Comprehensive protection system for salt-dust-sand flow disaster of traffic trunk line in high-cold strong wind and heavy salinization area

Abstract

This application provides a comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas. The system includes: protection zones on both sides of the transportation route; a closed zone, a sand-fixing zone, and a sand-blocking zone sequentially distributed within the protection zones in a direction away from the transportation route; a continuously closed fence along the outer edge of the protection zones; tall, upright sand-blocking fences installed within the sand-blocking zone, extending continuously parallel to the transportation route and / or perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction; semi-concealed salt crust grid-like sand barriers installed within the sand-fixing zone, the sand crust grid-like sand barriers comprising a grid-like structure composed of salt crust fragments laid on the ground; and an artificial salt crust layer formed by spraying salt lake brine onto the surface of the closed zone. This application proposes a multi-layered protection system tailored to the specific ecological environment of major transportation routes with strong winds and heavy salinity. Some parts of the protection system can be constructed using locally sourced materials, resulting in low cost, strong ecological adaptability, and maximized protective benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of environmental protection technology, specifically to a zoned and comprehensive protection system and construction method for road salt dust and sandstorm disasters in special ecological environments such as high altitude, cold, strong winds, and heavy salinization. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, some major transportation routes traverse the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Qaidam Basin, where high-altitude salt lakes and heavily saline sand dunes intersect, leading to increasingly prominent coupled disasters caused by salinity and sandstorms, seriously threatening the long-term operational safety of these routes. These areas have a cold and arid climate with scarce rainfall, intense evaporation, large diurnal temperature variations, and frequent strong winds. The high-altitude environment provides ample wind power for sand particle initiation and long-distance transport. Affected by lake shrinkage, glacial melting, and permafrost degradation, large areas of loose saline lacustrine sediments are exposed. Alternating wet and dry conditions disrupt the salt crust structure, and weathering produces large amounts of salt sand and silt, forming unique salt dust sandstorms with source conditions different from ordinary desert sands.

[0003] Global warming, coupled with human disturbances such as road construction excavation and site leveling, has damaged the original sand-fixing salt crust, exposing loose, saline soil layers and causing sandstorms, leading to a continuous spread of wind and sand hazards. In this area, wind and sand pose both physical and chemical erosion hazards, burying roadbeds and blocking bridges and culverts. Salt particles abrade road materials and corrode structures, and can also cause secondary problems such as roadbed salt swelling and subsidence, significantly increasing maintenance costs and shortening road lifespan. Most existing wind and sand protection technologies are suitable for conventional desert environments and struggle to overcome the challenges of engineering corrosion caused by high-altitude, cold, and heavily saline conditions, as well as the difficulty in establishing sand-fixing plants. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The main purpose of this application is to provide a comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along transportation arteries in high-altitude, cold, windy, and saline areas, and its construction method, so as to overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, this application adopts the following technical solution.

[0006] According to one aspect of this application, a comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas is provided, comprising:

[0007] Protective zones set up on both sides of traffic routes;

[0008] The closed belt, sand-fixing belt and sand-blocking belt are set up in the protected area, and the closed belt, sand-fixing belt and sand-blocking belt are distributed in sequence along the direction away from the traffic line;

[0009] And, a fence, which is continuously and closedly arranged along the outer edge of the protected area;

[0010] Among them, one or more tall sand-blocking fences are set up in the sand-blocking belt, and the sand-blocking fences extend continuously in the direction parallel to the traffic line and / or perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction.

[0011] Semi-concealed salt crust grid-shaped sand barriers are set up within the sand-fixing zone. The salt crust grid-shaped sand barriers consist of a grid-shaped structure composed of salt crust layer fragments laid on the ground.

[0012] The surface of the enclosed zone is covered with an artificial salt crust, which is formed by spraying salt lake brine onto the surface of the enclosed zone.

[0013] In one implementation plan, the width of the protection zone on the upwind side of the transportation route is greater than the width of the protection zone on the leeward side. This is because the upwind side of the transportation route is the source of windblown sand and salt dust, with all the sand transport originating from the windward direction. Therefore, the upwind side requires long-distance, multi-layered protection to gradually reduce wind speed and trap coarse sand and salt particles in layers. After the airflow is dissipated by the upwind protection system and crosses the roadbed, the sand transport volume on the leeward side is significantly reduced, with only a small amount of sand accumulating in the local eddy zone on the leeward slope of the roadbed. Wind speed recovers quickly, requiring less space for dust and sand accumulation. Simultaneously, in high-altitude, heavily saline areas, the windward side suffers stronger salt dust corrosion and wind-blown sand abrasion, necessitating a complete three-layer gradient protection system of sand blocking, sand stabilization, and sealing. On the leeward side, the salt dust concentration is diluted by airflow, resulting in a lower level of hazard; therefore, the width of the leeward protection zone is significantly narrowed.

