Reducing out-of-band emissions for transmissions associated with distributed resource unit allocation

Abstract

This disclosure provides methods, components, apparatus, and systems for reducing out-of-band transmissions (OOBE) for transmissions associated with distributed resource unit (RU) (dRU) allocations. Some aspects more specifically involve introducing greater non-uniformity in tone spacing to a first subset of dRUs associated with a given bandwidth, and maintaining a relatively more uniform tone spacing for a second subset of dRUs associated with the same given bandwidth. In some implementations, for example, the complete set of dRUs associated with the bandwidth may include a first subset and a second subset of dRUs, wherein the dRUs in the first subset have more non-uniform tone spacing compared to the dRUs in the second subset. In some aspects, the first subset of dRUs may include dRUs associated with a relatively smaller number of tones compared to the dRUs in the second subset.

Description

Cross-references

[0001] This patent application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 603,011, filed March 12, 2024, entitled “REDUCING OUT-OF-BAND EMISSION FOR TRANSMISSOINS ASSOCIATED WITH A DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE UNIT ALLOCATION,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 590,337, filed October 13, 2023, entitled “REDUCING OUT-OF-BAND EMISSION FOR TRANSMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE UNIT ALLOCATION,” each of which is assigned to the assignee of this application, and each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to reducing out-of-band transmissions (OOBE) for transmissions associated with the allocation of distributed resource units (RUs) (dRUs). Background Technology

[0003] A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be formed by one or more wireless access points (APs) that provide a shared wireless communication medium for use by multiple client devices (also known as wireless stations (STAs)). The basic building block of a WLAN conforming to the IEEE 802.11 family of standards is the Basic Service Set (BSS) managed by the AP. Each BSS is identified by a Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) advertised by the AP. The AP periodically broadcasts beacon frames to enable any STA within the AP's wireless range to establish or maintain a communication link with the WLAN. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein each have several innovative aspects, and no single aspect is solely responsible for the desired properties disclosed herein.

[0005] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include a processing system comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry storing code. The processing system may be configured to cause the apparatus to: obtain an indication of resource units (RUs) and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and output a frame for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0006] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication at a wireless node, such as a wireless station (STA). The method may include: obtaining an indication of an RU and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and outputting a frame for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0007] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include: components for obtaining an indication of an RU and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and components for outputting frames for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0008] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a device. The code may include instructions executable individually or jointly by one or more processors to cause the device to: obtain an indication of an RU and an indication of a bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and output a frame for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0009] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include a processing system comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry storing code. The processing system may be configured to cause the apparatus to: output an indication of a Unit (RU) for transmission and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and obtain a frame via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0010] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication at a wireless node, such as a wireless access point (AP). The method may include: outputting an indication of a Unit (RU) for transmission and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and obtaining a frame via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0011] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include: components for outputting indications of RUs for transmission and indications of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and components for obtaining frames via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0012] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a device. The code may include instructions executable individually or jointly by one or more processors to cause the device to: output an indication of a RU for transmission and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and obtain a frame via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0013] Details of one or more specific embodiments of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. Note that the relative dimensions in the following drawings may not be drawn to scale. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of an example wireless communication network is shown.

[0015] Figure 2 An example Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is shown that can be used for communication between a wireless access point (AP) and one or more wireless stations (STA).

[0016] Figure 3 An example physical layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU) capable of being used for communication between a wireless AP and one or more wireless STAs is shown.

[0017] Figure 4A frequency diagram depicting an example distributed tone map is shown.

[0018] Figure 5 An example signaling diagram is shown that supports reducing out-of-band transmissions (OOBE) associated with the allocation of distributed resource units (RUs) (dRUs).

[0019] Figure 6 An example tone exchange is shown that supports reducing OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation.

[0020] Figure 7 An example set of dRUs is shown that supports reducing the number of transmissions associated with dRU allocations in the OOBE.

[0021] Figure 8 An example dRU design is shown that supports a 20 MHz bandwidth reduction for OOBEs of transmissions associated with dRU allocation.

[0022] Figure 9 An example dRU design is shown that supports a 40MHz bandwidth reduction for OOBEs of transmissions associated with dRU allocation.

[0023] Figure 10 An example dRU design is shown that supports 80MHz bandwidth for reducing OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation.

[0024] Figure 11 A block diagram of an example wireless communication device that supports reduced OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation is shown.

[0025] Figure 12 and Figure 13 A flowchart illustrating an example process that can be performed by or at a radio node that supports reducing transmissions associated with dRU allocations for OOBE is shown.

[0026] The same reference numerals and names in the various figures indicate the same elements. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The following description refers to certain specific examples in order to illustrate the innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein can be applied in a variety of different ways. Some or all of the examples described can be applied in Bluetooth systems that meet the requirements of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, IEEE 802.15, or Bluetooth as defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). ®The described examples can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals according to one or more of the following standards, or Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G, 4G, or 5G (New Radio (NR)) standards published by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The examples described can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving RF signals according to one or more of the following technologies or techniques: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), Rate Split Multiple Access (RSMA), Multi-User Shared Access (MUSA), Single-User (SU) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), and Multi-User (MU)-MIMO (MU-MIMO). The described examples can also be implemented using other wireless communication protocols or RF signals suitable for use in one or more of the following networks: Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), or Internet of Things (IoT).

[0028] Various aspects as a whole relate to distributed transmission schemes, including the transmission of frames, packets, or messages based on Distributed Resource Units (RUs) (dRUs). Some aspects more specifically involve introducing greater non-uniformity in tone spacing to a first subset of dRUs associated with a given bandwidth, and maintaining a relatively more uniform tone spacing for a second subset of dRUs associated with that given bandwidth. In some specific implementations, for example, the complete set of dRUs associated with a bandwidth (such as a 20 MHz bandwidth, a 40 MHz bandwidth, or an 80 MHz bandwidth, etc.) may include a first subset and a second subset of dRUs, wherein the dRUs in the first subset have more non-uniform tone spacing compared to the dRUs in the second subset. In some aspects, the first subset of dRUs may include dRUs associated with a relatively smaller number of tones compared to the dRUs in the second subset. For example, in a 20MHz bandwidth scenario, a first subset of dRUs may include dRUs with 26 tones (such as one or more dRUs associated with the dRU type dRU26) and dRUs with 52 tones (such as one or more dRUs associated with the dRU type dRU52), and a second subset of dRUs may include dRUs with 106 tones (such as one or more dRUs associated with the dRU type dRU106). In this respect, a first subset of dRUs can be understood as a subset of the relatively smallest or smaller dRUs associated with a given bandwidth, and a second subset of dRUs can be understood as a subset of the relatively largest or larger dRUs associated with that given bandwidth. As described herein, a “subset” can be understood as smaller than the complete set, but not empty (such that the subset includes at least one member).

[0029] In some specific implementations, each dRU in a first subset of dRUs may include at least three distinct tone intervals. For example, a dRU in a first subset of dRUs may include at least a first tone interval between two tones of a first pair of consecutive fill tones (such as a first pair of consecutive distributed tones of the dRU), a second tone interval (different from the first tone interval) between two tones of a second pair of consecutive fill tones (such as a second pair of consecutive distributed tones of the dRU), and a third tone interval (different from the first and second tone intervals) between two tones of a third pair of consecutive fill tones (such as a third pair of consecutive distributed tones of the dRU). As described herein, a pair of “consecutive fill” or “consecutive distributed” tones may refer to two tones (such as subcarriers) through which a signal is transmitted, and between these two tones one or more other tones through which a signal is not transmitted. Such other tones may be understood as “unfilled” or “empty” tones. In other words, the span of one or more tones between a pair of consecutive fill or consecutive distributed tones may exclude any other fill tones or distributed tones. Furthermore, as described herein, “filling” tones may be equivalently referred to as “distributed” tones, “occupied” tones, or tones through which signals are transmitted (such as tones through which information is conveyed).

[0030] The dRUs in a first subset of the dRUs may each include at least three different tone intervals through pre-configuration (such as according to network or communication standards), according to a switching vector (which can be implemented by, as, or via an indicator or bitmap), or according to any other mechanism that can be used to diversify tone intervals within the dRU. In a specific implementation where the dRUs in the first subset are pre-configured to each include at least three different tone intervals, the tone interval of each dRU in the first subset may be pre-configured (such as pre-loaded) in one or more memories of the wireless node and can be retrieved when an indication of an indication to the dRUs in the first subset is signaled. Additionally or alternatively, one or more wireless nodes may introduce tone interval diversity (such that at least three different tone intervals exist) into the first dRU by switching one or more first tones of the first dRU in the first subset with one or more second tones of the second dRU according to a switching vector (where the first dRU and the second dRU include the same number of tones). For example, the switching vector can indicate a first value for each tone index to trigger a tone switch between the first dRU and the second dRU for that tone index, or indicate a second value to prevent a tone switch between the first dRU and the second dRU for that tone index.

[0031] Specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by introducing additional tone spacing diversity (such as to increase the number of different or unique tone spacings within the dRU) for a relatively small dRU associated with a given bandwidth, the described techniques can be used to reduce out-of-band transmission (OOBE) for dRU transmissions and achieve at least a threshold amount of transmit power backoff reduction or transmit power gain. In some aspects, the threshold amount of transmit power backoff reduction can be, for example, a transmit power backoff reduction greater than or equal to 1 dB, which can increase transmit power and adequately offset any loss of channel smoothness that may result from the introduction of tone spacing diversity. Furthermore, according to some example implementations, relatively uniform and small tone spacing (such that there are no more than, for example, two or three different or unique tone spacings, and such that the filling or distributed tones are relatively close to each other, such as within a threshold amount of tones) can be maintained for relatively large dRUs associated with a given bandwidth to maintain channel smoothness support for such relatively large dRUs. Therefore, the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to balance OOBE reduction and channel smoothing support, which can maximize (or otherwise increase) power gain through dRU transmission. Based on the balance of OOBE and channel smoothing support, the described techniques can be further implemented to achieve higher transmit power, longer range (because wireless nodes can communicate with each other over relatively large distances due to the ability to use relatively high transmit power), higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, and greater system capacity, among other benefits.

[0032] Various aspects of this disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, this disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any particular structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be comprehensive and complete, and will fully convey the scope of this disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings herein, those skilled in the art will understand that the scope of this disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure herein, whether implemented independently or in combination with any other aspect of this disclosure. For example, any number of aspects set forth herein may be used to implement an apparatus or practice. Furthermore, the scope of this disclosure is intended to cover such apparatuses or methods practiced using structures, functions, or structures and functions other than or different from the aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure herein may be embodied by one or more elements of the claims.

[0033] Figure 1A schematic diagram of an example wireless communication network 100 is shown. Depending on some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be an example of a wireless local area network (WLAN) (such as a Wi-Fi network). For example, the wireless communication network 100 may be a network implementing at least one of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard families (such as standards defined by the IEEE 802.11-2020 specification or its revisions, including but not limited to 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, 802.11bd, 802.11be, 802.11bf, and 802.11bn). In some other examples, the wireless communication network 100 may be an example of a cellular radio access network (RAN), such as a 5G or 6G RAN implementing one or more cellular protocols (such as those specified in one or more 3GPP standards). In some other examples, wireless communication network 100 may include a WLAN that operates in a manner interoperable with or converged with one or more cellular RANs to provide greater or enhanced network coverage to wireless communication devices within wireless communication network 100, or to enable such devices to connect to the core of the cellular network, such as to access network management capabilities and functionality provided by the cellular network core.

[0034] Wireless communication network 100 may include numerous wireless communication devices, such as at least one wireless access point (AP) 102 and any number of wireless stations (STA) 104. Although Figure 1 Only one AP 102 is shown, but the wireless communication network 100 may include multiple APs 102. AP 102 may be or represent various different types of network entities, including but not limited to home networking APs, enterprise APs, single-band APs, dual-band simultaneous (DBS) APs, triple-band simultaneous (TBS) APs, standalone APs, non-standalone APs, software-enabled APs (soft APs), and multi-link APs (also known as AP multi-link devices (MLDs)), as well as cellular (such as 3GPP, 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G) base stations or other cellular network nodes, such as Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), gNBs, Transmitter Receiver Points (TRPs), or another type of equipment or apparatus included in the radio access network (RAN), including open RAN (O-RAN) network entities, such as central units (CUs), distributed units (DUs), or radio units.

[0035] Each STA 104 may also be referred to as a mobile station (MS), mobile device, mobile phone, wireless phone, access terminal (AT), user equipment (UE), subscriber station (SS), or subscriber unit, etc. STA 104 can represent a variety of devices such as mobile phones, other handheld or wearable communication devices, netbooks, laptops, tablets, laptops, Chromebooks, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), mixed reality (MR), or extended reality (XR) wireless headsets or other peripherals, wireless earbuds, other wearable devices, display devices (such as TVs, computer monitors, or video game consoles), video game controllers, navigation systems, music or other audio or stereo devices, remote control devices, printers, kitchen appliances (including smart refrigerators) or other home appliances, remote keys (such as those for passive keyless entry and start (PKES) systems), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and vehicles, etc.

[0036] A single AP 102 and its associated set of STA 104s may be referred to as a Basic Service Set (BSS), which is managed by the respective AP 102. Figure 1 Additionally, an example coverage area 108 of AP 102 is shown, which may represent the Basic Service Area (BSA) of wireless communication network 100. The BSA can be identified by STA 104 and other devices via a Service Set Identifier (SSID) and a Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID), which may be the Media Access Control (MAC) address of AP 102. AP 102 may periodically broadcast beacon frames (“beacons”) including the BSSID to enable any STA 104 within the wireless range of AP 102 to “associate” or reassociate with AP 102 to establish or maintain a corresponding communication link 106 (also referred to hereinafter as a “Wi-Fi link”) with AP 102. For example, the beacon may include an identifier or indication of the primary channel used by the corresponding AP 102 and a Timing Synchronization Function (TSF) for establishing or maintaining timing synchronization with AP 102. AP 102 can provide access to external networks to various STAs 104 in the wireless communication network 100 via the corresponding communication link 106.

[0037] To establish a communication link 106 with AP 102, each STA 104 is configured to perform passive or active scanning operations (“scans”) on frequency channels in one or more frequency bands (such as 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, 45 GHz, or 60 GHz bands). To perform a passive scan, STA 104 listens for beacons transmitted by the corresponding AP 102 at periodic time intervals (referred to as the Target Beacon Transmission Time (TBTT)). To perform an active scan, STA 104 generates probe requests and transmits these requests sequentially on each channel to be scanned, and listens for probe responses from AP 102. Each STA 104 can identify, determine, detect, or select an AP 102 to associate with based on the scanning information obtained through passive or active scanning, and performs authentication and association operations to establish a communication link 106 with the selected AP 102. The selected AP 102 assigns an association identifier (AID) to STA 104 at the end of the association operation, and AP 102 uses the association identifier (AID) to track STA 104.

