Methods for modulating RNA splicing

Abstract

A method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I) with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS sequence and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS sequence.

Description

METHODS FOR MODULATING RNA SPLICING

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 956,616, filed August 9, 2022, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] This application contains a Sequence Listing created on August 8, 2023, named P1699-US_SL.txt and 9,454 kilobytes in size, which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.INTRODUCTION

[0003] In one aspect, described herein is a DNA nucleotide sequence or an RNA nucleotide sequence comprising a DNA or RNA recognition element for splicing modifier (a DNA REMS or RNA REMS) recognized by a compound described herein.

[0004] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating an amount or type of gene product using a compound described herein, wherein the precursor RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS.

[0005] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of RNA transcript or protein product encoded by a gene, wherein a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS, by utilizing a compound described herein.

[0006] In another aspect, described herein is a plurality of artificial gene constructs, comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS and uses thereof, for use in a method for modulating an amount or type of a pre-mRNA transcript or protein encoded by a gene transfected with an artificial gene construct, by utilizing a compound described herein.BACKGROUND

[0007] A number of diseases are associated with aberrant expression of a gene product (e.g., an RNA transcript or protein) of a gene. An aberrant amount or type of RNA transcript may lead to disease due to corresponding changes in protein expression. Changes in the amount or type of a particular RNA transcript may be the result of several factors. For example, changes in theamount or type of an RNA transcript may be due to an aberrant level of transcription of a particular gene, such as by the perturbation of a transcription factor or a portion of the transcription process, resulting in a change in the expression level of a particular RNA transcript. In another example, changes in the splicing of particular RNA transcripts, such as by perturbation of a particular splicing process or mutations in the gene that may lead to modified splicing can change the levels of a particular RNA transcript. In another example, changes to the stability of a particular RNA transcript or to components that maintain RNA transcript stability, such as the process of poly-A tail incorporation or an effect on certain factors or proteins that bind to and stabilize RNA transcripts, may lead to changes in the levels of a particular RNA transcript. In another example, changes in the level of translation of a particular RNA transcript can affect the amount or type of those transcripts, affecting or upregulating RNA transcript decay processes. Finally, aberrant RNA transport or RNA sequestration may lead to changes in functional levels of RNA transcripts, and may have an effect on the stability, further processing, or translation of the RNA transcripts.

[0008] Often, diseases associated with changes to the amount or type of RNA transcript may be treated with a focus on the aberrant protein expression. However, if the processes responsible for changing the amount or type of aberrant RNA, such as components of the splicing process, associated translation factors or associated stability factors, could be targeted by treatment with a small molecule, it may be possible to restore protein expression levels and avoid the expression of an aberrant RNA transcript or associated protein. Accordingly, there remains a need for methods of modulating the amount or type of aberrant RNA encoded by a gene to prevent or treat diseases associated with expression of aberrant RNA transcripts or associated proteins.SUMMARY

[0009] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, as shown in Table 1, and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNAREMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ IDNO. 11550, as shown in Table 2, wherein, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

[0010] having Ri, Rs, Ri, R5, and Re as defined herein, wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

[0011] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of mature mRNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a RNA REMS. In another aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS, which may be used in the context of, e.g., gene therapy or reporter assays. In another aspect, described herein are methods for engineering a gene to become such an artificial gene construct from an endogenous gene, wherein the artificial gene construct contains a non-wildtype DNA REMS or a non-wildtype RNA REMS. In another aspect, the REMS is an endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a canonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a noncanonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre- mRNA.

[0012] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising contacting a pre-mRNA transcript with a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript is (a) transcribed from a gene comprising a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence sele cted from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, (b) transcribed from a gene selected from Table 5, and / or (c) comprises an RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has a structure havingRi, R3, R4, R5, and Re as defined herein, wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

[0013] In one aspect, described herein is an artificial gene construct, which comprises (a) DNA encoding exons, a 3' splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding an exon, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site, (b) DNA encoding exons and one, two or more introns, wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5' splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site; or (c) DNA encoding exons, a 5' splice site(s), a 3' splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5' splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site; and wherein the artificial gene construct is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775

[0014] In one aspect, described herein is a method of regulating the amount or type of a protein produced by a gene, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure having Ri, R3, R4, R5, and Re as defined herein, wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

[0016] wherein:

[0017] Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents,

[0018] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0019] R1a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0020] R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-salkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Ria substituents, and

[0021] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;

[0022] R3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, Ci-oalkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, ( C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl,

[0023] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0024] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0025] wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Rsa’ substituents;

[0026] Raa’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino;

[0027] Rr is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl,

[0028] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0029] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and

[0030] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents;

[0031] R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0032] R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl,

[0033] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and

[0034] Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl;

[0035] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof,

[0036] wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

[0037] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising contacting a pre-mRNA transcript with a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript is (a) transcribed from a gene comprising a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence sele cted from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, (b) transcribed from a gene selected from Table 5, and / or (c) comprises an RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

[0038] wherein:

[0039] Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents,

[0040] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0041] Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0042] R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-salkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino,

[0043] wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Ria substituents, and

[0044] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;

[0045] Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl,

[0046] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0047] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0048] wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Raa’ substituents;

[0049] Rja’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino;

[0050] Rr is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl,

[0051] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0052] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and

[0053] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents;

[0054] R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0055] R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl,

[0056] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and

[0057] Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl;

[0058] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof,

[0059] wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

[0060] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of mature mRNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a RNA REMS. In anotheraspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS, which may be used in the context of, e.g., gene therapy or reporter assays. In another aspect, described herein are methods for engineering a gene to become such an artificial gene construct from an endogenous gene, wherein the artificial gene construct contains a non-wildtype DNA REMS or a non-wildtype RNA REMS. In another aspect, the REMS is an endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a canonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a noncanonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre- mRNA.

[0061] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of mature mRNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a RNA REMS. In another aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS, which may be used in the context of, e.g., gene therapy or reporter assays. In another aspect, described herein are methods for engineering a gene to become such an artificial gene construct from an endogenous gene, wherein the artificial gene construct contains a non-wildtype DNA REMS or a non -wildtype RNA REMS.

[0062] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one or more mRNA transcripts or proteins thereof expressed as the product of one or more genes, wherein the pre-mRNA transcripts transcribed by the one or more genes comprise a REMS, the methods comprising contacting a cell with a compound of Formula (I)

[0063] or a form thereof, wherein Ri, R3, R4, R5, and Re are defined herein.

[0064] In another aspect, the pre-mRNA transcript is transcribed from a gene comprising a DNA REMs sequence set forth in Table la, wherein the nucleotide sequence ANNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t); Table lb, wherein the nucleotide sequence CNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t);Table 1c, wherein the nucleotide sequence GNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t); and, Table Id, wherein the nucleotide sequence TNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t). In another aspect, references to Table 1 are inclusive of Tables la-ld unless specified otherwise.

[0065] DNA REMS Table la

[0066] DNA REMS Table lb15

[0067] DNAREMS Table 1c

[0068] DNAREMS Table Id

[0069] In another aspect, the pre-mRNA transcript is transcribed from a gene comprising a RNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 2a, wherein the nucleotide sequence ANNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); Table 2b, wherein the nucleotide sequence CNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotidesselected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); Table 2c, wherein the nucleotide sequence GNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); and, Table 2d, wherein the nucleotide sequence TNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u). In another aspect, references to Table 2 are inclusive of Tables 2a-2d unless specified otherwise.

[0070] RNA REMS Table 2a

[0071] RNA REMS Table 2b

[0072] RNA REMS Table 2c

[0073] RNA REMS Table 2d

[0074] In another aspect, the pre-mRNA transcript is transcribed from a gene comprising a DNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 3a, wherein the nucleotide sequence ANNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t); Table 3b, wherein the nucleotide sequence CNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotidesselected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t); Table 3c, wherein the nucleotide sequence GNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t); and, Table 3d, wherein the nucleotide sequence TNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or T, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or t). In another aspect, references to Table 3 are inclusive of Tables 3a-3d unless specified otherwise.

[0075] DNA REMS Table 3a

[0076] DNA REMS Table 3b

[0077] DNAREMS Table 3c

[0078] DNAREMS Table 3d

[0079] In another aspect, the pre-mRNA transcript is transcribed from a gene comprising a RNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 4a, wherein the nucleotide sequence ANNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); Table 4b, wherein the nucleotide sequence CNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); Table 4c, wherein the nucleotide sequence GNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u); and, Table 4d, wherein the nucleotide sequence TNNNrrrrrr comprises N exonic nucleotides selected from A, C, G or U, and r intronic nucleotides selected from a, c, g or u). Tn another aspect, references to Table 4 are inclusive of Tables 4a-4d unless specified otherwise.

[0080] RNA REMS Table 4a

[0081] RNA REMS Table 4b

[0082] RNA REMS Table 4c

[0083] RNA REMS Table 4d

[0084] In various aspects, a pre-mRNA transcript comprises a REMs sequence transcribed from a gene is selected from a DNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 1 and Table 3 and comprises a REMs sequence expressed from a gene selected from a RNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 2 and Table 4; and, wherein the gene transcribed or expressed is selected from the group consisting of genes in Table 5.