[0014] In one implementation scheme, the widths of the closed zone, the sand-fixing zone, and the sand-blocking zone are 40–60 m, 80–120 m, and 80–120 m, respectively, with the sand-blocking zone and the sand-fixing zone spaced 14.4–18 m apart. By using the interval between the sand-blocking zone and the sand-fixing zone as a buffer zone for sand accumulation in the high vertical sand barrier, coarse sand can be prevented from burying the inner square sand barrier.

[0015] Furthermore, a transition zone may not be required between the sand-fixing zone and the closed zone.

[0016] In one implementation scheme, multiple tall, upright sand-blocking fences are installed at intervals along the prevailing wind direction within the sand-blocking belt. These multiple tall, upright sand-blocking fences include multiple first sand-blocking fences and multiple second sand-blocking fences. The multiple first sand-blocking fences and multiple second sand-blocking fences are staggered along the prevailing wind direction. The first sand-blocking fences extend continuously in a direction parallel to the traffic lines, and the second sand-blocking fences extend continuously in a direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. The direction parallel to the traffic lines forms an angle of 3 to 20° with the direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction.

[0017] In one embodiment, the sand-blocking fence includes a rigid slat fence structure and a first post. The rigid slat fence structure has a porous structure formed by multiple horizontal slats and multiple vertical slats being connected in an alternating manner. The first post is fixedly connected to the rigid slat fence structure.

[0018] Furthermore, the porosity of the lower region of the sand-blocking fence is 35%~40%, and the porosity of the upper region is 20%~25%. The lower region is the area from the bottom of the sand-blocking fence to half the height of the fence, and the upper region is the area from half the height of the fence to the top.

[0019] In one embodiment, the rigid slat fence structure has a staggered joint structure formed by multiple horizontal slats and multiple vertical slats interlaced.

[0020] In one embodiment, the artificial salt crust is formed by sequentially and uniformly spraying low-concentration salt lake brine, medium-concentration salt lake brine, medium-high concentration salt lake brine, and high-concentration salt lake brine onto the surface of a closed zone using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device; wherein the salt content of the low-concentration salt lake brine, medium-concentration salt lake brine, medium-high concentration salt lake brine, and high-concentration salt lake brine increases in a gradient of 4 to 8 wt%; and the salt content of the high-concentration salt lake brine sprayed within the closed zone gradually increases in the direction away from the traffic route.

[0021] Furthermore, the enclosed zone has a core area, a first transition area, a second transition area, a third transition area, and an extension area distributed sequentially along the direction away from the traffic line. The salt content of the high-concentration salt lake brine sprayed in the core area, the first transition area, the second transition area, the third transition area, and the extension area is 10~12 wt%, 12~14 wt%, 14~16 wt%, 16~18 wt%, and 18~20 wt%, respectively.

[0022] In one implementation scheme, an enhanced salt crust layer is also distributed within the sand-fixing zone. The enhanced salt crust layer is formed by uniformly spraying diluted brine onto the surface of the sand-fixing zone using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device and is fixedly connected to a grid-like structure. The diluted brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake with clean water to a salt content of 10-14 wt%.

[0023] In one embodiment, the fence includes a hot-dip galvanized wire mesh laid vertically and a second post fixedly connected to the hot-dip galvanized wire mesh.

[0024] According to another aspect of this application, a method for constructing a comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas is provided, comprising:

[0025] Protective zones will be set up on both sides of the traffic routes;

[0026] Within each protected area, a closed zone, a sand-fixing zone, and a sand-blocking zone are set up, and these zones are distributed sequentially in a direction away from the traffic route.

[0027] In addition, a fence is continuously and closedly installed along the outer edge of each protected area.

[0028] In one embodiment, the method includes setting the width of the protection zone located on the upwind side of the traffic line to be greater than the width of the protection zone located on the downwind side of the traffic line.

[0029] In one embodiment, the method includes: setting multiple sand-blocking fences at intervals within the sand-blocking belt, and extending the multiple sand-blocking fences continuously in a direction parallel to the traffic line and in a direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction.

[0030] In one embodiment, the method includes: laying salt crust fragments on the ground within the sand-fixing zone to form a grid-like structure, thereby creating a semi-concealed salt crust grid-like sand barrier within the sand-fixing zone.

[0031] Preferably, a low-pressure atomizing spraying device can be used to evenly spray diluted brine onto the surface of the sand-fixing zone to form a reinforced salt crust layer, and then fix the reinforced salt crust layer to the grid-like structure. The diluted brine is formed by diluting the original brine from the salt lake with clean water to a salt content of 10-14 wt%. In some cases, if the salt content of the original brine is suitable, the original brine can also be directly sprayed onto the surface of the sand-fixing zone to form the reinforced salt crust layer.

