A rapeseed cake type fermented total mixed ration, preparation and application thereof in fattening beef cattle

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of feed making, in particular to a rapeseed cake type fermented total mixed ration and its preparation and application in fattening beef cattle, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: elephant grass silage 40-55 parts, wheat straw 10-18 parts, corn 20-30 parts, double-low rapeseed cake 8-15 parts, premix 3-5 parts, baking soda 0.2-0.5 parts, salt 0.1-0.3 parts, urea 0.3-0.5 parts, and soybean oil 0.4-0.7 parts. The rapeseed cake type fermented total mixed ration has the characteristics of rich beneficial microbial community, low content of anti-nutritional factors, high retention rate of nutritional components, good palatability, storage safety and low cost, and has significant advantages in cost reduction and efficiency improvement and promotion of beef cattle growth, and is suitable for large-scale beef cattle breeding.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed production technology, specifically to a rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed ration and its preparation and application in fattening beef cattle. Background Technology

[0002] Soybean meal is a core protein source in ruminant diets, but it is expensive. Currently, although unconventional protein feedstocks such as cottonseed meal and rapeseed cake have been tried to reduce costs, these feedstocks generally suffer from high levels of anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates and tannins, poor palatability, low nutrient utilization, and potential health risks. Furthermore, if these feedstocks accumulate in the diet, they may negatively impact animal palatability, thyroid function, and nutrient digestion and absorption. This constitutes the main technical obstacle to their large-scale, high-proportion substitution of soybean meal.

[0003] In their study, "The Influence of Different Protein Sources on the Production Performance, Blood Indicators, and Rumen Environment of Fattening Cattle," Fan Dingkun et al. also recorded that "feeding fattening beef cattle with 100% soybean meal and 100% fermented rapeseed meal diets, in the short term for fattening, the 100% fermented rapeseed meal diet can increase the dry matter intake of beef cattle; in the long term for fattening, the 100% fermented rapeseed meal diet may have a negative impact on the growth performance of beef cattle." Therefore, developing a FTMR (Fermented Natural Meal-Rich Mixture) to replace soybean meal is crucial to ensure long-term safety and address the negative impacts of anti-nutritional factors, palatability, and digestibility. This approach can effectively overcome the application technology bottlenecks of conventional alternative raw materials, achieve a high-proportion safe substitution of soybean meal, improve the efficiency of beef cattle farming, and solve the industry's technical pain points. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the problems of poor palatability, high levels of anti-nutritional factors, difficulty in digestion and absorption, and negative impacts on growth caused by long-term feeding of existing soybean meal alternatives, and to provide a rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed ration, its preparation, and its application in fattening beef cattle. Meanwhile, the technical solution provided by this invention also systematically elucidates its fermentation characteristics, the dynamics of anti-nutritional factors, in vitro rumen fermentation effects, and its comprehensive physiological and production impacts on fattening beef cattle. It addresses the lack of clarity regarding the specific impacts of FTMR silage fermentation quality (such as pH, organic acid composition, and ammonia nitrogen content) and the dynamic succession of the microbial community structure, thus facilitating the optimization of fermentation efficiency. Specifically, it reveals the content and dynamic changes of key anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates and phytic acid during FTMR anaerobic fermentation, laying the foundation for assessing the final safety of the fermented product. It clarifies the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of rapeseed cake-based FTMR (such as gas production, volatile fatty acid composition, and dry matter degradation rate), which is beneficial for predicting the rumen environment and fermentation efficiency. Furthermore, it systematically evaluates the effects of feeding rapeseed cake-based FTMR on the actual growth performance (daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio), blood biochemical indicators (key indicators reflecting liver function, thyroid function, antioxidant and immune status), and rumen microbiota of fattening beef cattle.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention: In a first aspect, the present invention provides: a rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration, composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: Elephant grass silage: 40-55 parts; Wheat straw: 10-18 parts; Corn: 20-30 servings; Low-erucic acid rapeseed cake: 8-15 servings; Premix: 3-5 parts; Baking soda: 0.2-0.5 parts; Salt: 0.1-0.3 parts; Urea: 0.3-0.5 parts; Soybean oil: 0.4-0.7 parts.