[0038] As wireless networks become increasingly prevalent, STA 104 may have the opportunity to choose from one of many BSSs within its range or from multiple APs 102 that together form an Extended Service Set (ESS) (comprising multiple connected BSSs). For example, wireless communication network 100 may be connected to a wired or wireless distribution system that enables multiple APs 102 to be connected in such an ESS. Therefore, STA 104 may be covered by more than one AP 102 and may be associated with different APs 102 at different times for different transmissions. Additionally, after associating with an AP 102, STA 104 may periodically scan its surroundings to find a more suitable AP 102 to associate with. For example, STA 104 moving relative to its associated AP 102 may perform a “roaming” scan to find another AP 102 with more desirable network characteristics, such as a larger Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) or reduced traffic load.

[0039] In some examples, STA 104 can form a network without AP 102 or any other equipment besides STA 104 itself. An example of such a network is an ad hoc network (or wireless ad hoc network). Ad hoc networks may also be referred to as mesh networks or peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. In some examples, ad hoc networks can be implemented within a larger network, such as wireless communication network 100. In such examples, while STA 104 may be able to communicate with each other via communication link 106 through AP 102, STA 104 can also communicate directly with each other via direct wireless communication link 110. Additionally, two STA 104 can communicate via direct wireless communication link 110, regardless of whether the two STA 104 are associated with and served by the same AP 102. In such an ad hoc system, one or more STAs among STA 104 can assume the role played by AP 102 in the BSS. Such STA 104 may be referred to as the group owner (GO) and can coordinate transmissions within the ad hoc network. Examples of direct wireless communication links 110 include Wi-Fi direct connections, connections established by using Wi-Fi Tunneling Direct Link Establishment (TDLS) links, and other P2P group connections.

[0040] In some networks, AP 102 or STA 104, or both, may support applications associated with high throughput or low latency requirements, or provide lossless audio to one or more other devices. For example, AP 102 or STA 104 may support applications and use cases associated with ultra-low latency (ULL), such as ULL gaming, or streaming lossless audio and video to one or more personal audio devices (such as peripherals) or AR / VR / MR / XR headsets. In scenarios where users utilize two or more peripherals, AP 102 or STA 104 may support extended personal audio networks enabling communication with two or more peripherals. Additionally, AP 102 and STA 104 may support additional ULL applications, such as cloud-based applications with both ULL and high throughput requirements (such as VR cloud gaming).

[0041] As indicated above, in some implementations, AP 102 and STA 104 may operate and communicate (via the corresponding communication link 106) according to one or more of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol family of standards. These standards define WLAN radio and baseband protocols for the physical (PHY) layer and MAC layer. AP 102 and STA 104 transmit and receive wireless communications to and from each other in the form of PHY Protocol Data Units (PPDUs) (also referred to below as "Wi-Fi communication" or "wireless packets").

[0042] Each PPDU is a composite structure comprising a PHY preamble and a payload in the form of a PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU). The information provided in the preamble can be used by the receiving device to decode subsequent data in the PSDU. In instances where the PPDU is transmitted over a bound or wideband channel, the preamble field may be copied and transmitted in each of the multiple component channels. The PHY preamble may include both a legacy portion (or "legacy preamble") and a non-legacy portion (or "non-legacy preamble"). The legacy preamble can be used for other purposes such as packet detection, automatic gain control, and channel estimation. The legacy preamble is also typically used to maintain compatibility with legacy equipment. The format, decoding, and information provided in the non-legacy portion of the preamble are associated with the specific IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol to be used to transmit the payload.

[0043] AP 102 and STA 104 in wireless communication network 100 can transmit PPDUs on unlicensed spectrum, which may be a portion of the spectrum including frequency bands traditionally used by Wi-Fi technologies, such as the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, 45 GHz, and 60 GHz bands. Some examples of AP 102 and STA 104 described herein can also communicate in other frequency bands that can support both licensed and unlicensed communication. For example, AP 102 or STA 104, or both, may also be able to communicate on licensed operating frequency bands, where multiple operators may have corresponding licenses to operate in the same or overlapping frequency ranges. Such licensed operating frequency bands may be specified or associated with frequency ranges mapped to or associated with FR1 (410MHz-7.125GHz), FR2 (24.25GHz-52.6GHz), FR3 (7.125GHz-24.25GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6GHz-71GHz), FR4 (52.6GHz-114.25GHz), and FR5 (114.25GHz-300GHz).

[0044] Each frequency band can include multiple sub-bands and frequency channels (also referred to as sub-channels). For example, PPDUs conforming to revisions of the IEEE 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be, and 802.11bn standards can be transmitted on one or more of the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz frequency bands, where each band is divided into multiple 20 MHz channels. Therefore, these PPDUs are transmitted on physical channels with a minimum bandwidth of 20 MHz, but larger channels can be formed through channel bonding. For example, PPDUs can be transmitted on physical channels with bandwidths of 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, 240 MHz, 320 MHz, 480 MHz, or 640 MHz by bonding multiple 20 MHz channels together.

[0045] Figure 2 An example protocol data unit (PDU) 200 capable of wireless communication between a wireless access point (AP) and one or more wireless STAs is shown. For example, the AP and STA can be reference... Figure 1 Examples of AP 102 and STA 104 are described. PDU 200 can be configured as a PPDU. As shown, PDU 200 includes a PHY preamble 202 and a PHY payload 204. For example, preamble 202 may include a legacy portion, which itself includes a legacy short training field (L-STF) 206 consisting of two symbols, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) 208 consisting of two symbols, and a legacy signal field (L-SIG) 210 consisting of two symbols. The legacy portion of preamble 202 may be configured according to the IEEE 802.11a wireless communication protocol standard. Preamble 202 may also include a non-legacy portion, which includes one or more non-legacy fields 212, for example, conforming to one or more of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard family.

[0046] L-STF 206 generally enables receiving devices (such as AP 102 or STA 104) to perform coarse timing and frequency tracking, as well as automatic gain control (AGC). L-LTF 208 generally enables receiving devices to perform fine timing and frequency tracking, and also to perform initial estimation of the radio channel. L-SIG 210 generally enables receiving devices to determine (such as acquire, select, identify, detect, detect, calculate, or operate) the duration of the PDU and use the determined duration to avoid transmission over the PDU. The legacy portion of the preamble can be modulated according to binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes, including L-STF 206, L-LTF 208, and L-SIG 210. The payload 204 can be modulated according to a BPSK modulation scheme, a quadrature BPSK (Q-BPSK) modulation scheme, a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme, or another suitable modulation scheme. Payload 204 may include a PSDU containing a data field (DATA) 214, which in turn may carry higher-level data in the form of, for example, MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) or Aggregated MPDU (A-MPDU).

[0047] Figure 3 An example physical layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU) 350 capable of being used for communication between a wireless AP and one or more wireless STAs is shown. For example, the AP and STA can be reference... Figure 1Examples of AP 102 and STA 104 are described below. As shown, PPDU 350 includes a PHY preamble (which includes a legacy portion 352 and a non-legacy portion 354) and a payload 356 (which includes a data field 374). The legacy portion 352 of the preamble includes L-STF 358, L-LTF 360, and L-SIG 362. The non-legacy portion 354 of the preamble includes a repetition of L-SIG (RL-SIG) 364 and multiple wireless communication protocol version-related signal fields following RL-SIG 364. For example, the non-legacy portion 354 may include a general signal field 366 (referred to herein as "U-SIG 366") and an EHT signal field 368 (referred to herein as "EHT-SIG 368"). The presence of RL-SIG 364 and U-SIG366 allows for compatibility with EHT or later versions. STA 104 indicates that PPDU 350 is an EHT PPDU or a PPDU conforming to a new wireless communication protocol (compliant with future IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standards) in any later (post-EHT) version. One or both of U-SIG366 and EHT-SIG 368 can be constructed as other wireless communication protocol versions associated with a revision of the IEEE standards family above EHT and carry version-related information. For example, U-SIG 366 can be used by receiving devices (such as AP102 and STA 104) to decode bits in one or more of EHT-SIG 368 or data field 374. Similar to L-STF358, L-LTF 360, and L-SIG 362, in instances involving the use of bound channels, the information in U-SIG 366 and EHT-SIG368 can be repeated and transmitted in each of the component 20MHz channels.

[0048] The non-legacy portion 354 also includes an additional short training field 370 (referred to herein as "EHT-STF 370," though it can also be constructed for other wireless communication protocol versions above EHT and carry version-related information) and one or more additional long training fields 372 (referred to herein as "EHT-LTF 372," though they can also be constructed for other wireless communication protocol versions above EHT and carry version-related information). EHT-STF 370 can be used for timing and frequency tracking as well as AGC, while EHT-LTF 372 can be used for more refined channel estimation.

[0049] EHT-SIG 368 can be used by AP 102 to identify one or more STAs 104 and notify those STAs that AP 102 has scheduled uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) resources for them. EHT-SIG 368 can be decoded by each compatible STA 104 served by AP 102. EHT-SIG 368 can generally be used by the receiving device to interpret the bits in data field 374. For example, EHT-SIG 368 may include RU allocation information, spatial flow configuration information, and per-user (such as STA-specific) signaling information. Each EHT-SIG 368 may include a common field and at least one user-specific field. In the context of OFDMA, the common field may indicate the RU distribution across multiple STAs 104, indicate RU assignment in the frequency domain, indicate which RUs are allocated for MU-MIMO transmission and which RUs correspond to OFDMA transmission, and the number of users in the allocation, etc. The user-specific field is assigned to a specific STA 104 and carries STA-specific scheduling information, such as user-specific MCS values ​​and user-specific RU allocation information. This information enables the corresponding STA 104 to identify and decode the corresponding RU in the associated data field 374.

[0050] In certain environments, locations, or conditions, regulatory agencies may impose power spectral density (PSD) limits on one or more communication channels or entire frequency bands, such as the 6 GHz band. PSD is a measure of transmit power as a function of unit bandwidth (such as per 1 MHz). Therefore, the total transmit power is the product of the PSD and the total bandwidth transmitted. Unlike the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has established PSD limits for low-power devices operating in the 6 GHz band. The FCC has defined three power levels for operation in the 6 GHz band: standard power, low-power indoor, and very low power. Some AP 102 and STA 104 devices operating in the 6 GHz band may meet the low-power indoor (LPI) power level, which limits the transmit power of AP 102 and STA 104 to 5 dBm / MHz and –1 dBm / MHz, respectively. In other words, the transmit power in the 6GHz band is subject to a PSD limit based on the MHz level.

[0051] Such PSD limitations unnecessarily reduce transmission range, decrease packet detection capability, and reduce channel estimation capabilities of AP 102 and STA 104. In some examples where transmission is PSD-limited, AP 102 or STA 104 of wireless communication network 100 can transmit over a larger transmission bandwidth to allow for increased total transmission power, which can increase signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and expand the coverage of wireless communication devices. For example, to overcome or relax PSD limitations and improve the SNR of low-power devices operating in PSD-limited bands, 802.11be introduced a repeat (DUP) mode for transmission, in which data in the payload portion of the PPDU is modulated for transmission on a “basic” frequency subband (such as the first RU for OFDMA transmission) and copied (such as repeat) to another frequency subband (such as the second RU for OFDMA transmission). In DUP mode, two copies of the data are transmitted, and dual-carrier modulation (DCM) is used for each of the repeating RUs. This also has the effect of replicating the data, so that each of the repeating RUs carries two copies of the data, resulting in, for example, four copies of the data being transmitted. While the data rate for each copy of user data transmitted using DUP mode can be the same as that transmitted using "normal" mode, the transmit power using DUP mode is essentially doubled according to the number of copies of data being transmitted, at the cost of increased bandwidth. Therefore, using DUP mode may extend range but reduce spectral efficiency.

[0052] In some other examples where transmission is limited by PSD, distributed tone mapping operations can be used to increase the bandwidth of uplink communication transmitted by STA 104 to AP 102. As used herein, the term "distributed transmission" refers to PPDU transmission on discontinuous tones (or subcarriers) of a wireless channel. In contrast, the term "continuous transmission" refers to PPDU transmission on continuous tones. As used herein, a logical RU represents the set of tones or subcarriers assigned to a given STA 104 for transmitting PPDUs (and in some respects, also represents the number of tones or subcarriers, such as RU26 according to the representation or otherwise referring to the number of 26 tones). As used herein, the term "regular RU" (or rRU) refers to any undistributed RU or multi-RU (MRU) tone scheme, such as a configuration supported by 802.11be or earlier versions of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol family of standards. As used herein, the term "distributed RU" (or dRU) refers to tones distributed across a set of discontinuous subcarrier indexes mapped to by a logical RU. The term "distributed tone scheme" refers to the set of non-contiguous subcarrier indices associated with a dRU. Furthermore, the terms "tone" and "subcarrier" are used interchangeably herein. The channel or portion of the channel in which distributed tones are distributed is referred to as the extended bandwidth, which can be, for example, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or higher. The use of dRUs may be limited to uplink communication, as the benefits of addressing PSD limitations may only exist in uplink communication.

[0053] Figure 4 A frequency diagram 400 depicting an example distributed tone map is shown. More specifically, Figure 4 An example mapping is shown of how the tones of the payload 401 of PPDU 402 are distributed for transmission over an extended bandwidth of the wireless channel. In the illustrated example, the tones in the logical RU 404 associated with the payload 401 (which may represent an rRU of non-distributed tones according to a legacy tones scheme) are mapped to dRU 406 according to a distributed tones scheme.

[0054] All aspects of this disclosure recognize that by distributing tones across a wider bandwidth, the per-tone transmit power of the logical RU 404 can be increased to provide greater flexibility in media utilization for wireless channels with PSD constraints. For example, when mapped to an rRU (such as the logical RU 404), the transmit power of the logical RU 404 may be severely limited based on the PSD of the wireless channel. For instance, in the 6 GHz band, the LPI power class limits the transmit power of AP 102 and STA 104 to 5 dBm / MHz and -1 dBm / MHz, respectively. Therefore, the per-tone transmit power of the logical RU 404 is limited by the number of tones mapped to each 1 MHz subchannel of the wireless channel.