[0032] In one embodiment, the method includes: sequentially and uniformly spraying low-concentration brine, medium-concentration brine, medium-high concentration brine, and high-concentration brine onto the surface of a closed zone using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device, thereby forming an artificial salt crust layer. The salinity of the low-concentration, medium-concentration, medium-high concentration, and high-concentration brine increases in a gradient of 4-8 wt%. Furthermore, the salinity of the high-concentration brine sprayed within the closed zone gradually increases in the direction away from the traffic route.

[0033] For example, for the core area of ​​the enclosed zone, a low-concentration brine can be sprayed first, followed by standing for 4-6 hours. The low-concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine in the protected area with clean water to a salt content of 2-4 wt%. Next, a medium-concentration brine is sprayed, followed by standing for 3-4 hours. This medium-concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine with clean water to a salt content of 6-8 wt%. Then, a medium-to-high concentration brine is sprayed, followed by standing for 2-3 hours. This medium-to-high concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine with clean water to a salt content of 12-14 wt%. Finally, a high-concentration brine is sprayed, formed by diluting the original brine with clean water to a salt content of 18-20 wt%. In some cases, if the original brine concentration is suitable, it can be used directly as the high-concentration brine.

[0034] In one embodiment, the method includes: connecting multiple horizontal slats and multiple vertical slats in an alternating pattern to form a staggered quincunx structure, thereby forming a rigid slat fence structure with a lower region porosity of 35%~40% and an upper region porosity of 20%~25%; fixing the rigid slat fence structure to a first post inserted into the ground; and ensuring that the bottom of the rigid slat fence structure is 10~15 cm from the ground, thereby forming the sand-blocking fence.

[0035] Furthermore, the lower region of the sand-blocking fence is the area from the bottom of the fence to half its height, and the upper region is the area from half its height to the top.

[0036] In one embodiment, the method includes: continuously laying hot-dip galvanized wire mesh to form a closed enclosure along the outer edge of the protected area, and fixing the closed enclosure to a second post inserted into the ground.

[0037] Compared with existing technologies, this application provides a comprehensive protection system for road sections in severely salinized areas prone to wind and sand hazards. It can construct a multi-layered comprehensive protection system for wind and sand disasters on both sides of the road in the special ecological environment of severe salinization in high-altitude and windy areas. It can not only effectively reduce the initiation and release of special salt dust wind and sand flows and maintain the balance of the surface environment, but also effectively increase the resistance to wind and sand, protect the roadbed from the dual hazards of physical abrasion and chemical salt corrosion, and increase the service life of the road. It has important practical significance for building a stable transportation network in high-altitude and severely salinized areas. Attached Figure Description

[0038] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along a major transportation route in a high-altitude, windy, and saline area, according to one embodiment of this application.

[0039] Figure 2 This is a structural schematic diagram of a tall, upright sand-blocking fence according to one embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0040] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this application proposes a comprehensive protection system and its construction method for salt dust and sandstorm hazards along major transportation routes in high-altitude, heavily saline areas characterized by high altitude, drought, low rainfall, strong evaporation, frequent strong winds, excessively high surface salinity, difficulty in plant growth, widespread lakeshore salt deserts, and the weathering of salt crusts into salt sand. The system primarily employs engineering measures for sand blocking and stabilization, combining external blocking with internal stabilization (distant blocking and near stabilization). Simultaneously, the protected area is enclosed, utilizing the high surface salinity to rapidly form a salt crust to stabilize the shifting sand, thus comprehensively managing the hazards of salt dust and sandstorms in high-altitude, heavily saline areas.

[0041] Furthermore, the integrated protection system may include the following two main units:

[0042] The first component is a sand control and stabilization unit, which includes: setting up sand-blocking belts along the outer edges of both sides of the transportation route, specifically using high, upright sand barriers to prevent salt erosion; setting up a closed zone along the inner edge, where salt crusts are rapidly formed by spraying different concentrations of brine from the salt lake in stages and zones; and setting up a sand-stabilizing belt in the area between the outer and inner edges, using semi-concealed, grid-like salt crust barriers to fix the shifting sand. The width of the upwind protection zone on both sides of the transportation route should be greater than the width of the leeward protection zone.

[0043] The second is the protection unit, which includes: fencing off the entire wind and sand protection area to prohibit people and livestock from entering, so as to avoid human activities disturbing and damaging the original salt crust surface.

