List of Species of China*, local bird and mammal registers, and floras. Location information for these flagship species was compiled using publicly available websites such as GBIF, literature reviews, and other sources. The Maxent model was used to simulate habitat suitability for each flagship species. .

[0069] ; In the formula, Indicates the first Habitat suitability for all flagship species in each pixel Indicates the first One pixel Habitat suitability of flagship species Indicates the first Number of flagship species per pixel.

[0070] Calculation of the authenticity index of organisms and indicator species: (1) Focusing on the maintenance capacity of local species and the maintenance capacity of flagship species, calculate two indicators.

[0071] (2) Perform maximum and minimum value normalization.

[0072] (3) The weights of each index are obtained by using the entropy weight method after normalization. And calculate the Biotic Authenticity Index (BAI) for both biological and indicator species. ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0073] Step 109: Obtain human activity data for the study area and calculate the Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI).

[0074] Human disturbance intensity refers to the combined impact of human activities on the structure, processes, and functions of natural ecosystems. Continuous human activities can alter ecosystem material cycling, energy flow, and species composition, thereby reducing the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem. In natural ecosystem assessments, human disturbance primarily originates from resource use and infrastructure development.

[0075] Construction of human interference indicators: This application quantifies human disturbance from four aspects: grazing pressure (GrazP), cultivation pressure (CultP), construction pressure (ConsP), and transportation pressure (TranP). Based on these four pressures, a comprehensive human disturbance index is constructed.

[0076] (1) Grazing pressure Grazing activities have a significant impact on grassland ecosystems by grazing on vegetation, trampling the soil, and altering species composition. The higher the number of livestock per unit area, the greater the grazing pressure.

[0077] First, calculate the livestock density: ; In the formula, Indicates livestock density (heads / km) 2 ), Indicates the number of livestock (cattle, sheep, horses, etc.). Indicates unit area.

[0078] Then, it is uniformly converted into standard sheep units (SU): ; Normalization: ; in, This represents the standardized livestock density, with a value range of 0-1. Higher livestock density indicates greater grazing pressure.

[0079] (2) Farming pressure Agricultural practices significantly alter ecosystem structure through land reclamation, fertilization, and mechanized activities. The greatest stress occurs within arable land, while stress decreases with increasing distance in non-arable land areas.

[0080] Using ArcGIS software, calculate the Euclidean distance of cultivated land. Normalization: ; This represents the standardized cultivation pressure, with a value range of 0-1. The larger the value, the greater the pressure.

[0081] (3) Construction pressure Settlements, towns, and buildings exert long-term impacts on ecosystems through land occupation and ongoing activities. The greatest pressure is felt within built-up areas, while pressure decreases with increasing distance from non-built-up areas.

[0082] Using ArcGIS software, calculate the Euclidean distance of the construction land. Normalization: ; This represents the standardized construction pressure, with a value range of 0-1. The larger the value, the greater the pressure.

[0083] (4) Traffic pressure Roads impact ecosystems through habitat fragmentation, human access, and noise pollution. Traffic-use areas experience the greatest stress, while stress decreases with increasing distance in non-traffic-use areas. Furthermore, areas with dense traffic networks experience the greatest stress, while stress decreases in other areas as traffic network density decreases.

[0084] Using ArcGIS software, calculate the Euclidean distances of highways and railways. Normalization: ; Using ArcGIS software, calculate the Euclidean density of highways and railways. Normalization: ; This represents the standardized traffic pressure, with a value range of 0-1. The larger the value, the greater the pressure.

[0085] ; Human interference intensity calculation: Implementation steps: (1) Focusing on grazing pressure, farming pressure, construction pressure and transportation pressure, calculate four indicators.

[0086] (2) The weights of each indicator are obtained by using the entropy weight method. And calculate the Anthropogenic Disturbance Index (ADI). ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

[0087] Step 110: Calculate the comprehensive authenticity index of natural ecosystems (ACI) based on the aforementioned ecological structure authenticity index (SAI), ecological process authenticity index (PAI), ecological function authenticity index (FAI), biological and indicator species authenticity index (BAI), and human disturbance intensity index (ADI).

[0088] The structural authenticity, process authenticity, functional authenticity, biological and indicator species authenticity, and human disturbance intensity obtained from the above steps are normalized by maximum and minimum values.

[0089] Among them, structural authenticity, process authenticity, functional authenticity, and biological and indicator species authenticity are positively correlated with ACI, while the intensity of human interference is negatively correlated with ACI.