[0055] By enabling the STA 104 to map modulation symbols in a distributed manner onto discontinuous tones scattered throughout the entire wireless channel, distributed transmission allows for increased per-tone transmission power for each individual distributed tone, and thus increased total transmission power of the PPDU, without exceeding the PSD limit of the wireless channel. Figure 4 As shown in the example, STA 104 can map logical RU 404 to a set of 26 non-contiguous subcarrier indices that extend across a 40MHz wireless channel (also referred to herein as the exemplary “extended bandwidth”). This contrasts with the tone mapping described above regarding the legacy tone scheme. Figure 4 The distributed tone mapping described effectively reduces the number of tones (in logic RU 404) in each 1MHz sub-channel. For example, each of the 26 tones can be mapped to a different 1MHz sub-channel within a 40MHz channel. Therefore, implementation... Figure 4 Each AP 102 or STA 104 with distributed tone mapping can maximize its per-tone transmit power (which can maximize the total transmit power of logic RU 404).

[0056] In some examples ( Figure 4 In a diagram (not shown), multiple logical RUs can be mapped to interleaved subcarrier indices of a shared radio channel. For example, STA 104 can modulate a portion of the symbols on multiple tones representing multiple logical RUs onto a non-contiguous subcarrier index associated with the shared radio channel according to a distributed tone scheme. Furthermore, distributed transmissions performed by multiple STA 104s can be multiplexed onto different distributed tone sets of the shared radio channel, such as to increase the transmit power of each device without sacrificing spectral efficiency. This increase in transmit power can be combined with some MCS to increase the range and throughput of wireless communication on PSD-limited radio channels. Distributed transmission can also improve packet detection and channel estimation capabilities.

[0057] To support distributed transmission, new packet designs and signaling are required to indicate whether PPDU 402 is transmitted across tones spanning logical RU 404 (according to the legacy tone scheme) or dRU 406 (according to the distributed tone scheme). For example, the IEEE 802.11be standard revision or earlier versions of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol family of standards define a trigger frame format that can be used to request the transmission of trigger-based (TB) PPDUs from one or more STAs 104. The trigger frame allocates resources to the STA 104 for the transmission of the TB PPDU and indicates how the TB PPDU will be configured for transmission. For example, the trigger frame may indicate the logical RU or MRU allocated for transmission in the TB PPDU. In some examples, the trigger frame may be further configured to carry tone distribution information indicating whether a logical RU (or MRU) is mapped to logical RU 404 or dRU 406.

[0058] In some implementations, STA 104 may include a distributed tone mapper that maps logical RU 404 to dRU 406 in the frequency domain. dRU 406 is converted to a time-domain signal (e.g., via inverse Fast Fourier Transform) for transmission over a wireless channel. AP 102 may receive the time-domain signal and reconstruct dRU 406 (e.g., via Fast Fourier Transform). In some implementations, AP 102 may include a distributed tone modulator that demaps dRU 406 back to logical RU 404. In other words, the distributed tone modulator inverts the mapping performed by the distributed tone mapper at STA 104. As a result of the demapping, AP 102 may recover the information carried (or modulated) on logical RU 404.

[0059] exist Figure 4 In the example, the logical RU 404 is evenly distributed across the extended bandwidth. Although Figure 4 The example shown illustrates an extended bandwidth of 40 MHz, but extended bandwidths can also include 80 MHz, 160 MHz, or 320 MHz. In some implementations, logic RU 404 can be mapped to any suitable pattern of non-contiguous subcarrier indexing. For example, in various implementations, the distance between any pair of adjacent modulated tones can be less than or greater than [missing information]. Figure 4 The distance described in the text.

[0060] Figure 5An example signaling diagram 500 supporting reduced OOBE for transmissions associated with dRUs is shown. Signaling diagram 500 may implement, or be implemented to implement, aspects of wireless communication network 100, PDU 200, PPDU 350, and frequency diagram 400. For example, signaling diagram 500 illustrates communication between wireless node 502-a and wireless node 502-b, which may be examples of the wireless communication devices described herein. For example, wireless node 502-a may be AP 102 or STA 104, and wireless node 502-b may be AP 102 or STA 104. In some examples, wireless node 502-a and wireless node 502-b may communicate according to a distributed communication scheme, according to which wireless node 502-a and wireless node 502-b may communicate (e.g., transmit or receive, or both) based on (e.g., using or via) one or more dRUs.

[0061] In some deployments, due to the wide bandwidth derived from the dRU extension, distributed transmission (such as transmission of frames, packets, or messages via or according to the dRU) can be associated with a transmit power backoff similar to or slightly larger than that of regular full-bandwidth transmission (such as transmission of frames, packets, or messages via or according to the rRU). As described herein, “regular” or “full-bandwidth” transmission can be understood as transmission via a set of consecutive or non-distributed tones (such as subcarriers). For regular transmission, the expected transmit power backoff can increase with the RU size, such that the maximum transmit power backoff corresponds to full-bandwidth transmission. In other words, the expected transmit power backoff for an RU with 26 tones (such as the rRU) is typically lower than the expected transmit power backoff for an RU with 52 tones (such as the rRU).

[0062] For distributed transmission, the expected transmit power backoff may increase with the uniformity of the distributed dRU rather than with the RU size, because a relatively more uniform tone distribution may lead to a greater accumulation of harmonics that generate local peaks in the OOBE. In other words, a dRU associated with a relatively more uniform tone interval may be associated with a relatively larger OOBE, and similarly with a larger transmit power backoff. For example, a first dRU with a uniform tone interval (such that the tones in each pair of consecutive filled tones or consecutively distributed tones are separated by a different number of unfilled tones) may be associated with a relatively higher transmit power backoff compared to a second dRU that includes a non-uniform tone interval (such that the tones in each pair of consecutive filled tones or consecutively distributed tones are separated by a constant, equal number of unfilled tones). For another example, and more generally, a first dRU comprising a first number (1, 2, 3, 4, or any other number) of different tone intervals may be associated with a first transmit power backoff, and a second dRU comprising a second number (1, 2, 3, 4, or any other number) of different tone intervals may be associated with a second transmit power backoff, wherein the first transmit power backoff is greater than the second transmit power backoff if the first number of different tone intervals is less than the second number of different tone intervals.

[0063] In other words, a relatively smaller number of distinct (such as unique) pitch intervals can be associated with or correspond to a relatively more uniform pitch interval. As described herein, the number of distinct or unique pitch intervals can refer to how many dissimilar pitch intervals exist within a dRU. For example, a dRU associated with pitch intervals of “3, 4, 3, 4…” can be associated with two distinct or unique pitch intervals (i.e., 3 and 4). For another example, a dRU associated with pitch intervals of “4, 6, 8, 4, 6, 8…” can be associated with three distinct or unique pitch intervals (i.e., 4, 6, and 8). A dRU associated with two distinct or unique pitch intervals can be understood as having a relatively more uniform pitch interval than a dRU associated with three distinct or unique pitch intervals.

[0064] Therefore, disrupting the uniformity of the distributed tone mapping (e.g., by introducing additional diversity in the tone intervals) can reduce the expected transmit power backoff associated with a given dRU (making it possible to use relatively high transmit power). In other words, disrupting the uniformity of the distributed tone mapping can provide transmit power gain. The uniformity in the distributed tone mapping can accommodate channel smoothing, but in some specific implementations, any potential loss in channel smoothing caused by disrupting uniformity can be compensated by LTF repetition. Therefore, according to some specific implementations of this disclosure, radio nodes 502-a and 502-b can reduce OOBE for dRU allocation by disrupting the uniform tone mapping (e.g., by introducing additional diversity in terms of how many different (e.g., unique) tone intervals are included within a given dRU, and selectively including additional repetition of LTFs (e.g., L-LTF 208, L-LTF 360, or EHT-LTF 372).

[0065] In some specific implementations, a relatively smaller transmit power gain can be achieved in a relatively large dRU by introducing additional diversity (such as through tone adjustment) into the tone intervals, and a larger channel smoothing gain can be obtained from a uniform distribution of tones with small intervals. For large dRUs (such as dRUs containing a relatively large number of tones (such as greater than the number of tone thresholds)), the tone intervals can be small and nearly uniform, channel smoothing can be possible, and the radio node can choose to maintain the smoothing properties. On the other hand, for small dRUs (such as dRUs containing a relatively small number of tones (such as less than the number of tone thresholds)), the tone intervals can become larger as the number of tones decreases, channel smoothing may be impractical, and the radio node can choose to adjust the tones to remove uniformity. Aspects of this disclosure can be implemented to adjust the tones (such as by introducing additional diversity into the tone intervals) for relatively small dRUs for OOBE reduction, and to maintain a relatively more uniform tone distribution for relatively large dRUs. Furthermore, according to the described technique, considering that both the tone scheme and tone mapping follow a hierarchical structure (because relatively small dRUs are used to build, create, or produce relatively large dRUs), the tone of relatively small dRUs can be adjusted (to diversify the tone intervals in those dRUs) without affecting the tone of the relatively large dRUs. In other words, some example tone switching of this disclosure can introduce tone interval diversity for some (relatively small) dRUs while preserving the hierarchical tone mapping structure and preserving channel smoothing support (for at least relatively large dRUs).

[0066] For example, in a 20MHz bandwidth example, dRU52_1 = [dRU26_1 dRU26_2] (such that dRU52_1 includes dRU26_1 and dRU26_2 or is composed of dRU26_1 and dRU26_2), and dRU106_1 = [dRU52_1 dRU52_2] + additional tones (such that dRU106_1 includes dRU52_1, 1 dRU52_2 and a certain number of additional tones or is composed of dRU52_1, 1 dRU52_2 and a certain number of additional tones). dRU106_1 can also be understood as such that dRU106_1 = [dRU26_1 dRU26_2 dRU26_3 dRU26_4] + additional tones. In other words, dRU106_1 can include four dRU26 and a certain number of additional tones, or consist of four dRU26 and a certain number of additional tones. For a given bandwidth, this way of having a relatively large dRU comprise multiple relatively small dRUs can represent a hierarchical structure, which is achieved through... Figures 8 to 10 Further examples and references Figures 8 to 10 Describe it.

[0067] In an example with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, within each cycle of 9 tones (which in some systems may be the baseline or example tone interval of dRU26), exchanging tones between dRU26_1 and dRU26_2 can do not change (e.g., do not affect) the dRU52 tone plan (e.g., dRU52_1). Furthermore, exchanging tones between dRU26_1, dRU26_2, dRU26_3, and dRU26_4 can do not change (e.g., do not affect) the dRU106 tone plan (e.g., dRU106_1). Therefore, in order to maintain the tone plan for dRU106_1 while changing the tone within the under-covered dRU52 and dRU26, wireless nodes 502-a and 502-b can randomly (either according to network standards or according to the handover vector) exchange tones between dRU26_1 and (dRU26_3, dRU26_4), or between dRU26_2 and (dRU26_3, dRU26_4), or between dRU26_3 and (dRU26_1, dRU26_2), or between dRU26_4 and (dRU26_1, dRU26_2). Additional details related to tone exchange (such as tone switching) are provided below. Figure 6 Examples and references Figure 6 Describe it.

[0068] Radio nodes 502-a and 502-b may support tone schemes, depending on tone swapping or some other method of diversifying the tone intervals present within some dRUs, according to which, for a given bandwidth, a first subset of dRUs includes relatively more uneven tone intervals, and a second subset of dRUs includes relatively more even and smaller tone intervals (where "small" tone intervals may refer to how close the fill tones or distributed tones may be to each other, such as within a threshold number of tone / subcarrier indices). Since the first subset of dRUs can be used at that given bandwidth (e.g., for transmission), the first subset of dRUs can be understood as associated with that given bandwidth. In other words, the dRUs (or subsets or sets of dRUs) associated with the bandwidth can be dRUs (or subsets or sets of dRUs) within the bandwidth. In some aspects, the dRUs in the first subset may include relatively fewer tones than the dRUs in the second subset, such as through... Figure 7 Examples and references Figure 7 More specifically, in some aspects, each dRU in the first subset may include at least three or at least four different tone intervals (or otherwise associated with them). In some aspects, each dRU in the second subset may include at most three different tone intervals (or otherwise associated with them). Thus, in general, the first subset of dRUs may include relatively smaller dRUs with relatively more uneven tone intervals compared to dRUs in the second subset. dRUs in the first subset may have relatively more variation in tone intervals for use in OOBE control (such as to reduce transmit power backoff associated with dRU transmission).

[0069] Therefore, wireless node 502-a (the scheduling node) can send dRU and bandwidth indication 506 to wireless node 502-b via communication link 504-a, and dRU and bandwidth indication 506 can convey indications for dRU 510 and bandwidth 512. Communication link 504-a can be understood as a downlink, uplink, peer-to-peer link, forward link, or reverse link. In some aspects, wireless node 502-a can send dRU and bandwidth indication 506 via trigger frames (such as uplink trigger frames, transmit opportunity (TXOP) share (TXS) frames, request to transmit (RTS) frames, RTS TXS frames, or any combination thereof). Additionally or alternatively, wireless node 502-a can send dRU and bandwidth indication 506 via any other PPDU, message, packet, or frame. Therefore, indications for dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 can be frames, PPDUs, messages, or packets. Furthermore, the indications for dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 may include information provided either or by one or more fields. The indications for dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 may include two indications, such as a first indication (e.g., a first field, a first bit set, or a first frame) that provides information indicating dRU 510 and a second indication (e.g., a second field, a second bit set, or a second frame) that provides information indicating bandwidth 512.

[0070] In some implementations, a first subset of the dRU may include the indicated dRU 510, such that the indicated dRU 510 may include at least three or at least four different pitch intervals. For example, dRU 510 may include at least a first pitch interval 514-a between two tones in a first pair of consecutive fill tones or consecutively distributed tones of dRU 510, a second pitch interval 514-b between two tones in a second pair of consecutive fill tones or consecutively distributed tones of dRU 510, and a third pitch interval 514-c between two tones in a third pair of consecutive fill tones or consecutively distributed tones of dRU 510. Each of the first pitch interval 514-a, pitch interval 514-b, and pitch interval 514-c may be different, such that each pitch interval refers to a different number of tones between consecutive fill tones or consecutively distributed tones of dRU 510. Furthermore, the continuous filled tones or continuous distributed tones of the dRU 510 can be separated by a certain number of unfilled tones or empty tones, so that the continuous filled tones or continuous distributed tones of the dRU 510 can not be interpreted as continuous tones.