[0006] Preferably, the rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 46 parts elephant grass silage, 14 parts wheat straw, 25.15 parts corn, 9.5 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 4 parts premix, 0.25 parts baking soda, 0.2 parts salt, 0.38 parts urea, and 0.52 parts soybean oil.

[0007] The aforementioned low-erucic acid rapeseed cake contains 0-1% glucosinolates and 25-35 μmol / g glucosinolates. This invention controls the glucosinolate and glucosinolate content, directly reducing their anti-nutritional levels in the diet. As a cholinesterase inhibitor, excessive intake of glucosinolates can interfere with nerve conduction and protein metabolism; controlling its content can mitigate its negative impact on animal digestion and physiological functions from the source. Furthermore, it inhibits the hydrolysis of glucosinolates (hereinafter referred to as glucosinolates) into harmful products such as isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles during fermentation catalyzed by myrosinase. This effectively blocks the conversion pathway of glucosinolates into toxic substances, thereby reducing anti-nutritional effects while further avoiding the potential harm of toxic substances to animal health and production performance.

[0008] The premix contains the following components: Vitamin A 150-400 KIU, Vitamin D3 80-160 KIU, Vitamin E ≥ 500 IU, Copper 400-1200 mg, Iron 1000-10000 mg, Zinc 1000-4800 mg, Manganese 1000-6000 mg, Cobalt 10-80 mg, Selenium 5-20 mg, and Iodine 20-120 mg.

[0009] The rapeseed cake is selected from cold-pressed low-erucic acid rapeseed cake varieties, preferably "Youyan 2020" cold-pressed low-erucic acid rapeseed cake. Brassica napus The elephant grass silage variety is L. cv. Youyan 2020, and the elephant grass silage is Chuanyu No. 1 elephant grass silage ( Pennisetum purpureum . cv. Chuanyu No.1) variety.

[0010] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing a rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed ration (TMR), comprising the following steps: Step 1: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula, crush the raw materials to a particle size of 1-3cm, then mix them evenly and adjust the moisture content to 40%~50% to obtain the mixture. Step 2: Pack the mixture into a one-way venting silage fermentation bag, vacuum it, and place it in an environment of 15℃ ~ 35℃ for anaerobic fermentation for 30 ~ 45 days.

[0011] Preferably, the weight of the raw material in the fermentation container is 300-500 kg / container.

[0012] Thirdly, the present invention provides the application of the rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration in beef cattle fattening.

[0013] The beneficial effects of this invention are: The rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet of this invention features a rich beneficial microbial community, low anti-nutritional factor content, and high nutrient retention rate. In feeding applications, this rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet exhibits a good growth-promoting effect, increasing average daily weight gain, serum albumin content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also improves phosphorus metabolism in beef cattle and enhances the species richness and community diversity of rumen microorganisms in fattening beef cattle, promoting the proliferation of beneficial functional bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria.

