INCREASING CONCEPT OF THE PROBABILITY OF PASSING

Description

[0001] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a participant in a communication system. Further exemplary embodiments relate to a base station of a communication system. Some exemplary embodiments relate to a concept for increasing the probability of success for participants with poor reception conditions in communication systems with a high subscriber density.

[0002] At sufficiently high subscriber densities, wireless communication systems are interference-limited, meaning that network capacity is limited by co-channel interference (self-interference) caused by users transmitting on the same frequency at the same time interfering with each other. The carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) serves as a measure of quality. The higher the CIR, the better the quality of the voice or data connection. Capacity-enhancing measures based on improving the network's CIR are described in detail in the literature [7, 9].

[0003] CIR improvements are possible through, among other things: an increase in the received useful power C, a reduction in the interference power I , an averaging of useful and disruptive power, so that the probability of very large or very low CIR values ​​decreases.

[0004] The present invention is therefore based on the objective of creating a concept that increases the probability of success for participants with poor reception conditions in communication systems with high participant density.

[0005] DE 10 2016 220883 A1 describes a transmission method for the wireless transmission of data in a communication system, in which data is transmitted in a time-synchronized manner to a reference signal using a frequency hopping pattern and / or a time hopping pattern.

[0006] This problem is solved by the independent patent claims.

[0007] Advantageous further developments can be found in the dependent patent claims.

[0008] Exemplary embodiments create a participant in a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants, wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band [e.g., ISM band] used for communication by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems, wherein the participant is configured to send data to a base station of the communication system, and wherein the participant is configured to transmit the data based on a [e.g., estimated or determined] quality criterion [e.g., minimum received level, RXLEV, and / or bit or block error rates, RXQUAL] of at least one previous transmission between the participant and the base station. to transmit in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or to transmit in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different, wherein the subscriber is configured to transmit the data in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the quality criterion is within a first quality criterion range or greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the subscriber is configured to transmit the data in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the quality criterion is within a second quality criterion range or less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion consists of at least one of a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station is at least one transmission of a beacon.beacon] or a transmission of data from the base station to the subscriber, wherein the subscriber is configured to determine or estimate the quality criterion of the at least one transmission of the beacon or of the at least one transmission of data from the base station to the subscriber, or at least a preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the subscriber is configured to receive a transmission of data from the base station, wherein the transmission of data from the base station includes information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station.

[0009] In exemplary embodiments, the participant is configured to code the data for transmission in the first frequency range and / or time interval with a first code rate, wherein the participant is configured to code the data for transmission in the second frequency range and / or time interval with a second code rate, the first code rate being higher than the second code rate.

[0010] In exemplary embodiments, the participant is configured to transmit the data in the first frequency range and / or first time interval according to a first jump pattern [e.g. from a first jump pattern group], wherein the participant is configured to transmit the data in the second frequency range and / or second time interval according to a second jump pattern [e.g. from a second jump pattern group], wherein the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different.

[0011] In exemplary embodiments, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first frequency range and / or time interval, wherein the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second frequency range and / or time interval, wherein the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0012] In exemplary implementations, the participant is further configured to process the data depending on a required or newly arising quality of service [e.g., (low) blocking rate, (guaranteed) latency, (guaranteed) response time, reduction of the blocking probability, or priority change, e.g., due to alarm or emergency shutdown]. to transmit in the first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in the second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], and / or to transmit in the first time interval or in the second time interval.

[0013] Further embodiments provide a base station of a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants, wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band [e.g., ISM band] used for communication by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems, wherein the base station is configured to receive data from a participant of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted depending on a [e.g., estimated or determined] quality criterion [e.g., minimum received level, RXLEV, and / or bit or block error rates, RXQUAL,] of at least one previous transmission between the participant and the base station. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different, wherein the data are transmitted in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the quality criterion is within a first quality criterion range or greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data are transmitted in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the quality criterion is within a second quality criterion range or less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion comprises at least one of a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission includes at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the base station is configuredto determine the quality criterion based on at least one previous transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the base station is configured to send data to the subscriber that contains information about the quality criterion of the at least one previous transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station.

[0014] In exemplary embodiments, the data transmitted in the first frequency range and / or first time interval are provided with a first code rate, wherein the data transmitted in the second frequency range and / or second time interval are provided with a second code rate, the first code rate being higher than the second code rate.

[0015] In exemplary embodiments, the data in the first frequency range and / or first time interval are transmitted according to a first jump pattern [e.g. from a first jump pattern group], wherein the data in the second frequency range and / or second time interval are transmitted according to a second jump pattern [e.g. from a second jump pattern group], wherein the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different.

[0016] In exemplary embodiments, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first frequency range and / or time interval, wherein the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second frequency range and / or time interval, wherein the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0017] In exemplary implementations, the data is processed depending on a required or newly arising quality of service [e.g. (low) blocking rate, (guaranteed) latency, (guaranteed) response time, reduction of the blocking probability, or priority change, e.g. due to alarm or emergency shutdown] of the data to be transmitted. transmitted in the first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in the second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], and / or transmitted in the first time interval or in the second time interval.

[0018] Further embodiments provide a method for transmitting data in a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants, and wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band used for communication by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems. The method includes a step of transmitting data from a participant of the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted based on a [e.g., estimated or determined] quality criterion [e.g., minimum received level, RXLEV, and / or bit or block error rates, RXQUAL] of at least one preceding transmission between the participant and the base station. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different, wherein the data are transmitted in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the quality criterion lies within a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data are transmitted in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the quality criterion lies within a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion consists of at least one of a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station includes at least one transmission of a beacon.beacon] or a transmission of data from the base station to the subscriber, wherein the subscriber is configured to determine or estimate the quality criterion of the at least one transmission of the beacon or of the at least one transmission of data from the base station to the subscriber, or at least a preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the subscriber is configured to receive a transmission of data from the base station, wherein the transmission of data from the base station includes information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station.

[0019] Further embodiments provide a method for receiving data in a [e.g. uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a large number of mutually uncoordinated participants, and wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band that is used for communication by a large number of mutually uncoordinated communication systems.

[0020] The procedure comprises a step of receiving data sent from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is evaluated based on a [e.g., estimated or determined] quality criterion [e.g., minimum received level, RXLEV, and / or bit or block error rates, RXQUAL,] of at least one previous transmission between the participant and the base station. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different, wherein the data are transmitted in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the quality criterion is within a first quality criterion range or greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data are transmitted in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the quality criterion is within a second quality criterion range or less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion comprises at least one of a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission includes at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the base station is configuredto determine the quality criterion based on at least one previous transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the base station is configured to send data to the subscriber that contains information about the quality criterion of the at least one previous transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station.

[0021] Further examples create a participant in a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a multitude of mutually uncoordinated participants, [e.g., wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band [e.g., ISM band] that is used for communication by a multitude of mutually uncoordinated communication systems,] wherein the participant is configured to send data to a base station of the communication system, and wherein the participant is configured to transmit the data depending on a required quality of service [QoS] [e.g., (low) blocking rate, or (guaranteed) latency, or (guaranteed) response time]. to transmit in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or to transmit in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0022] In examples, the subscriber is configured to transmit the data in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the required quality of service is in a first quality of service range or less than or equal to a quality of service threshold, and the subscriber is configured to transmit the data in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the required quality of service is in a second quality of service range or greater than the quality of service threshold.

[0023] In examples, the participant is configured to transmit individual data transmissions from a series of data transmissions in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the required quality of service is in a first quality of service range or less than or equal to a quality of service threshold.

[0024] In examples, the required quality of service is at least one of a required latency, a required reaction time, a required maximum blocking rate.

[0025] In examples, the participant is configured to code the data for transmission in the first frequency range and / or time interval with a first code rate, and the participant is configured to code the data for transmission in the second frequency range and / or time interval with a second code rate, where the first code rate is lower than the second code rate.

[0026] In examples, the participant is configured to transmit the data in the first frequency range and / or first time interval according to a first jump pattern [e.g. from a first jump pattern group], wherein the participant is configured to transmit the data in the second frequency range and / or second time interval according to a second jump pattern [e.g. from a second jump pattern group], where the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different.

[0027] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first frequency range and / or time interval, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second frequency range and / or time interval, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0028] Further examples create a base station of an [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a multitude of mutually uncoordinated participants, [e.g., wherein the communication system communicates in a frequency band [e.g., ISM band] that is used for communication by a multitude of mutually uncoordinated communication systems,] wherein the base station is configured to receive data from a participant of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted depending on a required quality of service [QoS] [e.g., (low) blocking rate, or (guaranteed) latency, or (guaranteed) response time]. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0029] In examples, the data is transmitted in the first frequency range and / or in the first time interval if the required quality of service is in a first quality of service range or greater than or equal to a quality of service threshold, and the data is transmitted in the second frequency range and / or in the second time interval if the required quality of service is in a second quality of service range or less than the quality of service threshold.

[0030] In examples, the required quality of service is at least one of a required latency, a required reaction time, a required maximum blocking rate.

[0031] In examples, the data transmitted in the first frequency range and / or first time interval is provided with a first code rate, while the data transmitted in the second frequency range and / or second time interval is provided with a second code rate, where the first code rate is higher than the second code rate.

[0032] In examples, the data in the first frequency range and / or first time interval is transmitted according to a first jump pattern [e.g. from a first jump pattern group], wherein the data in the second frequency range and / or second time interval is transmitted according to a second jump pattern [e.g. from a second jump pattern group], where the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different.

