Evaluation device for selectively plugging water by locally generating artificial interlayer in water-containing gas reservoir

Abstract

The utility model discloses an evaluation device for selectively plugging water by generating an artificial interlayer on site in a water-containing gas reservoir, and belongs to the field of water plugging of gas reservoirs. The device comprises a two-dimensional plate glass model, a formation water intermediate container, a natural gas intermediate container, an artificial partition fluid intermediate container, a back-pressure valve, a gas-liquid separator, a displacement pump, a pressure gauge, a heating jacket, a CCD industrial camera and a computer data acquisition system, the two-dimensional plate glass model comprises a front cover, a rear cover, a sealant, transparent sand-filled particles, a flexible temperature-resistant plastic sheet and an aluminum frame, the side part and the bottom of the two-dimensional plate glass model are respectively connected with the formation water intermediate container through pipelines, two pipelines extend out of the top of the two-dimensional plate glass model, and one pipeline is respectively connected with the natural gas intermediate container and the back-pressure valve; and the other pipeline is connected with an artificial partition plate fluid intermediate container, the model is over against a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) industrial camera, and the CCD industrial camera is connected with a computer. The utility model has important significance for promoting the practical application of the artificial partition plate and further realizing the efficient treatment of the water invasion of the gas reservoir.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model belongs to the field of water shutoff in gas reservoirs, and particularly relates to a visualization characterization device for realizing selective water shutoff by in-situ generation of artificial barriers in water-bearing gas reservoirs. Background Technique

[0002] There are rich natural gas resources in the Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Ordos Basin, etc. in China, among which water drive gas reservoirs with active edge and bottom water account for a relatively large proportion. During the development of edge and bottom water gas reservoirs, the internal pressure of the gas reservoir continuously decreases, forming a production pressure difference with the formation water area. As a result, the formation water invades the gas reservoir through preferential channels such as pores, holes, and fractures, changing the single-phase gas flow into gas-water two-phase seepage, significantly reducing the seepage capacity of the gas phase, and leading to problems such as reduced gas well productivity, increased abandonment pressure of the gas reservoir, reservoir damage, equipment corrosion, and increased production costs, ultimately reducing the recovery rate of the gas reservoir. For gas reservoir water invasion, the current water invasion treatment methods mainly include three types: gas production with water control, gas production with water drainage, and water shutoff. Gas production with water control is essentially to delay water invasion to a certain extent, gas production with water drainage is to discharge the wellbore liquid accumulation to reduce the harm of water invasion, and water shutoff can effectively block the water source fundamentally by installing packers or injecting chemical substances, so that water invasion can be effectively controlled, thus realizing the efficient development of water-bearing gas reservoirs. Among various gas reservoir water shutoff methods, artificial barriers have significant characteristics such as a wide plugging range, high plugging strength, and good selectivity, providing a new idea for the efficient treatment of gas reservoir water invasion.