[0071] Wireless node 502-b may transmit frame 508 via bandwidth 512 and according to the indicated dRU 510. Wireless node 502-b may transmit frame 508 according to dRU 510 by transmitting frame 508 via, using dRU 510, or within dRU 510 (and / or by transmitting frame 508 according to the transmission power associated with the use of dRU 510, such as that implemented by the use of dRU 510). Wireless node 502-b may transmit frame 508 to wireless node 502-a via communication link 504-b. Communication link 504-b may be understood as a downlink, uplink, peer-to-peer link, forward link, or reverse link. Frame 508 may be an example of a PPDU, data frame, data packet, data message, data payload, or any combination thereof, or may otherwise be referred to as a PPDU, data frame, data packet, data message, data payload, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, wireless node 502-b can set power back-off parameters (such as transmit power back-off parameters) to values ​​according to the indicated dRU 510, and can transmit frame 508 based on the power back-off parameters. For example, if dRU 510 includes at least three or at least four different tone intervals, wireless node 502-b can set the power back-off parameters to a relatively lower value compared to the value that wireless node 502-b might originally use for a dRU that includes relatively more uniform tone intervals. Therefore, wireless node 502-b can transmit via dRU 510 (such as on dRU 510, using dRU 510, or otherwise according to dRU 510) with relatively higher transmit power, which can increase coverage, provide a larger SNR, and increase the likelihood of successful communication (e.g., by providing a larger SNR or increased coverage), which in turn can increase spectral efficiency and reduce power consumption by reducing the likelihood of retransmissions.

[0072] Wireless node 502-a may receive frame 508 via bandwidth 512 and according to the indicated dRU 510, and in some embodiments, may suppress the application, adoption, use, or otherwise exploitation of a channel smoothing scheme as part of receiving and decoding frame 508. In some aspects, since the indicated dRU 510 comprises at least three or at least four different tone intervals, wireless node 502-a may suppress the application of a channel smoothing scheme. For example, if the dRUs in a first subset of the dRUs are relatively non-uniform in terms of tone intervals, each dRU in the first subset of the dRUs may be independent of the channel smoothing scheme. This may differ from the dRUs in a second subset of the dRUs, which may be relatively uniform and small in terms of tone intervals. Therefore, wireless node 502-a may apply a channel smoothing scheme as part of receiving frames transmitted by dRUs in the second subset of the dRUs from wireless node 502-b.

[0073] In some implementations, wireless node 502-a may suppress the execution of actions (such as applying a channel smoothing scheme) for a period of time (e.g., at least a period of time). Such a period of time may refer to the operational lifetime of wireless node 502-a (such that wireless node 502-a always suppresses the application of a channel smoothing scheme to the indicated dRU 510, which includes at least three or at least four different tone intervals), the time period of an operating mode (such that wireless node 502-a suppresses the application of a channel smoothing scheme to the indicated dRU 510, which includes at least three or at least four different tone intervals, when operating according to the operating mode), or any discrete time period (such as a number of any time units, such as seconds, milliseconds, or microseconds). Outside of such a period of time, wireless node 502-a may perform actions (rather than suppressing the execution of actions). Wireless node 502-a may receive an indication of a time period, or may retrieve information indicating a time period from at least one memory of wireless node 502-a.

[0074] Furthermore, although illustrated and described in the context of wireless node 502-a scheduling transmissions by wireless node 502-b and indicating dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 for transmissions by wireless node 502-b, wireless node 502-b may alternatively or additionally indicate dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 via frame 508 or otherwise in conjunction with transmitting frame 508. For example, regardless of whether dRU and bandwidth indication 506 is received from wireless node 502-a, wireless node 502-b may indicate dRU 510 and bandwidth 512 via the preamble of frame 508 (such as via one or more fields of the preamble of frame 508). Additionally, in some aspects, wireless node 502-a may provide (such as transmitting) dRU and bandwidth indication 506 to wireless node 502-b, and wireless node 502-b may transmit frame 508 to another wireless device (not shown).

[0075] Figure 6An example tone switching 600 supporting reduced OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation is shown. Tone switching 600 can be implemented to implement aspects of signaling diagram 500. For example, a radio node (such as either or both of radio node 502-a or radio node 502-b) can perform operations associated with tone switching 600 to introduce additional diversity in the tone intervals for one or more dRUs, which allows the radio node to reduce (e.g., lower) the transmit power backoff value. In other words, the radio node can set the transmit power backoff parameter to a relatively low value when performing dRU transmissions with relatively smaller dRUs having relatively non-uniform tone intervals, compared to a relatively high value that the radio node can use as part of performing dRU transmissions with dRUs having relatively more uniform tone intervals. In some aspects, the radio node can perform tone switching 600 between interleaved subcarriers of different RUs.

[0076] In some specific implementations, the wireless node can perform operations associated with tone switching 600 to switch (e.g., swap) tones between two different dRUs of the same dRU type (e.g., between dRUs of the same size, such as having the same number of tones). Figure 6 In the illustrated example tone-swapping 600 context, wireless nodes can exchange tones between dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b. dRU 602-a may alternatively be referred to as dRU_ i (For example, for a given dRU type, the index is) i (dRU). dRU 602-b may alternatively be referred to as dRU_ j (For example, for a given dRU type, the index is) j (dRUs). In some respects, a first subset of (relatively small) dRUs may include both dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b, each of which may have the same number of tones (such that both are associated with the dRU type of dRU26, or both with the dRU type of dRU52, or both with the dRU type of dRU106, etc.). The wireless node may perform operations associated with tone switching 600 to introduce additional diversity in the tone intervals used for dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b.

[0077] For example, dRU 602-a (such as the original version of dRU 602-a) may include a tone index set 604-a-1, and dRU 602-b (such as the original version of dRU 602-b) may include a tone index set 604-b-1, and the wireless node may use a switching vector 606 to introduce additional diversity in the tone intervals used for dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b. The wireless node may apply the switching vector 606 on a per-tone (e.g., tone-by-tone) basis. For example, for the k-th tone in dRU 602-a (such as the original version of dRU 602-b), Figure 6 The pitch swapping pair of dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b, illustrated in the example, can be performed based on the switching vector 606. In other words, for the k-th pitch in dRU 602-a, the wireless node can selectively switch the k-th pitch of dRU 602-a with the k-th pitch of dRU 602-b based on the switching vector 606 (such as based on the output of the switching vector 606 or an indication from the switching vector 606).

[0078] In some respects, switching vector 606 can be understood or represented as switching vector V. ij (such as dRU_) i With dRU_ j (Switching between). In some respects, the switching vector representation may also refer to a pitch index (at which a switch will or will not occur), and may indicate a first value for indicating a pitch switch between dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b, or a second value for indicating no pitch switch between dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b. The switching vector 606 may also be referred to as a bitmap or indicator. For example, if V ij If (k) = 0 (or any first value), then at pitch index k, no switching (such as no pitch exchange) is expected between dRU602-a and dRU602-b. This lack of switching or pitch exchange can be represented by Equations 1 and 2.

[0079] In the dRU26 example, the lack of switching can be represented more specifically by Equations 3 and 4. Similar notation can be used for dRU52, dRU106, etc.

[0080] For another example, and as Figure 6 As illustrated in the example, if V ijIf (k) = 1 (or any second value other than the first value), then at pitch index k, a switch (such as a pitch swap) can be expected between dRU 602-a and dRU 602-b. This switch or pitch swap can be represented by equations 5 and 6. Figure 6 In the example shown, if V ij If (k)=1, then the new dRU 602-a may include tone index 604-a-2 containing tone k_b (previously included in the original dRU 602-b), and the new dRU 602-b may include tone index 604-b-2 containing tone k_a (previously included in the original dRU 602-a).

[0081] In the dRU26 example, the toggle or tone swap can be represented more specifically by Equations 7 and 8. Similar notation can be used for dRU52, dRU106, etc.

[0082] In such examples, the switching vector 606 can be a bitmap of zero values ​​(or any first value) and one value (or any second value different from the first value). For example, for any dRU_ for each of the 26 tones. i and dRU_ j The first example switching vector 606 can be represented as V ij A bitmap of [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0]. For another example, the second example switching vector 606 can be represented as V. ij A bitmap of [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1]. Other example bitmap representations of switching vector 606 include V. ij =[0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], V ij =[0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], V ij=[1, 1, 1, 0, 1,1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] and V ij =[0, 0, 1,1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1].

[0083] In some respects, tone switching calibration (such as selection, configuration, or optimization) can be equivalent to (as associated with) handover vector calibration (such as selection, configuration, or optimization), which in some implementations may be subject to one or more constraints. For example, to minimize or limit dRU design changes associated with OOBE reduction, a wireless node may fix one or more tones during tone switching 600, either via or otherwise, according to handover vector 606 or regardless of handover vector 606. For example, a wireless node may fix the pilot tone of a dRU during tone switching such that the pilot tone remains unchanged after tone switching 600. Such tone switching constraints can be implemented by maintaining a tone mapping for a second subset of (relatively large) dRUs (such as the largest (and second largest) dRUs) associated with a given bandwidth, and because a pilot tone mapping can be defined for the entire distributed bandwidth. In other words, in some implementations, the pilot tone may not participate in tone switching 600. In some respects, this restriction on the switching of the tone corresponding to the pilot tone (or any other subset of the fixed tones of the dRU) can be expressed by Equation 9.

[0084] Additionally or alternatively, the wireless node may establish a feasible target for reducing OOBE / power amplifier (PA) input backoff (IBO) (such as transmit power backoff) when selecting (such as identifying, configuring, generating, or constructing) the switching vector 606. For example, the wireless node may set a threshold IBO (in dB) for each relatively small dRU and may limit (such as fixing) one or more tones, such as one or more pilot tones, when selecting the switching vector 606. For example, the threshold IBO may be set by AP 102 (and signaled to one or more STAs 104) or may be set by STA 104 (and signaled to AP 102). For an LTF sequence associated with (e.g., corresponding to) a dRU in which additional tone interval diversity (including potential switching or adjustment based on pilot tone indexing) has been introduced, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the LTF may increase for a first subset of (relatively small) dRUs because the tone mapping can change relative to dRUs of other systems or generations. Therefore, in some implementations, the wireless node can support redesigned LTF sequences for dRUs due to changes in tone mapping. In other words, the LTF sequence corresponding to a dRU in a first subset of (relatively small) dRUs can be associated with (e.g., specifically or exclusively constructed or available for additional tone interval diversity in that dRU). In some other implementations, the wireless node can set feasible targets for the LTF PAPR when calibrating (e.g., selecting, configuring, generating, or optimizing) the switching vector 606. In other words, the switching vector 606 can be based on a target PAPR associated with the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated dRU in a first subset of the (relatively small) dRUs. In some respects, such a target PAPR can be higher than other PAPR values ​​that may be used in other ways (such as for dRUs with at most three different tone intervals), but within the acceptable range for each dRU in the first subset of the (relatively small) dRUs. This switching vector 606, selected according to the target PAPR, can indicate which tones should be fixed (e.g., by always indicating a value of 0 for the corresponding tone index), where such fixed tones (if present) potentially include one or more pilot tones. AP 102 or STA 104 can select, identify, determine, compute, or otherwise identify the switching vector 606. AP 102 can indicate the switching vector 606 to STA 104, or STA 104 can indicate the switching vector 606 to AP 102.

[0085] Therefore, regarding pilot tone mapping, the pilots used for the entire bandwidth of the dRU can remain the same or can be changed, but the pilot tone index table for each dRU can be changed depending on the introduction of additional tone interval diversity. Depending on the potential switching of pilot tones, some dRUs may include fewer than two pilots or may include more than two pilots.

[0086] Example dRU tone maps and pilots for 20MHz, 40MHz, and 80MHz bandwidths are illustrated in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In some implementations, the pilot tone index used for dRU transmission may be fixed (and therefore not switchable) and not switched between dRUs according to tone exchange 600. In some other implementations, the pilot tone index used for dRU transmission may not be fixed (and therefore switchable) and may potentially switch between dRUs according to tone exchange 600. In the context of Tables 1 through 3, each bracket of the tone index may correspond to a different dRU index for a given dRU size / type. For example, for the original 20MHz dRU26_1, (two) pilot tones may be located at {-111 15}. A new 20MHz dRU26_1 after tone exchange 600 may have the same or different pilot tone indices. For another example, for the original 20MHz dRU52_2, the (four) pilot tones can be located at {-100 -78 26 48}. The new 20MHz dRU52_2 after tone swap 600 can have the same or different pilot tone indices.

[0087] Furthermore, although illustrated and described in the example use of switching vector 606, the wireless node can switch, adjust, or otherwise change the tone position according to any one or more other tone switching schemes. For example, the wireless node can employ tone index jitter of {+1, -1} (or {+2, -2}, etc.) on each tone (if not all tones) to randomize the tone interval or otherwise introduce additional diversity into the tone interval. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless node can locally cyclically adjust the dRU tone index, such as via random cyclic shifts. For example, within every 4 tones (such as each set of 4 tones) out of a total of 256 tones (such as for all Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) tones), the wireless node can cyclically apply a random shift from {-1, 1} (such as cyclically adjusting the tones within that set of 4 tones, such as to avoid interference or collisions with other dRU transmissions in the OFDMA communication system). For example, given a set of four tones initially ordered from first to fourth—the first, second, third, and fourth tones—the wireless node can cyclically adjust the set of four tones such that it can place the first tone in a position initially occupied by the second tone (e.g., a tone index), place the second tone in a position initially occupied by the third tone, place the third tone in a position initially occupied by the fourth tone, and place the fourth tone in a position initially occupied by the first tone. In some aspects, the wireless node can locally cyclically adjust the dRU tone index for some bandwidths and can employ a switching vector 606 for some other bandwidths. In some aspects, the wireless node can locally cyclically adjust the dRU tone index and employ a switching vector 606 for a given dRU.

[0088] In the example of locally cyclically adjusting the dRU tone index at the wireless node, and in the example of dRU26 with a 20MHz bandwidth and a 256-point (pt) FFT, a random cyclic shift can adjust the tone interval of dRU26 from the original tone interval: “9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

[18] 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9” to the new tone interval of dRU26 after tone swapping: “7 7 7 13 7 11 5 15 5 9 9 13

[16] 5 15 5 11 5 15 5 9 9 13 7 9”. Such a new tone interval can reduce PA IBO by at least the threshold amount and can reduce output backoff (OBO) by at least the threshold amount.

[0089] The parenthesized tone index “[i]” can be understood as indicating the tone interval between two consecutive fill tones or consecutively distributed tones around a DC tone, which is generally not counted in the number of unique tone intervals in a given dRU. In other words, as described herein, the number of unique / distinct tone intervals can generally refer to the number of dissimilar tone intervals in the dRU that exclude the tone intervals around the DC tone. For example, a dRU associated with tone intervals “4, 6, 8,

[12] , 4, 6, 8 …” can be associated with the number of three different / unique / dissimilar tone intervals (i.e., 4, 6, and 8), since the tone interval 12 around the DC tone may not be counted in the tone interval diversity. A DC tone can be understood as or represents a DC tone or a direct-conversion tone. In some respects, a DC tone can be associated with the center frequency of a given bandwidth (such as the center subcarrier index).