[0033] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first frequency range and / or time interval, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second frequency range and / or time interval, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0034] Further examples describe a method for sending data in a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, where the communication system has a large number of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method includes a step of sending data from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, whereby the data is transmitted according to a required quality of service (QoS) [e.g., (low) blocking rate, or (guaranteed) latency, or (guaranteed) response time]. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0035] Further examples describe a method for receiving data in a [e.g., uncoordinated] wireless communication system, where the communication system has a multitude of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method includes a step of receiving data sent from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, whereby the data is transmitted according to a required quality of service (QoS) [e.g., (low) blocking rate, or (guaranteed) latency, or (guaranteed) response time]. are transmitted in a first frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band] or in a second frequency range [e.g. of the frequency band], wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0036] Further examples create a participant in a [e.g., uncoordinated or coordinated] wireless communication system, [e.g., where the communication system communicates in a frequency band used for communication by a multitude of mutually uncoordinated communication systems,] where the participant is configured to send data distributed in time and / or frequency to a base station of the communication system and / or to receive data from the base station of the communication system according to a hopping pattern, wherein the hopping pattern used for data transmission from the subscriber's position relative to the base station, and / or from a quality criterion [e.g., RSSI (RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indication), PER (PER = Packet Error Rate), BER (BER = Bit Error Rate), SIR (SIR = Signal-to-Interference Ratio), SNR (SNR = Signal-to-Noise Ratio)] of at least one previous transmission between the subscriber and the base station, and / or from a channel load [e.g., immediately] before the data transmission, and / or from a required quality of service [e.g., QoS] of the transmitted data, is dependent.

[0037] In examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on the subscriber's position relative to the base station, wherein the subscriber is configured to send and / or receive data according to a first hopping pattern [e.g., a first group of hopping patterns] when the subscriber's position falls within a first area of ​​a geographic region covered by the base station, wherein the subscriber is configured to transmit data according to a second hopping pattern when the subscriber's position falls within a second area of ​​the geographic region covered by the base station, wherein the first hopping pattern and the second hopping pattern are different, and the first area and the second area are different.

[0038] In the examples, the first area and the second area differ with regard to Distances to the base station, and / or quality criteria [e.g. RSSI, PER, BER, SIR, SNR].

[0039] For example, participants can be divided into areas according to position [e.g., if the respective coordinates of the participants are known, e.g., through localization], or according to RSSI, or according to quality, with the areas differing in that they differentiate between closer and farther away participants, or between participants whose signals have higher and lower RSSI (power levels), or between participants whose transmitted data has better and worse quality, with different areas being assigned different hopping patterns.

[0040] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0041] In examples, the jump pattern of at least one area from the first area and the second area differs from a jump pattern of an area [e.g., a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area] that borders or at least partially overlaps the at least one area and is covered [e.g., served] by a neighboring base station of the communication system.

[0042] In examples, the first hop pattern of the first area differs from another first hop pattern of another first area of ​​a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by an adjacent base station of the communication system, and / or wherein the second hop pattern of the second area differs from another second hop pattern of another second area of ​​the geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by the adjacent base station of the communication system.

[0043] For example, a neighboring base station may use the same hop patterns or hop pattern groups repeatedly, with the allocation of areas to hop patterns and hop pattern groups differing for the neighboring base station.

[0044] For example, the hop patterns or hop pattern groups for the neighboring base stations can be assigned in exactly the opposite way.

[0045] In examples, at least one of the first hop pattern of the first area and the second hop pattern of the second area is used for a further area of ​​a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by a neighboring base station of the communication system.

[0046] For example, certain hop patterns or hop pattern groups can be repeated for neighboring base stations, while others cannot be repeated.

[0047] In some examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station includes at least one transmission [e.g., link transmission, beacon transmission, or downlink data transmission] from the base station to the subscriber, and the subscriber is configured to determine or estimate the quality of the at least one transmission from the base station.

[0048] In examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station, wherein the at least one preceding transmission is at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber to the base station, wherein the subscriber is configured to receive a transmission of data from the base station, and wherein the transmission of data from the base station contains information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber.

[0049] In examples, the participant is configured to send and / or receive data according to a first jump pattern if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range, and the participant is configured to send and / or receive data according to a second jump pattern if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range, where the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different, and where the first quality criterion range and the second quality criterion range are different.

[0050] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns that is assigned to the first quality criterion area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns that is assigned to the second quality criterion area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0051] In examples, the quality criterion is at least one of a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, a ratio between detected data transmissions and undetected data transmissions of the subscriber.

[0052] In examples, the hop pattern used for data transmission depends on a required quality of service (QoS) of the data, wherein the participant is configured to send and / or receive the data according to a first hop pattern if the required QoS is in a first QoS range, wherein the participant is configured to send and / or receive the data according to a second hop pattern if the required QoS is in a second QoS range, wherein the first hop pattern and the second hop pattern are different, and wherein the first QoS range and the second QoS range are different.

[0053] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first service quality area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second service quality area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0054] In examples, the required quality of service is at least one of a required latency, a required reaction time, a required maximum blocking rate.

[0055] Further examples include a base station of a wireless communication system (e.g., uncoordinated or coordinated), (e.g., where the communication system operates in a frequency band used by a multitude of uncoordinated communication systems), where the base station is configured to transmit and / or receive data distributed in time and / or frequency to a participant in the communication system according to a hopping pattern, wherein the hopping pattern used for data transmission is of a position of the subscriber relative to the base station, and / or a quality criterion [e.g. RSSI (RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indication), PER (PER = Packet Error Rate), BER (BER = Bit Error Rate), SIR (SIR = Signal-to-Interference Ratio), SNR (SNR = Signal-to-Noise Ratio)] of at least one previous transmission between the subscriber and the base station, and / or a channel load [e.g., immediately] before the data transmission, and / or a required quality of service [e.g., QoS] of the transmitted data, is dependent.

[0056] In examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on the subscriber's position relative to the base station, with data being transmitted according to a first hopping pattern [e.g., a first group of hopping patterns] when the subscriber's position falls within a first area of ​​a geographic region covered by the base station, and data being transmitted according to a second hopping pattern when the subscriber's position falls within a second area of ​​the geographic region covered by the base station, with the first hopping pattern and the second hopping pattern being different, and the first area and the second area being different.

[0057] In the examples, the first area and the second area differ with regard to Distances to the base station, and / or quality criteria [e.g. RSSI, PER, BER, SIR, SNR].

[0058] For example, participants can be divided into areas according to position [e.g., if the respective coordinates of the participants are known, e.g., through localization], or according to RSSI, or according to quality, with the areas differing in that they differentiate between closer and farther away participants, or between participants whose signals have higher and lower RSSI (power levels), or between participants whose transmitted data has better and worse quality, with different areas being assigned different hopping patterns.

[0059] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0060] In examples, the jump pattern of at least one area from the first area and the second area differs from a jump pattern of an area [e.g., a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area] that borders or at least partially overlaps the at least one area and is covered [e.g., served] by a neighboring base station of the communication system.

[0061] In examples, the first hop pattern of the first area differs from another first hop pattern of another first area of ​​a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by an adjacent base station of the communication system, and / or wherein the second hop pattern of the second area differs from another second hop pattern of another second area of ​​the geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by the adjacent base station of the communication system.

[0062] For example, a neighboring base station may use the same hop patterns or hop pattern groups repeatedly, with the allocation of areas to hop patterns and hop pattern groups differing for the neighboring base station.

[0063] For example, the hop patterns or hop pattern groups for the neighboring base stations can be assigned in exactly the opposite way.

[0064] In examples, at least one of the first hop pattern of the first area and the second hop pattern of the second area is used for a further area of ​​a geographical area adjacent to the geographical area, which is covered by a neighboring base station of the communication system.

[0065] For example, certain hop patterns or hop pattern groups can be repeated for neighboring base stations, while others cannot be repeated.

[0066] In some examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station includes at least one transmission [e.g., link transmission, beacon transmission, or downlink data transmission] from the base station to the subscriber, and the subscriber is configured to determine or estimate the quality of the at least one beacon transmission from the base station.

[0067] In examples, the hopping pattern used for data transmission depends on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber and the base station, wherein the at least one preceding transmission is at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber, wherein the subscriber is configured to receive a transmission of data from the base station, and wherein the transmission of data from the base station contains information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data from the subscriber.

[0068] In examples, the participant is configured to send and / or receive data according to a first jump pattern if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range, and the participant is configured to send and / or receive data according to a second jump pattern if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range, where the first jump pattern and the second jump pattern are different, and where the first quality criterion range and the second quality criterion range are different.

[0069] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns that is assigned to the first quality criterion area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns that is assigned to the second quality criterion area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0070] In examples, the quality criterion is at least one thing: a minimum received level, a bit error rate, a block error rate, a packet error rate, a signal-to-noise ratio, a signal-to-interference ratio, a ratio between detected data transmissions and undetected data transmissions of the subscriber.

[0071] In examples, the hop pattern used for data transmission depends on a required quality of service (QoS) of the data, wherein the participant is configured to send and / or receive the data according to a first hop pattern if the required QoS is in a first QoS range, wherein the participant is configured to send and / or receive the data according to a second hop pattern if the required QoS is in a second QoS range, wherein the first hop pattern and the second hop pattern are different, and wherein the first QoS range and the second QoS range are different.

[0072] In examples, the first jump pattern is one from a first group of jump patterns assigned to the first service quality area, where the second jump pattern is one from a second group of jump patterns assigned to the second service quality area, where the first group of jump patterns and the second group of jump patterns are different.

[0073] In examples, the required quality of service is at least one of a required latency, a required reaction time, a required maximum blocking rate.

[0074] Further examples provide a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system (e.g., uncoordinated or coordinated). The method comprises a step of transmitting data according to a hopping pattern distributed in time and / or frequency from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system and / or from a base station of the communication system to a participant in the communication system, wherein the hopping pattern used for transmitting the data is of a position of the subscriber in relation to the base station, and / or a quality criterion [e.g. RSSI, PER, BER, SIR, SNR] of at least one previous transmission between the subscriber and the base station, and / or a channel load [e.g. immediately] before the transmission of the data, and / or a required quality of service [e.g. QoS] of the transmitted data, is dependent.