[0003] Scholars at home and abroad have conducted relevant research on the establishment method of artificial barriers and potential physical simulation devices for barrier water control. Wassmuth et al. (Wassmuth F, Green K, Hodgins L. Water shut-off in gaswells: proper gel placement is the key to success[C] / / SPE / DOE symposium onimproved oil recovery. OnePetro, 2004) used polymer gels to plug the bottom water of fractured gas reservoirs to reduce water production and increase gas production. Placing pancake-shaped polymer gels at the gas-water interface above the bottom water layer as a water plugging barrier can further significantly improve the water plugging efficiency. Zhang Xu et al. (Zhang X, Liu W, Yang L, et al.Experimental study on water shutoff technology using in-situ ionprecipitation for gas reservoirs[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(20): 3881) proposed an in-situ ion precipitation water shutoff technology for water-bearing gas reservoirs, that is, using ions (Ba 2+ , Ca 2+ ) in formation water and ions (SO4 2- , CO3 2-)(React with each other to form a precipitation partition at the gas-water interface, effectively plugging the formation water. However, the water plugging effect of this method is greatly affected by the salinity of the formation water. "A water plugging method for establishing a large-area chemical partition at the gas-water interface of a water-bearing gas reservoir" (CN201911071326.2) injects the water phase and the oil phase into the gas-water interface or the area above the gas-water interface successively. The water phase and the oil phase spread and polymerize through the interface to establish a high-strength, large-area, and controllable-thickness chemical partition at the gas-water interface of the porous medium, effectively preventing the water body from invading the formation. "A selective water plugging method for high-water-cut gas wells in bottom-water gas reservoirs" (CN202110787016.1) first injects a foaming agent solution into the water-producing gas layer where bottom water cones in to automatically plug and protect the gas-producing layer at a fixed point, then injects high-speed and high-pressure nitrogen to press the cone, and then injects polymer gel into the water-producing channel to form an artificial partition in the water-producing layer to inhibit and relieve bottom water coning. "A visualization full-diameter seepage simulation device and method" (CN202110193065.2) can observe the radial seepage distribution characteristics of the test system in the full-diameter core under specific reservoir conditions through the viewing window. "A visualization bottom-water reservoir simulation development experimental device" (CN 201621194521.6) can be used to optimize the well pattern for the development of bottom-water reservoirs and study the influence of artificial partitions on the development effect of bottom-water drive reservoirs. Qiao Juncheng et al. (Qiao Juncheng, Zeng Jianhui, Xia Yuxuan, etc. Three-dimensional visualization physical simulation of natural gas injection in micro-nano pore networks [J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2022, 49(02): 306-318) showed through three-dimensional visualization on-line physical simulation experiments of natural gas injection in micro-nano pores that the injection dynamic process and gas-water distribution characteristics of low-permeability tight sandstone gas are controlled by the micro-nano pore throat configuration and its heterogeneity.)

[0004] Before plugging the specific water-producing position of the formation, determine the placement position of the artificial partition in the gas-water interface area of the porous medium in the gas reservoir, the plugging range formed laterally, and the thickness distribution of the partition longitudinally, and then predict and control the plugging range and plugging strength of the artificial partition to achieve the purpose of effective water control. However, the existing visualization physical simulation devices cannot be used to study the migration law of the artificial partition system at the gas-water interface of the porous medium in the water-bearing gas reservoir, determine the placement position, plugging range, and thickness distribution of the partition at the gas-water interface area, and evaluate the actual water control effect when the gas well continues to produce after the artificial partition completes the plugging, resulting in less application of the artificial partition water plugging method in the oil field.) Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide an evaluation device for selectively plugging water by in-situ generating an artificial interlayer in a water-bearing gas reservoir. The device has a reliable principle and is easy to operate, enabling the establishment process of the artificial partition at the gas-water interface of the water-bearing gas reservoir to achieve visualization physical simulation, and then observing the morphology of the artificial partition and evaluating its plugging range and plugging effect.)

[0006] To achieve the above technical objectives, the present utility model adopts the following technical solutions.

[0007] An evaluation device for in-situ generation of artificial barriers for selective water shutoff in a water-bearing gas reservoir mainly consists of a two-dimensional flat glass model, an intermediate container, a displacement pump, a pressure sensor, a backpressure valve, a gas-liquid separator, a gas flow meter, a liquid flow meter, a CCD industrial camera, a computer data acquisition system, a heating jacket, valves, and several pipelines.

[0008] The two-dimensional flat glass model includes a front cover, a back cover, a sealant, transparent sand-filled particles, a flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet, and an aluminum frame. The front cover and the back cover are fixed by the aluminum frame. The front cover and the back cover are made of transparent heat-resistant and pressure-resistant toughened glass. The distance between the two covers is about 1 cm. The sealant is placed at the edge between the front cover and the back cover to ensure the high tightness of the two-dimensional flat glass model. Transparent sand-filled particles are filled in the cavity between the front cover and the back cover to simulate the rock particles inside the gas reservoir. Several flexible heat-resistant plastic sheets are placed inside the transparent sand-filled particles to simulate the preferential channels of artificial fractures. The heating jacket is closely attached to the back cover of the two-dimensional flat glass model to provide a specific temperature environment and ensure that the experimental temperature inside the model is the same as the actual temperature of the gas reservoir.

