Conductive wire needle row assembly and wire placement machine
By designing a conductive wire needle array assembly, the problem of unstable operation of the conductive wire needle array in the wire laying machine was solved, achieving stable winding and reliable connection between the conductive wire and the heating wire, thus improving the working stability of the wire laying machine and the versatility of the materials.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- FOSHAN SHUNDE YINGXIONGHUI INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGY CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-10
AI Technical Summary
In the process of laying large-area heating wires, the existing wire laying machine causes the conductive wire needle row to run unevenly and is easily damaged, resulting in insufficient material versatility and affecting the reliable connection between the heating wire and the conductive wire.
A conductive wire needle array assembly was designed, including a conductive wire needle array, a conductive wire needle array auxiliary rod, a guide rod, and a guide seat. The conductive wire needle array is driven by a drive motor to move in the left-right and up-down directions. Combined with worm gear transmission, the stable delivery and winding of the conductive wire is achieved.
It improves the stability and durability of the conductive wire needle array, ensures a reliable connection between the conductive wire and the heating wire, and enhances the working reliability and efficiency of the wire laying machine.
Smart Images
Figure CN224105282U_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of silk laying equipment, and specifically relates to a conductive wire needle row assembly and a silk laying machine. BACKGROUND
[0002] With the need of heating or physiotherapy and health care, various electric blankets, hand warming bags, heating pads and other heating household products have been relatively popular. In the production and manufacturing process, the silk laying machine uses yarn to wrap heating wires such as carbon fiber heating wires and graphene heating wires on the base material (such as non-woven fabric). The flexible heating body needs to be connected with the wire to be electrified and heated. For a large-area electric blanket or heating mattress, the conductive wire needs to be wrapped and fixed on the base plate to ensure the reliability of the connection with the heating wire.
[0003] For large-area laying and winding of heating wires or conductive wires, a relatively long needle row is generally required, which can be more than several meters long. During laying and winding, the needle row needs to move frequently, which is prone to unstable operation or damage. At the same time, the material quality of the needle row is also relatively high, which leads to insufficient material versatility. SUMMARY
[0004] The utility model aims at providing a conductive wire needle row assembly with stable operation, and correspondingly providing a silk laying machine.
[0005] In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model adopts the following technical scheme:
[0006] A conductive wire needle row assembly is applied to a conductive wire conveying mechanism of a silk laying machine. The silk laying machine comprises a rack and a driving motor. The conductive wire conveying mechanism is installed on the rack.
[0007] The rack is also provided with a base material conveying mechanism, a yarn conveying mechanism and a winding mechanism. The driving motor is in driving connection with the base material conveying mechanism, the yarn conveying mechanism, the conductive wire conveying mechanism and the winding mechanism respectively, so as to convey the base material, the yarn and the conductive wire to the winding station of the winding mechanism. The winding mechanism can control the yarn to wrap and fix the conductive wire on the base material at the corresponding winding station.
[0008] The conductive wire conveying mechanism further comprises a conductive wire needle row mounting seat and a conductive wire left-right movement assembly. The conductive wire needle row assembly comprises a conductive wire needle row and a conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod. The conductive wire needle row can fix the conductive wire.
[0009] Two ends of the conductive wire needle row are installed on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat, and the driving motor is sequentially connected with the conductive wire left-right movement assembly and the conductive wire needle row driving connection, so that the conductive wire needle row can be driven to reciprocate along the left-right direction.
[0010] Two ends of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod are installed on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat; the conductive wire needle row and the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod are provided with a guide seat and a guide rod respectively, the guide rod is arranged in the guide seat, and when the conductive wire needle row moves along the left-right direction, the guide rod can move along the left-right direction in the guide seat.
[0011] Further, the guide rod is fixed on the side of the conductive wire needle row, and the guide seat is installed on the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod.
[0012] Further, the conductive wire needle row assembly further comprises a support rod, and two ends of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod are connected to the conductive wire needle row mounting seat through the support rod respectively.
[0013] Further, the conductive wire needle row assembly further comprises a first bolt arranged perpendicularly to the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, an upper end of the support rod is provided with an auxiliary rod through hole and a first bolt hole which are perpendicular to each other and communicate with each other, an end of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod passes through the auxiliary rod through hole, and the first bolt is adapted to be installed on the first bolt hole to lock the end of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod.