[0044] Furthermore, the construction method of this integrated protection system includes:

[0045] First, sand-blocking belts are set up on both sides of the outer edge of the transportation route. High vertical sand barriers are used to intercept the long-distance transport of salt dust and sand, reduce the near-surface wind speed, retain coarse sand particles, prevent sand accumulation at the leading edge of the sand-fixing belt, and at the same time ensure that the belt itself is not corroded and extend its service life.

[0046] Then, a closed zone is set up on the inner edge, and brine is sprayed to quickly form a salt crust. The brine can be diluted original brine from the salt lake nearby. It is sprayed on the sand surface in stages and sections to form a salt crust. The cost is extremely low and it is in line with the regional saline environment, with strong ecological adaptability.

[0047] Subsequently, a sand-fixing belt was set up in the area between the outer and inner edges, and semi-concealed salt crust grid-shaped sand barriers were used to fix the shifting sand. This not only accelerated the loss of wind and sand energy, reduced the speed of surface airflow, and reduced the sand transport capacity of the airflow, but also ensured that it would not generate sand in strong winds. The semi-concealed grid-shaped sand barriers can be made from local materials, using salt crust sheets that have been artificially damaged as sand-fixing materials, which are readily available and inexpensive locally.

[0048] At the same time, the entire wind and sand protection area will be fenced off to prevent people and livestock from entering, so as to avoid human activities disturbing and damaging the salt crust surface and to quickly form a protection system to play a protective role.

[0049] The technical solutions of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0050] This embodiment provides a comprehensive protection system for dust and sandstorm disasters along a major transportation route in a high-altitude, windy, and saline area. The system includes sand-blocking strips, closed strips, and sand-fixing strips installed within the protection zones on both sides of the transportation route, as well as fences enclosing the outer edges of each protection zone. Taking the installation in the upwind protection zone as an example, see [reference needed]. Figure 1 As shown, the closed zone, sand-fixing zone, and sand-blocking zone are distributed sequentially in the direction away from the traffic line.

[0051] The widths of the closed zone, sand-fixing zone, and sand-blocking zone are set at 40–60 m, 80–120 m, and 80–120 m, respectively, with the sand-blocking zone and sand-fixing zone separated by a blank zone of 14.4–18 m in width. By using the blank zone between the sand-blocking zone and the sand-fixing zone as a buffer zone for sand accumulation in the high vertical sand barrier, coarse sand can be prevented from burying the inner grid sand barrier. There is no transition zone between the sand-fixing zone and the closed zone.

[0052] The enclosed zone located at the inner edge of the protected area is approximately 50 meters wide, and its surface is covered with an artificial salt crust for sand fixation. This artificial salt crust is formed rapidly by using locally sourced brine from the salt lake within the protected area, diluting it with clean water according to a specific ratio, and then spraying it in stages and sections.

[0053] One or more tall, upright sand-blocking fences are installed within the sand-blocking strip located at the outer edge of the protected area. The sand-blocking fences are mainly formed by rigid slatted fencing structures fixedly connected to the first upright post, employing a gradient pore design with sparser pores at the bottom and denser pores at the top. The first upright post can be made of hot-dip galvanized seamless steel pipe, etc.

[0054] The surface of the sand-fixing zone located between the closed zone and the sand-blocking zone is covered with semi-concealed salt crust grid-shaped sand barriers. In addition, the original brine from the salt lake in the protected area can be diluted with clean water and sprayed in sections to form a reinforced salt crust layer, thereby enhancing the sand-fixing effect of the grid-shaped sand barriers.

[0055] The fence can mainly consist of hot-dip galvanized iron wire mesh that is resistant to freezing and thawing in extreme cold and salt spray corrosion, and a second post. The second post can be made of round steel pipe.

[0056] The following further explains the composition and construction method of this integrated protection system:

[0057] (1) Fence: It consists of hot-dip galvanized iron wire mesh with a height of about 1.8~2 m and round steel pipe posts. It is resistant to high cold freeze-thaw and salt spray corrosion and avoids rapid salt and alkali corrosion. The mesh size is about 5×10 cm, which can block people and animals, but allows fine salt sand to pass through, reducing the accumulation of sand in front of the fence and burying the fence. It is continuously closed along the outer edge of the protected area. The spacing between the posts is about 3 m, and the burial depth is not less than 60 cm. For soft salt and alkali foundations, concrete bases are added to prevent settlement and collapse. The bottom of the mesh is about 15 cm above the ground to facilitate the drainage of wind and sand and prevent the accumulation of sand from burying the fence. A maintenance passage is reserved on the main wind side and the whole line is continuously closed.