[0009] The displacement pump is connected to the intermediate container through a pipeline to provide displacement power. The backpressure valve is a three-way design, connected to the valve through a pipeline to control the fluid flow, and connected to the backpressure pump to provide backpressure. The gas-liquid separator is respectively connected to the gas flow meter and the liquid flow meter to separate natural gas and formation water. The gas flow meter collects natural gas and measures the volume of produced natural gas, and the liquid flow meter collects formation water and measures the volume of formation water. The CCD industrial camera is placed directly in front of the two-dimensional flat glass model, and the computer data acquisition system is connected to the CCD industrial camera to record the formation process of the artificial partition at the gas-water interface in the porous medium, and is further used for data processing and analysis.

[0010] Furthermore, multiple through holes are opened at the four peripheral edges of the front cover and the back cover. There are threads inside the through holes. The corresponding positions of the edges of the aluminum frame and the front and back covers are also opened with multiple through holes. Screw buttons are placed inside the through holes to fix the front and back covers inside the aluminum frame, so that the two-dimensional flat glass model has better stability.

[0011] Furthermore, the sealant is a heat-resistant and pressure-resistant organic resin.

[0012] Furthermore, the transparent sand-filled particles are fused quartz, amorphous silicon powder, silica gel, or polymer particles. Different types and sizes of transparent sand-filled particles are used to simulate porous media with different lithologies and different porosities and permeabilities.

[0013] Further, the flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet is about 1 mm thick, about 5 mm wide, and has different lengths. It is placed in transparent sand-filled particles to simulate an artificial fracture.

[0014] Further, during the sand filling process of the two-dimensional flat glass model, larger-sized transparent particles or flexible heat-resistant plastic sheets are filled in the area invaded by bottom water or edge water, and smaller-sized transparent particles are filled in other areas, so that the porosity and permeability of the area invaded by bottom water or edge water are greater than those of other areas, forming a preferential channel. When the bottom water or edge water invades, the phenomenon of the water body advancing rapidly along the preferential channel will occur, more realistically simulating the phenomenon of bottom water coning or edge water encroachment in the gas reservoir.

[0015] Further, there are three artificial baffle fluid intermediate containers, which are respectively used to store different baffle fluids and are connected to the corresponding valves through pipelines.

[0016] The evaluation method for in-situ generation of artificial barriers for selective water plugging in a water-bearing gas reservoir using this device successively includes the following steps:

[0017] (1) Establish irreducible water: Start the heating jacket to heat the two-dimensional flat glass model to the experimental temperature. Start the displacement pump to drive formation water into the two-dimensional flat glass model. When the liquid meter collects formation water and the continuous water output flow rate is stable, the saturation is completed at this time, and the displacement is stopped. Start the displacement pump to drive natural gas into the two-dimensional flat glass model for gas drive water. After observing that no more formation water is driven out, continue to displace for 2 h.

[0018] (2) Establish a gas-water interface: Inject natural gas into the two-dimensional flat glass model to make it have a certain pressure. At the same time, start the backpressure pump to provide backpressure, making the displacement pressure slightly higher than the backpressure. Continuously drive formation water into the two-dimensional flat glass model through the bottom valve to simulate the process of bottom water invasion in the gas reservoir. When it is observed that the water body rises to 1 / 3 of the height of the model, increase the backpressure to make the bottom water inlet pressure and outlet pressure consistent, and establish a dynamic gas-water interface in the porous medium of the two-dimensional flat glass model.

[0019] (3) Establish an artificial baffle: The displacement pump injects the baffle fluid through the valve into the gas-water interface of the porous medium, making the injection pressure slightly higher than the backpressure. Stop injecting when an artificial baffle with a certain thickness is formed at the gas-water interface. Enable the CCD industrial camera to record in real time and observe the process of the baffle fluid forming an artificial baffle at the gas-water interface.

[0020] (4) Evaluate the water control performance of the baffle: Keep the backpressure unchanged, make the displacement pressure slightly higher than the backpressure, and continuously invade the two-dimensional flat glass model with formation water in the form of bottom water until the liquid meter collects formation water and continuous formation water is produced, indicating that the artificial baffle has been broken through by the bottom water. At this time, the displacement inlet pressure is the breakthrough pressure, and evaluate the performance of the artificial baffle in controlling the bottom water according to the breakthrough pressure.