[0014] Further, the conductive wire needle row assembly further comprises a second bolt arranged in parallel with the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, a lower end of the support rod is provided with a second bolt hole, one end of the second bolt is fixed on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat, and the other end passes through the second bolt hole to lock the lower end of the support rod.
[0015] Further, the conductive wire needle row comprises a first conductive wire needle row and a second conductive wire needle row which are installed in parallel on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat, the conductive wire comprises a first conductive wire and a second conductive wire, the first conductive wire needle row can fix the first conductive wire, and the second conductive wire needle row can fix the second conductive wire.
[0016] The conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod comprises a first conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod and a second conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, the guide seat comprises a first guide seat and a second guide seat, and the guide rod comprises a first guide rod and a second guide rod.
[0017] The first guide rod is fixed on the side of the first conductive wire needle row, and the first guide seat is installed on the first conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod.
[0018] The second guide rod is fixed on the side of the second electrically conductive wire needle row, and the second guide seat is installed on the second electrically conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod.
[0019] Further, the electrically conductive wire conveying mechanism further comprises an electrically conductive wire up-down movement assembly.
[0020] The driving motor is sequentially connected with the electrically conductive wire up-down movement assembly, the electrically conductive wire needle row mounting seat and the electrically conductive wire needle row, and can convey the electrically conductive wire to the winding work station along the up-down direction.
[0021] The electrically conductive wire needle row comprises a first electrically conductive wire needle row and a second electrically conductive wire needle row which are installed in parallel on the electrically conductive wire needle row mounting seat, the electrically conductive wire comprises a first electrically conductive wire and a second electrically conductive wire, the first electrically conductive wire needle row can fix the first electrically conductive wire, and the second electrically conductive wire needle row can fix the second electrically conductive wire.
[0022] The first electrically conductive wire needle row and the second electrically conductive wire needle row can move in opposite directions alternately, so that the first electrically conductive wire and the second electrically conductive wire are cross-stacked.
[0023] Further, the rack further comprises a driving main shaft and a driving secondary shaft; the driving motor is in transmission connection with the driving main shaft, and the driving main shaft is in transmission connection with the driving secondary shaft through a worm and gear transmission pair.
[0024] The driving secondary shaft is in transmission connection with the electrically conductive wire left-right movement assembly, and the driving main shaft is in transmission connection with the electrically conductive wire up-down movement assembly.
[0025] The electrically conductive wire needle row assembly of the paving machine has the advantages of the above-mentioned any one scheme.
[0026] Beneficial effects: the electrically conductive wire needle row assembly of the utility model has the advantages that the electrically conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, the guide rod and the guide seat are arranged, the stability and durability of the electrically conductive wire needle row can be improved, and the movement of the electrically conductive wire needle row in the normal working state is not hindered. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0027] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical scheme in the embodiments of the utility model or the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiment or the prior art description will be briefly introduced below, and obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the utility model, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings according to these drawings without creating creative labor.
[0028] Figure 1 It is a kind of overall structure schematic diagram of paving machine, and its electrically conductive wire conveying mechanism uses the electrically conductive wire needle row assembly provided by the embodiment.
[0029] Figure 2 is Figure 1 the structure diagram of the default left and right control box of the fiber placement machine.
[0030] Figure 3 is Figure 1 a cross-sectional structure diagram of the fiber placement machine.
[0031] Figure 4 is Figure 3 an enlarged structure diagram of A in the fiber placement machine.
[0032] Figure 5 is Figure 1 a partial structure diagram of the conductive wire conveying mechanism in the fiber placement machine.
[0033] Figure 6 is Figure 5 a further exploded view.
[0034] Figure 7 is Figure 1 a winding finished product diagram of the fiber placement machine.
[0035] In the figure: 31-first conductive wire, 32-second conductive wire, 40-base material, 50-yarn, 60-heating wire.
[0036] 1000-frame, 1100-driving main shaft, 1110-worm, 1210-worm gear, 1200-driving sub-shaft, 1300-worm and gear transmission pair, 2000-driving motor.
[0037] 3000-conductive wire conveying mechanism, 3100-conductive wire needle row assembly, 3110-conductive wire needle row, 3111-first conductive wire needle row, 3112-second conductive wire needle row, 3120-conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, 3121-first conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, 3122-second conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod, 3130-guide rod, 3131-first guide rod, 3132-second guide rod, 3140-guide seat, 3141-first guide seat, 3142-first guide seat, 3150-supporting rod, 3151-first bolt hole, 3152-second bolt hole, 3153-auxiliary rod via hole, 3160-first bolt, 3170-second bolt, 3200-conductive wire needle row mounting seat, 3300-conductive wire left and right movement assembly, 3400-conductive wire up and down movement assembly.