[0058] (2) Sand-blocking strip: Consists of vertical sand-blocking fences approximately 100 m wide and 1.8 m high. The length of the fence depends on the length of the traffic route requiring protection. See reference. Figure 2 The sand-blocking fence mainly consists of a rigid slat fence structure 1 and connected posts 2 (i.e., the aforementioned first post). The rigid slat fence structure has a porous structure formed by multiple horizontal and vertical slats interlaced. Furthermore, the main material of the rigid slat fence structure is hot-dip galvanized aluminum alloy profile with a fluorocarbon coating; each slat is 80-120 mm wide and 8-12 mm thick; the main posts are hot-dip galvanized seamless steel pipes (wall thickness ≥ 3.5 mm), with a post burial depth of not less than 60 cm and a spacing of 1.2-1.8 m, preferably 1.5 m; the connectors preferably use 316 stainless steel bolts, clips, and rivets to prevent salt corrosion and breakage of ordinary carbon steel bolts. This fence employs a gradient porosity design with sparser pores at the bottom and denser pores at the top, unlike uniform openings. The lower area (from ground level to half the fence height) has a porosity of 35% to 40%, allowing for moderate ventilation, reducing strong wind vortices near the ground surface, and preventing sand accumulation at the fence base from burying it or causing wind erosion. The upper area (half the fence height to the top) has a porosity of 20% to 25%, effectively intercepting leaping sand particles, weakening high-altitude wind and sand flows, and primarily controlling sand. The pores are arranged in a horizontal staggered pattern (staggered clumps), with the gaps between the upper and lower slats staggered and not straight. The bottom of the fence is 10 to 15 cm above the ground (leaving a bottom gap), allowing airflow at the bottom to carry away fine sand close to the ground, completely preventing sand accumulation at the base from burying the fence.

[0059] More preferably, a wind deflector can be installed at the gap between the bottom of the rigid slat fence structure and the ground, and the wind deflector is tilted inward (to the leeward side of the fence) at 20-45°, preferably about 30°. This utilizes the slit effect of the wind to depress the airflow passing through the gaps in the lower part of the rigid slat fence structure and guide it to the sand-fixing belt near the ground surface through the wind deflector. This prevents the formation of strong eddies at the base of the fence from eroding the sand base, while simultaneously causing the high-altitude wind and sand to settle within the fence area. Coarse sand is intercepted on-site, while fine salt dust is directionally transported to the grid sand barrier of the sand-fixing belt.

[0060] In some cases, such as Figure 2As shown, five sand-blocking fences can be installed at intervals along the prevailing wind direction, with a spacing of approximately 15-30 m, preferably 15-20 m. Three of these fences extend continuously parallel to the traffic lines and can be designated as the first sand-blocking fence. The other two fences extend continuously perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction and can be designated as the second sand-blocking fence. The first and second sand-blocking fences are staggered along the prevailing wind direction. The direction parallel to the traffic lines forms a certain angle with the direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, typically 3-20°, preferably 5-15°. This arrangement allows the sandflow to undergo turbulent settling after passing through the first fence, and the remaining airflow is further intercepted by the next staggered fence. Upon entering the sand-fixing zone, the overall wind speed is significantly reduced (the reduction can reach over 60%), greatly reducing the wind erosion load on the sand-fixing zone.

[0061] A preferred approach is to excavate a shallow, gently sloping settlement ditch (approximately 15-20 cm deep and 3-5 m wide) at the junction of the sand-blocking zone and the sand-fixing zone. This allows the coarse sand and salt particles intercepted by the fence to naturally accumulate in the ditch, forming a natural buffer sand embankment. This further weakens the near-surface wind force rushing towards the sand-fixing zone, achieving a synergistic effect between the energy dissipation of the sand-blocking zone and the flow stabilization of the sand-fixing zone.

[0062] It is important to note that during the construction and operation of sand-blocking belts, the surface should be disturbed as little as possible to preserve the original salt crust structure.

[0063] (3) Enclosed Zone: Approximately 50 m wide, using on-site extracted natural brine from the salt lake as the mother liquor, diluted with clean water to prepare five different concentrations of high-concentration salt lake brine, which are respectively matched to the core zone, first transition zone, second transition zone, third transition zone, and outer zone of the enclosed zone. The core zone, first transition zone, second transition zone, third transition zone, and outer zone are distributed sequentially along the direction away from the traffic lines.