[0021] Further, in the step (2), formation water is continuously driven into the two-dimensional flat glass model through the side valve to simulate the process of edge water invasion in the gas reservoir, and a dynamic gas-water interface is established in the porous medium of the two-dimensional flat glass model.

[0022] Further, in the step (4), formation water continuously invades the two-dimensional flat glass model in the form of edge water, and the control effect of the artificial baffle on the edge water is evaluated according to the breakthrough pressure.

[0023] Further, this device can also be used to study the influence of factors such as water invasion rate, production pressure difference, baffle plugging range and thickness, and heterogeneity of porous medium on the water control performance of the artificial baffle.

[0024] Further, different methods, including single-fluid method, double-fluid method, and gas-assisted baffle fluid method, can all establish artificial baffles at the gas-water interface of the water-bearing gas reservoir.

[0025] Further, if the double-fluid method is used to establish the artificial baffle, after the first type of baffle fluid is injected, the corresponding valve is closed, and then the second type of baffle fluid is injected to the gas-water interface of the porous medium, and the two types of baffle fluids react to form the artificial baffle; if the gas-assisted baffle fluid method is used to establish the artificial baffle, high-speed and high-pressure gas needs to be stored in the intermediate container, and the first type of baffle fluid, the second type of baffle fluid, and the high-speed and high-pressure gas are respectively injected to the gas-water interface.

[0026] Compared with the existing technologies, the utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] (1) Studying migration law: The utility model can study the migration law of plugging agents of the baffle type at the gas-water interface of the porous medium, which is beneficial to further regulating the formation process of the artificial baffle;

[0028] (2) Regulating plugging performance: The utility model can characterize and regulate the placement position, plugging range, and baffle thickness distribution (longitudinal section shape) of the artificial baffle plugging agent system, making the plugging process of the artificial baffle more accurate and efficient;

[0029] (3) Evaluating water control effect: The utility model can also evaluate the water control effect after the artificial baffle plugging agent system completes plugging, providing an important reference basis for practical applications. Description of the Drawings

[0030] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of a device for visualizing the selective water plugging by in-situ generation of an artificial interlayer in a water-bearing gas reservoir.

[0031] Figure 2 It is a sectional view of the two-dimensional flat glass model in the visualization experimental device.

[0032] In the figure: 1, 15, 25 - displacement pumps; 2, 21 - intermediate containers for formation water and natural gas; 10, 12, 14 - intermediate containers for artificial baffle fluid; 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 18, 20 - valves; 4, 6, 16, 17 - pressure sensors; 7 - CCD industrial camera; 8 - computer data acquisition system; 19 - back pressure valve; 22 - gas-liquid separator; 23 - gas flow meter; 24 - liquid flow meter; 26 - back pressure pump; 27 - flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet; 28 - sealant; 29 - front cover; 30 - transparent sand-filled particles; 31 - back cover; 32 - screw knob; 33 - aluminum frame; 34 - heating jacket. Detailed implementation manners

[0033] The preferred embodiments of the present utility model are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings to facilitate those skilled in the art of this technical field to understand the present utility model. It should be clear, however, that the preferred embodiments described herein are only for the purpose of illustration and explanation of the present utility model, and the present utility model is not limited to the scope of the specific implementation manners. As long as various changes are within the spirit and scope of the present utility model defined and determined by the appended claims, they are all within the scope of protection.

[0034] Refer to Figure 1 、 Figure 2 。

[0035] An evaluation device for in-situ generation of artificial barriers for selective water shutoff in water-bearing gas reservoirs, comprising a two-dimensional flat glass model, an intermediate container for formation water, an intermediate container for natural gas, an intermediate container for artificial baffle fluid, a back pressure valve, a gas-liquid separator, a displacement pump, a pressure gauge, valves, a heating jacket, a CCD industrial camera and a computer data acquisition system.