[0090] Figure 7 An example set of dRUs 700 is shown to support reduced OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation. The set of dRUs 700 (which may individually or collectively refer to any one or more of dRUs 700-a, dRUs 700-b, and dRUs 700-c) can exemplify an example complete set of dRUs for various bandwidths, including 20MHz, 40MHz, and 80MHz. The set of dRUs 700 can also exemplify groups of subsets of the complete set, such as a first subset 702 of dRUs (which may individually or collectively refer to any one or more of dRUs 702-a, dRUs 702-b, and dRUs 702-c) and a second subset 704 of dRUs (which may individually or collectively refer to any one or more of dRUs 704-a, dRUs 704-b, and dRUs 704-c). Generally, a first subset 702 of dRUs may include two or more relatively small or minimum dRUs (in terms of the number of tones), and a second subset 704 of dRUs may include at least one relatively large or maximum dRU (in terms of the number of tones). For example, the first subset 702 of dRUs may include at least the minimum dRU associated with a given bandwidth, and the second subset 704 of dRUs may include at least the maximum dRU associated with that given bandwidth.

[0091] Referring to dRU set 700-a, in an example with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, a first subset 702-a of dRUs may include dRU26 (such as a first dRU with 26 tones) and dRU52 (such as a second dRU with 52 tones). The first subset 702-a of dRUs including dRU26 and dRU52 can be understood as a subset 702-a of dRUs including at least one dRU (such as 9 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU26 and at least one dRU (such as 4 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU52. In such an example with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, a second subset 704-a of dRUs may include dRU106. The second subset 704-a of dRUs including dRU106 can be understood as a second subset 704-a of dRUs including at least one dRU (such as 2 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU106.

[0092] In a specific implementation where the wireless node supports tone switching (such as tone switching 600) for a first subset 702-a of dRUs, the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU26 in 20MHz may include a first set of different tone intervals of 7, 9, and 11 tones, and the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU52 in 20MHz may include a second set of different tone intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 tones. dRU106 in 20MHz can provide a relatively small transmit power gain, and the tone intervals used for dRU106 can remain relatively uniform.

[0093] More specifically, the change in tone interval from the tone swap of dRU26 in 20MHz can adjust the tone interval of dRU26 from the original tone interval: “9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

[18] 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9” to the new tone interval of dRU26 after the tone swap: “7 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 7 11 9

[16] 9 11 7 99 11 9 9 7 11 9 7”. Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_3 and between dRU26_2 and dRU26_4 for a given tone index, assuming 20MHz has a 256-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally perform tone swapping between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval can reduce PAIBO by at least a threshold amount and can reduce OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0094] Furthermore, the change in pitch interval from the pitch swap of the dRU52 in 20MHz can adjust the pitch interval of the dRU52 from the original pitch interval: "4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4

[14] 45 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4

[14] 45 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4" to the new pitch interval of the dRU52 after the pitch swap: "4 7 4 5 2 7 2 7 2 7 4 5 2 7 4 3 6 3 4 5 6 5 2 5 4

[14] 4 7 4 5 4 3 4 74 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 5 2”. Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_3 and between dRU26_2 and dRU26_4 for a given tone index, assuming 20MHz has a 256-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, the wireless node can perform tone swaps randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval can reduce PA IBO by at least a threshold amount and can reduce OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0095] Furthermore, maintaining the tone interval used for dRU106 can maintain the original tone interval: "... 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 32 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 [6] 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 …". The determination of maintaining the tone interval used for dRU106 can be associated with selective (such as random) tone exchanges between dRU26_1 and dRU26_3 and between dRU26_2 and dRU26_4 for a given tone index, assuming 20MHz with a 256-point FFT, failing to reduce PA IBO by at least the threshold amount and failing to reduce OBO by at least the threshold amount.

[0096] Referring to dRU set 700-b, in an example with a bandwidth of 40MHz, a first subset 702-b of dRUs may include dRU26 (such as a first dRU with 26 tones), dRU52 (such as a second dRU with 52 tones), and dRU106 (such as a third dRU with 106 tones). The first subset 702-b of dRUs including dRU26, dRU52, and dRU106 can be understood as including a first subset 702-b of dRUs including at least one dRU associated with the dRU type of dRU26 (such as 19 dRUs), at least one dRU associated with the dRU type of dRU52 (such as 8 dRUs), and at least one dRU associated with the dRU type of dRU106 (such as 4 dRUs). In such an example with a bandwidth of 40MHz, a second subset 704-b of dRUs may include dRU242. The second subset 704-b of dRUs including dRU242 can be understood as a second subset 704-b of dRUs including at least one dRU (such as 2 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU242.

[0097] In a specific implementation where the wireless node supports tone switching (such as tone switching 600) for a first subset 702-b of dRUs, the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU26 in 40MHz may include a first set of different tone intervals of 16, 18, and 20 tones; the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU52 in 40MHz may include a second set of different tone intervals of 7, 9, and 11 tones; and the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU106 in 40MHz may include a third set of different tone intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 tones. dRU242 in 40MHz can provide a relatively small transmit power gain, and the tone intervals used for dRU242 can remain relatively uniform.

[0098] More specifically, the change in tone interval from tone swapping of dRU26 in 40MHz can adjust the tone interval of dRU26 from the original tone interval: “18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

[36] 18 18…” to the new tone interval of dRU26 after tone swapping: “18 16 20 18 18 16 20 16 18 18 20 16

[38] 1620…”. Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swapping between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, between dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, between dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, and between dRU26_4 and dRU26_9 for a given tone index, assuming 40MHz has a 512-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally perform tone swapping between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval can reduce the PA IBO by at least a threshold amount and can reduce the OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0099] Furthermore, the change in tone interval from the tone swap of dRU52 in 40MHz can adjust the tone interval of dRU52 from the original tone interval: "...9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

[27] 9 9 9 9..." to the new tone interval of dRU52 after the tone swap: "...9 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 9 7

[29] 9 9 9 9...". Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, between dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, between dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, and between dRU26_4 and dRU26_9 for a given tone index, assuming 40MHz has a 512-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally perform tone swapping between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval can reduce the PA IBO by at least a threshold amount and can reduce the OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0100] Furthermore, the change in tone interval from the tone swap of dRU106 in 40MHz can adjust the tone interval of dRU106 from the original tone interval: "...5 4 5 4 5 4 5

[13] 5 4 5 4 5 4 5..." to the new tone interval of dRU106 after the tone swap: "... 7 4 3 6 5 2 5

[13] 7 2 5 6 3 6 3...". Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, between dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, between dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, and between dRU26_4 and dRU26_9 for a given tone index, assuming 40MHz has a 512-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally perform tone swapping between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval can reduce the PA IBO by at least a threshold amount and can reduce the OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0101] Furthermore, maintaining the tone interval used for dRU242 can maintain the original tone interval: "... 2 2 [7] 2 2 2 12 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2...". The determination of maintaining the tone interval used for dRU242 can be associated with selective (such as random) tone exchanges between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, between dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, between dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, and between dRU26_4 and dRU26_9 for a given tone index, assuming 40MHz with a 512-point FFT, failing to reduce PAIBO by at least the threshold amount and failing to reduce OBO by at least the threshold amount.

[0102] Referring to dRU set 700-c, in an example with a bandwidth of 80 MHz, a first subset 702-c of dRUs may include dRU52 (such as a first dRU with 52 tones) and dRU106 (such as a second dRU with 106 tones). The first subset 702-c of dRUs including dRU52 and dRU106 can be understood as including at least one dRU (such as 16 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU52 and at least one dRU (such as 8 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU106. The first subset 702-c of dRUs may also include at least one dRU (such as 37 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU26. As described herein, dRU52 may include two 26-tone dRUs. In such an example with a bandwidth of 80 MHz, a second subset 704-c of dRUs may include dRU242 and dRU484. The second subset 704-c of dRUs including dRU242 can be understood as a second subset 704-c of dRUs including at least one dRU (such as 4 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU242, and the second subset 704-c of dRUs including dRU484 can be understood as a second subset 704-c of dRUs including at least one dRU (such as 2 dRUs) associated with the dRU type of dRU484.

[0103] In a specific implementation where the wireless node supports tone switching (such as tone switching 600) for a first subset 702-c of dRUs, the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU52 in 80MHz may include a first set of different tone intervals of 10, 14, 16, 20, 22, and 26 tones, and the tone intervals generated by tone switching for dRU106 in 80MHz may include a second set of different tone intervals of 2, 6, 8, 14, and 18 tones. dRU242 and dRU484 in 80MHz can provide relatively small transmit power gains, and the tone intervals used for dRU242 and dRU484 can remain relatively uniform. In some alternative scenarios, dRU242 can provide a relatively sufficient (e.g., greater than or equal to a threshold amount) transmit power gain. In such scenarios, dRU242 can be included in the first subset 702-c of dRU.

[0104] More specifically, the change in pitch interval from the pitch swap of dRU52 in 80MHz can adjust the pitch interval of dRU52 from the original pitch interval: "... 16 20 16 20 16 20 16 20 16

[52] 16 20 16 20 1620..." to the new pitch interval of dRU52 after the pitch swap: "... 16 20 16 14 22 14 22 14 16

[52] 22 20 10 26 16 14 ...". Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_10, dRU26_2 and dRU26_11, dRU26_3 and dRU26_12, dRU26_4 and dRU26_13, dRU26_5 and dRU26_14, dRU26_6 and dRU26_15, dRU26_7 and dRU26_16, dRU26_8 and dRU26_17, and dRU26_9 and dRU26_18 for a given tone index, assuming 80MHz has a 1024-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can perform tone swaps randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). This new pitch interval can reduce PA IBO by at least the threshold amount, and can reduce OBO by at least the threshold amount.

[0105] Furthermore, the change in pitch interval from the pitch swap of dRU106 in 80MHz can adjust the pitch interval of dRU106 from the original pitch interval: "... 12 8 8 8 12 8 8 8

[44] 8 8 8 12 8 8 8..." to the new pitch interval of dRU106 after pitch swap: "... 18 2 14 8 6 8 14 8

[44] 8 2 14 6 14 2 14 ...". Such a new tone interval can be the result of selective (such as random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_10, dRU26_2 and dRU26_11, dRU26_3 and dRU26_12, dRU26_4 and dRU26_13, dRU26_5 and dRU26_14, dRU26_6 and dRU26_15, dRU26_7 and dRU26_16, dRU26_8 and dRU26_17, and dRU26_9 and dRU26_18 for a given tone index, assuming 80MHz has a 1024-point FFT. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node can perform tone swaps randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). This new pitch interval can reduce PA IBO by at least the threshold amount, and can reduce OBO by at least the threshold amount.

[0106] In the scenario where dRU242 is included in the first subset 702-c of dRU, the change in tone interval from tone swapping of dRU242 in 80MHz can adjust the tone interval of dRU242 from the original tone interval: "... 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

[36] 4 4 4 4 4 4 ..." to the new tone interval of dRU242 after tone swapping: "... 2 6 2 2 2 6 44

[38] 4 2 4 8 2 6…”. Such a new tone interval could be the result of selective (e.g., random) tone swaps between dRU26_1 and dRU26_10, dRU26_2 and dRU26_11, dRU26_3 and dRU26_12, dRU26_4 and dRU26_13, dRU26_5 and dRU26_14, dRU26_6 and dRU26_15, dRU26_7 and dRU26_16, dRU26_8 and dRU26_17, and dRU26_9 and dRU26_18 for a given tone index, assuming an 80MHz FFT with 1024 points. For example, for the k-th tone index, a wireless node could perform tone swaps randomly, pseudo-randomly, selectively, conditionally, or optionally between two different dRUs (each dRU having the same size). Such a new tone interval could allow PA… IBO can be reduced to at least the threshold amount, and OBO can be reduced to at least the threshold amount.

[0107] Alternatively, in the scenario where dRU242 is included in the second subset 704-c of dRU, maintaining the pitch interval for dRU242 can maintain the original pitch interval: "... 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

[36] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 …". The determination of the tone interval used for dRU242 can be associated with selective (such as random) tone exchanges between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, dRU26_4 and dRU26_9, dRU26_5 and dRU26_14, dRU26_10 and dRU26_15, dRU26_11 and dRU26_16, dRU26_12 and dRU26_17, and dRU26_13 and dRU26_18 for a given tone index, assuming 80MHz with a 1024-point FFT, failing to reduce PA IBO by at least a threshold amount and failing to reduce OBO by at least a threshold amount.

[0108] In addition, maintaining the tone interval used for dRU484 can maintain the original tone interval: "... 2

[34] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 …". The determination of the tone interval used for dRU484 can be associated with random tone exchanges between dRU26_1 and dRU26_6, dRU26_2 and dRU26_7, dRU26_3 and dRU26_8, dRU26_4 and dRU26_9, dRU26_5 and dRU26_14, dRU26_10 and dRU26_15, dRU26_11 and dRU26_16, dRU26_12 and dRU26_17, and dRU26_13 and dRU26_18 for a given tone index, assuming 80MHz with a 1024-point FFT, failing to reduce PA IBO by at least the threshold amount and failing to reduce OBO by at least the threshold amount.

[0109] Figure 8 An example dRU design 800 supporting a 20 MHz bandwidth for reducing the OOBE of transmissions associated with dRU allocation is shown. The dRU design 800 can illustrate a hierarchical structure of dRUs of different dRU types associated with a 20 MHz bandwidth. As described herein, a subcarrier range can be represented or defined by three numbers. For example, a subcarrier range can be represented or defined by [x, y, z], where x can indicate the starting subcarrier index, y can indicate the interval or separation distance (between two consecutive fill tones), and z can indicate the ending subcarrier index. Furthermore, a subcarrier range can be represented or defined by a combination of two or more subcarrier ranges. For example, a subcarrier range can be represented or defined by [X, Y], where X can indicate a first range and Y can indicate a second range, and the subcarrier range includes X+Y.

[0110] In some respects, dRU26_1 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-120:9:-12, 6:9:114], dRU26_2 with the subcarrier range [-116:9:-8, 10:9:118], dRU26_3 with the subcarrier range [-118:9:-10, 8:9:116], dRU26_4 with the subcarrier range [-114:9:-6, 12:9:120], dRU26_5 with the subcarrier range [-112:9:-4, 5:9:113], dRU26_6 with the subcarrier range [-119:9:-11, 7:9:115], and dRU26_7 with the subcarrier range [-115:9:-7, 6:9:114]. [11:9:119] can be associated with dRU26_8, which can be associated with the subcarrier range [-117:9:-9, 9:9:117], and dRU26_9 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-113:9:-5, 4:9:112]. In some respects, such subcarrier ranges can be associated with the original dRU26, such that subcarriers / tones within such subcarrier ranges can be randomly switched between different dRU26s to introduce additional diversity in the tone intervals within different dRU26s.