[0075] Further embodiments provide a computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein, if the method runs on a computer, microprocessor or SDR receiver (SDR = software defined radio, a transmitter and / or receiver in which smaller or larger parts of the signal processing are implemented with software).

[0076] Examples of implementations use a separate frequency range and / or a separate time interval for participants (e.g. sensor nodes) with permanently poor reception conditions.

[0077] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures. These show: Fig. 1 a schematic block diagram of a communication arrangement with a first communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 a diagram showing a distribution of intra- and inter-cell interference for a cluster size of K=7, Fig. 2 a diagram showing a distribution of intra- and inter-cell interference for a cluster size of K=1, Fig. 3 a diagram showing a distribution function of the outside-to-in path loss according to the so-called "Building Penetration Loss" channel model according to the COST 231 NLOS model, Fig. 4 a diagram showing the packet error rate plotted against the participants (e.g., sensor nodes) of a radio cell sorted according to their receive levels, Fig. 5 a diagram showing the packet error rates plotted against the sensor nodes sorted according to their receive levels and using adaptive channel coding with rates of 1 / 2 and 1 / 3, Fig.6. A schematic block diagram of a communication system with a base station and a subscriber, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 7. A diagram showing the occupancy of the transmission channel during the transmission of a plurality of partial data packets according to a hopping pattern (time and frequency hopping pattern). Fig. 8. A diagram showing the distribution of intra-cell interference and inter-cell interference for those subscribers who, due to the fact that their receive power is below a receive power threshold (exemplary as a quality criterion), transmit data in their own (lower) frequency range, for a cluster size of K=1. Fig. 9. A diagram showing packet error rates for different convolutional codes with rates of 1 / 2 and 1 / 3 over the subscribers sorted according to their receive levels (exemplary as a quality criterion) when using two separate frequency ranges.Figure 10 shows a tabular representation of an exemplary assignment scheme of the base station with respect to code rate and frequency range assignment, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 11 shows a schematic representation of a frame structure in TSMA with subcarriers within a frequency range. Figure 12 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system with a base station and a subscriber, according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 13 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system with a base station and a subscriber, according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 14 shows a schematic view of a base station and an assignment of four different hop patterns to four different geometric areas served by the base station, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Fig. 15 A schematic view of new base stations and an assignment of four different hopping patterns to four different geometric areas, each served by one of the new base stations, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 16 A schematic view of two base stations and an assignment of different hopping patterns to different geometric areas, each served by the two base stations, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 17 A flowchart of a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 18 A flowchart of a method for receiving data in a wireless communication system, according to an embodiment of the present invention.Fig. 19 a flowchart of a method for sending data in a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 20 a flowchart of a method for receiving data in a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 21 a flowchart of a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0078] In the following description of the embodiments of the present invention, identical or equivalent elements in the figures are provided with the same reference numeral, so that their descriptions are interchangeable.

[0079] Fig. 1Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants 106_1-106_n, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The communication system 102 can comprise a base station 104_1 and a plurality of participants 106_1-106_n. In the diagram shown in Figure 1, the communication system 102 can be configured as follows: Fig. 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the communication system 102 has four participants 106_1-106_4, but the communication system 104_1 can just as easily have 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or even 100,000 participants or more.

[0080] The Communication System 102 can be configured to communicate wirelessly in a frequency band (e.g., a license-free and / or permit-free frequency band, e.g., the ISM band) that is used by multiple communication systems. Within range of the Communication System 102, as described in Fig. 1As indicated, there could be one or two further communication systems 182 and 192 with respective participants (e.g. 186_1-186_4 and 196_1-196_4) and base stations (e.g. 184_1 and 194_1), where the communication systems 102, 182 and 192 use the same frequency band for wireless communication and are uncoordinated with each other.

[0081] Due to the high number of participants (participant density) of communication system 102, interference can occur between transmissions from different participants within the same communication system 102, for example, if they happen to transmit on the same frequency simultaneously or at least overlapping in time. Furthermore, interference can occur between transmissions from participants of different communication systems, for example, if they happen to transmit on the same frequency simultaneously or at least overlapping in time.

[0082] In other words, with a sufficiently high subscriber density, terrestrial wireless communication systems (e.g., mobile networks) are interference-limited, meaning that the network capacity is limited by co-channel interference caused by users (e.g., subscribers) interfering with each other while transmitting on the same frequency at the same time.

[0083] Two types of interference sources can be distinguished: Intracellular interference I Intra Inter-cell interference arises within the same cell due to a lack of orthogonality between users. Causes can include, for example, non-ideal properties of spreading and scrambling codes (as with CDMA) or asynchronies in the uplink during transmission in the time and / or frequency domain. I Inter is caused by participants from neighboring cells that are also transmitting on the same frequency.

[0084] Both intra- and inter-cell interference lead to a reduction in transmission quality and thus to a reduction in cell capacity. The useful-to-noise power ratio serves as a measure of quality. CIR. The bigger the CIR, The better the connection quality. The basis of every wireless network or wireless coverage plan is this ratio. CIR min , This is the minimum required to ensure a required packet error rate. To reduce the disruptive influence of interference power, there are a number of measures [7, 9] which are briefly explained below.

[0085] First, an increase in the usable power C received at the base station: Antenna diversity: Receiving and / or transmitting via two or more base station antennas at the same location, with subsequent combination of the received signals. Macro diversity / soft handover: Serving a mobile station from multiple base station locations, combining the respective signals. Power-based cell allocation: Assigning the subscriber to the cell with the best signal strength.

[0086] Secondly, a reduction in interference power: Discontinuous Transmission (DTX): Switching off the transmitter during pauses. Power Control: Reducing the transmission power under good reception conditions. Cell Sectoring: Supplying multiple cells from one location using sector antennas with beamwidths of, for example, 65° to 120° instead of an omnidirectional antenna. Higher-quality modulation techniques or adaptive channel coding: Adjusting the interference resistance to the received signal level; higher modulation efficiency and lower code protection at better received signal levels. Frequency Reuse: Increasing the frequency repetition spacing. DThe smallest geometric distance between the centers of two cells using the same carrier frequencies. Hierarchical cell structures: radio network structure with macrocells (wide-area coverage) and microcells (for areas with high traffic load). The macrocells and microcells have different base station locations.

[0087] Thirdly, an averaging of the disturbance power / the CIR: Frequency hopping: Changing the frequency from data block to data block. Underlay-overlay cell structure: Subdivision of the cell into ring-shaped regions with different frequency repetition intervals.

[0088] However, the above-mentioned measures to reduce interference and thus increase capacity are associated with considerable additional costs, a circumstance that must be carefully considered, especially in the case of a cost-efficient IoT system.

[0089] The following section considers a digital communication system (radio transmission system) in which participants (e.g., sensor nodes or actuator nodes) transmit data packets. The receiving base station does not know in advance which participant is active at any given time or on which radio frequency. In such a contention-based random access (RGA) communication system, where data transmission is initiated by the sender without prior grant or allocation of dedicated radio resources by a coordinating entity (e.g., base station), intracellular interference always occurs due to the lack of user orthogonality. I Intra . Depending on the cluster size used in frequency planning, additional inter-cell interference may occur. I Inter on .The smaller K, the greater the network capacity, but inter-cell interference also increases accordingly.

[0090] This is in the Fig. 2a and 2b illustrated by example. In detail, the Fig. 2a and 2b Distributions of intercellular interference 10 and intracellular interference 20 and at a cluster size of K=7 in the case of the Fig. 2a and a cluster size of K=1 in the case of Fig. 2b The ordinates describe the respective number of interfering sources, while the abscissas describe the respective reception level at the base station in dBm.

[0091] In other words, Fig. 2a and 2b The distribution functions of the different reception levels of intracellular interference 20 and intercellular interference 10 are shown. Fig. 2a is the cluster size K = 7 , that means that only each 7The radio cell contributes to inter-cell interference 10. Accordingly, co-channel interference is low (curve 10 in). Fig. 2a ) from neighboring cells, compared to the disruptive users in one's own cell (curve 20 in Fig. 2a ). In Fig. 2b , where the cluster size K even 1 Since all radio cells use the same frequency, a different ratio of intra-cell interference (20) to inter-cell interference (10) results. Due to the smaller cluster size of K=1 There are effectively fewer interfering users in one's own cell, but more co-channel interference in neighboring cells. Which cluster configuration delivers the higher data throughput cannot be easily determined, as this depends on many factors, such as radio propagation, radio transmission, and signal processing in the receiver.

[0092] In the Fig. 2a and 2bThe user distributions within the user's own cell are particularly important, i.e., curves 20. Due to the varying spatial distances of individual participants (e.g., sensors) from the receiving base station, the so-called "near-far effect" can be observed. A user (e.g., sensor node) (user A) located very close to the base station will generally exhibit low path loss and a lower received signal level. CA The amount at the BS will be correspondingly high ( Fig. 2a and 2b for example in the range of -90 dBm down to -60 dBm In contrast, a more distant user (e.g., sensor node) (user B) shows a greater path loss and its received signal level is correspondingly lower. CB fail at the base station ( Fig. 2a and 2b for example in the range of -150 dBm down to -120 dBm ).

[0093] Path losses are particularly high in the so-called "Building Penetration Loss" channel model used in 3GPP [1,10] according to the COST 231 NLOS (NLOS = Non-Line-of-Sight) outdoor-to-indoor propagation model

[11] . In this channel model, the transition from the building interior to the outside is modeled, and distance-independent path losses of over 50 dB can occur. Fig. 3 This shows the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the outside-to-in path loss according to the so-called "Building Penetration Loss" channel model based on the COST 231 NLOS model. The ordinate represents the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the abscissa represents the path losses in dB.