[0036] The two-dimensional flat glass model includes a front cover 29, a back cover 31, a sealant 28, transparent sand-filled particles 30, a flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet 27 and an aluminum frame 33. The front cover and the back cover are fixed by the aluminum frame. The front cover and the back cover are made of transparent heat-resistant and pressure-resistant tempered glass. The distance between the two covers is about 1 cm. The sealant is placed at the edge between the front cover and the back cover. The cavity between the front cover and the back cover is filled with transparent sand-filled particles, and several flexible heat-resistant plastic sheets are placed inside the transparent sand-filled particles. The back cover is covered with a heating jacket 34.

[0037] Threaded through holes are provided at corresponding positions around the front cover, the back cover and the aluminum frame, and screw knobs 32 are placed in the through holes to fix the front cover and the back cover in the aluminum frame.

[0038] The sides and bottom of the two-dimensional flat glass model are respectively connected to the formation water intermediate container 2 through pipelines, and pressure gauges 6, 4 and valves 5, 3 are respectively arranged on the connecting pipelines; two pipelines extend from the top of the two-dimensional flat glass model, one pipeline is respectively connected to the natural gas intermediate container 21 (equipped with a pressure gauge 17 and a valve 18) and a back pressure valve 19, the back pressure valve is respectively connected to a back pressure pump 26 and a gas-liquid separator 22 (equipped with a valve 20), the gas-liquid separator is connected to a gas flow meter 23 and a liquid flow meter 24, and the other pipeline is respectively connected to the artificial baffle fluid intermediate containers 10, 12, 14 through a pressure gauge 16, and valves 9, 11, 13 are also respectively arranged on the connecting pipelines. The formation water intermediate container, the natural gas intermediate container and the artificial baffle fluid intermediate container are respectively connected to displacement pumps 1, 25, 15; the two-dimensional flat glass model is facing a CCD industrial camera 7, and the CCD industrial camera is connected to a computer data acquisition system 8.

[0039] An evaluation method for in-situ generation of artificial barriers and selective water plugging in a water-bearing gas reservoir by using this device successively includes the following steps:

[0040] (1) Establishing irreducible water: According to the analysis data of formation water and natural gas components in the target block, formation water and natural gas are respectively prepared and stored in intermediate containers 2 and 21. The heating jacket 34 is started to heat the two-dimensional flat glass model to the experimental temperature; valves 3 and 20 are opened, and the displacement pump 1 is started to drive the formation water in the intermediate container 2 into the two-dimensional flat glass model. When the liquid flow meter 24 collects the formation water and the continuous water output flow is stable, the displacement is stopped and the displacement pump 1 is closed; valve 20 is closed, the pipeline connecting valve 3 and intermediate container 2 is disconnected, the displacement pump 25 is started, valve 18 is opened, and the natural gas in the intermediate container 21 is driven into the two-dimensional glass model for gas drive water. The formation water is driven out from the right-end pipeline of valve 3. After observing that no more formation water is driven out, the displacement is continued for 2 h, and the displacement pump 25, valve 18 and 3 are closed.

[0041] (2) Establishing a gas-water interface: The displacement pump 25 is started and valve 18 is opened to inject natural gas into the porous medium of the two-dimensional flat glass model to make the model have a certain pressure. The back pressure pump 26 is started to provide back pressure through the back pressure valve 19; the pipeline between valve 3 and intermediate container 2 is connected, valve 3 is opened, valve 5 is closed, the displacement pump 1 is started and the displacement pressure is slightly higher than the back pressure. At the same time, valve 20 is opened, and the formation water in the intermediate container 2 is continuously driven into the two-dimensional flat glass model to simulate the process of bottom water invasion in the gas reservoir; when it is observed that the water body rises to about 1 / 3 of the height of the glass model, the back pressure valve is adjusted to increase the back pressure so that the pressures displayed by the pressure sensors 17 and 4 are basically the same, that is, a dynamic gas-water interface is established in the porous medium of the two-dimensional flat glass model; obviously, changing "open valve 3, close valve 5" to "open valve 5, close valve 3" can simulate the establishment of a gas-water interface in the porous medium when edge water invades the gas reservoir.