[0014] This invention's rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed ration (TMR) also features good palatability, storage safety, and low cost. The natural acidic aroma produced during fermentation effectively masks the original unpleasant odor of rapeseed cake, improving feed palatability and reducing picky eating behavior. The acidic anaerobic environment created during fermentation inhibits harmful microorganisms, extending the shelf life of FTMR products to 3-6 months, thus solving the technical problem of traditional TMR's susceptibility to mold and rancidity. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 The following are comparative graphs showing the fermentation quality of the diets in Experiment 1: (a) pH comparison; (b) lactic acid comparison; (c) acetic acid comparison; (d) propionic acid comparison; (e) ammonia nitrogen comparison; (f) butyric acid comparison. Figure 2 The following is a comparison chart of the anti-nutritional factor content of each group of diets after fermentation in Experiment Example 1: (a) comparison of sinigrin; (b) comparison of phytic acid; (c) comparison of tannins; (d) comparison of glucosinolates. Figure 3 A comparative diagram of the microbial diversity of each group of diets after fermentation in Experiment Example 1; (a) comparison at the genus level; (b) comparison at the phylum level; Figure 4 Comparison of in vitro fermentation effects of different diets in Experiment Example 1; (a) pH comparison; (b) Dry matter degradation rate comparison; (c) Total volatile fatty acid comparison; (d) Ammonia nitrogen comparison; Figure 5 Comparison of growth performance of Guanling cattle in Experiment Example 2: (a) Comparison of average daily weight gain; (b) Comparison of average daily feed intake; (c) Comparison of feed conversion ratio; (d) Comparison of feed-to-weight ratio. Figure 6 The following is a comparison chart of the economic benefits of Guanling cattle in Experiment Example 2: (a) Raw material costs; (b) Comparison of total feed costs; (c) Comparison of meat production costs; (d) Comparison of profit returns. Figure 7 This is a comparison chart of serum physiological and biochemical indicators of Guanling cattle in Experiment Example 2; Figure 8Comparison of rumen microbiota diversity in Guanling cattle in Experiment Example 2; (a) OTU comparison; (b) Chao1 index comparison; (c) Simpson index comparison; (d) Shannon index comparison; Figure 9 Comparison of rumen community structure differences in Guanling cattle in Experiment Example 2: (a) phylum level comparison; (b) phylum level comparison of relative abundance differences; (c) genus level comparison; (d) genus level comparison of relative abundance differences. Detailed Implementation

[0016] Example 1 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet (FTMR) consists of the following ingredients in precise weight parts: 46 parts elephant grass silage, 14 parts wheat straw, 25.15 parts corn, 9.5 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 4 parts premix (vitamin A 200 KIU, vitamin D3 115 KIU, vitamin E 700 IU, copper 730 mg, iron 4500 mg, zinc 2265 mg, manganese 3283 mg, cobalt 42 mg, selenium 12 mg, iodine 55 mg), 0.25 parts baking soda, 0.2 parts salt, 0.38 parts urea, and 0.52 parts soybean oil. The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed cake with a sinigrin content of 0.776355% and a glucosinolate content of 28.865 μmol / g.

[0017] The method for preparing the rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration is as follows: Step 1: Preparation of "Oil Research 2020" Low-erucic acid rapeseed cake The "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed variety was selected, and the rapeseed was pressed at a temperature of 20 ± 5℃ to obtain cold-pressed low-erucic acid rapeseed cake. The rapeseed cake was tested and found to contain 0.776355% glucosinolates, 28.865 μmol / g glucosinolates, 8.71 g / kg phytic acid, 11 g / kg tannins, and 36.8% crude protein (dry matter basis). Step 2: Preparation of FTMR Accurately weigh and mix the feed in a TMR mixer, then add water to adjust the moisture content to 40%. Pack the mixed feed into 400g one-way venting silage fermentation bags, use a vacuum pump to extract air from the bags to a vacuum, compact and seal them tightly. Place the prepared FTMR in a dry environment at 22-25℃ without direct sunlight for anaerobic fermentation, and seal for 45 days.

[0018] Example 2 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 7.6 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake and 1.9 parts of soybean meal cake.

[0019] Example 3 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 5.7 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake and 3.8 parts of soybean meal cake.

[0020] Example 4 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 3.8 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake and 5.7 parts of soybean meal cake.

[0021] Example 5 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 1.9 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake and 7.6 parts of soybean meal cake.

[0022] Comparative Example 1 A soybean meal cake type total mixed diet (referred to as soybean meal TMR) is based on Example 1, except that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 9.5 parts of soybean meal cake. The preparation method is as follows: accurately weigh and put into a TMR mixer to mix evenly, add water to adjust the moisture content to 40%, and the result is obtained.