[0085] Table 5: Genes Expressing a REMs SequenceI l lAFDN, AFF1, AFF3, AFF4, AFG1L, AFG3L1P, AFG3L2, AFMID, AGA, AGAP1, AGAP3, AGAP6, AGAP9, AGBL3, AGBL4, AGFG2, AGGF1, AGK, AGL, AG02, AG03, AG04, AGPAT3, AGPAT4, AGPAT5, AGPS, AGRN, AGTPBP1, AGTR1, AGTRAP, AHCTF1, AHCYL2, AHDC1, AHI1, AHNAK, AHRR, AHSA2P, AIDA, AIFM1, AIFM2, AIG1, AIMP1, AIMP2, AIP, AK2, AK3, AK4, AK8, AK9, AKAP1, AKAP10, AKAP11, AKAP12, AKAP13, AKAP2, AKAP6, AKAP7, AKAP8, AKAP9, AKIP1, AKNA, AKR1A1, AKR1E2, AKR7A2, AKT1, AKT1S1, AKT2, AKT3, AKTIP, ALAD, ALAS1, ALCAM, ALDH16A1, ALDH18A1, ALDH1L2, ALDH2, ALDH3A2, ALDH3B1, ALDH4A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH7A1, ALDOA, ALDOC, ALG1, ALG11, ALG13, ALG14, ALG1L, ALG2, ALG3, ALG5, ALG8, ALG9, ALK, ALKAL2, ALKBH1, ALKBH2, ALKBH3, ALKBH5, ALKBH6, ALKBH8, ALLC, ALMS I, ALOX12-AS1, ALPK1, ALPK2, ALS2, AMACR, AMBRA1, AMDHD2, AMHR2, AMMECRI, AMMECR1L, AMN1, AMOT, AMOTL1, AMPD2, AMPH, AMT, AMY2B, AMZ2, AMZ2P1, ANAPC1, ANAPC10, ANAPC15, ANAPC4, ANAPC7, ANGEL1, ANGEL2, ANGPT1, ANK2, ANK3, ANKEF1, ANKFY1, ANKH, ANKHD1, ANKHD1-EIF4EBP3, ANKIB1, ANKLE2, ANKMY1, ANKMY2, ANKRA2, ANKRD10, ANKRD11, ANKRD12, ANKRD13A, ANKRD13C, ANKRD13D, ANKRD17, ANKRD26, ANKRD27, ANKRD28, ANKRD33B, ANKRD35, ANKRD36, ANKRD37, ANKRD39, ANKRD44, ANKRD45, ANKRD46, ANKRD49, ANKRD54, ANKRD6, ANKS1A, ANKS3, ANKS6, ANKZF1, ANLN, ANO 10, ANO4, ANO5, ANO6, ANO8, ANP32A, ANXA11, ANXA2, ANXA4, ANXA6, ANXA7, AOAH, AOX1, AP1AR, AP1B1, AP1G1, AP1M1, AP1S2, AP1S3, AP2A1, AP2A2, AP2B1, AP2M1, AP3B1, AP3B2, AP3D1, AP3M1, AP3M2, AP3S1, AP3S2, AP4B1, AP4E1, AP4M1, AP5M1, AP5S1, APAF1, APBA1, APBA2, APBA3, APBB2, APC, APCDD1L-AS1, APEH, APEX2, APH1A, APH1B, API5, APIP, APLP1, APLP2, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3H, APOCI, APOL1, APOL2, APOL3, APOLD1, APOO, APOOL, APOPT 1, APP, APPBP2, APPL1, APPL2, APTR, APTX, AQR, ARAF, ARAP1, ARAP2, ARCN1, AREL1, ARFGAP1, ARFGAP2, ARFGAP3, ARFGEF1, ARFGEF2, ARFIP1, ARFIP2, ARFRP1, ARHGAP1, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP11A, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP17, ARHGAP19, ARHGAP19-SLIT1, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24, ARHGAP26, ARHGAP27P1, ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3, ARHGAP28, ARHGAP29, ARHGAP30, ARHGAP31, ARHGAP32, ARHGAP33, ARHGAP36, ARHGAP39, ARHGAP42, ARHGAP45, ARHGAP5, ARHGAP8, ARHGDIA, ARHGEF1, ARHGEF10, ARHGEF10L, ARHGEF11, ARHGEF12, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF2, ARHGEF25, ARHGEF26, ARHGEF28, ARHGEF3, ARHGEF33, ARHGEF39, ARHGEF4, ARHGEF40, ARHGEF6, ARHGEF7, ARHGEF9, ARID1B, ARID2, ARID4A, ARID4B, ARID5A, ARID5B, ARIHI, ARIH2, ARL13B, ARL14EP, ARL15, ARL16, ARL17A, ARL17B, ARL2, ARL2-SNX15, ARL3, ARL5B, ARL6, ARL6IP6, ARL8A, ARMCI, ARMC10, ARMC2, ARMC4, ARMC4P1, ARMC6, ARMC7, ARMC8, ARMC9, ARMCX1, ARMCX2, ARMCX3, ARMCX5, ARMCX5- GPRASP2, ARMCX6, ARMH1, ARMH3, ARMT1, ARNT, ARNT2, ARNTL, ARNTL2, ARPC3, ARPC5L, ARRB1, ARRB2, ARRDC1, ARRDC2, ARRDC3, ARSB, ARSD, ARSJ, ARSK, ART5, ARV1, ARVCF, AS3MT, ASAH2B, ASAP1, ASAP2, ASAP3, ASB1, ASB13, ASB16-AS1, ASB3, ASB6, ASCC1, ASCC2, ASCC3, ASDURF, ASH1L, ASH2L, ASIC1, ASIC3, ASL, ASNS, ASNSD1, ASPDH, ASPH, ASPM, ASPSCR1, ASTE1, ASTN2, ASXL1, ASXL3, ATAD1, ATAD2, ATAD2B, ATAD3A, ATAD3B, ATAD5, ATCAY, ATE1, ATE1- AS1, ATF2, ATF6, ATF7, ATF7IP2, ATG10, ATG13, ATG16L1, ATG16L2, ATG2B, ATG3, ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9A, ATL1, ATL2, ATL3, ATM,ATN1, AT0X1, ATP10A, ATP10D, ATP11A, ATP11B, ATP11C, ATP13A2, ATP13A3, ATP1A1-AS1, ATP1B3, ATP23, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B4, ATP2C1, ATP5F1C, ATP5ME, ATP5MF, ATP5MF-PTCD1, ATP5PB, ATP5PD, ATP5PF, ATP5PO, ATP5S, ATP6AP1L, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0A2, ATP6V0C, ATP6V0D1, ATP6V0E1, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1C2, ATP6V1D, ATP6V1E1, ATP6V1H, ATP7A, ATP7B, ATP8B4, ATP9A, ATP9B, ATPAF1, ATPAF2, ATR, ATRIP, ATRIP-TREX1, ATRN, ATRNL1, ATRX, ATXN1, ATXN10, ATXN1L, ATXN2, ATXN2L, ATXN3, ATXN7, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, ATXN7L3, AUH, AUP1, AURKA, AURKB, AUTS2, AVEN, AVL9, AXIN1, AZI2, AZINI, AZIN1-AS1, AZIN2, B2M, B3GALNT1, B3GALNT2, B3GLCT, B3GNTL1, B4GALNT1, B4GALNT4, B4GALT4, B4GALT5, B4GALT6, B4GALT7, B9D1, B9D2, BAALC, BAB AMI, BABAM2, BACE1, BACH1, BACH2, BAG4, BAHCC1, BATAP2, BAIAP2L1, BAK1, BANP, BAP1, BARD1, BARX2, BAX, BAZ1A, BAZ1B, BAZ2A, BAZ2B, BBC3, BBIP1, BBOF1, BBOX1- AS1, BBS4, BBS5, BBS9, BBX, BCAR1, BCAR3, BCAS3, BCAS4, BCAT1, BCAT2, BCCIP, BCHE, BCKDHB, BCL11A, BCL2, BCL2L1, BCL2L11, BCL2L12, BCL2L13, BCL2L2- PABPN1, BCL7A, BCL7B, BCL7C, BCL9, BCL9L, BCLAF1, BCLAF3, BCOR, BCORL1, BCRP2, BCS1L, BDH1, BDH2, BDKRB2, BDNF-AS, BDP1, BEAN1, BECN1, BEGA1N, BEND5, BEND6, BEND7, BEX4, BFAR, BFSP1, BICC1, BICD1, BICDL1, BICRA, BICRAL, BID, BINI, BIN3, BIRC2, BIRC5, BIRC6, BISPR, BIVM, BIVM-ERCC5, BLM, BLMH, BLNK, BLOC1S5, BLOC1S5-TXNDC5, BLOC1S6, BLVRA, BLZF1, BMF, BMP2, BMP2K, BMP7, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BMS1P14, BMS1P20, BNC2, BNIP1, BNIP2, BOC, BOD1, BOD1L1, BOK, BOLA1, BOLA2, BOLA2-SMG1P6, BOLA2B, BOLA3, BOP1, BORA, BORCS8, BORCS8-MEF2B, BPNT1, BPTF, BRAF, BRAP, BRAT1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCC3, BRD1, BRD3, BRD7, BRD8, BRF1, BRF2, BRINP3, BRIP1, BRMS1L, BROX, BRPF1, BRPF3, BRSK2, BRWD1, BRWD3, BSCL2, BSDC1, BSPRY, BTAF1, BTBD19, BTBD2, BTBD3, BTBD7, BTBD9, BTD, BTF3L4, BTG3, BTK, BTLA, BTN2A1, BTN3A2, BTN3A3, BTNL9, BTRC, BUB1, BUD13, BUD23, BVES-AS1, BZW2, C10orfl43, Cl lorfl, Cl lorf24, Cl lorf49, Cl lorf54, Cllorf65, Cllorf74, CllorfBO, Cllorf95, C12orfl0, C12orf29, C12orf4, C12orf49, C12orf73, C12orf75, C12orf76, C14orfl44, C14orf39, C14orf93, C15orf38- AP3S2, C15orf40, C15orf41, C16orf45, C16orf46, C16orf58, C16orf74, C16orf87, C17orf49, C17orf75, C17orf80, C18orf21, C18orf54, C19orfl2, C19orf24, C19orf25, C19orf44, C19orf47, C19orf48, C19orf54, C19orf57, CID, C1GALT1, C1QTNF2, C1QTNF3-AMACR, C1QTNF6, Clorfl09, Clorfl l2, Clorfl23, Clorfl31, Clorfl59, Clorf21, Clorf35, Clorf43, Clorf50, Clorf52, Clorf54, C20orfl94, C20orfl96, C20orfl97, C20orf27, C20orf96, C2 lorf33, C21orf59-TCP10L, C21orf91, C22orf39, C2CD2L, C2CD3, C2CD5, C2orfl5, C2orf27A, C2orf42, C2orf48, C2orf74, C2orf76, C3orfl8, C3orf33, C3orf52, C3orf62, C3orf67, C4orf33, C5, C5AR1, C5orf22, C5or£30, C5orf42, C5orf51, C5orf63, C5orf66, C6orfl06, C6orf203, C6orf62, C6orf89, C6orf99, C7orf26, C7orf31, C7orf50, C7orf55-LUC7L2, C8orf31, C8orf34, C8orf37, C8orf44, C8orf44-SGK3, C8orf58, C8orf59, C8orf88, C9orfi, C9orf78, C9orf85, CAM, CA5B, CA5BP1, CAAP1, CAB39, CAB39L, CABIN1, CABYR, CACFD1, CACNA1A, CACNA1C, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3, CACNA2D4, CACNB1, CACNB3, CACNB4, CACNG7, CAD, CADM2, CADM4, CADPS2, CALCOCO1, CALCRL, CALD1, CALHM I, CALHM2, CALML4, CALU, CAMK1, CAMKID, CAMK2A, CAMK2D, CAMK2G, CAMK4, CAMKK1, CAMKK2, CAMKMT, CAMLG, CAMSAP 1, CAMSAP2, CAMSAP3, CAMTAI, CAMTA2, CANT1, CAP2, CAPN1, CAPN10, CAPN15, CAPN7, CAPRIN2, CAPS2, CARD11, CARD19, CARD6, CARD8, CARF, CARMI, CARMIL2,CARNS1, CARS, CARS2, CASC3, CASC4, CASD1, CASK, CASKIN1, CASP1, CASP10, CASP2, CASP3, CASP7, CASP8, CASP8AP2, CASP9, CAST, CASTOR1, CASTOR3, CATSPER1, CATSPER3, CATSPERZ, CAVIN4, CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CBLL1, CBR4, CBS, CBWD1, CBWD2, CBWD3, CBWD6, CBX2, CBX4, CBX5, CBY1, CC2D2A, CCAR1, CCAR2, CCDC102B, CCDC106, CCDC112, CCDC115, CCDC125, CCDC126, CCDC127, CCDC130, CCDC134, CCDC136, CCDC137, CCDC138, CCDC14, CCDC144NL-AS1, CCDC149, CCDC150, CCDC152, CCDC159, CCDC163, CCDC169, CCDC169-SOHLH2, CCDC171, CCDC18, CCDC18-AS1, CCDC181, CCDC183, CCDC183- AS1, CCDC186, CCDC188, CCDC189, CCDC191, CCDC192, CCDC25, CCDC26, CCDC28B, CCDC32, CCDC36, CCDC40, CCDC43, CCDC57, CCDC58, CCDC61, CCDC66, CCDC7, CCDC74B, CCDC77, CCDC78, CCDC82, CCDC84, CCDC85A, CCDC85C, CCDC88A, CCDC88C, CCDC9, CCDC90B, CCDC91, CCDC92, CCDC93, CCL4L1, CCL4L2, CCM2, CCNB1, CCNC, CCND3, CCNDBP1, CCNE2, CCNF, CCNI, CCNJ, CCNJL, CCNK, CCNL1, CCNL2, CCNQ, CCNT1, CCNT2, CCNY, CCNYL1, CCNYL2, CCP110, CCR6, CCSER1, CCSER2, CCT3, CCT6A, CCT6P1, CCZ1P-OR7E38P, CD109, CD151, CD164, CD200, CD22, CD226, CD24, CD244, CD27-AS1, CD276, CD2AP, CD300LF, CD320, CD33, CD36, CD3D, CD40, CD44, CD46, CD47, CD53, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD68, CD70, CD8B, CD99L2, CDADC1, CDC123, CDC14A, CDC14B, CDC16, CDC23, CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C, CDC27, CDC40, CDC42, CDC42BPA, CDC42BPB, CDC42SE1, CDC42SE2, CDC45, CDC5L, CDC6, CDC7, CDCA3, CDCA4, CDCA7, CDCA7L, CDH23, CDH24, CDIPT, CDK10, CDK11A, CDK11B, CDK14, CDK15, CDK16, CDK19, CDK2, CDK20, CDK2AP1, CDK5, CDK5RAP1, CDK5RAP2, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDKAL1, CDKL3, CDKN2B-AS1, CDKN3, CDO1, CDON, CDPF1, CDR2, CDRT4, CDS1, CDV3, CDYL, CEACAM1, CEACAM21, CEBPZ, CEBPZOS, CECR2, CELF1, CELF2, CELF3, CELSR2, CELSR3, CENPA, CENPC, CENPE, CENPH, CENPI, CENPK, CENPL, CENPM, CENPN, CENPO, CENPP, CENPQ, CENPS, CENPS-CORT, CENPT, CENPU, CENPV, CENPX, CEP104, CEP112, CEP126, CEP128, CEP131, CEP135, CEP162, CEP164, CEP170, CEP192, CEP250, CEP290, CEP295, CEP35O, CEP41, CEP44, CEP55, CEP57, CEP57L1, CEP63, CEP68, CEP70, CEP72, CEP76, CEP78, CEP83, CEP85, CEP85L, CEP89, CEP95, CEP97, CEPT1, CERCAM, CERS4, CERS5, CERS6, CES2, CES3, CES4A, CFAP206, CFAP298, CFAP299, CFAP300, CFAP36, CFAP44, CFAP58, CFLAR, CGAS, CGGBP1, CGRRF1, CHAC2, CHAF1A, CHAF1B, CHCHD5, CHCHD6, CHD1, CHD1L, CHD2, CHD3, CHD4, CHD6, CHD8, CHD9, CHEK1, CHEK2, CHFR, CHI3L1, CHID1, CHKA, CHM, CHMP1A, CHMP3, CHMP7, CHN1, CHN2, CHORDCI, CHP1, CHPF2, CHRAC1, CHRM2, CHRNA3, CHRNA5, CHRNB4, CHST10, CHST9, CHSY1, CHTF8, CHTOP, CHURC1, CHURC1-FNTB, C1AO1, CIAPIN1, CIART, CIB2, CIITA, CILP2, CINP, CIP2A, CIPC, CIR1, CIT, CIZ1, CKAP2L, CKAP5, CKLF, CKLF-CMTM1, CKMT1A, CLASP1, CLASP2, CLASRP, CLBA1, CLCC1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN5, CLCN6, CLDN12, CLDND1, CLEC16A, CLEC2D, CLEC4A, CLEC5A, CLEC7A, CLGN, CLHC1, CLINT 1, CLIP1, CLIP2, CLIP3, CLIP4, CLK1, CLK2, CLK3, CLK4, CLMP, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLNS1A, CLOCK, CLPB, CLSPN, CLSTN1, CLSTN3, CLTA, CLTCL1, CLUAP1, CLUHP3, CMAHP, CMAS, CMC1, CMC2, CMC4, CMIP, CMKLR1, CMSS1, CMTM1, CMTM3, CMTM7, CMTM8, CMTR1, CMTR2, CNEP1R1, CNIH1, CNIH2, CNIH3, CNIH4, CNKSR2, CNNM1, CNNM2, CNNM3, CNOT1, CNOTIO, CNOT11, CNOT2, CNOT4, CNOT6, CNOT8, CNOT9, CNPY2, CNPY3, CNPY3- GNMT, CNPY4, CNR2, CNST, CNTFR, CNTLN, CNTN1, CNTN3, CNTN4, CNTNAP1,CNTNAP3, CNTRL, C0A1, COASY, COBL, COBLL1, COCH, COG1, COG2, COG3, COG4, COG5, COG6, COIL, COL13A1, COL1A2-AS1, COL23A1, COL24A1, COL25A1, COL26A1, COL27A1, COL4A1, COL4A3BP, COL4A5, COL4A6, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL9A3, COLECI 1, COLQ, C0MMD1, COMMDIO, C0MMD2, C0MMD3-BMI1, C0MMD4, C0MMD6, C0MMD9, COMTD1, COP1, COP