[0094] It is therefore obvious that user A (with the low path loss) has a correspondingly high CIR A features and users B a correspondingly low CIR B .Especially the sensor nodes with the greatest path losses and therefore the lowest CIRs However, they determine the service quality. QoS (Quality of Service) of a mobile network. QoS stands for a variety of quality requirements, including factors such as packet loss rate and latency [2].

[0095] Fig. 4 This shows an exemplary example. In detail, it shows Fig. 4 The diagram shows the packet error rate (PER) of 40, plotted against the participants (e.g., sensor nodes) of a radio cell, sorted by their signal strength. The participant with the lowest signal strength is on the far left. CIR arrives at the base station and exhibits a correspondingly high packet error rate. The participants with the highest rates are on the far right. CIRs and a correspondingly low packet error rate.

[0096] If, for example, a packet error rate of 1% is defined as quality requirement 30 for all participants present in the cell, it becomes clear that a certain number of nodes (in Fig. 4 Approximately 40% of all participants do not meet this requirement. Participants with very low signal levels, for example, have packet error rates greater than 30%.

[0097] It is now possible to try to bring more participants below the PER threshold of 1% using some of the measures described above. For example, if adaptive channel coding is used, then participants with lower received signal levels can use a more protected convolutional coding. This is shown schematically in Fig. 5 shown in detail Fig. 5 Packet error rates of 40 and 50 are plotted in a diagram across sensor nodes sorted by their received signal level, using adaptive channel coding with rates of 1 / 2 and 1 / 3. The data already obtained from Fig. 4For example, a known system with a packet error rate of 40 uses a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 2, while for a packet error rate of 50, a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 3 is used. Therefore, if a more secure code is used for participants with low signal levels, then, compared to... Fig. 3 Significantly more participants will fall below the PER threshold of 30 (1%). The details of how the code rate adjustment can be implemented for individual participants will be explained later.

[0098] Overall, it can be said that the known measures for increasing cell capacity often reach their limits very quickly, as they are often too complex and therefore costly for a simple IoT system.

[0099] Therefore, the following describes examples of implementations that increased the probability of success for participants with poor reception conditions or high QoS requirements in communication systems with high participant density. 1. Dedicated frequency range for participants with permanently poor reception conditions

[0100] Fig. 6 Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a base station 104_1 and a subscriber 106_1, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Although in Fig. 6 For illustrative purposes only one participant 106_1 is shown; it should be noted that the communication system 102 can have a large number of participants 106_1-106_n in exemplary embodiments (e.g., uncoordinated among themselves), such as 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or even 100,000 participants or more (cf. Fig. 1Furthermore, it is possible that the communication system 102 has more than one base station. For example, the communication system 102 can have at least two base stations 104_1-104_m, where each of the base stations 104_1-104_m can be assigned a radio cell.

[0101] Subscriber 106_1 is configured to send data 120 to the base station 104_1 of the communication system 102, wherein subscriber 106_1 is configured to, depending on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104_1, send the data 120 in a first frequency range 126, or in a second frequency range 128 to transmit, whereby the first frequency range 126 and the second frequency range 128 are different.

[0102] Base station 104_1 is configured to receive the data 120 sent by subscriber 106_1, whereby the data 120 depend on a quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104. in the first frequency range 126, or in the second frequency range 128 are transmitted, with the first frequency range being 126 and the second frequency range being 128 different.

[0103] In exemplary embodiments, the first frequency range 126 and the second frequency range 128 can be adjacent to each other (see Fig. 6 ) or be spaced apart from each other.

[0104] The quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104_1 is at least one of the following: a received level of at least one preceding transmission, a bit error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a block error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a packet error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a signal-to-noise ratio of at least one preceding transmission, a signal-to-interference ratio of at least one preceding transmission, and, in the case of multiple preceding transmissions, a ratio between the number of detected transmissions and the number of undetected transmissions.

[0105] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 will be transmitted in the first frequency range 126 if the quality criterion lies within a first quality criterion range, e.g., if the received level lies within a first received level range (e.g., 0 to -115 dBm), or if the quality criterion is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, e.g., if the received level is greater than or equal to a received level threshold (e.g., -115 dBm).

[0106] Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments, the data 120 are transmitted in the second frequency range 128 if the quality criterion lies in a second quality criterion range, e.g. if the received level lies in a second received level range (e.g. -115 dBm to -∞), or if the quality criterion is smaller than the quality criterion threshold, e.g. if the received level is smaller than the received level threshold (e.g. -115 dBm).

[0107] Of course, in exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can also be transmitted in more than two different frequency ranges, such as three, four or five frequency ranges, depending on the quality criterion, each of which is assigned a respective quality criterion range, or which are each separated by respective quality criterion thresholds.

[0108] In exemplary embodiments, at least one preceding transmission is a transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission or beacon transmission) from base station 104_1 to subscriber 106_1. In this case, subscriber 106_1 can determine the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission itself, i.e., based on the received transmission from base station 104_1.

[0109] Alternatively, in exemplary embodiments, at least one preceding transmission is a transmission (e.g., uplink data transmission) from subscriber 106_1 to base station 104_1. In this case, base station 104_1 can determine the quality criterion based on the received transmission from subscriber 106_1 and send a data transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission) to subscriber 106_1, wherein the data transmission to subscriber 106_1 contains information about the quality criterion.

[0110] In exemplary embodiments, the subscriber 106_1 can have a transmitting device (or transmitting module, or transmitter) 107 configured to send a transmission (e.g., an uplink data transmission). The transmitting device 107 can be connected to an antenna 109 of the subscriber 106_1. Optionally, the subscriber 106_1 can have a receiving device (or receiving module, or receiver) 108 configured to receive a transmission. The receiving device 108 can be connected to the antenna 109 or to another (separate) antenna of the subscriber 106_1. The subscriber 106_1 can also have a combined transmit-receive device (transceiver).

[0111] In exemplary embodiments, the base station 104_1 can have a receiving device (or receiving module, or receiver) 116 configured to receive a transmission (e.g., uplink data transmission). The receiving device 116 can be connected to an antenna 114 of the base station 104_1. Optionally, the base station 104_1 can have a transmitting device (or transmitting module, or transmitter) 112 configured to send a transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission or beacon transmission). The transmitting device 112 can be connected to the antenna 114 or to another (separate) antenna of the base station 104_1. The base station 104_1 can also have a combined transmit-receive device (transceiver).

[0112] In exemplary embodiments, the subscriber 106_1 and the base station 104_1 can be configured to transmit data based on the so-called telegram splitting method [3], as defined, for example, in ETSI TS 103 357. Here, the data (e.g., a data packet containing the data) is split at the sender's end into a plurality of partial data packets (so-called "radio bursts"), and the partial data packets are transmitted according to a hopping pattern in time and / or frequency. At the receiver's end, the partial data packets are reassembled (or combined) to obtain the original data. Each of the partial data packets contains only a portion of the data to be transmitted. Furthermore, the partial data packets can be channel-coded, so that only a subset of the partial data packets, rather than all of them, is required for error-free decoding of the data.

[0113] As already mentioned, the temporal distribution of the majority of partial data packets can be carried out according to a time and / or frequency hopping pattern.

[0114] A time-hopping pattern can specify a sequence of transmission times or time intervals at which the sub-data packets are sent. For example, a first sub-data packet can be sent at a first transmission time (or in a first transmission timeslot), and a second sub-data packet can be sent at a second transmission time (or in a second transmission timeslot), with the first and second transmission times being different. The time-hopping pattern can define (or predefine, or specify) the first and second transmission times. Alternatively, the time-hopping pattern can specify the first transmission time and a time interval between the first and second transmission times. Of course, the time-hopping pattern can also specify only the time interval between the first and second transmission times. There can be transmission pauses between the sub-data packets during which no data is transmitted.The partial data packets can also overlap in time.

[0115] A frequency-hopping pattern can specify a sequence of transmission frequencies or transmission frequency hops at which the sub-data packets are sent. For example, a first sub-data packet can be sent at a first transmission frequency (or in a first frequency channel), and a second sub-data packet can be sent at a second transmission frequency (or in a second frequency channel), where the first and second transmission frequencies are different. The frequency-hopping pattern can define (or specify) the first and second transmission frequencies. Alternatively, the frequency-hopping pattern can specify the first transmission frequency and a frequency difference (transmission frequency hop) between the first and second transmission frequencies. Of course, the frequency-hopping pattern can also specify only the frequency difference (transmission frequency hop) between the first and second transmission frequencies.

[0116] Naturally, the majority of partial data packets can also be transmitted in a distributed manner, both in time and frequency. This distribution of the majority of partial data packets in time and frequency can be achieved according to a time- and frequency-hopping pattern, which is a combination of a time-hopping pattern and a frequency-hopping pattern. This is a sequence of transmission times or time intervals at which the partial data packets are transmitted, with transmission frequencies (or frequency hops) assigned to the transmission times (or time intervals).

[0117] Fig. 7 The diagram shows the occupancy of the transmission channel during the transmission of a plurality of partial data packets 142 according to a hopping pattern (time and frequency hopping pattern) 140. The ordinate describes the frequency and the abscissa the time.

[0118] As in Fig. 7As can be seen, the data (e.g. a data packet containing the data) can be divided into n = 7 sub-data packets 142 and transmitted according to a jump pattern 140 in time and frequency.

[0119] As in Fig. 7 As can be further seen, the majority of partial data packages 142 can be used in addition to data (data symbols 146 in Fig. 7 ) also pilot sequences (pilot symbols (or synchronization symbols) 144 in Fig. 7 ) contained, based on which the partial data packets 142 in a received signal 120 or received data stream can be detected on the receiver side.

[0120] Regarding Fig. 6 In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted according to a jump pattern 140 (time jump pattern, frequency jump pattern or time and frequency jump pattern) in the first frequency range 126 or the second frequency range 128, depending on the quality criterion.