[0111] dRU52_1 may include two 26-tone dRUs, namely dRU26_1 and dRU26_2; dRU52_2 may include two 26-tone dRUs, namely dRU26_3 and dRU26_4; dRU52_3 may include two 26-tone dRUs, namely dRU26_6 and dRU26_7; and dRU52_4 may include two 26-tone dRUs, namely dRU26_8 and dRU26_9. dRU106_1 may include four 26-tone dRUs (i.e., dRU26_1, dRU26_2, dRU26_3, and dRU26_4) and two additional tones [-3, 3]; and dRU106_2 may include four dRUs (i.e., dRU26_6, dRU26_7, dRU26_8, and dRU26_9) and two additional tones [-2, 2].

[0112] In some respects, besides the full-bandwidth RU242, dRU26_5 may not be linked to any other dRU in the 20MHz hierarchical structure. Furthermore, the two dRU106 can occupy 212 of the total 242 tones, leaving 30 tones available for the 26 tones of dRU26_5. In other words, there can be additional degrees of freedom for tones to be moved around dRU26_5, but the way the tones of dRU26_5 can be moved differs from that of other dRU26 linked to larger dRUs.

[0113] Examples of modified dRU tone schemes for a 20MHz bandwidth are illustrated in Table 4 below. The modified tone mappings for a 20MHz bandwidth illustrated in Table 4 can be examples of modified tone mappings following tone switching (such as after tone switching 600). For example, a wireless node may adopt, use, perform, or otherwise utilize tone switching 600 (either together with tone index jitter or cyclic shift or separately) to implement, create, generate, or otherwise obtain the modified tone mappings illustrated in Table 4. Furthermore, based on the modified tone mappings illustrated in Table 4 and some example implementations of this disclosure, 26-tone dRUs and 52-tone dRUs may have modified tone mappings, while the tone scheme of a 106-tone dRU may remain unchanged. In other words, additional tone spacing diversity (such as for transmit power gain) can be introduced for 26-tone dRUs and 52-tone dRUs, while a relatively more uniform tone spacing (such as for channel smoothing support) can be maintained for 106-tone dRUs.

[0114] Figure 9 An example dRU design 900 is shown that supports a 40MHz bandwidth for reducing OOBEs for transmissions associated with dRU allocation. The dRU design 900 can illustrate a hierarchical structure of dRUs of different dRU types associated with a 40MHz bandwidth.

[0115] In some respects, dRU26_1 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-242:18:-26, 10:18:226], dRU26_2 with the subcarrier range [-233:18:-17, 19:18:235], dRU26_3 with the subcarrier range [-238:18:-22, 14:18:230], dRU26_4 with the subcarrier range [-229:18:-13, 23:18:239], dRU26_5 with the subcarrier range [-225:18:-9, 27:18:243], and dRU26_6 with the subcarrier range [-240:18:-24, 10:18:226]. dRU26_7 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-231:18:-15, 21:18:237], dRU26_8 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-236:18:-20, 16:18:232], dRU26_9 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-227:18:-11, 25:18:241], dRU26_10 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-241:18:-25, 11:18:227], dRU26_11 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-232:18:-16, 20:18:236], and dRU26_12 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-237:18:-21, 12:18:228]. dRU26_13 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-228:18:-12, 24:18:240], dRU26_14 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-234:18:-18, 18:18:234], dRU26_15 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-239:18:-23, 13:18:229], dRU26_16 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-230:18:-14, 22:18:238], dRU26_17 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-235:18:-19, 17:18:233], and dRU26_18 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-226:18:-10, 26:18:242]. In some respects, such a subcarrier range can be associated with the original dRU26, such that subcarriers / tones within such a subcarrier range can be randomly switched between different dRU26s to introduce additional diversity in tone intervals in different dRU26s.

[0116] Each dRU52 may include a corresponding set of two dRU26s. For example, dRU52_1 may include dRU26_1 and dRU26_2 or may be associated with a subcarrier range [-242:9:-17, 10:9:235] (because, for example, dRU26_1 and dRU26_2 may be interleaved), dRU52_2 may include dRU26_3 and dRU26_4 or may be associated with a subcarrier range [-238:9:-13, 14:9:239], dRU52_3 may include dRU26_6 and dRU26_7 or may be associated with a subcarrier range [-240:9:-15, 12:9:237], dRU52_4 may include dRU26_8 and dRU26_9 or may be associated with a subcarrier range [-236:9:-11, 16:9:241], and so on. Each dRU106 can include four corresponding sets of dRU26, and each dRU242 can include two corresponding sets of dRU106 and corresponding dRU26.

[0117] Figure 10 An example dRU design 1000 is shown that supports reducing the OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation at 80 MHz bandwidth. dRU design 1000 can illustrate a hierarchical structure of dRUs of different dRU types associated with 80 MHz bandwidth.

[0118] In some respects, dRU52_1 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-483:36:-51, 17:36:449], [-467:36:-35, 33:36:465], dRU52_2 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-475:36:-43, 25:36:457], [-459:36:-27, 41:36:473], dRU52_3 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-479:36:-47, 21:36:453], [-463:36:-31, 37:36:469], and dRU52_4 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-471:36:-39, 29:36:461], [-455:36:-23, 17:36:449], [-467:36:-35, 33:36:465], and ...5:36:-23, 17:36:449], [-467:36:-35, 33:36:465], [-475:36:-47, 17:36:449], [-467:36:-35, 33:36:465], [-467:36:-35, 33:36:465], [-475:36:-36:4 dRU52_5 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-477:36:-45, 23:36:455] and [-461:36:-29, 39:36:471], dRU52_6 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-469:36:-37, 31:36:463] and [-453:36:-21, 47:36:479], dRU52_7 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-481:36:-49, 19:36:451] and [-465:36:-33, 35:36:467], and dRU52_8 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-473:36:-41, 45:36:-477]. [27:36:459], [-457:36:-25, 43:36:475] can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-482:36:-50, 18:36:450], [-466:36:-34, 34:36:466], dRU52_10 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-474:36:-42, 26:36:458], [-458:36:-26, 42:36:474], dRU52_11 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-478:36:-46, 22:36:454], [-462:36:-30, 27:36:459], [-457:36:-25, 43:36:475], dRU52_9 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-482:36:-50, 18:36:450], [-466:36:-34, 34:36:466], dRU52_10 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-474:36:-42, 26:36:458], [-458:36:-26, 42:36:474], dRU52_11 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-478:36:-46, 22:36:454], [-462:36:-30, 27:36:-459], [-457:36:-25, 43:36:475], dRU52_9 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-482:36:-50, 1 dRU52_12 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-470:36:-38, 30:36:462] and [-454:36:-22, 46:36:478], dRU52_13 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-476:36:-44, 24:36:456] and [-460:36:-28, 40:36:472], dRU52_14 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-468:36:-36, 32:36:464] and [-452:36:-20, 48:36:480], and dRU52_15 can be associated with subcarrier ranges [-480:36:-48, 38:36:470]. 20:36:452]、[-464:36:-32,[36:36:468] is associated with dRU52_16, which may be associated with subcarrier ranges [-472:36:-40, 28:36:460] and [-456:36:-24, 44:36:476]. In some aspects, such subcarrier ranges may be associated with either the original dRU26 or the original dRU52, such that subcarriers / tones within such subcarrier ranges may be randomly switched between different dRU26s or between different dRU52s to introduce additional diversity in the tone intervals within different dRU52s. A 52-tone dRU may include two 26-tone dRUs, such that sixteen 52-tone dRUs can be understood as including at least thirty-two 26-tone dRUs.

[0119] Each dRU106 may include two corresponding sets of dRU52 and a certain number of additional tones. For example, dRU106_1 may include dRU52_1 and dRU52_2 and additional tones [-495, 485], dRU106_2 may include dRU52_3 and dRU52_4 and additional tones [-491, 489], dRU106_3 may include dRU52_5 and dRU52_6 and additional tones [-489, 491], and so on. dRU242_1 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-499:4:-19, 17:4:497], dRU242_2 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-497:4:-17, 19:4:499], dRU242_3 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-498:4:-18, 18:4:498], and dRU242_4 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-496:4:-16, 20:4:500]. dRU484_1 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-499:2:-17, 17:2:499], and dRU484_2 can be associated with the subcarrier range [-498:2:-16, 18:2:500].

[0120] Figure 11 A block diagram of an example wireless communication device 1100 supporting reduced OOBE for transmissions associated with dRU allocation is shown. In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 is configured to perform separate references. Figure 12 and Figure 13The processes 1200 and 1300 are described. Wireless communication device 1100 may include one or more chips, SoCs, chipsets, packages, components, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or include a processing system. Wireless communication device 1100 may be equivalently referred to as a wireless node and may be or include means for wireless communication. The processing system may interface with other components of wireless communication device 1100 and generally processes information (such as inputs or signals) received from and outputs information (such as outputs or signals) to such other components. In some aspects, an example chip may include a processing system, a first interface for outputting or transmitting information, and a second interface for receiving or acquiring information. For example, the first interface may refer to an interface between the chip's processing system and a transmitting component, enabling wireless communication device 1100 to transmit information output from the chip. In such an example, the second interface may refer to an interface between the chip's processing system and a receiving component, enabling wireless communication device 1100 to receive information that is passed to the processing system. In some such examples, the first interface may also, for example, acquire information from the transmitting component, and the second interface may also, for example, output information to the receiving component.

[0121] Therefore, as described herein, outputting information, packets, frames, or messages for transmission can be understood as signaling between two or more components of the wireless communication device 1100, such as signaling from a processing system to one or more transceivers. Similarly, as described herein, receiving information, packets, frames, or messages can be understood as signaling between two or more components of the wireless communication device 1100, such as signaling from one or more transceivers to a processing system. Additionally or alternatively, outputting information, packets, frames, or messages can be understood as being transmitted over the air, such as via or from one or more transceivers. Similarly, receiving information, packets, frames, or messages can be additionally or alternatively understood as being received over the air, such as via or at one or more transceivers.

[0122] Furthermore, various components of the wireless communication device 1100 may provide parts for performing the methods described herein. In some examples, parts for transmitting and / or receiving may include transceivers and / or antennas of the wireless communication device 1100. In some examples, parts for outputting or transmitting (such as parts for outputting for transmission) and parts for acquiring (such as parts for acquiring after receiving information from different devices) may include one or more interfaces of the wireless communication device 1100 to output signals to other components or acquire signals from other components of the wireless communication device 1100. For example, a processor (of a processing system) may output (such as providing) signals and / or data for transmission to the radio frequency front end via a bus interface. Similarly, the device may not actually receive signals and / or data, but may have an interface (parts for acquiring) for acquiring signals and / or data received from another device. For example, a processor (of a processing system) may acquire (or receive) signals and / or data from the radio frequency front end via a bus interface for reception. In various aspects, the radio frequency front end may include various components, including transmit and receive processors, transmit and receive MIMO processors, modulators, demodulators, etc. Each of the components for determining, identifying, selecting, using, adopting, executing, utilizing, setting, adjusting, configuring, generating, calibrating, and / or switching includes the processing system, processor circuitry (including one or more processors), memory circuitry, and / or computer-readable medium of the wireless communication device 1100.

[0123] The processing system of the wireless communication device 1100 includes processor (or “processing”) circuitry in the form of one or more processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), neural processing unit (NPU) (also referred to as a neural network processor or deep learning processor (DLP)) or digital signal processor (DSP)), processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)), or other discrete gate or transistor logic components or circuits (all of which are generally referred to herein individually as “processors” or collectively as “processors” or “processor circuitry”). One or more of these processors may be individually or collectively configured to perform the various functions or operations described herein. The processing system may also include memory circuitry in the form of one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic components or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random access memory (RAM) or ROM or combinations thereof (all of which are generally referred to herein individually as “memory” or collectively as “memory” or “memory circuitry”). One or more of these memories may be coupled to one or more processors and may store processor-executable code, individually or collectively, which, when executed by one or more processors, configures one or more processors to perform the various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more processors may be pre-configured to perform the various functions or operations described herein without software configuration. The processing system may also include, or be coupled to, one or more modems (such as Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE compliant) modems or cellular (e.g., 3GPP 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G compliant) modems). In some embodiments, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more modems. The processing system may also include, or be coupled to, multiple radio components (collectively, “radio components”), multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled to one or more antennas. In some embodiments, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the radio components, RF chains, or transceivers.

[0124] In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 may be configured to be used for or configured to be used in an AP or STA (such as reference STA). Figure 1This is used in the described AP 102 or STA 104. In some other examples, the wireless communication device 1100 may be an AP or STA that includes such a processing system as well as other components including multiple antennas. The wireless communication device 1100 is capable of transmitting and receiving wireless communications, for example, in the form of wireless packets. For example, the wireless communication device 1100 may be configured or configured to transmit and receive packets in the form of physical layer PPDUs and MPDUs conforming to one or more of the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication protocol standard family. In some other examples, the wireless communication device 1100 may be configured or configured to transmit and receive signals and communications conforming to one or more 3GPP specifications, including those for 5G NR or 6G. In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 also includes one or more application processors or may be coupled to one or more application processors, which may also be coupled to one or more other memories. In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 also includes a user interface (UI) (such as a touchscreen or keypad) and a display that may be integrated with the UI to form a touchscreen display coupled to the processing system. In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 may also include one or more sensors, such as one or more inertial sensors, accelerometers, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, or altitude sensors coupled to the processing system. In some examples, the wireless communication device 1100 also includes at least one external network interface coupled to the processing system, which enables communication with a core network or backhaul network that allows the wireless communication device 1100 to access external networks, including the Internet.

[0125] The wireless communication device 1100 includes a dRU indication component 1125, a dRU transmission component 1130, a dRU reception component 1135, an uplink triggering component 1140, a power back-off component 1145, and a tone spacing component 1150. A portion of one or more of the dRU indication component 1125, dRU transmission component 1130, dRU reception component 1135, uplink triggering component 1140, power back-off component 1145, and tone spacing component 1150 can be implemented at least partially in hardware or firmware. For example, one or more of the dRU indication component 1125, dRU transmission component 1130, dRU reception component 1135, uplink triggering component 1140, power back-off component 1145, and tone spacing component 1150 can be implemented at least partially by a processor or modem. In some examples, portions of one or more of the dRU instruction component 1125, dRU transmit component 1130, dRU receive component 1135, uplink trigger component 1140, power back-off component 1145, and tone interval component 1150 may be implemented at least in part by a processor and software in the form of processor-executable code stored in memory.