A, COPB2, COPE, COPG1, COPRS, COPS3, COPS7A, COPS7B, COPS8, COPZ2, COQIOB, COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ8A, COQ8B, COQ9, CORO1B, COROIC, CORO7, CORO7-PAM16, COXIO, COXIO- AS1, COX15, COX16, COX17, COX20, CPB2, CPEB1, CPEB2, CPEB3, CPEB4, CPED1, CPNE1, CPNE2, CPNE3, CPNE5, CPNE7, CPOX, CPPED1, CPQ, CPS1, CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF4, CPSF6, CPSF7, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT2, CPVL, CPXM1, CRACR2A, CRACR2B, CRAMP 1, CRAT, CRB1 , CRBN, CRCP, CREB1 , CREB3L4, CREB5, CREBBP, CREBRF, CREBZF, CRELD1, CRELD2, CREM, CRIM1, CRIP2, CRLS1, CRMP1, CRNDE, CROCC, CROCCP2, CROT, CRTC1, CRTC3, CRYBB2P1, CRYBG3, CRYL1, CRYZ, CRYZL1, CRYZL2P, CRYZL2P-SEC16B, CS, CSAD, CSAG3, CSDE1, CSE1L, CSGALNACT2, CSMD2, CSNK1D, CSNK1G1, CSNK1G3, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, CSPP1, CSRNP2, CSRNP3, CSRP3, CSTF2, CSTF3, CTBP1, CTBP2, CTBS, CTCF, CEDNEP1, CEDP1, CTDSP2, CTDSPL, CTDSPL2, CTIF, CTNNA2, CTNNAL1, CTNNBIP1, CTNNBL1, CTNND1, CTNS, CTPS2, CTSA, CTSC, CTSF, CTSL, CTTN, CTTNBP2NL, CTU2, CUBN, CUEDC1, CUL1, CUL3, CUL4B, CUL5, CUL7, CUL9, CUTALP, CUTC, CUX1, CUX2, CWC22, CWC25, CWC27, CWF19L1, CWF19L2, CXADR, CXXC1, CXorf38, CXorf57, CXorf65, CYB561, CYB561D1, CYB561D2, CYB5D2, CYB5R1, CYB5R2, CYB5R4, CYB5RL, CYBA, CYBC1, CYFIP1, CYFIP2, CYLD, CYP20A1, CYP27B1, CYP27C1, CYP2S1, CYP2U1, CYP39A1, CYP4V2, CYREN, CYTH1, CYTH2, CYTH3, CYTOR, CZ1P- ASNS, D2HGDH, DAAM1, DAB2, DAB2IP, DACH1, DAG1, DAGLB, DAP3, DAPK1, DAPK3, DARS, DARS2, DAZAP1, DAZAP2, DBF4, DBF4B, DBH, DBNL, DBR1, DBT, DCAF1, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF13, DCAF16, DCAF17, DCAF5, DCAF6, DCAF8, DCAKD, DCBLD1, DCBLD2, DCLK2, DCLRE1C, DCP1A, DCP1B, DCP2, DCPS, DCST1, DCST1-AS1, DCTD, DCTN1, DCTN2, DCTN4, DCTN5, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D4, DCUN1D5, DCXR, DDAH1, DDB2, DDC, DDHD1, DDHD2, DDIAS, DDN, DDR2, DDT, DDX1, DDX11, DDX12P, DDX17, DDX19A, DDX19B, DDX20, DDX27, DDX31, DDX41, DDX42, DDX46, DDX49, DDX50, DDX52, DDX55, DDX59, DDX60, DDX60L, DEAF1, DECR1, DECR2, DEDD, DEDD2, DEF8, DEK, DELEI, DENND1A, DENND1B, DENND1C, DENND2C, DENND3, DENND4A, DENND4B, DENND4C, DENND5A, DENND5B, DENND6A, DENR, DEPDC1, DEPDC1B, DEPDC5, DEPTOR, DERA, DERL1, DESI1, DES12, DET1, DEXI, DFFA, DFFB, DGCR2, DGCR5, DGCR6L, DGKA, DGKE, DGKH, DGKI, DGKQ, DGKZ, DGLUCY, DGUOK, DHDDS, DHFR, DHH, DHODH, DHPS, DHRS12, DHRS4, DHRS4L1, DHRS4L2, DHRS7, DHRS7B, DHTKD1, DHX29, DHX30, DHX32, DHX33, DHX34, DHX35, DHX36, DHX37, DHX38, DHX57, DIABLO, DIAPH1, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, DICER1, DICER1-AS1, DIDOI, DIEXF, DIMT1, DIP2A, DIP2B, DIP2C, DIRAS1, DIRC2, DIRC3, DIS3, DIS3L, DIS3L2, DISCI, DISP1, DLAT, DLC1, DLD, DLEU1, DLEU2, DLEU2L, DLG1, DLG3, DLG4, DLG5, DLGAP4, DLGAP4-AS1, DLGAP5, DLST, DLX1, DMAC2, DMAP1, DMC1, DMD, DMKN, DMPK, DMRTA2, DMTF1, DMTN, DMXL1, DMXL2, DNA2, DNAAF2, DNAAF4, DNAAF4-CCPG1, DNAAF5, DNAH10, DNAH14, DNAJB12, DNAIB14, DNAJB4, DNAIB5, DNAIB6, DNAIC1, DNAIC10, DNAJC13, DNAJC17, DNAJC19, DNAJC2, DNAIC21, DNAJC22, DNAIC24, DNAJC25,DNAJC25-GNG10, DNAJC27-AS1, DNAJC4, DNAJC5, DNAJC6, DNAJC8, DNAL1, DNALI1, DNASE 1L2, DNASE2, DNM1, DNM1L, DNM2, DNM3, DNMBP, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNPEP, DNTTIP1, DNTTIP2, D0C2A, D0C2B, D0CK1, DOCK11, DOCK2, DOCK4, DOCK5, DOCK6, DOCK7, DOCK9, DOK1, DOK2, DOK3, DOK6, DOLPP1, DONSON, DOPEY1, DOT1L, DPCD, DPF1, DPF3, DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5, DPH6, DPH7, DPMI, DPP4, DPP7, DPP8, DPP9, DPY19L1, DPY19L2, DPY19L2P1, DPY19L3, DPY19L4, DPY30, DPYD, DPYSL2, DPYSL3, DPYSL4, DPYSL5, DQX1, DRAM1, DRAM2, DRG2, DRGX, DROSHA, DSCC1, DSE, DSN1, DSP, DST, DSTYK, DTD2, DTL, DTNA, DTNB, DTNBP1, DTWD1, DTX2, DTX2P1-UPK3BP1-PMS2P11, DTYMK, DUBR, DUS1L, DUS2, DUS4L, DUSP11, DUSP16, DUSP22, DUXAP10, DUXAP8, DVL1, DVL3, DYM, DYNC1H1 , DYNC1T2, DYNC1LH , DYNC1LT2, DYNC2H1, DYNC2LI1, DYNLRB1, DYRK1A, DYRK2, DYRK3, DYRK4, DYSF, DZIP1, DZIP1L, DZIP3, E2F3, E2F6, E2F7, E4F1, EAF1, EBAG9, EBF1, EBF3, EBF4, EBLN3P, EBP, EBPL, ECHDC1, ECHDC2, ECU, ECI2, ECM1, ECSIT, ECT2, EDA2R, EDC3, EDEM2, EDEM3, EDIL3, EDRF1, EEA1, EED, EEF1AKMT1, EEF1AKMT2, EEF1D, EEF1E1-BLOC1S5, EEF2K, EEF2KMT, EEFSEC, EFCAB11, EFCAB13, EFCAB14, EFCAB2, EFCAB5, EFCAB7, EFEMP1, EFHD2, EFL1, EFNA1, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNA5, EFNB3, EFR3A, EFS, EFTUD2, EGFL7, EGLN1, EHBP1, EHBP1L1, EHHADH, EHMT1, EI24, EIF1AD, EIF1AX, EIF2A, EIF2AK1, EIF2AK2, EIF2AK4, EIF2B3, EIF2B5, EIF2D, EIF2S2, EIF2S3, EIF3C, EIF3CL, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3M, EIF4A2, EIF4B, EIF4E, EIF4E2, EIF4E3, EIF4G1, EIF4G3, EIF4H, EIF6, EIPR1, ELAC2, ELAVL1, ELAVL2, ELAVL4, ELF2, ELF4, ELFN2, ELK1, ELK3, ELL, ELL2, ELMO1, ELMO2, ELMOD1, ELMOD2, ELMOD3, ELN, ELOC, ELOVL1, ELOVL2, ELOVL4, ELOVL7, ELP1, ELP2, ELP3, ELP5, ELP6, EMB, EMBP1, EMC1, EMC 10, EMC2, EMC3-AS1, EMC4, EMC8, EMG1, EMIDI, EML1, EML2, EML3, EML4, EML5, EML6, EMP3, EMSY, EMX2, ENAH, ENCI, ENDOG, ENDOV, ENKD1, ENO2, ENOSF1, ENOXI, ENOX2, ENPP1, ENTPD1-AS1, ENTPD3-AS1, ENTPD4, ENTPD5, ENTPD6, EOGT, EP300, EP400, EP400P1, EPAS1, EPB41, EPB41L1, EPB41L2, EPB41L3, EPB41L4A, EPB41L4A-AS1, EPB41L5, EPCI, EPDR1, EPG5, EPGN, EPHA1- AS1, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA6, EPHA8, EPHB2, EPHB4, EPHX1, EPHX4, EPM2A, EPN1, EPN2, EPRS, EPS15, EPS15L1, EPS8, EPSTI1, ERBB2, ERB IN, ERC1, ERC2, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC6L2, ERCC8, ERG28, ERGIC1, ERGIC2, ERGIC3, ERI1, ERI2, ERI3, ERICH1, ERICH2, ERLEC1, ERLIN1, ERLIN2, ERMAP, ERMARD, ERO1A, ERP44, ERVK13-1, ESCO1, ESCO2, ESD, ESF1, ESPL1, ESPNL, ESRRB, ESRRG, ESYT1, ESYT2, ETAA1, ETFA, ETFB, ETFDH, ETFRF1, ETHE1, ETV1, ETV3, ETV4, ETV6, ETV7, EVA1A, EVC, EV15, EWSR1, EXD2, EXD3, EXO1, EXO5, EXOCI, EXOC2, EXOC3, EXOC4, EXOC5, EXOC6, EXOC6B, EXOC7, EXOG, EXOSC1, EXOSC2, EXOSC3, EXOSC7, EXOSC8, EXOSC9, EXT2, EXTL2, EXTL3, EYA1, EYA3, EYA4, EZH1, EZH2, F3, F8, FAAH, FAAH2, FAAP20, FAAP24, FADS1, FADS2, FAF1, FAF2, FAH, FAHD2A, FAHD2B, FAHD2CP, FAIM, FAM102A, FAM103A1, FAM104A, FAM105A, FAM107B, FAM1 10B, FAM111 A, FAM114A1, FAM114A2, FAM117A, FAM117B, FAM118A, FAM118B, FAM120A, FAM120AOS, FAM120B, FAM122B, FAM122C, FAM126A, FAM126B, FAM129A, FAM129B, FAM131A, FAM133B, FAM133DP, FAM135A, FAM13A, FAM13B, FAM149B1, FAM151B, FAM155A, FAM155B, FAM157A, FAM157B, FAM160A1, FAM160A2, FAM160B2, FAM161A, FAM162A, FAM163A, FAM168A, FAM169A, FAM171A1, FAM172A, FAM173A, FAM173B, FAM174A, FAM177A1,FAM184A, FAM185A, FAM189A2, FAM189B, FAM193A, FAM193B, FAM199X, FAM19A5, FAM204A, FAM206A, FAM207A, FAM208A, FAM208B, FAM20B, FAM210A, FAM212B-AS1, FAM214A, FAM214B, FAM216A, FAM217B, FAM219B, FAM221A, FAM222B, FAM228B, FAM229B, FAM234A, FAM241B, FAM24B, FAM24B-CUZD1, FAM35A, FAM3A, FAM3C, FAM45A, FAM45BP, FAM47E-STBD1, FAM49A, FAM49B, FAM53B, FAM57A, FAM66A, FAM69B, FAM72A, FAM72C, FAM72D, FAM76A, FAM76B, FAM78B, FAM81A, FAM83D, FAM86C1, FAM86C2P, FAM89B, FAM91A1, FAM92A, FAM96A, FAM98B, FAM98C, FAN1, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FANK1, FAR1, FARP1, FARP2, FARS2, FARSB, FASN, FASTK, FASTKD1, FAT1, FAT3, FAXC, FAXDC2, FBF1, FBH1, FBLIM1, FBLN7, FBN1, FBN2, FBRS, FBRSL1 , FBXL12, FBXL13, FBXL17, FBXL20, FBXL21 , FBXL3, FBXL4, FBXL5, FBXL6, FBXL7, FBXL8, FBX011, FBXO16, FBXO17, FBXO21, FBXO22, FBXO25, FBXO31, FBXO33, FBXO34, FBXO38, FBXO4, FBXO41, FBXO42, FBXO44, FBXO46, FBXO5, FBXO7, FBXO9, FBXW11, FBXW4, FBXW7, FBXW8, FBXW9, FCF1, FCGR1A, FCGRT, FCHO1, FCHO2, FCHSD1, FCHSD2, FCRLA, FDFT1, FDX1, FDX1L, FDXR, FECH, FENDRR, FER, FER1L4, FERMT2, FES, FEZ1, FEZ2, FGD2, FGD4, FGD5-AS1, FGF12, FGF13, FGF5, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, FGFR1OP2, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGGY, FHAD1, FHIT, FHL2, FHOD1, FHOD3, FIBP, FIG4, FIGNL1, FIP1L1, FIS1, FIZ1, FKBP10, FKBP14, FKBP15, FKBP1B, FKBP2, FKBP5, FKBP7, FKBP9, FKRP, FKTN, FLAD1, FLCN, FLII, FLJ32255, FLNA, FLNB, FLOT2, FLRT3, FLT1, FLT4, FLVCR1, FLVCR2, FLYWCH1, FLYWCH2, FMN2, FMNL2, FMNL3, FMRI, FN1, FN3K, FN3KRP, FNBP1, FNBP1L, FNBP4, FNDC3A, FNDC3B, FNIP1, FNIP2, FNTA, FNTB, FOCAD, FOLR1, FOPNL, FOXD3-AS1, FOXJ3, FOXK2, F0XM1, FOXN2, FOXN3, FOXO3, FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, FOXP4, FOXRED1, FOXRED2, FPGT, FPGT-TNNI3K, FRA10AC1, FRAS1, FRG1, FRG1-DT, FRG1BP, FRG1CP, FRG1DP, FRG1HP, FRG1JP, FRMD3, FRMD4A, FRMD6, FRMD8, FRMPD4, FRS2, FRY, FRYL, FRZB, FSD1, FSD1L, FSTL1, FSTL5, FTO, FTSJ1, FTX, FUBP1, FUBP3, FUCA2, FUK, FUNDCI, FURIN, FUT10, FUT8, FUZ, FXR1, FXR2, FXYD5, FXYD6, FXYD6-FXYD2, FYN, FZD3, FZD6, FZR1, G2E3, G6PC3, GAA, GABI, GAB2, GABPA, GABPB1, GABPB2, GABRA3, GABRB3, GADD45A, GAK, GAL3ST4, GALE, GALK1, GALK2, GALNS, GALNT10, GALNT11, GALNT13, GALNT18, GALNT2, GALNT3, GALNT6, GALNT7, GALT, GANAB, GANC, GAPVD1, GAREM1, GARNL3, GART, GAS2L1, GAS2L3, GAS5, GAS6, GAS7, GAS8, GATA2, GATA2-AS1, GATA3, GATA4, GATAD2A, GATAD2B, GATB, GATD1, GATD3A, GBA, GBA2, GBAP1, GBF1, GBP IP 1, GBP5, GCA, GCAT, GCC2, GCDH, GCFC2, GCH1, GCLC, GCN1, GCNT1, GCNT2, GCOM1, GCSH, GDAP1, GDAP1L1, GDAP2, GDPD5, GEM1N2, GEMIN4, GEMIN7, GEMIN8, GEN1, GET4, GFI1, GFM1, GFM2, GFOD2, GFPT1, GFPT2, GFRA2, GGA1, GGA3, GGACT, GGCT, GGCX, GGPS1, GGT5, GID4, GID8, GIGYF1, GIGYF2, GIN1, GINM1, GINS1, GINS3, GIPC1, GUI, GIT2, GK, GK5, GKAP1, GLB1, GLCCI1, GLCE, GLDC, GLE1, GLG1, GLI2, GLIPR2, GLMN, GLMP, GLRB, GLRX3, GLS, GLS2, GLT1D1, GLT8D1, GLT8D2, GLTP, GLYCTK, GLYR1, GMCL1, GMDS, GMDS- AS1, GMEB1, GMFB, GMFG, GMIP, GMNN, GMPPB, GMPR2, GNA12, GNA13, GNAS, GNAS-AS1, GNB1, GNB1L, GNB4, GNB5, GNE, GNG2, GNG4, GNG7, GNL2, GNPAT, GNPDA1, GNPDA2, GNPNAT1, GNPTG, GNS, GOLGA2, GOLGA2P10, GOLGA2P5, GOLGA2P7, GOLGA3, GOLGA4, GOLGA6L10, GOLGA6L17P, GOLGA6L9, GOLGB1, GOLIM4, GOLPH3L, GOLT1B, GON4L, GOPC, GORAB, GORASP1, GORASP2, GOSR1,G0SR2, GPAA1, GPALPP1, GPAT4, GPATCH11, GPATCH2, GPATCH2L, GPATCH4, GPATCH8, GPBP1, GPBP1L1, GPC5, GPC6, GPCPD1, GPD1L, GPHN, GPI, GPKOW, GPN1, GPN3, GPR107, GPR108, GPR137, GPR137B, GPR137C, GPR141, GPR155, GPR160, GPR161, GPR171, GPR173, GPR176, GPR180, GPR63, GPR75-ASB3, GPR85, GPR89A, GPR89B, GPRASP1, GPRASP2, GPRC5D-AS1, GPS1, GPS2, GPSM1, GPSM2, GPX7, GPX8, GRAMD1A, GRAMD2B, GRAMD4, GRB10, GREB1L, GREM2, GRHL1, GRHPR, GRIA3, GRIK2, GRIK5, GRIN2D, GRIN3B, GRIP API, GRK2, GRK3, GRK4, GRK5, GRK6, GRM7, GRM8, GRPEL2, GRTP1, GSl-124K5.i l, GSAP, GSK3B, GSKIP, GSN, GSPT1, GSR, GSS, GSTA4, GSTCD, GSTK1, GSTM2, GSTM4, GSTT1, GSTT2B, GSTT4, GSTZ1, GTDC1, GTF2A2, GTF2B, GTF2F1, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H2B, GTF2H2C, GTF2H2C 