[0064] Based on salinity, the brine concentration at level 1 is approximately 18 wt%~20 wt%, supplying the outer extension of the enclosed zone, which is approximately 40~50 m wide. The brine concentration at level 5 is approximately 10 wt%~12 wt%, supplying the core area of ​​the enclosed zone, which is approximately 0~10 m wide. The brine concentrations at levels 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 gradually decrease in a gradient of approximately 2 wt%. The brine concentration levels can also be dynamically adjusted according to the local salt lake concentration. The general principle is: the brine concentration sprayed in the enclosed zone increases in a gradient of approximately 2 wt% away from the roadbed. The brine concentration near the roadbed is low to prevent erosion of the roadbed and alteration of the soil structure near the roadbed, while the brine concentration is high in the area adjacent to the sand-fixing zone to rapidly form a salt crust and integrate it with the checkerboard sand barriers. Spraying brine (rich in soluble salts from salt lakes, which evaporate rapidly after spraying, causing salt crystals to crystallize and cement the surface sand, gradually forming a hard salt crust—the aforementioned artificial salt crust layer—fixes the sand source, inhibits sand movement, and works in the same way as the natural salt crust fixation mechanism), utilizes the high surface salinity to quickly form a salt crust to stabilize shifting sand, ecologically adaptable to the high-altitude, heavily saline environment. Specific spraying method: A uniform low-pressure spray system (working pressure ≤ 0.2 MPa) is used to prevent high-pressure water flow from eroding the sand surface and disturbing the surface salt crust. Taking the outer extension of the closed zone as an example, a vertical four-layer gradient concentration spraying method is used to penetrate the surface, without damaging the surface layering (even if the outermost salt crust breaks, the inner layers are cemented and not prone to sand movement).

[0065] Step 1: Prepare low-concentration brine (2%~4%) and spray it slowly and evenly using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device (low-concentration brine has low viscosity and strong permeability, slowly seeping down to a depth of 22~30 cm). After spraying, let it stand for 4~6 hours to allow the brine to fully seep down before proceeding to the next step.

[0066] Step 2: Replace with medium-concentration brine (6%~8%), use low-pressure atomizing spray equipment to spray slowly and evenly, with a spray volume slightly higher than in step 1 (this concentration of brine has moderate penetration ability, mainly staying in the 12~22 cm layer, forming a transition with the bottom layer). Let stand for 3~4 hours after spraying.

[0067] Step 3: Replace with medium to high concentration brine (12%~14%), use low pressure atomizing spray equipment to spray slowly and evenly, and further increase the amount of spray per spray (the salt content increases, the viscosity of the brine increases, the penetration rate slows down, and it mainly accumulates at 5~12 cm). Let it stand for 2~3 hours after spraying.

[0068] Step 4: Replace with high-concentration brine (18%~20%), use low-pressure atomizing spray equipment for atomizing spraying and surface wetting, without forming runoff erosion (high-concentration brine precipitates salt quickly and has weak penetration, with most of it remaining on the 0~5 cm surface), quickly precipitating salt and forming a hard crust, directly forming a surface protective layer.

[0069] Furthermore, the aforementioned artificial salt crust layer is preferably a continuous cover over a closed surface zone.

[0070] Regularly inspect and repair cracked or wind-eroded salt crusts, and spray brine appropriately during dry and windy periods to maintain the integrity of the surface.

[0071] (4) Sand fixation zone: Set up a semi-concealed grid-shaped sand barrier with a width of about 100 m and a height of about 20 cm. Use local materials, such as fragments of salt crust that have been disturbed and damaged by human activities, to form a semi-concealed grid-shaped sand barrier with a size of about 0.5 m × 0.5 m to 1 m × 1 m and a burial depth of about 15 to 20 cm.

[0072] Preferably, the grid sand barriers within the sand-fixing zone can be configured such that the size of the grid structure gradually decreases along the direction away from the sand-blocking zone, for example, from 1 m × 1 m to 0.7 m × 0.7 m and 0.5 m × 0.5 m. Even if the grid density gradually increases, especially in the area of ​​the sand-fixing zone near the closed zone, all grid structures of the 0.5 m × 0.5 m specification are set up. In this way, the increased density of the salt crust grid sand barriers can be used to further break up the airflow, so that the surface wind speed entering the closed zone is further reduced significantly (usually by more than 30%), and high-speed airflow is prevented from directly stripping the artificial salt crust of the closed zone.

[0073] Preferredly, the checkerboard sand barrier of the sand-fixing zone can be extended outward and embedded into the aforementioned sand-blocking buffer ditch by a certain distance, for example, 30-50 cm, and extended inward and embedded into the outer edge of the closed zone by about 30-50 cm. This allows the three areas of the sand-blocking buffer ditch, sand-fixing zone, and closed zone to overlap through salt crust fragments. Then, by spraying brine in the adjacent areas of these three areas, a continuous and integral salt crust layer can be formed, ensuring that the surface consolidation layer of the sand-blocking zone, sand-fixing zone, and closed zone is free of cracks and fissures.