[0038] 4000-base material conveying mechanism; 5000-yarn conveying mechanism; 6000-heating wire conveying mechanism; 7000-winding mechanism. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] In order to make the application purpose, characteristics and advantages of the utility model more obvious and easy to understand, the technical solutions in the utility model embodiments will be clearly and completely described below in combination with the drawings in the utility model embodiments. Obviously, the embodiments described below are only part of the embodiments of the utility model, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor belong to the protection scope of the utility model.
[0040] In the description of the present application, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "side" and the like indicate the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present application.
[0041] Unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "connection", "fixation", "arrangement" should be understood broadly, for example, can be fixedly connected, can be detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically connected, can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, can be the communication inside two elements. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood according to the specific circumstances.
[0042] In addition, the terms "first", "second", "third" are only for the purpose of description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features limited by "first", "second", "third" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more features. Unless otherwise explicitly specified.
[0043] Please refer to Figures 1 to 7 , the conductive wire needle row assembly 3100 provided by the embodiment can be applied to the conductive wire conveying mechanism 3000 of the fiber placement machine, the fiber placement machine comprises a rack 1000 and a driving motor 2000, and the conductive wire conveying mechanism 3000 is installed on the rack 1000;
[0044] The rack 1000 is also provided with a base material conveying mechanism 4000, a yarn conveying mechanism 5000 and a winding mechanism 7000; the driving motor 2000 is in driving connection with the base material conveying mechanism 4000, the yarn conveying mechanism 5000, the conductive wire conveying mechanism 3000 and the winding mechanism 7000 respectively, so as to convey the base material, the yarn and the conductive wire to the winding station of the winding mechanism 7000; the winding mechanism 7000 can control the yarn to wind and fix the conductive wire on the base material at the corresponding winding station.
[0045] The filament laying machine of the embodiment is a heating filament laying machine, which further comprises a heating filament conveying mechanism 6000; the heating filament conveying mechanism 6000 can convey the heating filament 60 to the winding station, and the winding mechanism 7000 can control another group of yarns to wind and fix the heating filament on the base material at the heating filament winding station.
[0046] The base material of the embodiment can be non-woven fabric, PVC film, cloth film or net film, and the heating filament can be carbon fiber or graphene.
[0047] The specific winding process can be referred to as follows: after the base material conveying mechanism 4000 conveys the base material to the winding station of the winding mechanism 7000, the hook needle for winding the heating filament and the hook needle for winding the conductive filament on the winding mechanism 7000 simultaneously pierce the base material, at the same time, the heating filament conveying mechanism 6000 conveys the heating filament to the heating filament winding station, the conductive filament conveying mechanism 3000 conveys the conductive filament to the conductive filament winding station, and the yarn conveying mechanism 5000 performs up-down flipping and left-right movement, so as to wind the two groups of yarns on the hook needle for winding the heating filament and the hook needle for winding the conductive filament, respectively, and after the two groups of hook needles are reset, the corresponding yarns are hooked and pulled to the back of the base material, and the process is repeated, so that the two groups of yarns fix the heating filament and the conductive filament on the base material in a winding manner.
[0048] Please refer to Figure 5 and Figure 6 In the embodiment, the conductive filament conveying mechanism 3000 further comprises a conductive filament needle row mounting seat 3200 and a conductive filament left-right movement assembly 3300; the conductive filament needle row assembly 3100 comprises a conductive filament needle row 3110 and a conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod 3120, and the conductive filament needle row 3110 can fix the conductive filament.
[0049] The two ends of the conductive filament needle row 3110 are mounted on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat 3200, and the driving motor 2000 is drivingly connected with the conductive filament left-right movement assembly 3300 and the conductive filament needle row 3110 in sequence, so as to drive the conductive filament needle row 3110 to reciprocate in the left-right direction.
[0050] The two ends of the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod 3120 are mounted on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat 3200; the side surface of the conductive filament needle row 3110 is fixed with a guide rod 3130, and the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod 3120 is mounted with a guide seat 3140. The guide rod 3130 is arranged in the guide seat 3140, and when the conductive filament needle row 3110 moves in the left-right direction, the guide rod 3130 can move in the left-right direction in the guide seat 3140.