2, GTF2H3, GTF21, GTF2TP1, GTF2IP20, GTF2TP23, GTF2TP4, GTF2IRD1, GTF2IRD2, GTF2IRD2B, GTF3A, GTF3C2, GTF3C3, GTF3C4, GTF3C5, GTPBP1, GTPBP1O, GTPBP2, GTPBP8, GTSE1, GUCA1A, GUCD1, GUF1, GUK1, GULP1, GUSB, GUSBP1, GUSBP11, GVQW2, GYG1, GYG2, GYSI, GZF1, H2AFV, H6PD, HABP4, HACD1, HACD4, HACE1, HACL1, HADH, HADHB, HAGH, HAGHL, HAGLR, HAND2-AS1, HAPLN1, HARS, HARS2, HAT1, HAUS1, HAUS2, HAUS3, HAUS4, HAUS5, HAUS6, HAUS7, HAUS8, HAX1, HBS1L, HCFC1, HCFC1R1, HCFC2, HDAC1, HDAC10, HDAC11, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HDDC2, HDGFL2, HDGFL3, HDHD2, HDHD5, HDLBP, HDX, HEATR1, HEATR3, HEATR5A, HEATR5B, HEATR6, HEBP2, HECTD1, HECTD4, HECW1, HECW2, HELLS, HELZ, HEMK1, HENMT1, HERC1, HERC2, HERC2P2, HERC2P3, HERC2P9, HERC3, HERC4, HERC5, HERC6, HERPUD1, HERPUD2, HES4, HEXA, HEXB, HEXDC, HEXIM2, HFM1, HGF, HGH1, HGS, HGSNAT, HHAT, HIBADH, HIBCH, HIF1A, HIF1AN, HIKESHI, HINFP, HINT3, HIP1, HIPK1, HIPK3, HIRA, HIRIP3, HIST1H2BD, HIVEP1, HIVEP2, HIVEP3, HJURP, HK1, HKR1, HLA-A, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB4, HLA-F, HLCS, HLTF, HM13, HMBOX1, HMBS, HMCES, HMCN1, HMG20B, HMGA1, HMGCL, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGN1, HMGN3, HMGN4, HMGN5, HMGXB3, HMGXB4, HMMR, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPD, HNRNPDL, HNRNPH1, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPUL1, HOGA1, HOMER2, HOOK1, HOOK3, HOXA1 1-AS, HOXA3, HOXA5, HOXA6, HOXA9, HOXB3, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, HOXC4, HOXC5, HOXDIO, HP1BP3, HPCAL1, HPF1, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPSE, HR, HRAS, HRASLS, HRAT17, HRH1, HRH2, HS2ST1, HS3ST3A1, HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HSCB, HSD11B1L, HSD17B12, HSD17B14, HSD17B4, HSD17B7P2, HSDL2, HSF1, HSF2, HSF2BP, HSF4, HSP90AA1, HSPA12A, HSPA14, HSPA4, HSPB11, HSPBAP1, HSPBP1, HSPE1-MOB4, HTD2, HTRA2, HTT, HUWE1, HYAL3, HY1, HYOU1, 1AH1, 1ARS, 1BTK, ICA1, ICA1L, ICE1, ICK, ICMT, IDE, IDH1, IDH3A, IDH3B, IDH3G, IDI1, IDNK, IDS, IFFO1, IFI27L1, IFI27L2, IFI44L, IFITM1, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNGR2, IFRD1, IFT122, IFT140, IFT172, IFT20, IFT22, IFT27, IFT43, IFT52, IFT57, IFT80, IFT81, IFT88, IGBP1, IGDCC4, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, IGFBP6, IGFLR1, IGLON5, IGSF1, IGSF3, IK, IKBIP, IKBKB, IKBKE, IKBKG, IKZF1, IKZF4, IKZF5, IL10RA, IL11RA, IL12RB2, IL13RA1, IL15, IL15RA, IL17RA, IL17RB, IL17RC, IL17RE, IL18BP, IL18RAP, IL21R, IL27, IL2RA, IL2RG, IL32, IL4R, IL6R, IL6ST, IL7R, ILDR2, ILF3, ILK, ILKAP, ILVBL, IMMP1L, IMMP2L, IMMT, IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPDH1, INCENP, INF2, ING3, ING4, ING5, INIP, INMT -MIND Y4, INO80C, INO80E, INPPI, INPP4A, INPP5A, INPP5B, INPP5E, INPP5F, INPP5K, INPPL1, INSIGI, INSR, INTS1O, INTS11, INTS12, INTS13, INTS14, INTS2, INTS3, INTS4, INTS4P1,INTS4P2, INTS7, INTS8, INTS9, INTU, INVS, IP6K1, IP6K2, IPCEF1, IP011, IPO11- LRRC70, IPO4, IPO5P1, IPO7, IPO8, IPO9, IPP, IPPK, IQCB1, IQCC, IQCE, IQCG, IQCH, IQCH-AS1, IQCJ-SCHIP1, IQCK, IQGAP3, IQSEC1, IRAKI, IRAK1BP1, IRAK2, IRAK3, IRAK4, IREB2, IRF2, IRF3, IRF6, ISCA1, ISL1, ISLR2, ISOC2, IST1, ISY1, ISYNA1, ITCH, ITFG1, ITFG2, ITGA1, ITGA10, ITGA3, ITGA7, ITGA8, ITGA9, ITGA9-AS1, ITGAE, ITGAM, ITGAV, ITGAX, ITGB1BP1, ITGB3BP, ITGB5, ITIH5, ITM2A, ITM2C, ITPA, ITPK1, ITPR1, ITPR2, ITSN1, ITSN2, IVD, IVNS1ABP, IZUM04, IADE1, JADE2, JADE3, JAK1, JAK3, JAKMIP2, IAM2, JARID2, JCAD, JKAMP, JMJD1C, JMJD7, JMJD7- PLA2G4B, JMJD8, IOSD2, JPT2, JPX, JTB, KANK1, KANK2, KANSL1, KANSL1L, KANSL2, KANSL3, KARS, KAT2A, KAT5, KAT6A, KAT6B, KAT7, KAT8, KATNA1, KATNAL1, KATNAL2, KATNBL1, KAZN, KBTBD2, KBTBD3, KBTBD8, KCMF1, KCNAB2, KCNAB3, KCNG1, KCNH2, KCNK2, KCNK4, KCNMA1, KCNMB4, KCNN4, KCNQ1, KCNQ5, KCNQ5-IT1, KCNS3, KCNT2, KCTD14, KCTD15, KCTD17, KCTD20, KCTD3, KCTD9, KDELC1, KDELC2, KDM1A, KDM1B, KDM2A, KDM2B, KDM3A, KDM3B, KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D, KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D, KDM6A, KDM7A, KDM8, KEAP1, KHDC1, KHDRBS3, KHK, KHSRP, K1AA0040, KIAA0100, KIAA0232, KIAA0319L, KIAA0355, KIAA0368, KIAA0391, KIAA0556, KIAA0586, KIAA0753, KIAA0825, KIAA0895, KIAA0895L, KIAA1109, KIAA1147, KIAA1191, KIAA1211, KIAA1217, KIAA1324, KIAA1324L, KIAA1328, KIAA1468, KIAA1522, KIAA1549, KIAA1551, KIAA1586, KIAA1671, KIAA1841, KIAA1958, KIAA2026, KIDINS220, KIF11, KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF14, KIF15, KIF16B, KIF18B, KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF1C, KIF21A, KIF21B, KIF23, KIF24, KIF26B, KIF27, KIF2A, KIF2C, KIF3A, KIF4A, KIF5C, KIF9, KIF9-AS1, KIFAP3, KIFC1, KIN, KIRREL1, KIRREL3, KITLG, KIZ, KLC1, KLC4, KLF12, KLF8, KLHDC10, KLHDC3, KLHDC4, KLHDC8B, KLHL12, KLHL13, KLHL17, KLHL18, KLHL2, KLHL20, KLHL22, KLHL24, KLHL5, KLHL7, KLHL8, KLRB1, KLRC4-KLRK1, KLRD1, KLRG1, KLRG2, KLRK1, KMT2A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KMT2D, KMT2E, KMT5A, KMT5B, KMT5C, KNL1, KNOP1, KNSTRN, KNTC1, KPNA4, KPNA5, KPNA6, KPTN, KRBA1, KRBOX4, KREMEN1, KRI1, KRIT1, KRT8, KSR1, KTN1, KYAT1, KYAT3, L1CAM, L2HGDH, L3HYPDH, L3MBTL2, L3MBTL3, LACTB, LAMA2, LAMA3, LAMA5, LAMB2, LAMC3, LAMP2, LAMP5, LAMTOR4, LARGE1, LARP1, LARP1B, LARP4, LARP4B, LARP7, LARS, LARS2, LAS1L, LASPI, LAT, LAT2, LATS1, LATS2, LBHD1, LBR, LBX2, LCAT, LCLAT1, LCMT1, LCOR, LCORL, LDAH, LDB2, LDHC, LDLR, LDLRAD3, LDLRAD4, LDLRAP1, LEF1, LEMD2, LEMD3, LENEP, LENG8, LEPR, LEPROT, LEPROTL1, LETM1, LETM2, LETMD1, LGALS8, LGALS9, LGMN, EGR4, LGR5, LHFPL2, LHPP, LIAS, L1FR, L1G1, L1G3, LILRA2, LILRB3, LIMCH1, LIME1, LIMK2, LIMS2, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, LIN7A, LIN9, LINC-PINT, LINC00240, LINC00265, LINC00327, LINC00337, LINC00426, LINC00467, LINC00473, LINC00475, LINC00476, LINC00491, LINC00578, LINC00607, LINC00623, LINC00624, LINC00630, LINC00632, LINC00649, LINC00665, LINC00667, LINC00673, LINC00674, LINC00680, LINC00680-GUSBP4, LINC00693, LINC00869, LINC00886, LINC00888, LINC00893, LINC00899, LINC00926, LINC00937, LINC00941, LINC00958, LINC00960, LINC00963, LINC01000, LINC01029, LINC01033, LINC01060, LINC01085, LINC01088, LINC01117, LINC01128, LINC01169, LINC01184, LINC01224, LINC01234, LINC01237, LINC01250, LINC01278, LINC01296, LINC01358, LINC01410, LINC01456, LINC01515, LINC01547, LINC01572, LINC01578, LINC01605, LINC01684, LINC01876,LINC01881, LINC01894, LINC01934, LINC02062, LINC02202, LINC02210-CRHR1, LINC02246, LINC02328, LINC02446, LINC02476, LINC02511, LINC02542, LINCR-0002, LINGO 1, LINGO2, LINS1, LIPA, LIPE, LIPE-AS1, LIPT1, LIX1L, LLGL2, LMAN2L, LMBR1, LMBR1L, LMBRD1, LMBRD2, LMCD1, LMLN, LMO7, LMTK3, LNPK, LNX2, LOC100128253, LOC100128594, LOC100128885, LOC100130027, LOC100130691, LOC100130987, LOC100132111, LOC100133091, LOC100133315, LOC100134868, LOC100233156, LOC100287497, LOC100287944, LOC100288203, LOC100288637, LOC100288778, LOC100288798, LOC100420587, LOC100505501, LOC100505874, LOC100505938, LOC100506023, LOC100506207, LOC100506282, LOC100506476, LOC100506844, LOC100506990, LOC100507002, LOC100507053, LOC100507065, LOC100507291, LOC100507377, LOC100507412, LOC100507557, LOC100630923, LOC100996693, LOC100996724, LOC101060091, LOC101448202, LOC101927021, LOC101927027, LOC101927043, LOC101927056, LOC101927151, LOC101927359, LOC101927815, LOC101927827, LOC101928100, LOC101928323, LOC101928516, LOC101928605, LOC101928673, LOC101929066, LOC101929140, LOC101929147, LOC101929231, LOC101929709, LOC101929710, LOC101929767, LOC101930071, LOC102606465, LOC102723360, LOC102723780, LOC102724219, LOC102724297, LOC102724532, LOC102724593, LOC102724843, LOC102724951, LOC102725126, LOC103091866, LOC105369147, LOC105369980, LOC105370401, LOC105372273, LOC105378853, LOC107984035, LOC107984974, LOCI 10117498-PIK3R3, LOC145694, LOC148413, LOC150776, LOC155060, LOC283683, LOC283788, LOC284581, LOC339862, LOC389765, LOC389831, LOC389906, LOC392232, LOC399815, LOC400464, LOC400927, LOC400927-CSNK1E, LOC440434, LOC441242, LOC441601, LOC441666, LOC642846, LOC642852, LOC643339, LOC645166, LOC645513, LOC648987, LOC653080, LOC654342, LOC727751, LOC728613, LOC728730, LOC729218, LOC729732, LOC729970, LONP2, LONRF1, LONRF3, LOXL2, LOXL3, LPAR1, LPAR2, LPAR3, LPCAT1, LPCAT2, LPCAT3, LPCAT4, LPGAT1, LPIN1, LPP, LPXN, LRBA, LRCH3, LRCH4, LRIF1, LRIG1, LRIG2, LRIG3, LRMDA, LRMP, LRP1, LRP11, LRP12, LRP2, LRP5, LRP8, LRPPRC, LRR1, LRRC14, LRRC17, LRRC23, LRRC28, LRRC34, LRRC37A2, LRRC37B, LRRC40, LRRC42, LRRC45, LRRC49, LRRC4B, LRRC58, LRRC6, LRRC69, LRRC73, LRRC75A-AS1, LRRC75B, LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8D, LRRCC1, LRRFIP1, LRRFIP2, LRRK1, LRRK2, LRRN3, LRSAM1, LRTOMT, LSG1, LSM1, LSM12, LSM14A, LSM14B, LSM5, LSR, LSS, LTA4H, LTB4R, LTBP1, LTBP3, LTBP4, LTN1, LUC7L, LUC7L3, LUZP1, LY75, LY75- CD302, LY96, LYAR, LYPD1, LYPD6B, LYPLA1, LYPLAL1, LYRM1, LYRM4-AS1, LYRM7, LYSMD1, LYSMD4, LYST, LZ1C, LZTFL1, MACF1, MACROD1, MACROD2, MAD1L1, MADD, MAEA, MAFG, MAFG-AS1, MAGEA12, MAGEA2, MAGEA2B, MAGI1, MAGI2, MAGI2-AS3, MAGI3, MAGOH, MAGOHB, MAGT1, MAIP1, MAK16, MALL, MALSU1, MALT1, MAMDC4, MAML1, MAML3, MAMLD1, MAN1A2, MAN1C1, MAN2B2, MAN2C1, MANBA, MANBAL, MANEAL, MAP1LC3B, MAP2, MAP2K1, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP2K7, MAP3K10, MAP3K15, MAP3K2, MAP3K20, MAP3K21, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, MAP4, MAP4K1, MAP4K2, MAP4K3, MAP4K4, MAP4K5, MAP6, MAP6D1, MAP7D1, MAP9, MAPK10, MAPK1 1, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK3, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK8IP3, MAPK9, MAPKAP1, MAPKAPK3, MAPKAPK5, MAPKAPK5-AS1, MAPKBP1, MAPT, MARC1, MARCH1, MARCH3, MARCH5, MARCH6, MARCH7, MARCH8, MARF1,MARK !, MARK2, MARKS, MARK4, MARVELD2, MAST1, MAST2, MAST3, MAST4, MASTL, MAT2B, MATK, MATR3, MAVS, MAX, MAZ, MBD1, MBD3, MBD4, MBD5, MB IP, MBNL1, MBNL2, MBNL3, MB0AT1, MBOAT2, MBOAT7, MBTD1, MBTPS1, MBTPS2, MCAM, MCAT, MCCC1, MCCC2, MCF2L, MCM3AP, MCM3AP-AS1, MCM4, MCM8, MCM9, MCMBP, MCOLN1, MCOLN3, MCPH1, MCPH1-AS1, MCRIP1, MCRIP2, MCRS1, MCTP1, MCTP2, MCTS1, MCU, MCUB, MCUR1, MDFI, MDM1, MDM2, MDM4, MDN1, MDP1, MEI, ME2, MEAF6, MECOM, MECP2, MECR, MED1, MED11, MED 12, MED12L, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED19, MED20, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED27, MED30, MED31, MED6, MED8, MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, MEF2C-AS1, MEG3, MEG8, MEGF11, MEGF6, MEGF8, MEGF9, MEI1, MEIS1, MEIS2, MEIS3, MELK, MELTF, MEM01, MEN1, MERTK, MET, MET API, METAP ID, METRN, METTL1, METTL13, METTL14, METTL15, METTL16, METTL21A, METTL22, METTL23, METTL25, METTL26, METTL2A, METTL2B, METTL4, METTL5, METTL6, METTL8, METTL9, MEX3B, MFF, MFGE8, MFHAS1, MFN1, MFN2, MFNG, MFSD10, MFSD11, MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14B, MFSD14C, MFSD6, MFSD8, MFSD9, MGA, MGARP, MGAT1, MGAT3, MGAT4B, MGAT4C, MGAT5, MGEA5, MGME1, MGMT, MGP, MGRN1, MGST1, MGST2, MGST3, MIA-RAB4B, MIA2, MIA3, MIAT, MIATNB, MIB1, MIB2, MIC AL 1 , MICAL2, MICAL3, MICALL1, MICALL2, MICB, MICU2, MIDI, MID2, MIER1, MIER2, MIER3, MIF4GD, MIGA1, MIIP, MINDY1, MINDY2, MINDY3, MINDY4, MINK1, MINOS1, MINOS1-NBL1, MIOS, MIPEP, MIPEPP3, MIPOL1, MIR100HG, MIR1268A, MIR22HG, MIR31HG, MIR4435-2HG, MIR5095, MIR5096, MIR548G, MIR548H3, MIR548H4, MIR548N, MIR570HG, MIR646HG, MIR9-3HG, MIR924HG, MIR99AHG, MIRLET7BHG, MIS 12, MIS18BP1, MITD1, MITF, MKI67, MKKS, MKL1, MKL2, MKLN1, MKNK1, MKNK2, MKRN1, MKRN2, MKS1, MLC1, MLF1, MLH1, MLH3, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT3, MLPH, MLST8, MLXIP, MLXIPL, MMAB, MMD, MMGT1, MMP16, MMP19, MMP23B, MMP24-AS 1 -EDEM2, MMP24OS, MMP25-AS1, MMS19, MMS22L, MNAT1, MND1, MOB1B, MOB3A, MOCOS, MOCS1, MOCS2, MOK, MON1A, M0N2, MORC2, MORC3, MORF4L1, MORF4L2, MORN