[0023] Comparative Example 2 A fermented total mixed diet (FTMR) based on soybean meal cake is developed based on Example 1, except that 9.5 parts of low-erucic acid rapeseed cake are replaced with 9.5 parts of soybean meal cake.

[0024] Comparative Example 3 A rapeseed cake type total mixed diet (referred to as rapeseed cake TMR) is based on Example 1, but differs from Example 1 in that the preparation method is to accurately weigh and put it into a TMR mixer to mix evenly, and add water to adjust the moisture content to 40%.

[0025] Example 6 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that it contains: 40 parts elephant grass silage, 10 parts wheat straw, 20 parts corn, 8 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 3 parts premix, 0.2 parts baking soda, 0.1 parts salt, 0.3 parts urea, and 0.4 parts soybean oil. The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed cake with a sinigrin content of 0.776355% and a glucosinolate content of 28.865 μmol / g. The premix contains the following components: Vitamin A 150 KIU, Vitamin D3 80 KIU, Vitamin E 500 IU, Copper 400 mg, Iron 1000 mg, Zinc 1000 mg, Manganese 1000 mg, Cobalt 10 mg, Selenium 5 mg, and Iodine 20 mg. The preparation method is as follows: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula, crush the raw materials to a particle size of 1cm, mix them evenly and adjust the moisture content to 40% to obtain a mixture; then put the mixture into a one-way exhaust silage fermentation bag, vacuum it, and place it in an environment of 15±3℃ for anaerobic fermentation for 42-45 days.

[0026] Example 7 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that it contains: 55 parts elephant grass silage, 18 parts wheat straw, 30 parts corn, 15 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 5 parts premix, 0.5 parts baking soda, 0.3 parts salt, 0.5 parts urea, and 0.7 parts soybean oil. The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed cake with a sinigrin content of 0.776355% and a glucosinolate content of 28.865 μmol / g. The premix contains the following components: Vitamin A 400 KIU, Vitamin D3 160 KIU, Vitamin E 500 IU, Copper 1200 mg, Iron 10000 mg, Zinc 4800 mg, Manganese 6000 mg, Cobalt 80 mg, Selenium 20 mg, and Iodine 120 mg.

[0027] The preparation method is as follows: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula, crush the raw materials to a particle size of 3cm, then mix them evenly and adjust the moisture content to 50% to obtain a mixture; then put the mixture into a one-way exhaust silage fermentation feed bag, vacuum it, and place it in an environment of 25±5℃ for anaerobic fermentation for 30-35 days.

[0028] Example 8 A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed diet, based on Example 1, differs from Example 1 in that it contains: 45 parts elephant grass silage, 15 parts wheat straw, 25 parts corn, 12 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 4 parts premix, 0.35 parts baking soda, 0.2 parts salt, 0.4 parts urea, and 0.55 parts soybean oil. The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed cake with a sinigrin content of 0.776355% and a glucosinolate content of 28.865 μmol / g. The premix contains the following components: Vitamin A 250 KIU, Vitamin D3 120 KIU, Vitamin E 500 IU, Copper 800 mg, Iron 5500 mg, Zinc 2400 mg, Manganese 3000 mg, Cobalt 45 mg, Selenium 10 mg, and Iodine 70 mg.

[0029] The preparation method is as follows: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula, crush the raw materials to a particle size of 2cm, mix them evenly and adjust the moisture content to 45% to obtain a mixture; then put the mixture into a one-way venting silage fermentation feed bag, vacuum it, and place it in an environment of 20±3℃ for anaerobic fermentation for 38-40 days.

[0030] In Examples 6-8, the anaerobic fermentation time can be set according to the ambient temperature and moisture content. Since the temperature changes dynamically every morning, noon and evening, the temperature in the examples also changes dynamically and is therefore a range value.

[0031] In Examples 6-8, the content of premixed feed components is controlled, mainly to ensure that the vitamins and trace elements in the feed meet the standard requirements and satisfy the nutritional needs of beef cattle.