[0121] Optionally, different hopping patterns can be used for transmitting the data 120 in the different frequency ranges 126 and 128. Thus, the data 120 in the first frequency range 126 can be transmitted according to a first hopping pattern, while the data 120 in the second frequency range 128 can be transmitted according to a second hopping pattern, with the first and second hopping patterns being different.

[0122] Optionally, different groups of jump patterns can be assigned to the different frequency ranges 126 and 128. For example, the first frequency range 126 can be assigned a first group of jump patterns, while the second frequency range 128 can be assigned a second group of jump patterns, with a jump pattern from the respective group being used for data transmission.

[0123] The following are detailed examples of the implementation of the Fig. 6 The communication system shown, 102, is described in more detail.

[0124] The following example uses a communication system 102 in which the transmission of data packets is initiated by the participants 106_1-106_n (e.g., transmitters) in a competitive process, with transmission times not being pre-assigned (contention-based random access). Furthermore, it is assumed that the participants (e.g., transmitters) are stationary, i.e., without significant movement within the radio cell. Therefore, it can be assumed that the path loss of the radio propagation from each participant (e.g., transmitter) to their respective assigned base station is approximately time-invariant. The received signal level of a participant (e.g., transmitter) at the base station is thus approximately constant.

[0125] In exemplary implementations, each participant (e.g., sensor node) 106_1-106_n in a radio cell whose quality criterion (e.g., received signal level) lies below a predefined quality criterion threshold (e.g., level threshold, such as X dBm) can be provided with its own frequency range 126 and 128. This results in a splitting of all participants (e.g., sensor nodes) 106_1-106_n within each radio cell into, for example, two different frequency ranges (referred to below, for simplicity, as the "lower" and "upper" frequency ranges), whose bandwidths may well differ. Unlike the underlay-overlay cell structure arrangement (see above), both frequency ranges 126 and 128 are supplied by the same base station 104_1 and geometrically cover the same cell area.

[0126] Fig. 8The diagram shows a distribution of intra-cell interference (130) and inter-cell interference (140) for those participants who, due to their reception power being below a certain threshold (as an example of a quality criterion), transmit data in their own (lower) frequency range, for a cluster size of K=1. The ordinate represents the number of interfering sources and the abscissa the base station reception level in dBm.

[0127] Fig. 8 This illustrates the separation of the weakest participants (e.g., sensor nodes) into a separate frequency range 128. The distribution of curve 130 clearly shows that only participants below a quality criterion threshold (e.g., with a received signal strength of less than -115 dBm) are located in the lower frequency range 128 within the same radio cell (see Fig. 2a and 2b(for comparison). Since such a split can also occur in all other neighboring radio cells, the inter-cell interference from the neighboring cells also results in a distribution that only begins below the quality criterion threshold (e.g., the threshold X of -115 dBm). The distribution of inter-cell interference from Fig. 8 with the of Fig. 2b Comparing the results, it becomes clear that only the weakest interference from neighboring cells remains in this frequency range. For each individual participant in this lower frequency range (128 MHz), the resulting frequency distribution (CIR) is significantly more favorable.

[0128] When dimensioning the two frequency ranges to be divided, 126 and 128, into a lower frequency range (with bandwidth bu for participants below the quality criterion threshold (e.g., participants with the weakest reception) and an upper frequency range (with bandwidth) boIt is reasonable to assume multiples of the system's basic bandwidth b. For GSM, this bandwidth is... b = 200 kHz and in the IoT method called "Telegram Splitting Multiple Access" (TSMA) [3,4,5,6] it is b = 100 kHz. The bandwidth ratio should typically be bu / bo The signal strength should be between 1 / 3 and 1. This can be explained by the greater sensitivity of weaker receivers (e.g., sensor nodes) to interference. The variation in received signal levels should not be too large in the lower band 128. Furthermore, it is desirable to have approximately equal traffic levels in both bands. bu and bo (126 and 128) to generate, the relative threshold Xpreferential should be approximately bu / bo • 50 % lay.

[0129] Fig. 9The diagram shows packet error rates for different convolutional codes (1 / 2 and 1 / 3) across subscribers sorted by their reception level (as an example of a quality criterion) using two separate frequency bands, 126 and 128 MHz. The ordinate represents the packet error rate as a percentage, and the abscissa represents the reception level. Fig. 9 A first curve 150 describes a packet error rate for a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 3 for participants in the lower frequency range 128, a second curve 152 a packet error rate for a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 2 for participants in the lower frequency range 128, a third curve 154 a packet error rate for a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 3 for participants in the upper frequency range 126, and a fourth curve 156 a packet error rate for a convolutional code with a rate of 1 / 2 for participants in the upper frequency range 126.

[0130] In other words, Fig. 9This example demonstrates the effect of distributing participants (e.g., sensor nodes) across the two frequency ranges 126 and 128 according to their reception levels. A significant reduction in interference power is observed in the lower frequency range of 128. I instead, which ultimately led to a significantly more favorable distribution of CIRs This leads to a significant increase in the total number of participants, which is considerably higher. Since the performance of the excluded participants (e.g., sensor nodes) with low receive levels is no longer taken into account in the upper frequency range of 126 MHz, the total number of participants can be significantly increased, resulting in a substantial increase in spectral capacity. According to [7], spectral capacity is defined as the maximum serviceable traffic (in kbit / s) per area and per bandwidth at a given QoS.

[0131] By using the two frequency ranges 126 and 128 separately, a significantly higher spectral capacity can be achieved than if both frequency ranges 126 and 128 are used jointly by all participants (e.g. users).

[0132] It should be noted at this point that the splitting of all participants present in the cell can also occur across more than two different frequency ranges.

[0133] In some implementation examples, a participant can make the correct selection regarding the two frequency ranges 126 and 128 as described below.

[0134] The starting point is base station 104_1. This station maintains statistics within its respective cell on the quality criteria (e.g., signal strength and packet error rates, PER) of all participants (e.g., sensor nodes) 106_1-106_n located within the cell. From this data, base station 104_1 can, for example, perform a function as described in Fig. 10 A graphically represented table is generated, enabling the assignment of various code rates, using received signal levels as an example of quality criteria, as well as the assignment of frequency bands 126 and 128. The table is regularly updated by the base station depending on the load of communication system 102 (and thus the interference situation). Participant 106_1 can, in turn, estimate the quality criterion (e.g., signal level) based on a transmission received from the assigned base station (e.g., downlink data transmission or beacon transmission) and, based on this estimated quality criterion, select the code rate for its transmissions and the assignment to the two frequency bands 126 and 128 using the table. Initially, upon first logging into the communication system, participant (e.g., sensor node) 106_1 can always start in the lower frequency band 128.

[0135] To enable participant (e.g., sensor node) 106_1 to measure or estimate the quality criterion (e.g., signal level) of the transmission from base station 104_1 and also receive information about the table (e.g., the table's contents), a return channel can be used from base station 104_1 to participants 106_1-106_n. This return channel can be a dedicated frequency band, although this reduces the spectral capacity. In the case of a dedicated return channel, the base station can, for example, directly assign the code rate and frequency band to the participant via a link-layer command.

[0136] The return channel can also be concealed within the uplink frequency channels in the form of a radio beacon, a so-called "partially coordinated system." This avoids the use of an additional frequency band. The base station 104_1 can transmit this radio beacon, which contains information such as the signal level table, at regular intervals.

[0137] The following are some possible examples of how the frequency ranges can be divided.

[0138] For GSM and NB-IoT, the bandwidth is b each 200 kHz, while they rely on regular "Telegram Splitting Multiple Access" (TSMA) according to [4] b = 100 kHz This amounts to [something]. Since the information data rate R is significantly lower than the bandwidth in both NB-IoT and TSMA. b , a radio band can be used again in b / R Frequency channels are used. In GSM, however, the modulation rate is... R in the same order of magnitude as the minimum required bandwidth b . 1) If the bandwidth of the frequency-hopping frame (see Fig. 11 If the bandwidth b in TSMA is less than half, then the division into a lower and an upper band is possible. bu or bo1) This can already occur within a radio band of, for example, 100 kHz. 2) The use of two or more radio bands for the different frequency assignment of the two bands. bu and bo This is always possible. The two bands can lie next to each other, but they don't have to. 2. Separate time interval for participants (e.g., sensor nodes) with permanently poor reception conditions

[0139] Fig. 12 Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a base station 104_1 and a subscriber 106_1, according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

[0140] Compared to the one in Fig. 6 In the exemplary embodiment shown, the following are used in the Fig. 12 In the illustrated embodiment, the data 120 are not transmitted in different frequency ranges 126 and 128 depending on the quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the subscriber 106_1 and the base station 104_1 (see Fig. 6) but transmitted at different time intervals 127 and 129.

[0141] Of course, in exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can also be transmitted in different frequency ranges 126 and 128 as well as in different time intervals 127 and 129, depending on the quality criterion.

[0142] In exemplary implementations, in addition to frequency allocation for participants with different quality criteria (e.g., participants with strong and weak reception (e.g., sensor nodes)), allocation can alternatively or in combination be achieved using a time-division multiplexing method. In this method, participants with better quality criteria (e.g., participants with strong reception (e.g., sensor nodes)) are transmitted with a time delay compared to participants with poorer quality criteria (e.g., participants with weak reception (e.g., sensor nodes)). The signaling of the respective time windows 127 and 129 can be carried out, for example, by the base station, such as in the form of a radio beacon or during the registration process of a new participant. 3. Dedicated frequency channel or time interval for data transmissions with high QoS requirements

[0143] In exemplary implementations, the data 120 in the communication system 102 can alternatively or additionally depend on the quality criterion also on a quality of service (QoS). in the first frequency range 126 and / or first time interval 127, or in the second frequency range 128 and / or second time interval 129 be transferred.

[0144] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted in the first frequency range 126 and / or first time interval 127 if the quality of service is in a first quality of service range or less than or equal to a quality of service threshold, while the data 120 can be transmitted in the second frequency range 128 and / or second time interval 129 if the quality of service is in a second quality of service range or greater than the quality of service threshold.