I, MORN3, MOSMO, MOSPD1, MOSPD2, MOSPD3, MOVIO, MOV10L1, MPDU1, MPDZ, MPHOSPH6, MPHOSPH8, MPHOSPH9, MPI, MPND, MPP2, MPP3, MPP4, MPP5, MPP6, MPPE1, MPPED2, MPRIP, MPST, MPV17, MPZL1, MPZL3, MR1, MRAS, MRC1, MRC2, MRE11, MREG, MRFAP1, MRNIP, MROH1, MROH6, MRPL13, MRPL17, MRPL18, MRPL2, MRPL21, MRPL22, MRPL24, MRPL33, MRPL38, MRPL43, MRPL45, MRPL47, MRPL48, MRPL52, MRPL55, MRPL9, MRPS10, MRPS18A, MRPS18C, MRPS25, MRPS28, MRPS30-DT, MRPS31, MRPS31P5, MRPS36, MRPS5, MRRF, MRS2, MRV11, MS4A14, MS4A3, MS4A6A, MS4A7, MSANTD2, MSANTD3-TMEFF1, MSANTD4, MSC-AS1, MSH2, MSH3, MSI1, MSL1, MSL3, MSRA, MSTO1, MSTO2P, MTA1, MT A3, MTCH2, MTCL1, MTCP1, MTDH, MTERF2, MTERF3, MTERF4, MTF2, MTFP1, MTFR1, MTFR2, MTG2, MTHFD2, MTHFD2L, MTHFS, MTHFSD, MTIF2, MTIF3, MTM1, MTMR1, MTMR10, MTMR12, MTMR14, MTMR2, MTMR3, MTMR6, MTMR7, MTMR8, MTO1, MTOR, MTR, MTREX, MTRF1, MTRF1L, MTRNR2L2, MTRR, MTSS1L, MTUS1, MTX1, MTX2, MTX3, MUM1, MUTYH, MVB12A, MVB12B, MVD, MVK, MX1, MXD3, MXI1, MXRA7, MYBL1, MYBL2, MYCBP2, MYEF2, MYH10, MYH14, MYHAS, MYL6B, MYLIP, MYLK, MYLK- AS1, MYNN, MYOIO, MYO18A, MY019, MYO1B, MYO1C, MYOID, MYO1E, MYO5A, MYO5B, MYO5C, MY06, MYO9A, MYO9B, MYOF, MY0M2, MYSM1, MYT1, N4BP1,N4BP2, N4BP2L1, N4BP2L2, N6AMT1, NAA15, NAA16, NAA25, NAA35, NAA40, NAA50, NAA60, NAAA, NAALAD2, NAB1, NAB2, NABP1, NACC2, NADK, NADK2, NADSYN1, NAE1, NAF1, NAGA, NAGK, NAGPA, NAIP, NAMPT, NANS, NAP1L1, NAP1L4, NAPA, NAPB, NAPG, NAPSA, NARF, NARFL, NARS2, NASP, NAT6, NAVI, NAV2, NAV3, NAXD, NAXE, NBAS, NBDY, NBEA, NBEAL1, NBEAL2, NBL1, NBN, NBPF1, NBPF10, NBPF11, NBPF12, NBPF14, NBPF15, NBPF19, NBPF20, NBPF25P, NBPF26, NBPF3, NBPF8, NBPF9, NBR1, NBR2, NCALD, NCAM1, NCAPD3, NCAPG, NCAPG2, NCBP3, NCF4, NCK2, NCKAP1, NCKAP5, NCKAP5L, NCKIPSD, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA6, NCOA7, NCOR1, NCOR2, NCS1, NCSTN, NDC1, NDE1, NDEL1, NDFIP2, NDOR1, NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, NDRG4, NDST1, NDUFA10, NDUFA12, NDUFA3, NDUFA4L2, NDUFA6-AS1, NDUFA8, NDUFAF1, NDUFAF2, NDUFAF5, NDUFAF6, NDUFAF7, NDUFAF8, NDUFB5, NDUFB6, NDUFC1, NDUFC2-KCTD14, NDUFS1, NDUFS2, NDUFS8, NDUFV1, NDUFV2, NDUFV3, NEBL, NECAB3, NECAP2, NEDD1, NEDD4, NEDD4L, NEDD9, NEIL2, NEIL3, NEK1, NEK 10, NEK11, NEK4, NEK7, NEK9, NELFA, NELFCD, NEMF, NEMP1, NENF, NEO1, NEPRO, NET1, NETO2, NEURL1B, NEURL4, NEXN, NF1, NF2, NFASC, NFAT5, NFATC2, NFATC21P, NFATC3, NFATC4, NFE2E1, NFIB, NFIC, NFIX, NFKB1, NFRKB, NFS1, NFU1, NFX1, NFYB, NFYC, NGDN, NGLY1, NHEJ1, NHLRC3, NHSL1, NICN1, NIDI, NID2, NIF3L1, NIFK, NIN, NINE, NIP7, NIPA1, NIPA2, NIPBL, NIPSNAP1, NIPSNAP2, NISCH, NITI, NIT2, NKAIN1, NKAPD1, NKIRAS1, NKIRAS2, NKTR, NLE1, NLGN1, NLGN2, NLK, NLN, NLRC3, NLRC5, NLRP3, NLRX1, NMD3, NME1-NME2, NME3, NME6, NME7, NMNAT1, NMRAL1, NMRK1, NMT1, NMT2, NMU, NNT, NNT-AS1, NOA1, NOC2L, NOC4L, NOCT, NODI, NOLIO, NOLI 1, NOL12, NOL3, NOL4, NOL4L, NOL8, NOL9, NOLC1, NOMO2, NOP16, NOP58, NOS1AP, NOTCH 1, NOTCH2, NOTCH2NL, NOTCH3, NOVAI, NOX4, NOX5, NPAS1, NPAS2, NPC1, NPEPPS, NPFFR2, NPHP1, NPHP3, NPHP4, NPIPA1, NPIPB5, NPL, NPLOC4, NPM1, NPM3, NPNT, NPR1, NPR2, NPRL2, NPRL3, NQO1, NQO2, NR1D2, NR1H3, NR2C1, NR2C2, NR2F1-AS1, NR3C1, NR4A1, NR6A1, NRBF2, NRCAM, NRDC, NRDE2, NREP, NRF1, NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, NRG4, NRIP1, NRN1, NRP1, NRSN2, NRXN3, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, NSDHL, NSF, NSFL1C, NSFP1, NSG1, NSL1, NSMAF, NSMCE1, NSMCE2, NSMCE4A, NSMF, NSRP1, NSUN2, NSUN3, NSUN4, NSUN5P1, NSUN5P2, NSUN6, NT5C, NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A, NT5C3B, NT5DC2, NT5M, NTAN1, NTHL1, NTM, NTMT1, NTNG1, NTPCR, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NUB1, NUBP1, NUBPL, NUCB2, NUDCD2, NUDT1, NUDT14, NUDT17, NUDT19, NUDT2, NUDT22, NUDT3, NUDT7, NUF2, NUFIP1, NUFIP2, NUMA1, NUMB, NUP107, NUP133, NUP153, NUP155, NUP188, NUP210, NUP214, NUP37, NUP43, NUP50, NUP50-AS1, NUP54, NUP58, NUP62CL, NUP85, NUP88, NUP93, NUP98, NUPL2, NUS1, NUTF2, NUTM2A-AS1, NUTM2B-AS1, NVL, NXN, NXPE3, NXT2, OARD1, OAZ1, OAZ3, OBSCN, OBSL1, OCA2, OCEL1, OCIAD1, OCIAD2, OCRL, ODAM, ODF2, ODF2L, ODF3B, ODR4, OFD1, OGDH, OGDHL, OGFOD2, OGFOD3, OGFRL1, OGGI, OGT, OIP5, OLA1, OLFM2, OLMALINC, OLR1, OMA1, OPA1, OPCML, OPHN1, OPLAH, OPN3, OPTN, OR2A1-AS1, ORAI2, ORAI3, ORAOV1, ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, ORC6, ORMDL1, ORMDL2, OS9, OSBP2, OSBPL1A, OSBPL3, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9, OSCP1, OSER1, OSER1-AS1, OSGEPL1, OSGIN2, OSMR-AS1, OSTC, OSTF1, OTOGL, OTUD5, OTUD6B, OTULIN, OXAIL, OXCT1, OXNAD1, OXR1, OXSR1, P2RX4, P2RX7, P2RY10, P2RY6, P3H1, P3H3, P3H4, P4HA1, P4HA2, PAAF1, PABPC4, PABPN1, PACRGL, PACS1, PACS2,PAFAH2, PAG1, PAICS, PAIP1, PAK1, PAK1IP1, PAK2, PAK3, PAK4, PALB2, PALLD, PALM, PALM2, PALM2-AKAP2, PAM, PAM16, PAMR1, PAN2, PAN3, PANK1, PANK2, PANKA, PANXI, PAOX, PAPD4, PAPD5, PAPD7, PAPOLA, PAPOLG, PAQR3, PAQR5, PAQR7, PAQR8, PARD3, PARD6G, PARG, PARGP1, PARE, PARM1, PARN, PARP11, PARP15, PARP2, PARP4, PARP6, PARP8, PARP9, PARPBP, PARVB, PASK, PATJ, PATL1, PATZ1, PAX3, PAX5, PAX6, PAX8-AS1, PAXIP1, PAXX, PBDC1, PBRM1, PBX1, PBX3, PBXIP1, PC, PCBD2, PCBP1-AS1, PCBP2, PCBP3, PCBP4, PCCA, PCCB, PCDH7, PCDH9, PCDHAC1, PCED1A, PCED1B, PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF5, PCGF6, PCID2, PCK2, PCLO, PCM1, PCMTD1, PCMTD2, PCNP, PCNT, PCNX1, PCNX2, PCNX3, PCNX4, PCSK4, PCSK6, PCSK7, PCTP, PCYT1A, PCYT2, PDCD11, PDCD2, PDCD2L, PDCD4, PDCD6, PDCD6TPP2, PDCD7, PDE10A, PDE1 C, PDE3A, PDE3B, PDE4B, PDE4D, PDE4DIP, PDE6B, PDE6D, PDE7A, PDE8A, PDE9A, PDF, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRB, PDHA1, PDHX, PDIA5, PDIK1L, PDK1, PDK3, PDLIM2, PDLIM3, PDLIM4, PDLIM5, PDPK1, PDPR, PDS5A, PDS5B, PDSS1, PDSS2, PDXDC1, PDXDC2P-NPIPB14P, PDXK, PDZD11, PDZD2, PDZD8, PDZK1, PEAK1, PEAR1, PEF1, PELI1, PELI2, PELI3, PELO, PEMT, PER3, PET100, PEX1, PEX11A, PEX1 IB, PEX11G, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX2, PEX26, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX7, PFAS, PFDN1, PFKFB3, PFKL, PFKM, PGAM5, PGAP1, PGAP2, PGAP3, PGF, PGGT1B, PGLS, PGM2, PGM2L1, PGM3, PGS1, PHACTR2, PHACTR3, PHACTR4, PHC1, PHC2, PHC3, PHETA1, PHETA2, PHEX, PHF10, PHF11, PHF12, PHF14, PHF19, PHF20, PHF20L1, PHF21A, PHF21B, PHF3, PHF6, PHF7, PHF8, PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKB, PHKG2, PHLDB1, PHLDB2, PHLPP2, PHOSPHO2-KLHL23, PHRF1, PHTF1, PHTF2, PHYH, PHYHD1, PHYKPL, PI4K2A, PI4K2B, PI4KA, PI4KB, PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS3, PIBF1, PICALM, PICK1, PIEZO1, PIGA, PIGB, PIGF, PIGG, PIGH, PIGK, PIGL, PIGN, PIGO, PIGP, PIGQ, PIGT, PIGU, PIGX, PIK3AP1, PIK3C2A, PIK3C3, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIKFYVE, PIN1, PINX1, PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, PIP4K2C, PIP4P1, PIP4P2, PIP5K1A, PIP5K1C, PIR, PITHD1, PITPNA, PITPNC1, PITPNM2, PITPNM3, PIWIL4, PKD1, PKD1P1, PKD1P3-NPIPA1, PKD1P4-NPIPA8, PKD1P6-NPIPP1, PKD2, PKDCC, PKIA, PKIB, PKIG, PKN2, PKNOX1, PKNOX2, PKP4, PLA2G12A, PLA2G15, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G6, PLA2G7, PLA2R1, PLAA, PLAC1, PLAC8, PLAGL1, PLAT, PLB1, PLBD2, PLCB1, PLCB3, PLCB4, PLCD4, PLCG2, PLCL1, PLD1, PLD3, PLEC, PLEK2, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7, PLEKHA8, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHM1P1, PLEKHM2, PLEKHM3, PLGRKT, PLK3, PLK4, PLOD1, PLOD2, PLPP4, PLPP5, PLPPR2, PLRG1, PLS1, PLSCR1, PLSCR4, PLXNA4, PLXNB1, PLXNB2, PLXNC1, PLXND1, PM20D2, PMEL, PMF1, PMM1, PMM2, PMS1, PMS2, PMS2P1, PMS2P4, PMS2P5, PMVK, PNISR, PNKP, PNLDC1, PNN, PNO1, PNPLA6, PNPLA8, PNPO, PNPT1, POC1A, POC1B, POC5, PODXL2, POFUT1, POFUT2, POGK, POGLUT1, POGZ, POLA1, POLA2, POLB, POLD2, POLDIP3, POLE, POLE2, POLG, POLG2, POLI, POLK, POLL, POLM, POLN, POLQ, POLR1A, POLR1B, POLR1D, POLR2B, POLR2D, POLR2F, POLR2J, POLR2J3, POLR2J4, POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR3C, POLR3E, POLR3F, POLR3G, POLR3GL, POLR3H, POLRMT, P0M121, POM121C, POMGNT1, POMT1, POMT2, POP1, POP4, POP5, POPDC3, PORCN, POTI, POT1-AS1, POU2F1, POU2F2, POU6F1, PPA1, PPA2, PPAN- P2RY11, PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGC1B, PPCDC, PPCS, PPDPF, PPFIA1, PPFIA3, PPFIA4, PPFIBP1, PPHLN1, PPIA, PPID, PPIE, PPIEL, PPIF, PPIH, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIP5K1P1-CATSPER2, PPIP5K2, PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1E, PPM1H, PPM1K,PPM1M, PPOX, PPP1CB, PPP1CC, PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B, PPP1R12C, PPP1R13B, PPP1R16A, PPP1R16B, PPP1R1C, PPP1R2, PPP1R21, PPP1R35, PPP1R36, PPP1R37, PPP1R7, PPP1R8, PPP2CA, PPP2R1B, PPP2R2A, PPP2R2B, PPP2R2C, PPP2R2D, PPP2R3C, PPP2R5A, PPP2R5B, PPP2R5C, PPP2R5D, PPP2R5E, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1, PPP4C, PPP4R1, PPP4R2, PPP4R3A, PPP4R3B, PPP4R4, PPP5C, PPP5D1, PPP6C, PPP6R1, PPP6R2, PPP6R3, PPRC1, PPWD1, PQBP1, PQLC1, PQLC2, PQLC2L, PQLC3, PRADC1, PRAF2, PRAG1, PRC1, PRCC, PRDM15, PRDM16, PRDM2, PRDM4, PRDM5, PRDM6, PRDM8, PREB, PRELID2, PRELID3A, PRELID3B, PREP, PREPL, PRH1, PRH1-PRR4, PRH1- TAS2R14, PRICKLEI, PRIM I, PRIM2, PRIMPOL, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, PRKAG1, PRKAG2, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2A, PRKAR2B, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCE, PRKCH, PRKCT, PRKCQ, PRKCSH, PRKCZ, PRKD1, PRKD2, PRKD3, PRKDC, PRKG1 , PRKRA, PRKRIP1, PRKX, PRKY, PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT5, PRMT7, PRMT9, PROCAI, PROK2, PROS1, PROSERI, PROSER2, PROSER3, PRPF18, PRPF3, PRPF38A, PRPF38B, PRPF39, PRPF4, PRPF40A, PRPF40B, PRPF4B, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPSAP1, PRPSAP2, PRR12, PRR13, PRR14, PRR14L, PRR16, PRR5, PRR5-ARHGAP8, PRR5L, PRRC2B, PRRC2C, PRRG1, PRRG4, PRRT4, PRSS12, PRSS16, PRTFDC1, PRTG, PRUNE1, PSAT1, PSD, PSD3, PSEN1, PSEN2, PSIP1, PSMA1, PSMA3-AS1, PSMA4, PSMA6, PSMB1, PSMB3, PSMB5, PSMC5, PSMC6, PSMD10, PSMD11, PSMD13, PSMD4, PSMD5, PSMD9, PSME2, PSME4, PSMG1, PSMG2, PSPC1, PSPH, PSRC1, PSTK, PSTPIP1, PSTPIP2, PTAR1, PTBP1, PTBP3, PTCD1, PTCD2, PTCD3, PTCHI, PTCHD4, PTDSS2, PTEN, PTER, PTGER3, PTGES3, PTGES3L, PTGES3L-AARSD1, PTGFRN, PTGIS, PTGR1, PTGR2, PTGS1, PTK2, PTK2B, PTK7, PTOV1, PTP4A2, PTP4A3, PTPA, PTPDC1, PTPMT1, PTPN1, PTPN12, PTPN13, PTPN18, PTPN2, PTPN21, PTPN22, PTPN23, PTPN3, PTPN4, PTPN9, PTPRA, PTPRC, PTPRD, PTPRE, PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRG-AS1, PTPRK, PTPRN, PTPRS, PTPRU, PTRH1, PTS, PUF60, PUM1, PUM2, PUM3, PURPL, PUS1, PUS10, PUS7, PUSL1, PVR, PVRIG2P, PVT1, PWWP2A, PXDC1, PXDN, PXK, PXMP2, PXN, PXN-AS1, PXYLP1, PYCR1, PYCR2, PYCR3, PYGB, PYM1, PYROXD1, PYROXD2, QDPR, QKI, QPCTL, QPRT, QRICH1, QRSL1, QSER1, QSOX2, QTRT1, QTRT2, R3HCC1L, R3HDM1, R3HDM2, R3HDM4, RAB11FIP1, RAB11FIP2, RAB11FIP3, RAB11FIP5, RABI 3, RABI 5, RABI 