[0074] Furthermore, the brine from the local salt lake can be diluted (concentration approximately 10 wt%~14 wt%) and sprayed in sections, mainly on the ground within each grid. The strong evaporation causes the salt to crystallize and cement the sand particles to form an artificial salt crust, i.e., the aforementioned reinforced salt crust layer, which enhances the sand-fixing effect of the grid sand barrier. Initially, it can be sprayed every 3 to 5 days, and the frequency can be reduced after the salt crust has initially taken shape.

[0075] In this embodiment, a tiered interception of salt-containing dust can be achieved by setting up sand-blocking belts, sand-stabilizing belts, and sealing belts. Specifically, by setting up multiple sand-blocking fences in the sand-blocking belts, especially in conjunction with wind deflectors, salt-containing coarse sand can be preferentially intercepted, accumulating in the buffer trenches between the fences, while less likely to enter the sand-stabilizing belt, reducing the erosion and loss of the grid sand barriers. By setting up semi-concealed salt crust grid sand barriers in the sand-stabilizing belt, salt-containing fine sand can be further intercepted, and with the reinforcement of the salt crust for permanent fixation, the fine sand is prevented from migrating inward. Finally, by forming a continuous artificial salt crust within the sealing belt, the sand can be cemented and stabilized, suppressing on-site sand erosion, preventing surface wind erosion within the sealing belt, and completely blocking micro-salt dust from reaching the roadbed.

[0076] Furthermore, the coarse salt sand accumulated between the sand-blocking fences can be regularly cleared, crushed on-site into salt crust fragments, and used as raw materials to replenish the damaged square sand barriers in the sand-fixing belt. At the same time, fine salt sand can be regularly cleared and mixed into the brine of the salt lake as raw materials to repair or construct reinforced salt crusts in the sand-fixing belt, realizing on-site recycling of sand sources and avoiding the recurrence of salt dust pollution from transporting the cleared sand.

[0077] In this embodiment, the facilities within the sand-blocking belt, sand-stabilizing belt, and enclosed belt can protect each other, reducing salt corrosion and wind damage, and extending the overall service life. Specifically, the multiple fences within the sand-blocking belt form an overall windbreak barrier, significantly weakening the impact of the main wind on the grid sand barriers of the sand-stabilizing belt and the artificial salt crust of the enclosed belt, reducing the frequency of sand barrier damage and salt crust cracking; the flow-guiding structure at the bottom of the fences prevents root burial by sand accumulation, thus extending their own service life. The sand barriers overlapping at the front end of the sand-stabilizing belt form a low, continuous salt crust barrier, offsetting near-surface backflow eddies and reducing wind erosion at the base of the fence posts; the salt crust layer isolates saline groundwater, reducing the salt spray corrosion rate of posts and aluminum alloy strips. The complete artificial salt crust of the enclosed belt blocks the upward migration of high-salt capillary water from the ground, reducing the diffusion of salt to the sand-stabilizing and sand-blocking belt facilities, which can significantly reduce the salt corrosion rate of metal components such as posts.

[0078] This embodiment simultaneously sets up sand-blocking belts, sand-fixing belts, and closed belts within the protected area. Compared to setting only sand-blocking fences in the sand-blocking belts, it can significantly reduce the overall near-surface wind speed, achieving an attenuation rate of over 85%. Compared to setting only grid sand barriers or only salt crusts, it can intercept salt-containing dust in stages, significantly reducing the amount of salt dust transported by wind and sand (up to over 90%), and more than doubling the overall windbreak and sand-fixing capacity. Simultaneously, it can significantly reduce the frequency of fence salt erosion, salt crust wind cracking, and sand barrier collapse. Accumulated sand can be recycled locally, eliminating the need for long-distance transport for sand removal. Salt lake brine used to construct the salt crust can be sourced locally, significantly reducing facility wear and maintenance costs. Furthermore, through the integrated salt crust overlapping and gradient wind field control design, it eliminates problems such as wind erosion channels at inter-zone boundaries, salt gaps, and easy local intrusion of wind and sand in existing protection systems, ensuring the entire protection system has no weak gaps, achieving continuous protection across the entire area, and significantly reducing roadbed salt erosion and sand accumulation damage. In addition, the construction of this protection system utilizes local salt lake brine and waste salt crust fragments throughout the entire process, without the use of any external chemical sand-fixing materials. The salt distribution is consistent with the original salt desert environment of the area, and will not cause local salt imbalance, thus maintaining a stable sand-fixing ecosystem in the long term.

[0079] In summary, this application proposes a multi-layered protection system tailored to the special ecological environment of transportation arteries with strong winds and heavy salinity. Some of the protection systems can be constructed using locally sourced materials, resulting in low cost, strong ecological adaptability, and maximized protection benefits.