[0051] In other embodiments, the side of the conductive wire needle row 3110 is fixed with a guide seat, and the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120 is provided with a guide rod. The guide rod is arranged in the guide seat, and when the conductive wire needle row 3110 moves in the left-right direction, the guide rod can move in the left-right direction in the guide seat.
[0052] In this embodiment, the conductive wire needle row assembly 3100 further comprises a support rod 3150, and the two ends of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120 are connected to the conductive wire needle row mounting seat 3200 through a support rod 3150 respectively.
[0053] Further, the conductive wire needle row assembly 3100 further comprises a first bolt 3160 arranged perpendicularly to the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120, the upper end of the support rod 3150 has an auxiliary rod through hole 3153 and a first bolt hole 3151 which are perpendicular to each other and communicate with each other, the end of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120 passes through the auxiliary rod through hole 3153, and the first bolt 3160 is adapted to be installed on the first bolt hole 3151 to lock the end of the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120.
[0054] Further, the conductive wire needle row assembly 3100 further comprises a second bolt 3170 arranged in parallel with the conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120, the lower end of the support rod 3150 has a second bolt hole 3152, one end of the second bolt 3150 is fixed to the conductive wire needle row mounting seat 3200, and the other end passes through the second bolt hole 3152 to lock the lower end of the support rod 3130.
[0055] Further, the conductive wire needle row 3110 comprises a first conductive wire needle row 3111 and a second conductive wire needle row 3112 which are installed in parallel on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat 3200, and the conductive wire comprises a first conductive wire and a second conductive wire, the first conductive wire needle row 3111 can fix the first conductive wire, and the second conductive wire needle row 3112 can fix the second conductive wire.
[0056] The conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3120 comprises a first conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3121 and a second conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3122, the guide seat 3140 comprises a first guide seat 3141 and a second guide seat 3142, and the guide rod 3130 comprises a first guide rod 3131 and a second guide rod 3132.
[0057] The first guide rod 3131 is fixed to the side of the first conductive wire needle row 3111, and the first guide seat 3141 is installed on the first conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3121.
[0058] The second guide rod 3132 is fixed to the side of the second conductive wire needle row 3112, and the second guide seat 3142 is installed on the second conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod 3122.
[0059] Further, the conductive wire conveying mechanism 3000 further comprises a conductive wire up-down movement assembly 3400.
[0060] The driving motor 2000 is in turn in transmission connection with the conductive wire up-down movement assembly 3400, the conductive wire needle row mounting seat 3200 and the conductive wire needle row 3110, and can convey the conductive wire to the winding station along the up-down direction.
[0061] The conductive wire needle row 3110 comprises a first conductive wire needle row 3111 and a second conductive wire needle row 3112 which are installed in parallel on the conductive wire needle row mounting seat 3200, and the conductive wire comprises a first conductive wire and a second conductive wire, the first conductive wire needle row 3111 can fix the first conductive wire, and the second conductive wire needle row 3112 can fix the second conductive wire.
[0062] The first conductive wire needle row 3111 and the second conductive wire needle row 3112 can move in opposite directions alternately, so as to cross and overlap the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire.
[0063] In the embodiment, the conductive wire left-right movement assembly 3300 drives the first conductive wire needle row 3111 and the second conductive wire needle row 3112 to move in opposite directions alternately, so as to cross and overlap the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire on the winding station and arrange them on the base material, on the one hand, the yarn can be wound and fixed on the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire at the same time, and on the other hand, the heating wire can be connected between the two conductive wires, that is, the two conductive wires are respectively located on the upper and lower surfaces of the heating wire, so as to realize more stable and reliable circuit connection, as shown in Figure 7 .
[0064] Further, the rack 1000 further comprises a driving main shaft 1100 and a driving secondary shaft 1200; the driving motor 2000 is in transmission connection with the driving main shaft 1100, and the driving main shaft 1100 is in transmission connection with the driving secondary shaft 1200 through the worm and gear transmission pair 1300.
[0065] The driving secondary shaft 1200 is in transmission connection with the conductive wire left-right movement assembly 3300, and the driving main shaft 1100 is in transmission connection with the conductive wire up-down movement assembly 3400.
[0066] In addition, the embodiment also provides a wire laying machine, and the conductive wire conveying mechanism of the wire laying machine has the conductive wire needle row assembly of any one of the above schemes, except that the conductive wire needle row assembly adopts the above design, and other structures can adopt the prior art, so that the specific structure will not be described herein.