8, RAB21, RAB22A, RAB23, RAB24, RAB27A, RAB27B, RAB28, RAB29, RAB30, RAB34, RAB35, RAB36, RAB38, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB3IP, RAB40B, RAB40C, RAB44, RAB4A, RAB4B, RAB4B-EGLN2, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB6A, RAB8B, RAB9A, RABAC1, RABEP1, RABEPK, RABGAP1, RABGAP1L, RABGEF1, RABGGTB, RABL2A, RABL2B, RABL3, RABL6, RAC1, RAC3, RACGAP1, RADI, RAD17, RAD18, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51 API, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD51L3-RFFL, RAD52, RAD54B, RAD54L, RAD54L2, RAD9A, RADIL, RAFI, RAH, RAI14, RALA, RALB, RALGAPA1, RALGAPA1P1, RALGAPA2, RALGAPB, RALGDS, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RALY, RANBP10, RANBP17, RANBP2, RANBP3, RANGAP1, RANGRF, RAP1A, RAP IB, RAP1GAP2, RAP1GDS1, RAP2C, RAP2C-AS1, RAPGEF1, RAPGEF2, RAPGEF6, RAPGEFL1, RAPH1, RARA, RARS2, RASA1, RASA3, RASAL2, RASAL3, RASEF, RASGRF2, RASGRP1, RASGRP3, RASL10B, RASSF1, RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, RASSF8, RASSF8-AS1, RAVER2, RBI, RB1CC1, RBAK, RBAK-RBAKDN, RBBP5, RBBP6, RBBP7, RBBP8, RBBP9, RBCK1, RBFA, RBFOX2, RBL1, RBL2, RBM10, RBM11, RBM12B, RBM14-RBM4, RBM15-AS1, RBM18, RBM19, RBM20, RBM22, RBM23, RBM25, RBM26, RBM26-AS1, RBM27, RBM28, RBM33, RBM34, RBM38, RBM39, RBM4,RBM41, RBM42, RBM47, RBM48, RBM5, RBM6, RBM7, RBMS I , RBMS2, RBMS3, RBMXL1, RBPJ, RBPMS, RBSN, RBX1, RC3H1, RC3H2, RCAN3, RCBTB1, RCBTB2, RCC1, RCC1L, RCC2, RCCD1, RCE1, RCHY1, RCL1, RCN3, RC0R2, RC0R3, RD3, RDH11, RDH13, RDM1, RECK, RECQL, RECQL4, RECQL5, REEP3, REEP4, RELA, RELB, RELL2, REPIN1, REPSI, RER1, RERE, RERG, RET, RETREG1, RETREG3, RETSAT, REV1, REV3L, REX1BD, REX01, REXO2, REXO5, RFC1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC5, RFESD, RFFL, RFT1, RFWD3, RFX1, RFX2, RFX3, RFX7, RFX8, RFXANK, RGL1, RGN, RGP1, RGPD5, RGPD6, RGS10, RGS11, RGS12, RGS14, RGS19, RGS3, RGS5, RGS7, RHBDD1, RHBDD2, RHBDD3, RHBDF2, RHBDL1, RHCE, RHOBTB1, RHOBTB3, RHOC, RHOJ, RHOQ, RHOT1, RHOT2, RHOU, RIC1, RIC8B, RICTOR, RIDA, RIF1, RILPL1, RILPL2, RIMBP2, RTMS1 , RTMS2, RTMS3, RTN1 , RTN3, RINT1 , RTOK1 , RTOK2, RIOK3, RTOX2, RIPK1, RIPK2, RIPOR1, RIPPL Y2, RITA1, RLF, RLIM, RMCI, RMDN1, RMDN2, RMDN3, RMI1, RMND1, RMND5A, RMND5B, RNASE4, RNASEH1-AS1, RNASEH2B, RNASEK, RNASEK-C17orf49, RNASET2, RND3, RNF10, RNF103-CHMP3, RNF111, RNF114, RNF115, RNF121, RNF123, RNF126, RNF13, RNF130, RNF135, RNF138, RNF14, RNF146, RNF150, RNF152, RNF157, RNF165, RNF166, RNF167, RNF168, RNF170, RNF175, RNF181, RNF185, RNF19A, RNF2, RNF212, RNF213, RNF214, RNF215, RNF216, RNF216P1, RNF217, RNF219, RNF220, RNF24, RNF25, RNF34, RNF38, RNF4, RNF44, RNF8, RNFT1, RNFT2, RNGTT, RNLS, RNMT, RNPC3, RNPEP, RNU5D-1, RNU5E-1, ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, ROCK1, ROCK2, ROGDI, ROR2, RORA-AS1, RP9P, RPA2, RPAIN, RPAP2, RPAP3, RPE, RPF2, RPGR, RPGRIP I L, RPH3AL, RPIA, RPL17, RPL17- C18orf32, RPL18A, RPL22, RPL23AP53, RPL23AP7, RPL23AP82, RPL27A, RPL29, RPL32P3, RPL34-AS1, RPL36A-HNRNPH2, RPL39, RPL41, RPL7L1, RPN2, RPP25L, RPP30, RPP38, RPP40, RPRD1A, RPRD1B, RPRD2, RPS10, RPS10-NUDT3, RPS17, RPS24, RPS26, RPS27, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA4, RPS6KA6, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, RPS6KC1, RPS6KL1, RPSAP52, RPSAP58, RPTOR, RPUSD1, RPUSD3, RRAGB, RRAGD, RRBP1, RRH, RRM1, RRM2B, RRN3, RRN3P2, RRN3P3, RRNAD1, RRP1, RRP12, RRP1B, RRP7BP, RRP8, RSAD1, RSF1, RSG1, RSPRY1, RSRC1, RSRC2, RSRP1, RSU1, RTCA, RTEL1, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, RTKN, RTKN2, RTN1, RTN2, RTN3, RTN4, RTRAF, RTTN, RUBCN, RUBCNL, RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUNX1, RUNX1T1, RUNX2, RUSC1, RUVBL2, RWDD1, RWDD2B, RWDD3, RWDD4, RXFP1, RXYLT1, RYK, S100A13, S100A16, SIOOB, S1OOPBP, SAAL1, SAC3D1, SACS, SAMD11, SAMD12, SAMD14, SAMD3, SAMD4A, SAMD4B, SAMD9, SAMD9L, SAMHD1, SAP 130, SAP25, SAP30BP, SAP30L, SAPCD2, SAR1A, SAR1B, SARAF, SARDH, SARS2, SART1, SART3, SASS6, SAT1, SAT2, SATB1-AS1, SAV1, SBDSP1, SBF1, SBF2, SBF2-AS1, SBNO1, SCAF1, SCAF11, SCAF8, SCAI, SCAMPI, SCAMP2, SCAMP3, SCAMP4, SCAMP5, SCAP, SCAPER, SCARB1, SCARB2, SCARF2, SCFD1, SCFD2, SCG3, SCG5, SCGB1B2P, SCHIP1, SCLT1, SCLY, SCMH1, SCML2, SCML4, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCNM1, SCOC, SCOC-AS1, SCPEP1, SCRIB, SCRN1, SCRN3, SCUBE2, SCYL1, SCYL2, SDC2, SDCBP2-AS1, SDCCAG3, SDCCAG8, SDE2, SDF2, SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHAF3, SDHAF4, SDHAP1, SDHAP2, SDHC, SDHD, SDR39U1, SDSL, SEC11C, SEC13, SEC14L1, SEC14L2, SEC16A, SEC22A, SEC22B, SEC22C, SEC24A, SEC24B, SEC24C, SEC31A, SEC31B, SEC61A2, SEC62, SECISBP2, SECISBP2L, SEH1L, SEL1L, SELENBP1, SELENOH, SELENOI, SELENOK, SEMI, SEMA3A, SEMA3C, SEMA3F, SEMA4A, SEMA4B, SEMA4C, SEMA4D, SEMA4F, SEMA5A, SEMA6C, SEMA6D, SEMA7A, SENP1, SENP2, SENP3,SENP3-EIF4A1, SENP5, SENP6, SENP7, SEPHS1, SEPSECS, SEPT10, SEPT2, SEPT3, SEPT7, SEPT7P2, SEPT8, SEPT9, SERAC1, SERF2, SERGEF, SERINC5, SERP2, SERPINA1, SERTAD3, SERTAD4, SERTAD4-AS1, SESN1, SESTD1, SETD2, SETD3, SETD4, SETD5, SETD9, SETDB1, SETDB2, SETDB2-PHF11, SETMAR, SETX, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SF1, SF3A2, SF3A3, SF3B3, SF3B6, SFI1, SFMBT1, SFMBT2, SFSWAP, SFT2D1, SFT2D2, SFTA3, SFXN1, SFXN2, SFXN4, SFXN5, SGCB, SGCE, SGCG, SGF29, SGIP1, SGK3, SGK494, SGMS1, SGO1, SGO2, SGPL1, SGSM1, SGSM2, SGSM3, SGTB, SH2B1, SH2D4A, SH3BGR, SH3BP1, SH3BP2, SH3BP5, SH3D19, SH3GL1, SH3GL3, SH3GLB1, SH3GLB2, SH3KBP1, SH3PXD2A, SH3PXD2B, SH3YL1, SHANK1, SHANK3, SHARPIN, SHC1, SHC2, SHCBP1, SHF, SHISA4, SHISA5, SHKBP1, SHMT1, SHOC2, SHOX2, SHPK, SHPRH, SHQ1 , SHROOM2, SHTN1 , SIDT1 , STDT2, STGTRR, SIGLEC1, STGLEC7, SIGMAR1, SIK2, SIK3, SIKE1, SIL1, SIM1, SIM2, SIMC1, SIN3A, SIN3B, SINHCAF, SIPA1, SIPA1L1, SIPA1L2, SIPA1L3, SIRPB1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7, SIVA1, SIX5, SKA1, SKA2, SKA3, SKAP2, SKP2, SLAIN1, SLAIN2, SLAMF7, SLC10A7, SLC11A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A4, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A9, SLC15A4, SLC16A10, SLC16A4, SLC16A7, SLC17A5, SEC18A1, SLC1A1, SEC1A3, SLC1A4, SEC22A15, SLC22A16, SLC22A17, SLC22A18, SLC22A23, SLC22A4, SLC23A2, SLC24A1, SLC25A1, SLC25A10, SLC25A11, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A17, SLC25A19, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A23, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A29, SLC25A30, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A40, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A46, SLC25A53, SLC26A10, SLC26A11, SLC26A6, SLC26A7, SLC27A4, SLC27A5, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3, SLC29A4, SLC2A11, SLC2A13, SLC2A14, SLC2A6, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A9, SLC33A1, SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A5, SLC35B1, SLC35B3, SLC35B4, SLC35C2, SLC35D2, SLC35E2A, SLC35E2B, SLC35E3, SLC35F2, SLC35F5, SLC35F6, SLC35G1, SLC36A1, SLC36A4, SLC37A1, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC37A4, SLC38A1, SLC38A10, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A6, SLC38A7, SLC38A9, SLC39A11, SLC39A13, SLC39A14, SLC39A4, SLC39A8, SLC39A9, SLC3A2, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3, SLC43A1, SLC43A2, SLC44A1, SLC44A2, SLC44A5, SLC46A1, SLC47A1, SLC49A3, SLC4A10, SLC4A2, SLC4A5, SLC4A7, SLC4A8, SLC50A1, SLC5A4-AS1, SLC5A6, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A2, SLC6A6, SLC6A8, SLC6A9, SLC7A11, SLC7A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A8, SLC8A1, SLC8A1-AS1, SLC9A1, SLC9A5, SLC9A7, SLC9A8, SLC9B2, SLCO2A1, SLCO4A1, SLF1, SLFN11, SLFN12L, SLFN13, SLFN5, SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, SLMAP, SLMO2-ATP5E, SLTM, SLU7, SLX4, SLX4IP, SMA4, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD6, SMAD9, SMAP1, SMAP2, SMARCA1, SMARCA4, SM ARC ADI, SMARCAL1, SMARCC1, SMARCC2, SMARCD1, SMARCD3, SMARCE1, SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, SMC6, SMCHD1, SMCO4, SMG1, SMG1P1, SMG1P2, SMG1P3, SMG5, SMG6, SMG7, SMILR, SMIM13, SMIM14, SMIM19, SMIM20, SMIM7. SMIM8, SMN1, SMOC1, SMOX, SMPD4, SMPDL3A, SMS, SMTN, SMU1, SMUG1, SMURF1, SMURF2, SMURF2P1-LRRC37BP1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4, SNAI3-AS1, SNAP23, SNAP25, SNAP47, SNAPCI, SNAPC3, SNAPC4, SNAPC5, SNAPIN, SNCA, SNCAIP, SNED1, SNF8, SNHG1, SNHG11, SNHG12, SNHG14, SNHG15, SNHG16, SNHG17, SNHG20, SNHG21, SNHG4, SNHG5, SNHG6, SNHG8, SNRK, SNRNP27, SNRNP48, SNRPA1, SNRPC, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPG, SNRPN, SNTB1, SNTB2, SNUPN, SNX1, SNX11, SNX13, SNX14, SNX15, SNX16, SNX17, SNX2, SNX22, SNX24, SNX25,SNX27, SNX29, SNX30, SNX4, SNX5, SNX6, SNX7, S0AT1, SOBP, SOCS4, SOCS6, SOD2, SOGA1, SOGA3, SOHLH2, SON, SORBS1, SORBS2, SORBS3, SORCS1, SORL1, SOS1, SOS2, SOX15, SOX6, SP100, SP110, SP140L, SP2, SP3, SP4, SPACA9, SPAG1, SPAG16, SPAG4, SPAG5, SPAG6, SPAG9, SPART, SPAST, SPATA13, SPATA17, SPATA18, SPATA20, SPATA2L, SPAT A33, SPATA5, SPATA5L1, SPATA6, SPATA7, SPATS2, SPATS2L, SPC25, SPDL1, SPDYC, SPECC1, SPECC1L, SPECC1L-ADORA2A, SPEG, SPEN, SPG11, SPG21, SPG7, SPHK2, SPIB, SPICE1, SPIDR, SPIN1, SPINT1, SPIRE1, SPNS1, SPNS3, SPOP, SPOUT1, SPP1, SPPL2A, SPPL2B, SPPL3, SPRED1, SPRED2, SPRTN, SPRY2, SPRY4-AS1, SPRYD3, SPRYD7, SPSB4, SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, SPTBN4, SPTLC1, SPTLC2, SQLE, SQOR, SQSTM1, SRA1, SRBD1, SRC, SRCAP, SRCIN1, SRD5A1 , SRD5A3, SREBF1, SREBF2, SREK1 , SREK1IP1, SRGAP1, SRGAP2, SRM, SRP14-AS1, SRP19, SRP54, SRP54-AS1, SRP72, SRP9, SRPK1, SRPK2, SRPX, SRRM1, SRRM2, SRSF11, SRSF12, SRSF2, SRSF4, SRSF5, SRSF7, SRSF9, SS18, SS18L1, SSBP2, SSBP3, SSBP4, SSC5D, SSFA2, SSH1, SSH2, SSR1, SSSCA1, SSX2IP, STB, ST14, ST20, ST20-MTHFS, ST3GAL1, ST3GAL2, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, ST5, ST6GAL1, ST6GALNAC3, ST6GALNAC4, ST6GALNAC6, ST7, ST7-OT4, ST7L, ST8S1A5, STAC, STAC3, STAG1, STAG2, STAG3L1, STAG3L4, STAG3L5P, STAG3L5P-PVRIG2P-PILRB, STAM, STAMBP, STAMBPL1, STAP2, START) 10, STARD13, STARD3NL, STARD4, STARD5, STARD7, STARD8, STARD9, STAT1, STAT2, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAU1, STAU2, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, STIL, STIM1, STIM2, STIMATE, STIP1, STK10, STK11IP, STK16, STK17A, STK25, STK26, STK3, STK32C, STK33, STK36, STK38, STK38L, STK39, STK4, STK40, STN1, STON1, STON1-GTF2A1L, STON2, STOX2, STPG1, STRA6, STRADA, STRADB, STRBP, STRIP1, STRIP2, STRN, STRN3, STRN4, STT3A, STT3B, STX10, STX12, STX16, STX16-NPEPL1, STX18, STX18-AS1, STX2, STX3, STX4, STX5, STX6, STX8, STXBP2, STXBP3, STXBP4, STXBP5, STXBP5-AS1, STXBP5L, STYX, STYXL1, SUB1, SUCLA2, SUCLG2, SUCLG2-AS1, SUCO, SUDS3, SUFU, SUGCT, SUGP1, SUGP2, SUGT1, SULF1, SULF2, SULT1C4, SUMF1, SUMF2, SUM01, SUN1, SUN2, SUOX, SUPT20H, SUPT3H, SUPT5H, SUPT7L, SUPV3L1, SURF1, SURF2, SURF4, SUSD1, SUSD3, SUSD6, SUV39H2, SUZ12, SUZ12P1, SVEP1, SVIL, SVIL-AS1, SWT1, SYCE2, SYCP2L, SYDE1, SYDE2, SYK, SYNC, SYNCRIP, SYNE1, SYNE2, SYNE4, SYNGR2, SYNJ1, SYNJ2, SYNJ2BP, SYNJ2BP-COX16, SYNPO2, SYNRG, SYP, SYS1-DBNDD2, SYT1, SYT11, SYT14, SYT9, SYTL1, SYTL2, SYTL3, SYVN1, SZRD1, SZT2, TAB2, TAB3, TACC1, TADA1, TADA2A, TADA3, TAF1, TAF11, TAF13, TAF15, TAFIA, TAF1B, TAF1C, TAF1D, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF4B, TAF5, TAF5L, TAF6, TAF6L, TAF8, TAF9B, TANCI, TANC2, TANGO2, TANGO6, TANK, TAOK1, TAOK2, TAOK3, TAPT1, TARBP1, TARBP2, TARS, TARS2, TARSL2, TAS2R31, TASP1, TATDN1, TATDN3, TAZ, TBC1D1, TBC1D10A, TBC1D12, TBC1D13, TBC1D14, TBC1D15, TBC1D16, TBC1D17, TBC1D19, TBC1D20, TBC1D22A, TBC1D22B, TBC1D23, TBC1D24, TBC1D25, TBC1D2B, TBC1D30, TBC1D31, TBC1D32, TBC1D4, TBC1D5, TBC1D7, TBC1D7-LOC100130357, TBC1D8, TBC1D8B, TBC1D9, TBC1D9B, TBCCD1, TBCD, TBCEL, TBCK, TBK1, TBKBP1, TBL1X, TBL1XR1, TBL3, TBPL1, TBRG1, TBRG4, TBX1, TBX15, TBX2-AS1, TBX6, TBXA2R, TBXAS1, TC2N, TCAF1, TCAIM, TCEA1, TCEA2, TCEAL1, TCEAL3, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TCERG1, TCF12, TCF20, TCF25, TCF3, TCF4, TCF7, TCF7L1, TCF7L2, TCFL5, TCOF1, TCP11L1, TCP11L2, TCTEX1D2, TCTN1, TCTN3, TDG, TDP1, TDP2, TDRD3, TDRKH, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD4, TECPR1, TECPR2, TEDC1, TEDC2, TEFM, TEKT4P2, TELO2,TENM1, TENM2, TENM3, TENM4, TEPSIN, TERFI, TERF2, TES, TESK2, TESMIN, TET1, TET2, TET2-AS1, TEX 