[0032] Experimental Example 1 Following the formulations of Example 1 (R100 group), Example 2 (R80 group), Example 3 (R60 group), Example 4 (R40 group), Example 5 (R20 group), and Comparative Example 2 (CON group), a gradient design scheme was prepared, namely, six alternative gradient FTMR schemes: 0% (CON), 20% (R20), 40% (R40), 60% (R60), 80% (R80), and 100% (R100). The preparation method involved accurately weighing and mixing the feed in a TMR mixer, then adding water to adjust the moisture content to 40-50%. The mixed feed was then placed into 200-500g one-way venting silage fermentation bags, and the air in the bags was evacuated to a vacuum using a vacuum pump. Three replicates were performed for each group, resulting in a total of 54 bags. The prepared FTMR was then placed in a dry, room-temperature environment at 20°C without direct sunlight for anaerobic fermentation, and sealed for 45 days. Then, the quality, microbial community, and in vitro fermentation status of each scheme before and after fermentation were observed, and the results are as follows: (1) Fermentation quality: Group R100 exhibited excellent fermentation characteristics ( Figure 1Compared to the CON group, the R100 group, while maintaining a similar pH (approximately 5.48), showed a significant increase in acetic acid content (approximately 980.58 μg / mL) and a stable increase in propionic acid content (approximately 38.13 μg / mL), indicating that the R100 group promoted metabolic pathways favorable for the accumulation of specific volatile fatty acids. Furthermore, the butyric acid content in the R100 group (approximately 17.00 μg / mL) was lower than that in the CON group (approximately 22.88 μg / mL), demonstrating a certain regulatory effect on its metabolic processes. Although ammonia nitrogen increased slightly in the R100 group, considering the overall composition of its fermentation products, the scheme in Example 1 could still maintain a relatively stable fermentation system under high-ratio substitution conditions, demonstrating its advantage in regulating metabolite distribution.

[0033] (2) Microbial community: Microbial community analysis showed that the replacement ratio significantly altered the community structure at the phylum level. Figure 3 The R100 group successfully established a fermentation micro-ecosystem dominated by Bacillota, with a higher relative abundance than the CON group. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, associated with protein putrefaction and off-odors, was suppressed with increasing substitution ratio.

[0034] (3) In vitro fermentation: The in vitro fermentation experiment in the rumen verified the beneficial effects of the present invention from a physiological perspective. Figure 4 Compared to some groups, the ammonia nitrogen content of the R100 group (approximately 55.84 mg / 100 mL) was lower than that of the R80 and R60 groups, and its pH (approximately 6.45) was similar to that of the CON group (approximately 6.45), indicating that it could maintain a relatively stable fermentation environment even at a 100% substitution rate. Although its dry matter degradation rate (approximately 82.33%) was slightly lower than that of the CON group, it was higher than that of the R20, R40, and R60 groups, indicating that R100 still has a certain degree of fermentation usability. Overall, R100 showed good nitrogen metabolism trends and fermentation stability under high substitution conditions, demonstrating feasibility as a substitute feedstock and potential in regulating ammonia release and maintaining system pH.

[0035] (4) Safety assessment of anti-nutritional factors: Monitoring of key anti-nutritional factors in fermented products showed that ( Figure 2Monitoring of key anti-nutritional factors in the fermented product showed that the content of each anti-nutritional factor gradually increased with the increase of rapeseed meal replacement ratio. Although the R100 group had the highest contents of sinin (0.041025%), phytic acid (7.365 g / kg), tannin (4.75 g / kg), and glucosinolates (16.45 μmol / g) among all groups, it was still far lower than the background values ​​of "Youyan 2020" low-erucic acid rapeseed meal raw material (sinin 0.776355%, phytic acid 8.71 g / kg, tannin 11 g / kg, glucosinolates 28.865 μmol / g). This indicates that even at the highest replacement ratio, the fermentation process can still effectively reduce the level of anti-nutritional factors. Although the contents of each anti-nutritional factor in the R100 group were slightly higher than those in other replacement groups, they remained within the generally accepted safe feeding range, further confirming that this diet formula can maintain feed safety while achieving a high proportion of rapeseed meal replacement, and has good application feasibility.