[0090] The normalization formula for positive correlation indicators is: The normalization formula for negative correlation indicators is: ; In the formula, value represents the index value of each statistical unit (e.g., pixel) within the study area, and max and min represent the maximum and minimum index values, respectively. Indicates the first The normalized value of each index.

[0091] (2) ACI calculation The weights of each indicator are obtained using the entropy weight method. And calculate the comprehensive index of authenticity of natural ecosystems: ; In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each index.

[0092] Using the methods described above, a natural ecosystem authenticity assessment was conducted in Songnen Crane Township National Park, with the red-crowned crane as the flagship species. The assessment results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown.

[0093] Based on the same inventive concept, this application also provides a device for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem to implement the above-described method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem. The solution provided by this device is similar to the solution described in the above-described method. Therefore, the specific limitations in one or more embodiments of the device for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem provided below can be found in the limitations of the method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0094] In one exemplary embodiment, a device for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem is provided, comprising: The Ecological Structure Authenticity Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI). The natural reference region determination module is used to partition the study area based on the ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological partition, to identify the natural reference region of each ecological partition according to the ecological structure authenticity index (SAI). The critical ecosystem service acquisition module is used to acquire the critical ecosystem services of the study area; the critical ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI). The seasonality indicator calculation module is used to calculate the seasonality indicators of each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonality indicators include: seasonal variation trend index SD, seasonal variation index CV, and ecosystem service seasonal trade-off index TR. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on the seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and the natural reference area. The annual critical ecosystem service value calculation module is used to calculate the annual critical ecosystem service value. The Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and the natural reference area. The Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI) calculation module is used to acquire species distribution data of the study area and calculate the Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI). The Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) calculation module is used to acquire human activity data in the study area and calculate the ADI. The Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) based on the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI).

[0095] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0096] This document uses specific examples to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this application. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the methods and core ideas of this application. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the ideas of this application, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

Claims

1. A method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, characterized in that, The methods for determining the authenticity of the natural ecosystem include: Calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI); The study area is divided into zones based on its ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological zone, the natural reference area of ​​each ecological zone is identified according to the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI). Acquire key ecosystem services in the study area; these key ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI). Calculate seasonal indicators for each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonal indicators include: seasonal trend index (SD), seasonal variability index (CV), and seasonal trade-off index (TR) for ecosystem services. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) is calculated based on seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and natural reference areas. Calculate the annual value of key ecosystem services; The Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) is calculated based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and natural reference areas. Obtain species distribution data for the study area and calculate the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI). Acquire human activity data for the study area and calculate the Analytic Intensity Index (ADI). Based on the aforementioned Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI), the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) is calculated.

2. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The calculation of the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI) specifically includes the following steps: Land use data is categorized into natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems; the natural ecosystems include wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, water bodies, and wastelands; the artificial ecosystems include arable land, construction land, and artificially constructed ditches; Based on the land use data, the area ratio of natural ecosystems, the maximum patch index, the patch density, and the artificial landscape embedding intensity are calculated; the area ratio of natural ecosystems and the maximum patch index are positively correlated indicators, while the patch density and the artificial landscape embedding intensity are negatively correlated indicators. The area ratio of the natural ecosystem, the maximum patch index, the patch density, and the intensity of artificial landscape embedding were normalized to their maximum and minimum values. Calculate the weights of each indicator after normalization. And calculate the structural authenticity index SAI: In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each indicator.

3. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of dividing the study area into zones based on its ecological environment characteristics, and identifying the natural reference area for each ecological zone according to the Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), specifically includes the following steps: The terrain is divided into N types of regions; The regions are divided into M types based on vegetation type; Based on climate, it is divided into K types of regions; By eliminating artificial ecosystem types, we obtain natural ecosystem type regions; The N types of regions, M types of regions, K types of regions, and natural ecosystem type regions are spatially superimposed to form L ecological zones; Within each ecological partition, the top 1% or top 5 pixels in the SAI ranking are extracted and used as the reference area for that ecological partition.

4. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The expression for the seasonal variation trend index SD is as follows: ； in, , representing the change from spring to summer; , representing the change from summer to autumn; , representing the change from autumn to winter; The expression for the seasonal variation index CV is as follows: ； In the formula, This represents the standard deviation of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons. This represents the average value of each pixel's ecosystem service across the four seasons; The seasonal trade-off index TR for ecosystem services is calculated through the following steps: Calculating the seasonal trade-off strength between any two ecosystem services yields the seasonal trade-off strengths for six ecosystem services: In the formula, n=4, representing 4 seasons; Indicates the strength of the seasonal trade-off between any two ecosystem services; and These represent the two ecosystem services in the [missing information - likely a date or time]. Supply value for each season; and These represent the average supply values ​​of the two ecosystem services over the four seasons; The average of the seasonal trade-off strengths of the six ecosystem services is used to obtain the TR.

5. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The calculation of the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and natural reference areas specifically includes the following steps: Calculate the deviation of seasonal indicators : In the formula, Indicates the first Ecosystem process indicators per pixel, , and These represent the maximum, minimum, and median values ​​of the indicator within the natural reference area, respectively. The seasonal indicator is adjusted based on its deviation: In the formula, , and These represent the adjusted seasonal variation trend index of ecosystem services, the adjusted seasonal variation index of ecosystem services, and the adjusted seasonal trade-off index of ecosystem services, respectively. Normalize the adjusted seasonal indicators; The entropy weight method is used to calculate the weight of each seasonal indicator after normalization. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) is calculated based on the weights of the aforementioned seasonal indicators. In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of each indicator; This indicates the weight of each seasonal indicator.

6. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The calculation of the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the aforementioned annual key ecosystem service values ​​and natural reference areas specifically includes the following steps: Calculate the deviation of ecosystem services; Adjust the ecosystem services based on their deviation. Normalize the adjusted ecosystem services; The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of each ecosystem service after normalization. The Ecosystem Function Authenticity Index (FAI) is calculated based on the weights of each ecosystem service. In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of ecosystem services; This indicates the weight of each ecosystem service.

7. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, Obtain species distribution data for the study area and calculate the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), specifically including the following steps: Calculate the proportion of native species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species; The proportion of native species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species were normalized. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weights of the normalized proportion of local species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species. Based on the weights of the native species percentage and the flagship species' habitat adaptability, the Biotic and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI) is calculated: In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of each indicator; This indicates the weighting of the proportion of native species and the habitat adaptability of flagship species.

8. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of human activity data in the study area and the calculation of the Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) specifically include the following steps: Construct a comprehensive index of human interference; The comprehensive human interference index is normalized; The weights of each comprehensive human interference index are obtained by using the entropy weight method on the normalized comprehensive human interference index. The Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) is calculated based on the weights of the aforementioned comprehensive human interference indicators: In the formula, Indicates the first Normalized values ​​of each indicator; This indicates the weight of each comprehensive human interference indicator.

9. The method for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the aforementioned Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI), the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) is calculated using the following formula: ； In the formula, Indicates the first The normalized value of each index, This indicates the weight of each index.

10. A device for determining the authenticity of a natural ecosystem, characterized in that, The device for determining the authenticity of the natural ecosystem includes: The Ecological Structure Authenticity Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI). The natural reference region determination module is used to partition the study area based on the ecological environment characteristics, and within each ecological partition, to identify the natural reference region of each ecological partition according to the ecological structure authenticity index (SAI). The critical ecosystem service acquisition module is used to acquire the critical ecosystem services of the study area; the critical ecosystem services include: water conservation (WR), soil retention (SR), net primary productivity (NPP), and vegetation structure characteristics (kNDVI). The seasonality indicator calculation module is used to calculate the seasonality indicators of each of the key ecosystem services; the seasonality indicators include: seasonal variation trend index SD, seasonal variation index CV, and ecosystem service seasonal trade-off index TR. The Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI) based on the seasonal indicators of the key ecosystem services and the natural reference area. The annual critical ecosystem service value calculation module is used to calculate the annual critical ecosystem service value. The Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) calculation module is used to calculate the Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI) based on the annual key ecosystem service values ​​and the natural reference area. The Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI) calculation module is used to acquire species distribution data of the study area and calculate the Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI). The Human Interference Intensity Index (ADI) calculation module is used to acquire human activity data in the study area and calculate the ADI. The Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index Calculation Module is used to calculate the Natural Ecosystem Authenticity Composite Index (ACI) based on the Ecological Structure Authenticity Index (SAI), Ecological Process Authenticity Index (PAI), Ecological Function Authenticity Index (FAI), Biological and Indicator Species Authenticity Index (BAI), and Human Disturbance Intensity Index (ADI).

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