[0145] In exemplary implementations, the quality of service can be at least one of a latency, a reaction time, a maximum blocking rate.

[0146] The division of participants 106_1-106_n (e.g. sensor nodes) into separate frequency bands 126 and 128 and / or separate time intervals 127 and 129 can also be used from an application point of view for applications with high quality requirements.

[0147] For example, some messages have a higher priority during transmission or must arrive at the recipient within a certain time interval. Examples of such transmissions include alarms or emergency shutdowns. However, there are also applications that must guarantee that at least one message per time interval (e.g., per day or month) is correctly received at the recipient.

[0148] To ensure that these messages arrive at the receiver more securely, in exemplary embodiments these messages can also be transmitted in their own frequency range 128 or their own time interval 129, either exclusively or in combination with the previous exemplary embodiments.

[0149] In some implementation examples, participants (e.g., sensor nodes) that meet better quality criteria (e.g., participants with good reception conditions) can also send individual messages with high QoS requirements in the lower frequency band 128 to the base station 104_1. This is unproblematic as long as it does not occur too frequently.

[0150] In the previous example, where at least one message per time interval must arrive at the receiver, a participant's messages can, for example, be sent 100 times in the upper frequency band 126 and, just to be safe, once in the lower frequency band 128 over the interval.

[0151] If a bidirectional system is available, transmission is also possible in the upper frequency band 126. If the base station 104_1 acknowledges receipt (ACK) of one of the messages sent in the upper frequency band 126, the subscriber does not need to transmit in the lower band. Only if no ACK is received shortly before the end of the time interval does the subscriber transmit in the lower frequency band.

[0152] Within the 869 MHz band, there are sections with different maximum transmission power limits: 500 mW (27 dBm), 25 mW (14 dBm), and 5 mW (7 dBm). This means, for example, that the upper frequency range of 126 MHz can be within a section with a lower permitted transmission power. 4. Different frequency timing patterns for data transmissions with high QoS requirements or for poor vs. good reception conditions.

[0153] Further embodiments of the participant 106_1 and the base station 104_1 are described below, which can be used individually or in combination with the embodiments of the participant 106_1 and the base station 104_1 described above.

[0154] Fig. 13 Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a communication system 102 with a base station 104_1 and a subscriber 106_1, according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

[0155] The participant 106_1 is configured to send data 120 according to a hopping pattern 122_1 or 122_2 distributed in time and / or frequency to the base station 104_1 of the communication system 102 and / or to receive data from the base station 104_1 of the communication system 102, wherein the hopping pattern 122_1 or 122_2 used for the transmission of the data 120 from a position of subscriber 106_1 in relation to base station 104_1, and / or from a quality criterion of at least a previous transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104_1, and / or a (e.g., measured or determined) channel load before the transmission of data 120, and / or from a required quality of service of data 120, is dependent.

[0156] The base station 104_1 can be configured to send data 120 distributed in time and / or frequency to a subscriber 106_1 of the communication system 102 according to a hopping pattern 122_1 or 122_2, and / or to receive data from the subscriber 106_1 of the communication system 102, wherein the hopping pattern 122_1 or 122_2 used for the transmission of the data 120 from a position of subscriber 106_1 in relation to base station 104_1, and / or from a quality criterion of at least a previous transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104_1, and / or a (e.g., measured or determined) channel load before the transmission of data 120, and / or from a required quality of service of data 120, is dependent.

[0157] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted according to a first hop pattern 122_1 or according to a hop pattern 122_1 selected from a first group of hop patterns if the position of the subscriber 106_1 falls within a first geographical area of ​​a geographical area covered by the base station 106_1, while the data 120 can be transmitted according to a second hop pattern 122_2 or according to a hop pattern 122_2 selected from a second group of hop patterns if the position of the subscriber 106_1 falls within a second geographical area of ​​the geographical area covered by the base station 106_1, wherein the first hop pattern 122_1 and the second hop pattern 122_2 are different, and wherein the first area and the second area are different.

[0158] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted according to a first jump pattern 122_1 or according to a jump pattern 122_1 selected from a first group of jump patterns if the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission lies within a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, while the data 120 can be transmitted according to a second jump pattern 122_2 or according to a jump pattern 122_2 selected from a second group of jump patterns if the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission lies within a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold.

[0159] The quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between subscriber 106_1 and base station 104 can, for example, be at least one of the following: a received level of at least one preceding transmission, a bit error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a block error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a packet error rate of at least one preceding transmission, a signal-to-noise ratio of at least one preceding transmission, a signal-to-interference ratio of at least one preceding transmission, and, in the case of multiple preceding transmissions, a ratio between the number of detected transmissions and the number of undetected transmissions.

[0160] In some embodiments, the at least one preceding transmission can be a transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission or beacon transmission) from the base station 104_1 to the subscriber 106_1. In this case, the subscriber 106_1 can determine the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission itself, i.e., based on the received transmission from the base station 104_1.

[0161] In exemplary embodiments, at least one preceding transmission can be a transmission (e.g., uplink data transmission) from subscriber 106_1 to base station 104_1. In this case, base station 104_1 can determine the quality criterion based on the received transmission from subscriber 106_1 and send a data transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission) to subscriber 106_1, wherein the data transmission to subscriber 106_1 contains information about the quality criterion.

[0162] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted according to a first jump pattern 122_1 or according to a jump pattern 122_1 selected from a first group of jump patterns if the quality of service of the data is in a first quality of service range or less than or equal to a quality of service threshold, while the data 120 can be transmitted according to a second jump pattern 122_2 or according to a jump pattern 122_2 selected from a second group of jump patterns if the quality of service is in a second quality of service range or greater than the quality of service threshold.

[0163] In exemplary implementations, the quality of service can be at least one of a latency, a reaction time, a maximum blocking rate.

[0164] In execution examples, the data 120 can be transmitted according to a first jump pattern 122_1 or according to a jump pattern 122_1 selected from a first group of jump patterns if the measured or determined channel load (e.g., (shortly) before sending the data 120) is in a first channel load range or less than or equal to a channel load threshold, while the data 120 can be transmitted according to a second jump pattern 122_2 or according to a jump pattern 122_2 selected from a second group of jump patterns if the measured or determined channel load (e.g., (shortly) before sending the data 120) is in a second channel load range or greater than the channel load threshold.

[0165] Of course, in exemplary embodiments, more than two jump patterns or more than two groups of jump patterns can be used for transmitting the data 120. For example, the geographic area served by the base station 104_1 can be divided into at least three geographic areas, with each of the at least three geographic areas being assigned a respective jump pattern or group of jump patterns. Similarly, it is possible to divide the area into at least three quality criterion areas (or quality of service areas or channel load areas), with each of the at least three quality criterion areas (or quality of service areas or channel load areas) being assigned a respective jump pattern or group of jump patterns.

[0166] In exemplary embodiments, the subscriber 106_1 may have a transmitting device (or transmitting module, or transmitter) 107 configured to send a transmission (e.g., an uplink data transmission). The transmitting device 107 may be connected to an antenna 109 of the subscriber 106_1. Furthermore, the subscriber 106_1 may have a receiving device (or receiving module, or receiver) 108 configured to receive a transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission, beacon transmission, or link transmission). The receiving device 108 may be connected to the antenna 109 or to another (separate) antenna of the subscriber 106_1. The subscriber 106_1 may also have a combined transmit-receive device (transceiver).

[0167] In exemplary embodiments, the base station 104_1 can have a receiving device (or receiving module, or receiver) 116 configured to receive a transmission (e.g., uplink data transmission). The receiving device 116 can be connected to an antenna 114 of the base station 104_1. Furthermore, the base station 104_1 can have a transmitting device (or transmitting module, or transmitter) 112 configured to send a transmission (e.g., downlink data transmission, beacon transmission, or link transmission). The transmitting device 112 can be connected to the antenna 114 or to another (separate) antenna of the base station 104_1. The base station 104_1 can also have a combined transmit-receive device (transceiver).

[0168] As already mentioned in relation to Fig. 6 and 7As explained in detail, the subscriber 106_1 and the base station 104_1 can be configured to transmit data based on the so-called telegram splitting procedure [3], as defined, for example, in ETSI TS 103 357.

[0169] As already indicated, exemplary embodiments of the in Fig. 13 described communication system 102 optionally with embodiments of the system described in the Figs. 6 to 12 described communication system 102 can be combined.

[0170] In exemplary embodiments, the data 120 can be transmitted in the first frequency range 126 and / or first time interval 127 according to a first jump pattern 122_1 or according to a jump pattern 122_1 selected from a first group of jump patterns, while the data 120 can be transmitted in the second frequency range 128 and / or second time interval 129 according to a second jump pattern 122_2 or according to a jump pattern 122_2 selected from a second group of jump patterns.

[0171] In some implementation examples, the different hopping patterns can be orthogonal to each other. The SIR (Sequence Interference Rate) from a first hopping pattern to a second hopping pattern is better than the SIR from the first hopping pattern to a third or fourth hopping pattern. For example, there can be 16 possible hopping patterns. This allows, for instance, participants whose transmissions have better quality criteria (e.g., participants with good reception conditions) to use the first eight hopping patterns, while participants whose transmissions have worse quality criteria (e.g., participants with poor reception conditions) can use the other eight hopping patterns.

[0172] In exemplary implementations, the hopping patterns can be defined depending on at least one quality criterion (e.g., received signal level). For example, the hopping patterns for participants with better (e.g., good) quality criteria and the hopping patterns for participants with worse (e.g., poor) quality criteria can be almost orthogonal to each other and therefore (almost) do not interfere with each other.

[0173] In some implementation examples, one or more jump patterns can also be reserved for messages with high QoS requirements, such as alarms.