[0036] Ultimately, low-erucic acid rapeseed cake with a sinigrin content of 0.776355% and a glucosinolate content of 28.865 μmol / g was selected for the preparation of FTMR. This method can directionally shape an optimized microbial community with Bacillota as the core. This community drives high-intensity and high-efficiency lactic acid fermentation, which ensures the safety of FTMR for feed while achieving high protein preservation and significantly improving dry matter digestibility.

[0037] Experimental Example 2: Effects of rapeseed cake-based FTMR on the growth performance of fattening Guanling cattle 1. Experimental Design and Feeding Management Healthy Guanling cattle of similar age, body condition, and weight (390.86±21.89 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 cattle each, for a total of 48 cattle. All fattening Guanling cattle were fed individually in pens for a 100-day fattening trial, including a 12-day pre-feeding period and an 88-day formal feeding period. The experimental groups are as follows: Group I (control group): fed with soybean meal TMR as described in Comparative Example 1; Group II (experimental group): fed with rapeseed cake TMR as described in comparison 3; Group III (control group): fed with soybean meal FTMR as in comparison ratio 2; Group IV (experimental group): fed with rapeseed cake FTMR as described in Example 1; All experimental cattle were allowed free access to feed and water, and were vaccinated and dewormed according to standard procedures.

[0038] 2. Systematic analysis and testing plan Growth performance analysis: Key indicators such as initial and final body weight and feed intake of experimental beef cattle were measured and recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental period.

[0039] Blood index analysis: Fasting blood samples were collected from beef cattle at the end of the experiment, serum / plasma were separated, and liver function, thyroid function, antioxidant and immune-related indicators were detected using a fully automated biochemical analyzer.

[0040] Microbial community structure analysis: Rumen fluid of beef cattle was collected after feeding. Metagenomic sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity, composition and dynamic evolution of key species in the rumen bacterial community.

[0041] 3. Results and Mechanism Analysis: (1) Cost-effectiveness: Groups II and IV reduced all soybean meal by 30% and 6% of feed raw material costs by using "Youyan 2020" low-energy and low-nitrogen rapeseed cake as a substitute for soybean meal, resulting in extremely significant cost reduction.

[0042] (2) Growth performance: Average daily weight gain: Group IV (rapeseed meal TMR) had the highest average daily weight gain (0.99 kg / day). Compared with Group I (soybean meal TMR; 0.76 kg / day), Group IV's daily weight gain increased by 29.96%. The meat production cost for Group I (soybean meal TMR) was 12.95 yuan, for Group II (rapeseed meal TMR) it was 11.39 yuan, for Group III (soybean meal TMR) it was 13.00 yuan, and for Group IV (rapeseed meal TMR) it was 11.41 yuan, fundamentally mitigating the impact of soybean meal price fluctuations on breeding costs. Figure 5-6 This indicates that, based on the complete replacement of soybean meal, the FTMR technology of this invention can further tap the growth potential of beef cattle.

[0043] (3) Synergistic effect of technology: Compared with Group II (rapeseed cake TMR) and Group IV (rapeseed cake FTMR), the fermentation treatment further increased the daily weight gain by 10%, which proved the superiority of the synergistic application of "double low rapeseed cake substitution" and "FTMR technology".

[0044] (4) Feed efficiency: The feed conversion ratio of group IV (rapeseed meal FTMR) increased by 5%-11%, and the feed conversion ratio was the lowest in this experiment. Figure 5 This indicates that the FTMR of the present invention can most effectively convert feed into weight gain for beef cattle.