10, TEX 14, TEX15, TEX261, TEX264, TEX30, TEX41, TEX9, TFAM, TFAP2B, TFAP4, TFB1M, TFB2M, TFCP2, TFDP1, TFDP2, TFE3, TFEB, TFEC, TFIP11, TFPI, TFR2, TFRC, TGDS, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, TGIF2, TGIF2-C20orf24, TGS1, THADA, THAP1, THAP12, THAP3, THAP5, THAP6, THAP9, THAP9-AS1, THBS3, THBS4, THEM4, THEM6, THEMIS, THEMIS2, THOC1, THOC2, THOC5, THOC6, THOC7, THRAP3, THRB, THSD4, THSD7A, THTPA, THUMPD2, THUMPD3, THYN1, TIA1, TIAL1, TIAM1, TIFA, TIGAR, TIGD6, TIMELESS, TIMM17B, TIMM21, TIMM23, TIMM23B, TIMM50, TIMM8B, TIMM9, TIMMDC1, TINF2, TIPIN, TIPRL, TIRAP, TJAP1, TJP1, TKFC, TLCD2, TLDC1, TLE1, TLE4, TLK1, TLK2, TLL2, TLN1, TLX2, TM2D1, TM2D3, TM7SF2, TM7SF3, TM9SF1, TM9SF3, TM9SF4, TMA16, TMBTM4, TMC6, TMCC1, TMCO3, TMCO4, TMCO6, TMED3, TMED7-TICAM2, TMED8, TMEFF2, TMEM104, TMEM106A, TMEM106B, TMEM106C, TMEM107, TMEM108, TMEM11, TMEM1 10-MUSTN1, TMEM116, TMEM117, TMEM120A, TMEM120B, TMEM126A, TMEM126B, TMEM128, TMEM131, TMEM131L, TMEM134, TMEM135, TMEM136, TMEM138, TMEM141, TMEM143, TMEM144, TMEM145, TMEM14B, TMEM14C, TMEM150A, TMEM150B, TMEM159, TMEM161A, TMEM161B, TMEM161B-AS1, TMEM164, TMEM167A, TMEM167B, TMEM168, TMEM175, TMEM181, TMEM182, TMEM183B, TMEM184B, TMEM185A, TMEM187, TMEM192, TMEM198B, TMEM200A, TMEM206, TMEM209, TMEM214, TMEM218, TMEM219, TMEM220, TMEM222, TMEM231, TMEM234, TMEM237, TMEM241, TMEM245, TMEM248, TMEM249, TMEM254, TMEM255A, TMEM255B, TMEM259, TMEM260, TMEM263, TMEM266, TMEM267, TMEM268, TMEM30A, TMEM33, TMEM38B, TMEM39A, TMEM39B, TMEM41B, TMEM42, TMEM44, TMEM45A, TMEM50A, TMEM50B, TMEM51, TMEM53, TMEM56-RWDD3, TMEM62, TMEM63A, TMEM63B, TMEM65, TMEM67, TMEM68, TMEM70, TMEM71, TMEM87A, TMEM87B, TMEM94, TMEM98, TMEM9B, TMOD1, TMOD2, TMOD3, TMOD4, TMPO, TMSB15B, TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3, TMTC4, TMUB1, TMUB2, TMX1, TMX2, TMX2-CTNND1, TMX3, TNC, TNFAIP1, TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L2- SCNM1, TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF12A, TNFRSF19, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF6B, TNFSF12, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TNIK, TNIP1, TNIP2, TNIP3, TNK2, TNKS, TNKS2, TNNT1, TNPO1, TNPO3, TNR, TNRC18, TNRC6A, TNRC6B, TNRC6C, TNS1, TOBI, TOE1, TOGARAMI, TOLLIP, TOMI, TOM1L1, TOM1L2, TOMM34, TOMM40, TOMM40L, TOMM70, TOPI, TOP1MT, TOP2A, TOP2B, TOP3A, TOP3B, TOPBP 1, TOR1AIP2, TOR1B, TOR2A, TOR3A, TP53BP2, TP53I11, TP53I3, TP53TG1, TP73, TP73- AS1, TPCN1, TPCN2, TPD52, TPD52L1, TPD52L2, TPGS2, TPK1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM3P9, TPMT, TPP2, TPR, TPRA1, TPRG1L, TPST1, TPST2, TPT1-AS1, TPTE2P5, TPTE2P6, TPTEP1, TPX2, TRA2A, TRABD2A, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF3IP1, TRAF3IP2, TRAF3IP2-AS1, TRAFD1, TRAIP, TRAK1, TRAK2, TRAM1, TRAM2, TRANK1, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC11, TRAPPC12, TRAPPC13, TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC6A, TRAPPC6B, TRAPPC8, TRAPPC9, TRDMT1, TRERF1, TRIM I 6, TRIM16L, TRIM2, TRIM23, TRIM24, TRIM26, TRIM28, TRIM3, TRIM32, TRIM33, TRIM35, TRIM36, TRIM37, TRIM41, TRIM44, TRIM59-IFT80, TRIM65, TRIM68, TRIM73, TRIM9, TRIO, TRIP 10, TRIP 12, TRIP 13, TRIP4, TRIP6, TRIQK, TRIT1, TRMO, TRMT1, TRMT10A, TRMT10B, TRMT11, TRMT1L, TRMT2A, TRMT2B, TRMT6, TRMT61A, TRMT61B, TRMU, TRNAU1AP, TRNT1, TRO, TROVE2, TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPC4AP,TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM7, TRPS1, TRPT1, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRRAP, TRUB1, TSC22D1, TSC22D2, TSC22D4, TSEN15, TSEN2, TSEN54, TSFM, TSG101, TTSHZ2, TSKS, TSNARE1, TSNAX, TSNAXIP1, TSPAN12, TSPAN13, TSPAN TSPAN17, TSPAN18, TSPAN31, TSPAN4, TSPAN5, TSPAN9, TSP0AP1-AS1TSSC2, TSSC4, TSTD2, TSTD3, TTBK1, TTBK2, TTC12, TTC13, TTC17, TT TTC23, TTC26, TTC27 , TTC28, TTC28-AS1, TTC3, TTC31, TTC33, TTC37, TTTC39A, TTC39B, TTC39C, TTC4, TTC5, TTC7A, TTC7B, TTC8, TTC9C, TT TTI1, TTI2, TTK, TTL, TTLL11, TTLL12, TTLL3, TTLL4, TTLL5, TTLL7, TT TTP AL, TTTY14, TTYH2, TTYH3, TUB, TUBB6, TUBD1, TUBE!, TUBG2, T TUBGCP3, TUBGCP4, TUBGCP5, TUBGCP6, TUFT1, TUG1, TULP3, TULP4 TVP23A, TVP23C, TVP23C-CDRT4, TWF1 , TWF2, TWIST2, TWNK, TXK, T TXLNG, TXLNGY, TXN, TXNDC11, TXNDC15, TXNDC16, TXNDC9, TXNI TXNL4B, TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD3NB, TYK2, TYMP, TYR03, TYSND1 TYW1B, TYW3, TYW5, U2AF1, U2AF1L4, U2AF1L5, U2AF2, U2SURP, UA UBA2, UBA3, UBA5, UBA6, UBA6-AS1, UBA7, UBAC2, UBAP1, UBAP2, U UBE2A, UBE2B, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2D3, UBE2D4, UBE2E3, UBE2F, U UBE2G1, UBE2G2, UBE2H, UBE2J1, UBE2J2, UBE2K, UBE2L3, UBE2Q1, U UBE2Q2P1, UBE2Q2P2, UBE2R2, UBE2W, UBE2Z, UBE3A, UBE3B, UBE3C UBE4A, UBE4B, UBFD1, UBIAD1, UBL7, UBL7-AS1, UBN1, UBN2, UB0X5 UBQLN1, UBQLN4, UBR1, UBR2, UBR3, UBR4, UBR5, UBR7, UBTF, UBX UBXN2A, UBXN2B, UBXN4, UBXN6, UBXN7, UBXN8, UCHL1, UCHL5, U UFC1, UFD1, UFM1, UFSP2, UGCG, UGDH, UGGT2, UGP2, UGT8, UHRF1, UHRF1BP1L, UHRF2, UIMC1, ULK2, ULK3, ULK4, ULK4P1, ULK4P2, ULK UNCI 19, UNC119B, UNC13A, UNC13B, UNC45A, UNC50, UNC5B, UNC5C, UNKL, UPF2, UPF3A, UPF3B, UPP1, UPRT, UQCC1, UQCC2, UQCRH, URB URGCP, URGCP-MRPS24, URI1, URM1, UROS, USB1, USE1, USF2, USO1, USP12, USP13, USP14, USP15, USP16, USP19, USP2-AS1, USP21, USP22, US USP28, USP3, USP30, USP31, USP32, USP33, USP34, USP37, USP38, USP39, USP42, USP43, USP45, USP46, USP47, USP48, USP49, USP53, USP54, USP6N USP9X, USP9Y, USPL1, UTP15, UTP18, UTP23, UTP4, UTP6, UTRN, UTS2R UVRAG, UXS1, UXT, VAC14, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, VANGL1, VAPB, VASH1-AS1, VASH2, VAV1, VAV2, VAV3, VC AN, VCL, VCP, VDAC1, VD VDR, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEPH1, VEZF1, VEZT, VGF, VGLL4, VHL, VIRMA, VIT, VKORC1, VKORC1L1, VLDLR, VLDLR-AS1, VMP1, VOPP1, VPS13B, VPS13C, VPS13D, VPS26A, VPS26B, VPS26C, VPS28, VPS29, VPS VPS35, VPS35L, VPS36, VPS37A, VPS37B, VPS41, VPS4B, VPS50, VPS53, V VPS8, VPS9D1-AS1, VRK1, VRK3, VSIG10, VSNL1, VSTM2L, VTI1A, VTI1 WAC, WAPL, WARS, WARS2, WASF1, WASF3, WASH3P, WASHC2A, WA WASHC3, WASHC4, WASHC5, WBP2, WBP4, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, W WDFY4, WDHD1, WDPCP, WDR1, WDR11, WDR12, WDR18, WDR19, WDRWDR25, WDR27, WDR33, WDR34, WDR35, WDR36, WDR37, WDR4, WDR WDR44, WDR45, WDR48, WDR53, WDR54, WDR59, WDR60, WDR61, WDR WDR7, WDR70, WDR73, WDR75, WDR77, WDR81, WDR82, WDR83, WDR WDR92, WDSUB1, WDTC1, WDYHV1, WHAMM, WHAMMP2, WIPF1, WIP WISP1, WIZ, WLS, WNK1, WNK2, WNK4, WNT3, WRAP73, WRB-SH3BGRWRNIP1, WSB1, WSB2, WSCD1, WTAP, WWC1, WWC2, WWC3, WWOX, WWP1, WWP2, XAF1, XG, XGY2, XIAP, XIST, XK, XKR6, XPA, XPNPEP1, XPNPEP3, XPO1, XPO4, XPO5, XPO6, XPO7, XPOT, XPR1, XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XRCC4, XRN1, XRN2, XRRA1, XXYLT1, XYLB, YAF2, YAP1, YARS2, YBEY, YDJC, YEATS2, YEATS4, YES1, YIF1A, YIPF1, YIPF2, YIPF4, YIPF6, YJEFN3, YKT6, YME1L1, YPEL3, YPEL4, YPEL5, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, YTHDF3, YWHAZ, YY1AP1, ZASP, ZBED3, ZBED3-AS1, ZBED6, ZBED8, ZBTB1, ZBTB14, ZBTB18, ZBTB20, ZBTB21, ZBTB24, ZBTB25, ZBTB38, ZBTB43, ZBTB44, ZBTB47, ZBTB48, ZBTB49, ZBTB5, ZBTB7B, ZBTB8A, ZBTB8OS, ZC2HC1A, ZC3H10, ZC3H11A, ZC3H13, ZC3H14, ZC3H18, ZC3H3, ZC3H4, ZC3H7A, ZC3H7B, ZC3H8, ZC3HC1, ZCCHC10, ZCCHC11, ZCCHC4, ZCCHC6, ZCCHC7, ZCCHC8, ZCCHC9, ZCWPW1, ZCWPW2, ZDBF2, ZDHHC13, ZDHHC14, ZDHHC16, ZDHHC17, ZDHHC18, ZDHHC2, ZDHHC20, ZDHHC21, ZDHHC3, ZDHHC4, ZDHHC6, ZDHHC7, ZDHHC8, ZDHHC9, ZEB1, ZEB2, ZER1, ZFAND1, ZFAND3, ZFAND4, ZFAND5, ZFAND6, ZFAS1, ZFAT, ZFC3H1, ZFP1, ZFP14, ZFP30, ZFP41, ZFP62, ZFP64, ZFP69B, ZFP91, ZFP91-CNTF, ZFPM1, ZFPM2-AS1, ZFR, ZFR2, ZFX, ZFY, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28, ZFYVE9, ZGRF1, ZHX1-C8orf76, ZHX2, ZHX3, ZIK1, ZIM2, ZKSCAN1, ZKSCAN3, ZKSCAN5, ZKSCAN7, ZKSCAN8, ZMAT2, ZMAT3, ZMAT4, ZMAT5, ZMIZ1, ZMIZ2, ZMPSTE24, ZMYM2, ZMYM4, ZMYM5, ZMYM6, ZMYND1 1, ZMYND19, ZMYND8, ZNF10, ZNF100, ZNF106, ZNF107, ZNF112, ZNF121, ZNF124, ZNF131, ZNF133, ZNF134, ZNF136, ZNF138, ZNF140, ZNF141, ZNF142, ZNF143, ZNF146, ZNF148, ZNF160, ZNF177, ZNF180, ZNF189, ZNF195, ZNF197, ZNF202, ZNF207, ZNF211, ZNF212, ZNF213, ZNF215, ZNF225, ZNF227, ZNF23, ZNF232, ZNF236, ZNF236- DT, ZNF239, ZNF248, ZNF25, ZNF250, ZNF251, ZNF252P, ZNF253, ZNF254, ZNF257, ZNF26, ZNF260, ZNF263, ZNF266, ZNF267, ZNF268, ZNF273, ZNF274, ZNF276, ZNF277, ZNF28, ZNF280D, ZNF283, ZNF286A, ZNF292, ZNF3, ZNF30, ZNF300, ZNF302, ZNF316, ZNF317, ZNF319, ZNF320, ZNF322, ZNF326, ZNF329, ZNF330, ZNF337-AS1, ZNF33A, ZNF33B, ZNF343, ZNF345, ZNF346, ZNF35, ZNF350, ZNF354A, ZNF354B, ZNF354C, ZNF365, ZNF367, ZNF37A, ZNF37BP, ZNF383, ZNF384, ZNF385B, ZNF385D, ZNF391, ZNF394, ZNF395, ZNF397, ZNF398, ZNF407, ZNF410, ZNF415, ZNF416, ZNF419, ZNF420, ZNF423, ZNF426, ZNF429, ZNF43, ZNF430, ZNF431, ZNF433, ZNF433-AS1, ZNF438, ZNF439, ZNF44, ZNF445, ZNF446, ZNF45, ZNF451, ZNF461, ZNF462, ZNF480, ZNF484, ZNF485, ZNF487, ZNF490, ZNF493, ZNF496, ZNF502, ZNF506, ZNF507, ZNF510, ZNF512, ZNF516, ZNF518A, ZNF518B, ZNF519, ZNF521, ZNF528, ZNF529, ZNF529-AS1, ZNF53O, ZNF532, ZNF542P, ZNF544, ZNF548, ZNF554, ZNF558, ZNF559, ZNF559-ZNF177, ZNF56, ZNF561, ZNF561-AS1, ZNF562, ZNF566, ZNF567, ZNF568, ZNF569, ZNF571, ZNF580, ZNF581, ZNF583, ZNF584, ZNF585A, ZNF585B, ZNF589, ZNF592, ZNF594, ZNF595, ZNF598, ZNF600, ZNF607, ZNF608, ZNF611, ZNF613, ZNF614, ZNF615, ZNF616, ZNF618, ZNF619, ZNF620, ZNF623, ZNF626, ZNF638, ZNF639, ZNF641, ZNF644, ZNF652, ZNF654, ZNF655, ZNF660-ZNF197, ZNF664, ZNF664-RFLNA, ZNF667, ZNF670, ZNF670-ZNF695, ZNF674, ZNF678, ZNF680, ZNF681, ZNF682, ZNF687, ZNF69, ZNF691, ZNF692, ZNF695, ZNF696, ZNF7, ZNF702P, ZNF706, ZNF707, ZNF708, ZNF71, ZNF711, ZNF714, ZNF718, ZNF720, ZNF721, ZNF736, ZNF737, ZNF74, ZNF740, ZNF75A, ZNF75D, ZNF76, ZNF761, ZNF765-ZNF761, ZNF766, ZNF770, ZNF772, ZNF773, ZNF775, ZNF776, ZNF778, ZNF780A, ZNF780B, ZNF781, ZNF782, ZNF783, ZNF786, ZNF789, ZNF79, ZNF790, ZNF790-AS1, ZNF8, ZNF808, ZNF81, ZNF813, ZNF815P, ZNF816, ZNF821, ZNF826P,