[0126] According to the examples disclosed herein, wireless communication device 1100 may support wireless communication. dRU indication component 1125 can be configured or configured to obtain indications of RUs and indications of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones. dRU transmission component 1130 can be configured or configured to output frames for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0127] In some examples, the uplink triggering component 1140 can be configured to or be configured to receive a trigger frame for a request frame, wherein the trigger frame includes an indication of the RU and an indication of the bandwidth, and wherein a frame is output after the trigger frame is received.

[0128] In some examples, the power backoff component 1145 can be configured to, or be configured to, set the power backoff parameters to values ​​according to the indicated RU, wherein the frames for transmission are output based on the power backoff parameters.

[0129] In some examples, the set of RUs associated with bandwidth includes a first subset of RUs and a second subset of RUs.

[0130] In some examples, each RU in the first subset is independent of the channel smoothing scheme. In such examples, the dRU receiving component 1135 can be configured or is configured to suppress the application of the channel smoothing scheme to each resource element in the first subset of RUs within a time period.

[0131] In some examples, RUs in the first subset are associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and RUs in the second subset are associated with at most a second number of pitch intervals, wherein the first number of pitch intervals is greater than or equal to the second number of pitch intervals.

[0132] In some examples, the first subset of RUs includes at least two RUs, and the at least two RUs include a first RU having a first number of pitches and a second RU having a second number of pitches greater than the first number of pitches.

[0133] In some examples, a first RU with a first number of pitches is associated with a first set of three or more different pitch intervals, and a second RU with a second number of pitches is associated with a second set of three or more different pitch intervals.

[0134] In some examples, the indicated RU includes at least the first RU and the second RU.

[0135] In some examples, the tone interval component 1150 can be configured or configured to switch one or more first tones of an indicated RU with one or more second tones of a second RU according to a switching vector, each of the indicated RU and the second RU having the same number of tones, and the second RU being included in a first subset of the RUs, wherein the first tone interval, the second tone interval, and the third tone interval are associated with the switching vector.

[0136] In some examples, the subset of tone indices associated with the indicated RU and second RU is fixed, and the toggle vector indicates restrictions on toggling the tones corresponding to the subset of tone indices. In other words, the toggle vector indicates restrictions on toggling the tones corresponding to the subset of tone indices.

[0137] In some examples, the pilot tone indices associated with the indicated RU and second RU are not fixed, and the switching vector indicates permission to switch the tone corresponding to the pilot tone index. In other words, the switching vector indicates permission to switch the tone corresponding to the set of pilot tone indices.

[0138] In some examples, the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU is associated with the first tone interval, the second tone interval, and the third tone interval.

[0139] In some examples, the switching vector is based on the target PAPR associated with the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU.

[0140] In some examples, the bandwidth is 20MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones and a second RU with y tones.

[0141] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, and a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

[0142] In some examples, x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c, and y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, f, g, h, and i.

[0143] In some examples, a=7, b=9, and c=11, and d=2, e=3, f=4, g=5, h=6, and i=7.

[0144] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a third RU with z tones.

[0145] In some examples, z=106.

[0146] In some examples, the bandwidth is 40MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones, a second RU with y tones, and a third RU with z tones.

[0147] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals, and a third RU with z tones is associated with at least a third set of different tone intervals.

[0148] In some examples, x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c tones; y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, and f tones; z=106, and the third set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, k, and l tones.

[0149] In some examples, a=16, b=18, c=20, d=7, e=9, f=11, g=2, h=3, i=4, j=5, k=6, and l=7.

[0150] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a fourth RU with w tones.

[0151] In some examples, w=242.

[0152] In some examples, the bandwidth is 80MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones and a second RU with y tones.

[0153] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, and a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

[0154] In some examples, x=52, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, c, d, e, and f, and y=106, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, and k.

[0155] In some examples, a=10, b=14, c=16, d=20, e=22, and f=26, and g=2, h=6, i=8, j=14, and k=18.

[0156] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a third RU with z tones and a fourth RU with w tones.

[0157] In some examples, z=242 and w=484.

[0158] Additionally or alternatively, according to the examples disclosed herein, the wireless communication device 1100 may support wireless communication. In some examples, the dRU indicating component 1125 can be configured or configured to output an indication of an RU for transmission and an indication of a bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones. The dRU receiving component 1135 can be configured or configured to obtain frames via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0159] In some examples, the uplink triggering component 1140 can be configured to, or be configured to, output a trigger frame for a request frame to be transmitted, wherein the trigger frame includes an indication of the RU and an indication of the bandwidth, and wherein a frame is obtained after the output of the trigger frame.

[0160] In some examples, the set of RUs associated with bandwidth includes a first subset of RUs and a second subset of RUs.

[0161] In some examples, each RU in the first subset is independent of the channel smoothing scheme. In such examples, the dRU receiving component 1135 can be configured or is configured to suppress the application of the channel smoothing scheme to each resource element in the first subset of RUs within a time period.

[0162] In some examples, RUs in the first subset are associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and RUs in the second subset are associated with at most a second number of pitch intervals, wherein the first number of pitch intervals is greater than or equal to the second number of pitch intervals.

[0163] In some examples, a subset of RUs includes at least two RUs, and the at least two RUs include a first RU having a first number of pitches and a second RU having a second number of pitches greater than the first number of pitches.

[0164] In some examples, a first RU with a first number of pitches is associated with a first set of three or more different pitch intervals, and a second RU with a second number of pitches is associated with a second set of three or more different pitch intervals.

[0165] In some examples, the indicated RU includes at least the first RU and the second RU.

[0166] In some examples, the tone interval component 1150 can be configured or configured to switch one or more first tones of an indicated RU with one or more second tones of a second RU according to a switching vector, each of the indicated RU and the second RU having the same number of tones, and the second RU being included in a first subset of the RUs, wherein the first tone interval, the second tone interval, and the third tone interval are associated with the switching vector.

[0167] In some examples, the subset of tone indices associated with the indicated RU and second RU is fixed, and the toggle vector indicates restrictions on toggling the tones corresponding to the subset of tone indices. In other words, the toggle vector indicates restrictions on toggling the tones corresponding to the subset of tone indices.

[0168] In some examples, the pilot tone indices associated with the indicated RU and second RU are not fixed, and the switching vector indicates permission to switch the tone corresponding to the pilot tone index. In other words, the switching vector indicates permission to switch the tone corresponding to the set of pilot tone indices.

[0169] In some examples, the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU is associated with the first tone interval, the second tone interval, and the third tone interval.

[0170] In some examples, the switching vector is based on the target PAPR associated with the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU.

[0171] In some examples, the bandwidth is 20MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones and a second RU with y tones.

[0172] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, and a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

[0173] In some examples, x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c, and y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, f, g, h, and i.

[0174] In some examples, a=7, b=9, and c=11, and d=2, e=3, f=4, g=5, h=6, and i=7.

[0175] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a third RU with z tones.

[0176] In some examples, z=106.

[0177] In some examples, the bandwidth is 40MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones, a second RU with y tones, and a third RU with z tones.

[0178] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals, and a third RU with z tones is associated with at least a third set of different tone intervals.

[0179] In some examples, x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c tones; y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, and f tones; z=106, and the third set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, k, and l tones.

[0180] In some examples, a=16, b=18, c=20, d=7, e=9, f=11, g=2, h=3, i=4, j=5, k=6, and l=7.

[0181] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a fourth RU with w tones.

[0182] In some examples, w=242.

[0183] In some examples, the bandwidth is 80MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU with x tones and a second RU with y tones.

[0184] In some examples, a first RU with x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals, and a second RU with y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

[0185] In some examples, x=52, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, c, d, e, and f, and y=106, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, and k.

[0186] In some examples, a=10, b=14, c=16, d=20, e=22, and f=26, and g=2, h=6, i=8, j=14, and k=18.

[0187] In some examples, the second subset of the RU includes a third RU with z tones and a fourth RU with w tones.

[0188] In some examples, z=242 and w=484.

[0189] Figure 12 A flowchart illustrating an example process 1200 that can be performed by or at a wireless node supporting reduced transmissions associated with dRU allocation for OOBE is shown. Operation of process 1200 can be implemented by a wireless node or its components as described herein. For example, process 1200 can be performed by a wireless communication device (such as reference 1200) operating as a wireless AP or wireless STA, or within a wireless AP or wireless STA. Figure 11 The described wireless communication device 1100 performs this operation. In some examples, process 1200 may be performed by a wireless AP or a wireless STA (such as reference 1100). Figure 1 (either AP 102 or STA 104 as described) to perform.

[0190] In some examples, in block 1205, the wireless node can obtain an indication of an RU and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, and the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones. Operation of block 1205 can be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some specific implementations, aspects of the operation of block 1205 can be derived from references... Figure 11 The described dRU instruction component 1125 is used to perform this.

[0191] In some examples, in block 1210, the wireless node can output frames for transmission via bandwidth and according to the indicated RU. The operation of block 1210 can be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some specific implementations, aspects of the operation of block 1210 can be derived from references... Figure 11 The described dRU sending component 1130 is used to perform this.

[0192] Figure 13 A flowchart illustrating an example process 1300 that can be performed by or at a wireless node supporting reduced transmissions associated with dRU allocation for OOBE is shown. Operation of process 1300 can be implemented by a wireless node or its components as described herein. For example, process 1300 can be performed by a wireless communication device (such as reference 1300) operating as a wireless AP or wireless STA, or within a wireless AP or wireless STA. Figure 11 The described wireless communication device 1100) performs the procedure. In some examples, the procedure 1300 may be performed by a wireless AP or a wireless STA (such as reference 1100). Figure 1 (either AP 102 or STA 104 as described) to perform.

[0193] In some examples, in block 1305, the wireless node can output an indication of a RU for transmission and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones. Operation of block 1305 can be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some specific implementations, aspects of the operation of block 1305 can be derived from references... Figure 11 The described dRU instruction component 1125 is used to perform this.

[0194] In some examples, in block 1310, the wireless node can obtain frames via bandwidth and according to the indicated RU. The operation of block 1310 can be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some specific implementations, aspects of the operation of block 1310 can be derived from references... Figure 11 The described dRU receiving component 1135 is used to perform this.

[0195] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses.

[0196] Clause 1: A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, the method comprising: obtaining an indication of an RU and an indication of a bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and outputting a frame for transmission via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0197] Clause 2: The method according to Clause 1 further comprises: obtaining a trigger frame requesting the frame, wherein the trigger frame includes the indication to the RU and the indication to the bandwidth, and wherein the frame is output after the trigger frame is obtained.

[0198] Clause 3: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 2, the method further comprising: setting a power backoff parameter to a value according to the indicated RU, wherein the frame for transmission is output based on the power backoff parameter.

[0199] Clause 4: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the set of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the first subset of RUs and the second subset of RUs.

[0200] Clause 5: The method according to Clauses 1 to 4 further includes: suppressing the application of a channel smoothing scheme to each resource element in the first subset of the RU during a time period.

[0201] Clause 6: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the RU in the first subset is associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and the RU in the second subset is associated with at most a second number of pitch intervals, wherein the first number of unique pitch intervals is greater than or equal to the second number of unique pitch intervals.

[0202] Clause 7: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 6, wherein the first subset of RUs comprises at least two RUs, the at least two RUs comprising a first RU having a first number of pitches and a second RU having a second number of pitches greater than the first number of pitches.

[0203] Clause 8: The method according to Clause 7, wherein the first RU having the first number of tones is associated with a first set of three or more different tone intervals, and the second RU having the second number of tones is associated with a second set of three or more different tone intervals.

[0204] Clause 9: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 8, wherein the indicated RU includes at least a first RU and a second RU.

[0205] Clause 10: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 9, the method further comprising: switching one or more first tones of an indicated RU to one or more second tones of a second RU according to a switching vector, each of the indicated RU and the second RU having the same number of tones, and the second RU being included in the first subset of RUs, wherein the first tone interval, the second tone interval and the third tone interval are associated with the switching vector.

[0206] Clause 11: The method according to Clause 10, wherein the switching vector indicates a restriction on switching to a tone corresponding to a subset of the tone index.

[0207] Clause 12: The method according to any one of Clauses 10, wherein the switching vector indicates permission to switch a tone corresponding to the set of pilot tone indices.

[0208] Clause 13: The method according to any one of Clauses 10, wherein the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU is associated with the first tone interval, the second tone interval and the third tone interval.

[0209] Clause 14: The method according to any one of Clauses 10, wherein the switching vector is based on a target PAPR associated with an LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU.

[0210] Clause 15: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the bandwidth is 20 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones and a second RU having y tones.

[0211] Clause 16: The method according to Clause 15, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, and the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals.

[0212] Clause 17: The method according to Clause 16, wherein x = 26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c pitches, and y = 52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, f, g, h, and i pitches.

[0213] Clause 18: The method described in Clause 17, wherein a=7, b=9, and c=11, and d=2, e=3, f=4, g=5, h=6, and i=7.

[0214] Clause 19: The method according to any one of Clauses 15, wherein the second subset of RU includes a third RU having z tones.

[0215] Clause 20: The method described in Clause 19, where z = 106.

[0216] Clause 21: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the bandwidth is 40 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones, a second RU having y tones, and a third RU having z tones.

[0217] Clause 22: The method according to Clause 21, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals, and the third RU having z pitches is associated with at least a third set of different pitch intervals.

[0218] Clause 23: The method according to Clause 22, wherein x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c pitches, y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, and f pitches, and z=106, and the third set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, k, and l pitches.

[0219] Clause 24: The method described in accordance with Clause 23, wherein a=16, b=18, and c=20, d=7, e=9, and f=11, and g=2, h=3, i=4, j=5, k=6, and l=7.

[0220] Clause 25: The method according to any one of Clause 21, wherein the second subset of RU includes a fourth RU having w tones.

[0221] Clause 26: The method described in Clause 25, where w=242.

[0222] Clause 27: The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 14, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones and a second RU having y tones.

[0223] Clause 28: The method according to Clause 27, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, and the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals.

[0224] Clause 29: The method according to Clause 28, wherein x = 52, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, c, d, e, and f, and y = 106, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, and k.

[0225] Clause 30: The method described in accordance with Clause 29, wherein a=10, b=14, c=16, d=20, e=22, and f=26, and g=2, h=6, i=8, j=14, and k=18.

[0226] Clause 31: The method according to any one of Clauses 27, wherein the second subset of RU includes a third RU having z tones and includes a fourth RU having w tones.