[0174] As already indicated, the hopping pattern used for transmitting data 120 can depend on the position of subscriber 106_1 relative to base station 104. It is possible that the geographic area served by base station 104_1 is divided into several geographic regions, with each geographic region assigned a specific hopping pattern (or group of hopping patterns), as illustrated below. Fig. 14 will be explained.

[0175] Fig. 14 Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a base station 104_1 and an assignment of four different jump patterns 122_1-122_4 (or four groups of different jump patterns) to four different geometric areas served by the base station 104_1, according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in Fig. 14As shown by way of example, the geographic area served by base station 104_1 can be divided into four geographic areas depending on the distance to base station 104_1. A first hop pattern 122_1 (or a first group of hop patterns) can be assigned to a first geographic area, a second hop pattern 122_2 (or a second group of hop patterns) can be assigned to a second geographic area, a third hop pattern 122_3 (or a third group of hop patterns) can be assigned to a third geographic area, and a fourth hop pattern 122_4 (or a fourth group of hop patterns) can be assigned to a fourth geographic area. The four hop patterns 122_1-122_4 can be different, i.e., they can have different distributions in time and / or frequency.

[0176] In other words, Fig. 14shows a geometric distribution of jump patterns. Fig. 14 This shows an example with four hop patterns. The four hop patterns are fixed depending on the distance (and thus indirectly the reception power) of participants 106_1-106_n (to the base station 104_1).

[0177] Fig. 15 Figure 1 shows a schematic view of nine base stations 104_1-104_9 and an assignment of four different hop patterns 122_1-122_4 (or four groups of different hop patterns) to four different geometric areas, each served by one of the new base stations 104_1-104_9, according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in Figure 1. Fig. 15As shown by way of example, the geographic area served by a given base station can be divided into four geographic areas depending on the distance to that base station. The four hop patterns 122_1-124_4 are assigned to the geographic areas of immediately adjacent base stations in exactly reverse order.

[0178] In other words, Fig. 15 This shows multiple radio cells. To reduce inter-cell interference, neighboring base stations can be assigned different hop patterns (122_1-122_4) (see Fig. 15 ). In Fig. 15 The different circular or ring-shaped surfaces represent different jump patterns 122_1-122_4. The jump patterns 122_1-122_4 can be assumed to be orthogonal (in other words, they hardly / do not interfere with each other). As this is shown in Fig. 15As indicated, at the first base station 104_1, the first hopping pattern 122_1 can be used for subscribers with the best reception conditions, while at a second base station 104_2 in a neighboring cell, the first hopping pattern 122_1 is used for subscribers with the worst channel conditions. This ensures that hopping patterns with the same numbers are spatially separated. Therefore, data transmitted using hopping patterns does not interfere with each other, thus reducing inter-cell interference.

[0179] It should be noted that the use of four jump patterns is merely an example. Instead of four jump patterns, a different number of jump patterns or groups of jump patterns can be used, such as four groups of jump patterns. Each group of jump patterns can contain multiple jump patterns that are orthogonal to another group of jump patterns or exhibit good suppression. For example, starting from 16 available jump patterns, four groups of jump patterns could each contain four jump patterns.

[0180] Of course, neighboring radio cells can also be assigned completely different hop patterns. For example, one base station can use hop patterns 1-4, while a neighboring base station can use hop patterns 4-8.

[0181] An uneven distribution of the number of jump patterns within each group of jump patterns is also possible. For example, a first group of jump patterns might contain two jump patterns, while a second group of jump patterns might contain six jump patterns.

[0182] Fig. 16 Figure 1 shows a schematic view of two base stations 104_1 and 104_2 and an assignment of different jump patterns (or four groups of different jump patterns) to different geometric areas served by the two base stations 104_1 and 104_2, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0183] As in Fig. 16As shown by way of example, the geographical area served by the first base station 104_1 can be divided into four areas, wherein, starting from the first base station 104_1, a first hop pattern 122_1 can be assigned to a first geographical area, a second hop pattern 122_2 can be assigned to a second geographical area, a third hop pattern 122_3 can be assigned to a third geographical area, and a fourth hop pattern 122_4 can be assigned to a fourth geographical area.

[0184] The geographic area served by the second base station 104_2 can be divided into five areas, wherein, starting from the second base station 104_2, the second hop pattern 122_2 can be assigned to a first geographic area, a first hop pattern 122_1 can be assigned to a second geographic area, a sixth hop pattern 122_6 can be assigned to a third geographic area, a seventh hop pattern 122_7 can be assigned to a fourth geographic area, and a fourth hop pattern 122_4 can be assigned to a fifth geographic area.

[0185] A participant using the fourth hop pattern 122_4 can therefore be received by both base stations 104_1 and 104_2.

[0186] In other words, Fig. 16 shows unequally sized radio cells. Fig. 16This example shows a situation where, under good conditions, the subscribers can be received by virtually all base stations 104_1 and 104_2. If all base stations 104_1 and 104_2 receive specific hopping patterns, then these hopping patterns should only be assigned once and not reused in neighboring radio cells. An example is an installation of one subscriber (e.g., a meter) on the roof of a high-rise building and simultaneously in the basement of another high-rise building. In this case, the hopping pattern used by the subscriber located on the roof cannot be reused by other subscribers.

[0187] In some implementation examples, the hopping patterns can therefore be adaptively communicated to the base stations by a central server (e.g., head end). 5. Further examples of implementation

[0188] Fig. 17Figure 200 shows a flowchart of a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method comprises a step of transmitting data from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted based on a quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between the participant and the base station. are transmitted in a first frequency range or in a second frequency range, wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0189] Fig. 18Figure 210 shows a flowchart of a method for receiving data in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method comprises a step of receiving data transmitted from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is evaluated according to a quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between the participant and the base station. are transmitted in a first frequency range or in a second frequency range, wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0190] Fig. 19Figure 220 shows a flowchart of a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method includes a step of transmitting data from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted according to a required quality of service. are transmitted in a first frequency range or in a second frequency range, wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0191] Fig. 20Figure 230 shows a flowchart of a method for receiving data in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system has a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants. The method includes a step of receiving data transmitted from a participant in the communication system to a base station of the communication system, wherein the data is transmitted according to a required quality of service. are transmitted in a first frequency range or in a second frequency range, wherein the first frequency range and the second frequency range are different, and / or are transmitted in a first time interval or in a second time interval, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval are different.

[0192] Fig. 21Figure 240 shows a flowchart of a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system. The method comprises a step of transmitting data according to a hopping pattern in time and / or frequency distributed from a subscriber of the communication system to a base station of the communication system and / or from a base station of the communication system to a subscriber of the communication system, wherein the hopping pattern used for transmitting the data depends on at least one of the a position of the subscriber in relation to the base station, a quality criterion of at least one previous transmission between the subscriber and the base station, a channel load before the transmission of the data, a required quality of service of the transmitted data.

[0193] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to an IoT system (IoT = Internet of Things) with asymmetric data transmission from many participants (e.g., sensor nodes) to a base station using a so-called competitive multiple access method [8]. Since each transmitting sensor node is allowed to access the uplink channel at will, potentially very high co-channel interference arises in the user cell due to the lack of user orthogonality. Participants (e.g., sensor nodes) that exhibit high path loss to the base station due to their large distance or unfavorable positioning then have a very low CIR. This poor CIR often prevents these sensor nodes from correctly transmitting their data to the base station at specific predefined intervals. This can frequently result in a required QoS (Quality of Service).Service quality standards are not met. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention utilize different (frequency) range assignments, thereby reducing the interference power I.

[0194] As mentioned previously, the embodiments described herein can be used to transmit data between participants in the communication system based on the telegram splitting method. In telegram splitting, data, such as a telegram or data packet, is divided into a plurality of sub-data packets (or partial data packets). These sub-data packets are then transmitted from one participant to another (e.g., from the base station to the endpoint, or from the endpoint to the base station) of the communication system using a time and / or frequency hopping pattern. The receiving participant then reassembles (or combines) the sub-data packets to obtain the complete data packet. Each sub-data packet contains only a portion of the data packet.Furthermore, the data packet can be channel-coded, so that only a part of the sub-data packets are required to decode the data packet without errors, not all of them.

[0195] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be used in or extend the communication system defined in ETSI TS 103 357 (v1.1.1).

[0196] Although some aspects have been described in connection with a device, it is understood that these aspects also constitute a description of the corresponding process, such that a block or component of a device can also be understood as a corresponding process step or as a feature of a process step. Similarly, aspects described in connection with or as a process step also constitute a description of a corresponding block, detail, or feature of a corresponding device. Some or all of the process steps can be performed by (or using) a hardware apparatus, such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer, or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some or more of the key process steps can be performed by such an apparatus.

[0197] Depending on specific implementation requirements, embodiments of the invention can be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation can be carried out using a digital storage medium, for example, a floppy disk, DVD, Blu-ray disc, CD, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH memory, hard disk, or other magnetic or optical storage medium, on which electronically readable control signals are stored. These control signals can interact with, or interact with, a programmable computer system in such a way as to execute the respective method. Therefore, the digital storage medium can be computer-readable.

[0198] Some embodiments according to the invention therefore include a data carrier which has electronically readable control signals which are able to interact with a programmable computer system in such a way that one of the methods described herein is carried out.

[0199] In general, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product with a program code, wherein the program code is effective in carrying out one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.

[0200] The program code can also be stored on a machine-readable medium, for example.

[0201] Other embodiments include the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein, wherein the computer program is stored on a machine-readable medium.

[0202] In other words, an embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a computer program that includes program code for carrying out one of the methods described herein when the computer program runs on a computer.

[0203] Another embodiment of the methods according to the invention is thus a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) on which the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein is recorded. The data carrier, the digital storage medium, or the computer-readable medium is typically tangible and / or non-perishable or non-temporary.

[0204] Another embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a data stream or a sequence of signals that represents the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein. The data stream or sequence of signals can be configured, for example, to be transferred via a data communication connection, such as the Internet.