[0080] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas, characterized in that: include: Protective zones set up on both sides of traffic routes; The closed belt, sand-fixing belt and sand-blocking belt are set up in the protected area, and the closed belt, sand-fixing belt and sand-blocking belt are distributed in sequence along the direction away from the traffic line; And, a fence, which is continuously and closedly arranged along the outer edge of the protected area; The sand-blocking belt is equipped with one or more tall vertical sand-blocking fences, which extend continuously along a direction parallel to the traffic line and / or perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. The sand-fixing zone is equipped with a semi-concealed salt crust grid-shaped sand barrier, which includes a grid-shaped structure composed of salt crust layer fragments laid on the ground. The surface of the enclosed zone is covered with an artificial salt crust layer, which is formed by spraying salt lake brine onto the surface of the enclosed zone.

2. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of the protection zone located on the upwind side of the traffic route is greater than the width of the protection zone located on the downwind side of the traffic route.

3. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sand-blocking belt is equipped with multiple tall, upright sand-blocking fences spaced at intervals along the prevailing wind direction. These fences include multiple first sand-blocking fences and multiple second sand-blocking fences. The first and second sand-blocking fences are staggered along the prevailing wind direction. The first sand-blocking fences extend continuously in a direction parallel to the traffic lines, and the second sand-blocking fences extend continuously in a direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. The direction parallel to the traffic lines forms an angle of 3 to 20° with the direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction.

4. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 3, characterized in that: The spacing between adjacent tall sand-blocking fences is 15-30 m.

5. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that: The sand-blocking fence includes a rigid slat fence structure and a first post. The rigid slat fence structure has a porous structure formed by multiple horizontal slats and multiple vertical slats connected in an alternating manner. The first post is fixedly connected to the rigid slat fence structure. Furthermore, the porosity of the lower region of the sand-blocking fence is 35%~40%, and the porosity of the upper region is 20%~25%. The lower region is the area from the bottom of the sand-blocking fence to half the height of the fence, and the upper region is the area from half the height of the sand-blocking fence to the top.

6. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 5, characterized in that: The rigid slat fence structure has a staggered joint structure formed by multiple horizontal slats and multiple vertical slats connected in an alternating pattern; And / or, the strip is an aluminum alloy profile, and the surface of the aluminum alloy profile is sequentially coated with a hot-dip galvanized coating and a fluorocarbon coating; And / or, the width of the strip is 80~120 mm and the thickness is 8~12 mm; And / or, the first column is provided as multiple columns, and the spacing between adjacent first columns is 1.2~1.8 m; and / or, the lower part of the first column is buried at a depth of more than 60 cm below the ground. And / or, the distance between the bottom end of the rigid slat fence structure and the ground is 10~15 cm.

7. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The artificial salt crust is formed by sequentially and evenly spraying low-concentration salt lake brine, medium-concentration salt lake brine, medium-high concentration salt lake brine, and high-concentration salt lake brine onto the surface of the enclosed zone using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device. The salt content of the low-concentration, medium-concentration, medium-high concentration, and high-concentration salt lake brine increases in a gradient of 4 to 8 wt%. Furthermore, the salt content of the high-concentration salt lake brine sprayed within the enclosed zone gradually increases in the direction away from the traffic route. The low-concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake in the protected area with clean water to a salt content of 2-4 wt%, and then allowing it to stand for 4-6 hours after spraying; the medium-concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake with clean water to a salt content of 6-8 wt%, and then allowing it to stand for 3-4 hours after spraying; the medium-high concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake with clean water to a salt content of 12-14 wt%, and then allowing it to stand for 2-3 hours after spraying; the high-concentration brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake with clean water to a salt content of 18-20 wt%.

8. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The length and width dimensions of the salt crust grid-shaped sand barrier are 0.5 m × 0.5 m to 1 m × 1 m; and / or, the burial depth of the salt crust grid-shaped sand barrier below the ground is 15 to 20 cm.

9. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sand-fixing zone is also distributed with a reinforced salt crust layer. The reinforced salt crust layer is formed by uniformly spraying diluted brine on the ground within the squares of the salt crust grid sand barrier using a low-pressure atomizing spraying device, and is fixedly connected to the grid structure. The diluted brine is formed by diluting the original brine of the salt lake in the protected area with clean water to a salt content of 10-14 wt%.

10. The comprehensive protection system for salt dust and sandstorm disasters along major transportation routes in high-altitude, windy, and saline areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fence includes a hot-dip galvanized wire mesh laid vertically and a second post fixedly connected to the hot-dip galvanized wire mesh; and / or, the height of the fence is 1.8~2 m; and / or, the widths of the enclosed strip, the sand-fixing strip, and the sand-blocking strip are 40~60 m, 80~120 m, and 80~120 m, respectively, and the sand-blocking strip is spaced 14.4~18 m apart from the sand-fixing strip.

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