[0067] The above-described above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and are not limited thereto; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments can still be modified, or some technical features therein can be replaced by equivalents; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.
Claims
1. A conductive filament needle row assembly applied to a conductive filament conveying mechanism of a filament laying machine, the filament laying machine comprising a frame and a driving motor, the conductive filament conveying mechanism being mounted on the frame; a base material conveying mechanism, a yarn conveying mechanism and a winding mechanism are also mounted on the frame; the driving motor is in driving connection with the base material conveying mechanism, the yarn conveying mechanism, the conductive filament conveying mechanism and the winding mechanism respectively, and is used to convey the base material, the yarn and the conductive filament to winding stations of the winding mechanism; the winding mechanism can control the yarn to wind and fix the conductive filament on the base material at the corresponding winding station; characterized in that: the conductive filament conveying mechanism further comprises a conductive filament needle row mounting seat and a conductive filament left-right movement assembly; the conductive filament needle row assembly comprises a conductive filament needle row and a conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod, and the conductive filament needle row can fix the conductive filament; two ends of the conductive filament needle row are mounted on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat, and the driving motor is in driving connection with the conductive filament left-right movement assembly and the conductive filament needle row in sequence, so as to drive the conductive filament needle row to reciprocate along the left-right direction; two ends of the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod are mounted on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat; the conductive filament needle row and the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod have one guide seat and the other guide rod, the guide rod is arranged in the guide seat, and the guide rod can move along the left-right direction in the guide seat when the conductive filament needle row moves along the left-right direction.
2. The wire needle array assembly of claim 1, wherein, The guide rod is fixed on the side of the conductive filament needle row, and the guide seat is mounted on the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod.
3. The wire needle array assembly of claim 1, wherein, The conductive filament needle row assembly further comprises a support rod, and two ends of the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod are connected to the conductive filament needle row mounting seat through the support rod.
4. The wire needle array assembly of claim 3, wherein, The conductive filament needle row assembly further comprises a first bolt arranged perpendicularly to the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod, an upper end of the support rod has an auxiliary rod through hole and a first bolt hole which are perpendicular to each other and communicate with each other, an end of the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod passes through the auxiliary rod through hole, and the first bolt is fitted on the first bolt hole to lock the end of the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod.
5. The wire needle array assembly of claim 4, wherein, The conductive filament needle row assembly further comprises a second bolt arranged in parallel with the conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod, a lower end of the support rod has a second bolt hole, one end of the second bolt is fixed on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat, and the other end passes through the second bolt hole to lock the lower end of the support rod.
6. The wire electrode assembly of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The conductive filament needle row comprises a first conductive filament needle row and a second conductive filament needle row which are mounted in parallel on the conductive filament needle row mounting seat, the conductive filament comprises a first conductive filament and a second conductive filament, the first conductive filament needle row can fix the first conductive filament, and the second conductive filament needle row can fix the second conductive filament; The conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod comprises a first conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod and a second conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod, the guide seat comprises a first guide seat and a second guide seat, and the guide rod comprises a first guide rod and a second guide rod; The first guide rod is fixed on the side of the first conductive filament needle row, and the first guide seat is mounted on the first conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod; The second guide rod is fixed on the side of the second conductive filament needle row, and the second guide seat is mounted on the second conductive filament needle row auxiliary rod. The second guide rod is fixed on the side of the second conductive wire needle row, and the second guide seat is installed on the second conductive wire needle row auxiliary rod.
7. The wire needle array assembly of claim 6, wherein, The conductive wire conveying mechanism further comprises a conductive wire up-and-down movement assembly; The driving motor is sequentially connected with the conductive wire up-and-down movement assembly, the conductive wire needle row mounting seat and the conductive wire needle row transmission, and can convey the conductive wire to the winding work station along the up-and-down direction. The first conductive wire needle row and the second conductive wire needle row can alternately move in opposite directions, so that the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire are cross-stacked.
8. The wire needle array assembly of claim 7, wherein, The rack further comprises a driving main shaft and a driving secondary shaft; the driving motor is in transmission connection with the driving main shaft, and the driving main shaft is in transmission connection with the driving secondary shaft through a worm and gear transmission pair; The driving secondary shaft is in transmission connection with the conductive wire left-and-right movement assembly, and the driving main shaft is in transmission connection with the conductive wire up-and-down movement assembly.
9. A fiber-laying machine characterized by, The conductive wire needle row assembly has any one of claims 1-8.