[0045] (5) Serum biochemical indicators: The serum albumin content of beef cattle in group IV (rapeseed meal FTMR) was 34.20 g / L, significantly higher than that of soybean meal TMR (group I, 31.59 g / L), indicating that this fermented diet can effectively promote protein metabolism and deposition and improve protein conversion efficiency. The total antioxidant capacity was also significantly increased to 20.45 U / mL (see details). Figure 7This indicates that the fermentation process of this invention can effectively improve the antioxidant activity of feed and enhance the body's resistance to oxidative stress. The serum phosphorus content of group IV (rapeseed meal FTMR) was 92.56 μg / mL, significantly higher than that of soybean meal TMR (group I, 76.09 μg / mL), while the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was more in line with the physiological needs of ruminants. Other key energy and metabolic indicators (glucose, urea nitrogen, etc.) were all within the normal and stable range, indicating that this diet can maintain metabolic balance while enhancing specific functions.

[0046] (6) Metagenomics: Group IV (rapeseed cake FTMR) significantly increased Prevostella spp. ( Prevotella ), Rumenococcus ( Ruminococcus The relative abundance of functional bacterial communities related to fiber degradation and nitrogen metabolism, such as Bacteroides, was effectively inhibited. Bacteroides The proliferation of potentially harmful bacteria such as Bacteroides and Firmicutes is reduced; the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Bacillota is optimized at the phylum level to form a healthier microbial community structure. Figure 8-9 (Data); combined with high species diversity, to jointly promote a systematic improvement in rumen fermentation efficiency and feed nutrient utilization.

[0047] (7) Health status: During the entire experiment, none of the experimental cattle showed picky eating and no digestive or metabolic diseases occurred, indicating that the diet described in this invention is palatable and can effectively maintain rumen health.

Claims

1. A rapeseed cake-based fermented total mixed ration, characterized in that, Composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: Elephant grass silage: 40-55 parts; Wheat straw: 10-18 parts; Corn: 20-30 servings; Low-erucic acid rapeseed cake: 8-15 servings; Premix: 3-5 parts; Baking soda: 0.2-0.5 parts; Salt: 0.1-0.3 parts; Urea: 0.3-0.5 parts; Soybean oil: 0.4-0.7 parts.

2. The rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration consists of the following ingredients by weight: 46 parts elephant grass silage, 14 parts wheat straw, 25.15 parts corn, 9.5 parts low-erucic acid rapeseed cake, 4 parts premix, 0.25 parts baking soda, 0.2 parts salt, 0.38 parts urea, and 0.52 parts soybean oil.

3. A rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake contains 0-1% sinigrin and 25-35 μmol / g glucosinolates.

4. A rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The premix contains the following components: Vitamin A 150-400 KIU, Vitamin D3 80-160 KIU, Vitamin E ≥ 500 IU, Copper 400-1200 mg, Iron 1000-10000 mg, Zinc 1000-4800 mg, Manganese 1000-6000 mg, Cobalt 10-80 mg, Selenium 5-20 mg, and Iodine 20-120 mg.

5. The rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is selected from cold-pressed low-erucic acid rapeseed cake varieties.

6. A rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration as described in claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The low-erucic acid rapeseed cake is "Youyan 2020" cold-pressed low-erucic acid rapeseed cake. Brassica napus The elephant grass silage variety is L. cv. Youyan 2020, and the elephant grass silage mentioned is Chuanyu No. 1 elephant grass silage ( Pennisetum purpureum . cv. Chuanyu No.1) variety.

7. A method for preparing a rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration (TMR) as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... Includes the following steps: Step 1: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula, crush the raw materials to a particle size of 1-3cm, then mix them evenly and adjust the moisture content to 40%~50% to obtain the mixture. Step 2: Pack the mixture into a one-way venting silage fermentation bag, vacuum it, and place it in an environment of 15℃ ~ 35℃ for anaerobic fermentation for 30 ~ 45 days.

8. The application of a rapeseed cake-type fermented total mixed ration (TMR) as described in claim 1 or 2 in beef cattle fattening.

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