[0227] Clause 32: The method described in accordance with Clause 31, where z = 242 and w = 484.

[0228] Clause 33: A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, the method comprising: outputting an indication of a Unit (RU) for transmission and an indication of a bandwidth, wherein a first subset of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated RUs, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of RUs, wherein each RU in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones of each RU in the second subset, and wherein the indicated RUs include at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; and obtaining a frame via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RUs.

[0229] Clause 34: The method according to Clause 33 further comprises: outputting a trigger frame for sending a request frame, wherein the trigger frame includes the indication to the RU and the indication to the bandwidth, and wherein the frame is obtained after the trigger frame is output.

[0230] Clause 35: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 34, wherein the set of RUs associated with the bandwidth includes a first subset of RUs and a second subset of RUs.

[0231] Clause 36: The method according to Clauses 33 to 35 further comprises: suppressing the application of a channel smoothing scheme to each resource element in the first subset of the RU during a time period.

[0232] Clause 37: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 36, wherein the RU in the first subset is associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and the RU in the second subset is associated with at most a second number of unique pitch intervals, the first number of pitch intervals being greater than or equal to the second number of unique pitch intervals.

[0233] Clause 38: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 37, wherein the subset of RUs comprises at least two RUs, the at least two RUs comprising a first RU having a first number of pitches and a second RU having a second number of pitches greater than the first number of pitches.

[0234] Clause 39: The method according to Clause 38, wherein the first RU having the first number of tones is associated with a first set of three or more different tone intervals, and the second RU having the second number of tones is associated with a second set of three or more different tone intervals.

[0235] Clause 40: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 39, wherein the indicated RU includes at least a first RU and a second RU.

[0236] Clause 41: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 40, the method further comprising: switching one or more first tones of an indicated RU to one or more second tones of a second RU according to a switching vector, each of the indicated RU and the second RU having the same number of tones, and the second RU being included in the first subset of RUs, wherein the first tone interval, the second tone interval and the third tone interval are associated with the switching vector.

[0237] Clause 42: The method according to Clause 41, wherein the switching vector indicates a restriction on switching to a tone corresponding to a subset of the tone index.

[0238] Clause 43: The method according to any one of Clause 41, wherein the switching vector indicates permission to switch a tone corresponding to the set of pilot tone indices.

[0239] Clause 44: The method according to any one of Clause 41, wherein the LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU is associated with the first tone interval, the second tone interval and the third tone interval.

[0240] Clause 45: The method according to any one of Clause 41, wherein the switching vector is based on a target PAPR associated with an LTF sequence corresponding to the indicated RU.

[0241] Clause 46: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 45, wherein the bandwidth is 20 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones and a second RU having y tones.

[0242] Clause 47: The method according to Clause 46, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, and the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals.

[0243] Clause 48: The method according to Clause 47, wherein x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c, and y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, f, g, h, and i.

[0244] Clause 49: The method described in Clause 48, wherein a=7, b=9, and c=11, and d=2, e=3, f=4, g=5, h=6, and i=7.

[0245] Clause 50: The method according to any one of Clauses 46, wherein the second subset of RU includes a third RU having z tones.

[0246] Clause 51: The method described in accordance with Clause 50, where z = 106.

[0247] Clause 52: The method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 45, wherein the bandwidth is 40 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones, a second RU having y tones, and a third RU having z tones.

[0248] Clause 53: The method according to Clause 52, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals, and the third RU having z pitches is associated with at least a third set of different pitch intervals.

[0249] Clause 54: The method according to Clause 53, wherein x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c pitches, y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, and f pitches, and z=106, and the third set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, k, and l pitches.

[0250] Clause 55: The method described in accordance with Clause 54, wherein a=16, b=18, and c=20, d=7, e=9, and f=11, and g=2, h=3, i=4, j=5, k=6, and l=7.

[0251] Clause 56: The method according to any one of Clause 52, wherein the second subset of RU includes a fourth RU having w tones.

[0252] Clause 57: The method described in Clause 56, where w=242.

[0253] Clause 58: The method according to any one of Clause 33, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, and the first subset of RUs includes a first RU having x tones and a second RU having y tones.

[0254] Clause 59: The method according to Clause 58, wherein the first RU having x pitches is associated with at least a first set of different pitch intervals, and the second RU having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals.

[0255] Clause 60: The method according to Clause 59, wherein x = 52, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, c, d, e, and f, and y = 106, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, and k.

[0256] Clause 61: The method described in accordance with Clause 60, wherein a=10, b=14, c=16, d=20, e=22, and f=26, and g=2, h=6, i=8, j=14, and k=18.

[0257] Clause 62: The method according to any one of Clauses 58, wherein the second subset of RU includes a third RU having z tones and includes a fourth RU having w tones.

[0258] Clause 63: The method described in accordance with Clause 62, where z = 242 and w = 484.

[0259] Clause 64: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising a processing system including processor circuitry and memory circuitry storing code, the processing system being configured to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 32.

[0260] Clause 65: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one component for performing a method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 32 using a processing system, one or more processors or circuits.

[0261] Clause 66: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable individually or jointly by one or more processors to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 32.

[0262] Clause 67: A wireless STA comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory including executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the wireless STA to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 32, wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to receive an indication to a RU and an indication to a bandwidth, and wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to transmit frames via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RU.

[0263] Clause 68: A wireless STA comprising at least one component for performing a method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 32 using a processing system, one or more processors or circuits.

[0264] Clause 69: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising a processing system including processor circuitry and memory circuitry storing code, the processing system being configured to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 63.

[0265] Clause 70: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one component for performing a method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 63 using a processing system, one or more processors or circuits.

[0266] Clause 71: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable individually or jointly by one or more processors to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 63.

[0267] Clause 72: A wireless access point (AP) comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory including executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the wireless AP to perform a method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 63, wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to transmit an indication to a root unit (RU) and an indication to a bandwidth, and wherein the at least one transceiver is configured to receive frames via the bandwidth and according to the indicated RU.

[0268] Clause 73: A wireless access point (AP) comprising at least one component for performing a method according to any one of Clauses 33 to 63 using a processing system, one or more processors, or circuitry.

[0269] As used herein, the term "determine" encompasses a wide variety of actions, and therefore, "determine" can include calculation, computation, processing, derivation, estimation, investigation, searching (such as by searching in a table, database, or other data structure), reasoning, probing, or measurement, etc. Additionally, "determine" can include receiving (such as receiving information), accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory), or sending (such as sending information), etc. Furthermore, "determine" can include parsing, selecting, obtaining, choosing, building, and other similar actions.

[0270] As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” or “one or more of” referring to a list of items means any combination of those items, including a single member. For example, “at least one of a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, and abc. As used herein, “or” is intended to be interpreted as inclusive unless otherwise explicitly stated. For example, “a or b” may include only a, only b, or a combination of a and b. In other words, as used herein (including in the claims), “or” used in a list of items (such as a list of items beginning with a phrase such as “at least one of…” or “one or more of…”) indicates a disjunctive list, such that a list, for example, “at least one of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or AA or AB or AC or BC or ABC (A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase referring to an element “a” or “an” means one or more such elements that act individually or collectively to perform the described function. Additionally, a “set” refers to one or more items, and a “subset” refers to less than the whole set but not empty.

[0271] As used herein, unless otherwise explicitly indicated, “based on” is intended to be interpreted in an inclusive sense. For example, unless otherwise explicitly indicated, “based on” may be used interchangeably with “at least partially based on,” “associated with,” “associated with,” or “according to.” Specifically, unless the phrase in the context means “based on only one” or an equivalent, whether it is “based on one” or “at least partially based on one,” it may be based solely on “one” or based on a combination of “one” and one or more other factors, conditions, or information.

[0272] The various exemplary components, logic units, logic blocks, modules, circuits, operations, and algorithmic processes described in conjunction with the examples disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or a combination of hardware, firmware, or software, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents. This interchangeability of hardware, firmware, and software has been generally described in terms of its functionality and exemplified in the various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware, or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0273] Various modifications to the examples described in this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other examples without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the examples shown herein, but are to be granted the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles disclosed herein, and the novel features.

[0274] Additionally, the various features described in this specification in the context of individual examples may also be implemented in combination in a single specific embodiment. Conversely, the various features described in the context of a single specific embodiment may also be implemented individually or in any suitable sub-combination in multiple examples. Thus, although features may be described above as functioning in a particular combination, and even initially claimed in this way, one or more features from the claimed combination may be removed from the combination in some cases, and the claimed combination may involve sub-combinations or variations of sub-combinations.

[0275] Similarly, although operations are depicted in a specific order in the diagrams, this should not be construed as requiring such operations to be performed in the specific order shown or in sequential order, or to perform all illustrated operations to achieve the desired result. Furthermore, the accompanying figures may schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of flowcharts or flow diagrams. However, other operations not depicted may be incorporated into the schematically illustrated example processes. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously with, or between any of the illustrated operations. In some environments, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the examples described above should not be construed as requiring such separation in all examples, but rather should be understood as meaning that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or encapsulated in multiple software products.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: A processing system, comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry for storing code, is configured to cause the device to: Obtain an indication of a resource unit and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of resource units associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated resource unit, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of resource units, wherein each resource unit in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones in each resource unit in the second subset, and wherein the indicated resource unit includes at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutive fill tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutive fill tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutive fill tones; as well as The frames for transmission are output via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource units.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the apparatus to: A trigger frame for requesting the frame is obtained, wherein the trigger frame includes the indication to the resource unit and the indication to the bandwidth, and wherein the frame for transmission is output after the trigger frame is obtained.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the apparatus to: The power backoff parameter is set to a value according to the indicated resource unit, wherein the frame to be transmitted is output based on the power backoff parameter.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to: During the time period, the application of a channel smoothing scheme is suppressed to each resource element in the first subset of resource elements.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resource units in the first subset are associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and the resource units in the second subset are associated with at most a second number of pitch intervals, the first number of pitch intervals being greater than or equal to the second number of pitch intervals.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first subset of the resource units comprises at least two resource units, the at least two resource units comprising: A first resource unit having the first number of pitches; and A second resource unit having a second number of tones greater than the number of tones in the first tone.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein: The first resource unit having the first number of tones is associated with a first set of three or more different tone intervals; and The second resource unit having the second number of tones is associated with a second set of three or more different tone intervals.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to cause the apparatus to: According to the switching vector, one or more first tones of the indicated resource unit are switched to one or more second tones of the second resource unit, each of the indicated resource unit and the second resource unit having the same number of tones, and the second resource unit is included in the first subset of resource units, wherein the first tone interval, the second tone interval and the third tone interval are associated with the switching vector.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the switching vector indicates a restriction on switching tones corresponding to a subset of tone indices.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the switching vector indicates permission to switch a tone corresponding to the set of pilot tone indices.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the long training field (LTF) sequence corresponding to the indicated resource unit is associated with the first tone interval, the second tone interval, and the third tone interval.

12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the switching vector is based on a target peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with a long training field (LTF) sequence corresponding to the indicated resource unit.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 20 MHz, and the first subset of the resource unit comprises: A first resource unit having x tones; and A second resource unit with y tones.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein: The first resource unit having x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals; and The second resource unit having y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein: x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c pitches; and y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, f, g, h and i.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 40 MHz, and the first subset of the resource units comprises: A first resource unit having x tones; A second resource unit with y tones; and A third resource unit with z tones.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein: The first resource unit having x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals; The second resource unit having y pitches is associated with at least a second set of different pitch intervals; and The third resource unit having z tones is associated with at least a third set of different tone intervals.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein: x=26, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, and c pitches; y=52, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of d, e, and f pitches; and z=106, and the third set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, k, and l pitches.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bandwidth is 80 MHz, and the first subset of the resource unit comprises: A first resource unit having x tones; and A second resource unit with y tones.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein: The first resource unit having x tones is associated with at least a first set of different tone intervals; and The second resource unit having y tones is associated with at least a second set of different tone intervals.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein: x=52, and the first set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of a, b, c, d, e, and f; and y=106, and the second set of different pitch intervals includes pitch intervals of g, h, i, j, and k pitches.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver configured to: Receive the instruction for the resource unit and the instruction for the bandwidth; and The frame is transmitted via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource unit, wherein: The device is configured as a wireless station (STA).

23. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: A processing system, comprising processor circuitry and memory circuitry for storing code, is configured to cause the device to: The output includes indications for resource units and bandwidth, wherein a first subset of resource units associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated resource units, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of resource units, wherein each resource unit in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones in each resource unit in the second subset, and wherein the indicated resource unit includes at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutively distributed tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutively distributed tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutively distributed tones; and Frames are obtained via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource units.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to: During the time period, the application of a channel smoothing scheme is suppressed to each resource element in the first subset of resource elements.

25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the resource units in the first subset are associated with at least a first number of pitch intervals, and the resource units in the second subset are associated with at most a second number of pitch intervals, the first number of pitch intervals being greater than or equal to the second number of pitch intervals.

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the subset of resource units comprises at least two resource units, the at least two resource units comprising: A first resource unit having the first number of pitches; and A second resource unit having a second number of tones greater than the number of tones in the first tone.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein: The first resource unit having the first number of tones is associated with a first set of three or more different tone intervals; and The second resource unit having the second number of tones is associated with a second set of three or more different tone intervals.

28. The apparatus of claim 23, further comprising a transceiver configured to: Send the indication to the resource unit and the indication to the bandwidth; and The frame is received via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource unit, wherein: The device is configured as a wireless access point (AP).

29. A method for conducting wireless communication at a wireless node, the method comprising: Obtaining an indication of a resource unit and an indication of bandwidth, wherein a first subset of resource units associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated resource unit, the bandwidth being associated with the first subset and a second subset of resource units, wherein each resource unit in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones in each resource unit in the second subset, and wherein the indicated resource unit includes at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutively distributed tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutively distributed tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutively distributed tones; and The frames for transmission are output via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource units.

30. A method for conducting wireless communication at a wireless node, the method comprising: The output includes indications for resource units and bandwidth, wherein a first subset of resource units associated with the bandwidth includes the indicated resource units, the bandwidth is associated with the first subset and a second subset of resource units, wherein each resource unit in the first subset includes a number of tones smaller than the number of tones in each resource unit in the second subset, and wherein the indicated resource unit includes at least a first tone interval between a first pair of consecutively distributed tones, a second tone interval between a second pair of consecutively distributed tones, and a third tone interval between a third pair of consecutively distributed tones; and Frames are obtained via the bandwidth and according to the indicated resource units.

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