[0205] Another embodiment comprises a processing device, for example a computer or a programmable logic device, which is configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.

[0206] Another embodiment comprises a computer on which the computer program for performing one of the procedures described herein is installed.

[0207] Another embodiment of the invention comprises a device or system designed to transmit a computer program for carrying out at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver. The transmission can be, for example, electronic or optical. The receiver can be, for example, a computer, a mobile device, a storage device, or a similar device. The device or system can, for example, include a file server for transmitting the computer program to the receiver.

[0208] In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example, a field-programmable gate array, an FPGA) can be used to perform some or all of the functionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a field-programmable gate array can interact with a microprocessor to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, in some embodiments, the methods are performed by any hardware device. This can be general-purpose hardware such as a computer processor (CPU) or method-specific hardware such as an ASIC.

[0209] The devices described herein can be implemented, for example, using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer.

[0210] The devices described herein, or any components of the devices described herein, may be implemented at least partially in hardware and / or in software (computer program).

[0211] The methods described herein can be implemented, for example, using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer.

[0212] The methods described herein, or any components thereof, may be executed at least partially by hardware and / or by software.

[0213] The embodiments described above merely illustrate the principles of the present invention. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and details described herein will be obvious to other people skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of protection set forth in the following claims and not by the specific details presented herein by way of description and explanation of the embodiments. Bibliography

[0214] [1] 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP TR 45.820, "Cellular system support for ultralow complexity and low throughput Internet of Things (CloT)" [2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP TR 38.913, "Study on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation Access Technologies", v14.0.0. [3] DE 10 2011 082 098 B4 [4] ETSI TS 103 357, "V1.1.1 (2018-06) [5] G. Kilian, H. Petkov, R. Psiuk, H. Lieske, F. Beer, J. Robert, and A. Heuberger, "Improved coverage for low-power telemetry systems using telegram splitting," in Proceedings of 2013 European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies (SmartSysTech), 2013 [6] G. Kilian, M. Breiling, H. H. Petkov, H. Lieske, F. Beer, J. Robert, and A. Heuberger, "Increasing Transmission Reliability for Telemetry Systems Using Telegram Splitting," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 949-961, Mar. 2015 [7] C. Lüders, "Mobilfunksysteme.Fundamentals, Functioning, Planning Aspects", Vogel Buchverlag, Kamprath Series, 2001 [8] M. Bossert, M. Breitenbach, "Digital Networks", BG Teubner Stuttgart - Leipzig, 1999 [9] W. Koch, "Fundamentals of Mobile Communications", Lecture Notes in Winter Semester 2010 / 2011, Chair of Mobile Communications, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 2011

[10] 3GPP TSG RAN1#88 Athens, R1-1703865, "On 5G mMTC requirement fulfillment, NBloT and eMTC connection density", source Ericsson, February 13-17, 2017

[11] A. Aragon-Zavala, "Indoor Wireless Communications: From Theory to Implementation", John Wiley & Sons, 2017.

Claims

1. A participant (106_1) of a wireless communication system (102), wherein the communication system (102) comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants (106_1-106_n), wherein the communication system (102) communicates in a frequency band used by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems for communication, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to send data (120) to a base station (104_1) of the communication system (102), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to, depending on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station: - transmit the data (120) in a first frequency range (126) or in a second frequency range (128), wherein the first frequency range (126) and the second frequency range (128) are different, and / or - transmit the data (120) in a first time interval (127) or in a second time interval (129), wherein the first time interval (127) and the second time interval (129) are different, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to transmit the data (120) in the first frequency range (126) and / or in the first time interval (127) if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to transmit the data (120) in the second frequency range (128) and / or in the second time interval (129) if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion is at least one among: - a minimum receive level, - a bit error rate, - a block error rate, - a packet error rate, - a signal-to-noise ratio, - a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station (104_1) - includes at least one transmission of a beacon or a transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) to the participant (106_1), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to determine or estimate the quality criterion of the at least one transmission of the beacon or the at least one transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) to the participant (106_1), - or includes at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to receive a transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1), the transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) comprising information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1).

2. The participant (106_1) according to claim 1, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to provide the data (120) for the transmission in the first frequency range (126) and / or time interval with a first code rate, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to provide the data (120) for the transmission in the second frequency range (128) and / or time interval with a second code rate, wherein the first code rate is greater than the second code rate.

3. The participant (106_1) according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to transmit the data (120) in the first frequency range (126) and / or first time interval (127) in correspondence with a first hopping pattern (122_1), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to transmit the data (120) in the second frequency range (128) and / or second time interval (129) in correspondence with a second hopping pattern (122_2), wherein the first hopping pattern (122_1) and the second hopping pattern (122_2) are different.

4. The participant (106_1) according to claim 3, wherein the first hopping pattern (122_1) is one of a first group of hopping patterns associated to the first frequency range (126) and / or first time interval (127), wherein the second hopping pattern (122_2) is one of a second group of hopping patterns associated to the second frequency range (128) and / or second time interval (129), wherein the first group of hopping patterns and the second group of hopping patterns are different.

5. A base station (104_1) of a wireless communication system (102), wherein the communication system (102) comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants (106_1-106_n), wherein the communication system (102) communicates in a frequency band used by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems for communication, wherein the base station (104_1) is configured to receive data (120) from a participant (106_1) of the communication system (102), wherein the data (120), in dependence on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station, - are transmitted in a first frequency range (126) or in a second frequency range (128), wherein the first frequency range (126) and the second frequency range (128) are different, and / or - are transmitted in a first time interval (127) or in a second time interval (129), wherein the first time interval (127) and the second time interval (129) are different; wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the first frequency range (126) and / or in the first time interval (127) if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the second frequency range (128) and / or in the second time interval (129) if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion is at least one among: - a minimum receive level, - a bit error rate, - a block error rate, - a packet error rate, - a signal-to-noise ratio, - a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission includes at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the base station (104_1) is configured to determine the quality criterion based on the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the base station (104_1) is configured to send data (120) to the participant (106_1), comprising information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1).

6. The base station (104_1) according to claim 5, wherein the data (120) transmitted in the first frequency range (126) and / or first time interval (127) are provided with a first code rate, wherein the data (120) transmitted in the second frequency range (128) and / or second time interval (129) are provided with a second code rate, wherein the first code rate is greater than the second code rate.

7. The base station (104_1) according to any one of claims 5 to 6, wherein the data (120) in the first frequency range (126) and / or first time interval (127) are transmitted in correspondence with a first hopping pattern (122_1), wherein the data (120) in the second frequency range (128) and / or second time interval (129) are transmitted in correspondence with a second hopping pattern (122_2), wherein the first hopping pattern (122_1) and the second hopping pattern (122_2) are different.

8. The base station (104_1) according to claim 7, wherein the first hopping pattern (122_1) is one of a first group of hopping patterns associated to the first frequency range (126) and / or first time interval (127), wherein the second hopping pattern (122_2) is one of a second group of hopping patterns associated to the second frequency range (129) and / or second time interval (129), wherein the first group of hopping patterns and the second group of hopping patterns are different.

9. A method for sending data (120) in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system (102) comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants (106_1-106_n), wherein the communication system (102) communicates in a frequency band used by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems for communication, the method comprising: sending data (120) from a participant (106_1) of the communication system (102) to a base station (104_1) of the communication system (102), wherein the data (120), in dependence on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station, - are transmitted in a first frequency range (126) or in a second frequency range (128), wherein the first frequency range (126) and the second frequency range (128) are different, and / or - are transmitted in a first time interval (127) or in a second time interval (129), wherein the first time interval (127) and the second time interval (129) are different, wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the first frequency range (126) and / or in the first time interval (127) if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the second frequency range (128) and / or in the second time interval (129) if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion is at least one among: - a minimum receive level, - a bit error rate, - a block error rate, - a packet error rate, - a signal-to-noise ratio, - a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station (104_1) includes - at least one transmission of a beacon or a transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) to the participant (106_1), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to determine or estimate the quality criterion of the at least one transmission of the beacon or the at least one transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) to the participant (106_1), - or at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the participant (106_1) is configured to receive a transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1), the transmission of data (120) from the base station (104_1) comprising information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1).

10. A method for receiving data (120) in a wireless communication system, wherein the communication system (102) comprises a plurality of mutually uncoordinated participants (106_1-106_n), wherein the communication system (102) communicates in a frequency band used by a plurality of mutually uncoordinated communication systems for communication, the method comprising: receiving data sent from a participant (106_1) of the communication system (102) to a base station (104_1) of the communication system (102), wherein the data (120), in dependence on a quality criterion of at least one preceding transmission between the participant (106_1) and the base station - are transmitted in a first frequency range (126) or in a second frequency range (128), wherein the first frequency range (126) and the second frequency range (128) are different, and / or - are transmitted in a first time interval (127) or in a second time interval (129), wherein the first time interval (127) and the second time interval (129) are different, wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the first frequency range (126) and / or in the first time interval (127) if the quality criterion is in a first quality criterion range or is greater than or equal to a quality criterion threshold, wherein the data (120) are transmitted in the second frequency range (128) and / or in the second time interval (129) if the quality criterion is in a second quality criterion range or is less than the quality criterion threshold, wherein the quality criterion is at least one among: - a minimum receive level, - a bit error rate, - a block error rate, - a packet error rate, - a signal-to-noise ratio, - a signal-to-interference ratio, wherein the at least one preceding transmission includes at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the base station (104_1) is configured to determine the quality criterion based on the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1), wherein the base station (104_1) is configured to send data (120) to the participant (106_1), comprising information about the quality criterion of the at least one preceding transmission of data (120) from the participant (106_1) to the base station (104_1).

11. A computer program for performing the method according to any one of claims 9 to 10, when the method runs on a computer, microprocessor, or SDR receiver.