[0042] (3) Establish an artificial baffle: Enable the CCD industrial camera 7 to record and observe the process of the baffle fluid forming an artificial baffle at the gas-water interface in real time. Close the valve 3 and the displacement pump 1, open the valve 9, start and adjust the displacement pump 15 to make the injection pressure slightly higher than the back pressure to ensure that the baffle fluid can be injected into the porous medium at the gas-water interface in the glass model. When it is observed that an artificial baffle with a certain thickness is formed at the gas-water interface, close the displacement pump 15 and the valve 9 to stop injecting the baffle fluid;

[0043] (4) Evaluate the water control performance of the baffle: Keep the back pressure unchanged, start the displacement pump 1 to make the displacement pressure slightly higher than the back pressure, open the valves 20 and 3, close the remaining valves, and continuously invade the formation water in the intermediate container into the porous medium of the glass model in the form of bottom water. Keep the displacement pressure unchanged, continuously monitor the change of the displacement inlet pressure through the pressure sensor 4 until the first drop of formation water is collected by the liquid meter and continuous formation water is produced, indicating that the artificial baffle has been broken through by the bottom water. At this time, the pressure displayed by the pressure sensor 4 is the breakthrough pressure, so as to evaluate the performance of the artificial baffle in controlling the bottom water according to the breakthrough pressure; Obviously, changing "open the valves 20 and 3" to "open the valves 20 and 5" and keeping other settings unchanged is to evaluate the control effect of the artificial baffle on the edge water.

Claims

1. An evaluation device for selective water plugging of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs, comprising a two-dimensional flat glass model, a formation water intermediate container, a natural gas intermediate container, an artificial partition fluid intermediate container, a back pressure valve, a gas-liquid separator, a displacement pump, a pressure gauge, a valve, a heating jacket, a CCD industrial camera and a computer data acquisition system, characterized in that: The two-dimensional flat glass model comprises a front cover (29), a rear cover (31), a sealant (28), transparent sand filling particles (30), a flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet (27) and an aluminum frame (33). The front cover and the rear cover are fixed by the aluminum frame. The front cover and the rear cover are made of transparent heat-resistant and pressure-resistant tempered glass. The distance between the two cover plates is 1 cm. The sealant is placed at the edge between the front cover and the rear cover. The cavity between the front cover and the rear cover is filled with transparent sand filling particles. A number of flexible heat-resistant plastic sheets are placed in the transparent sand filling particles. The rear cover is covered with a heating jacket (34). The side and bottom of the two-dimensional flat glass model are connected to the formation water intermediate container through pipelines. The two-dimensional flat glass model is provided with a pressure gauge and a valve on the connecting pipeline; two pipelines extend from the top of the two-dimensional flat glass model, one pipeline is respectively connected to the natural gas intermediate container (21) and the back pressure valve (19), the back pressure valve is respectively connected to the back pressure pump (26) and the gas-liquid separator (22), the gas-liquid separator is connected to the gas meter (23) and the liquid meter (24), and the other pipeline is connected to the artificial baffle fluid intermediate container, and the formation water intermediate container, the natural gas intermediate container, and the artificial baffle fluid intermediate container are respectively connected to the displacement pump; the two-dimensional flat glass model faces the CCD industrial camera (7), and the CCD industrial camera is connected to the computer data acquisition system (8).

2. The evaluation device for selective water shutoff of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs according to claim 1, characterized in that: A plurality of threaded through holes are opened at corresponding positions around the front cover, the rear cover and the aluminum frame, and screw buttons are placed in the through holes to fix the front cover and the rear cover in the aluminum frame.

3. The evaluation device for selective water shutoff of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sealant is a temperature-resistant and pressure-resistant organic resin.

4. The evaluation device for selective water shutoff of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs according to claim 1, characterized in that: The transparent sand filling particles are fused quartz, amorphous silica powder, silica gel or polymer particles. The porous media with different lithology and different porosity can be simulated by changing the type and size of the transparent sand filling particles.

5. The evaluation device for selective water shutoff of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flexible heat-resistant plastic sheet has a thickness of 1 mm, a width of 5 mm and different lengths, and is placed in transparent sand-filling particles to simulate artificial cracks.

6. The evaluation device for selective water shutoff of artificial barriers generated in situ in water-containing gas reservoirs according to claim 1, characterized in that: There are three artificial partition fluid intermediate containers, which are respectively used to store different partition fluids and are connected to corresponding valves through pipelines.

Images