[0086] In various aspects, the pre-mRNA transcript comprising a REMs sequence is selected from a DNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 3 and a RNA REMs sequence set forth in Table 4; and, wherein the gene transcribed or expressed is selected from the group consisting of genes in Table 6.

[0087] Table 6: Selected Genes Expressing a REMs SequenceC19orf25, C19orf47, C19orf48, C19orf54, C19orf57, C1QTNF3-AMACR, C1QTNF6, Clorfl09, Clorf54, C2CD2L, C2CD3, C2CD5, C2orf48, C2orf76, C3orf67, C4orfi3, C5, C5orf42, C5orf63, C5orf66, C6orE>9, C8orf31, C8orf44-SGK3, C9orf3, C9orf85, CA5BP1, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D3, CACNB1, CACNB4, CADM2, CALCRL, CAMK1, CAMK2A, CAMK4, CAMSAP1, CAMSAP3, CAMTAI, CAP2, CAPN15, CAPRIN2, CAPS2, CARE, CASD1, CASP8, CASP9, CATSPER1, CATSPER3, CBLL1, CBY1, CCAR1, CCDC102B, CCDC112, CCDC125, CCDC127, CCDC14, CCDC169, CCDC169-SOHLH2, CCDC171, CCDC18, CCDC183, CCDC183-AS1, CCDC188, CCDC191, CCDC192, CCDC25, CCDC26, CCDC32, CCDC40, CCDC57, CCDC58, CCDC66, CCDC7, CCDC78, CCDC82, CCDC85C, CCDC88A, CCDC88C, CCDC9, CCDC91, CCND3, CCNI, CCNQ, CCNT2, CCNYL1, CCNYL2, CD 164, CD24, CD2AP, CD36, CD ADC 1 , CDC14A, CDC16, CDC25C, CDC42BPA, CDC42SE2, CDH24, CDK11B, CDK19, CDK5RAP1, CDK7, CD01, CDON, CDS1, CDYL, CEACAM1, CEBPZOS, CELSR2, CELSR3, CENPE, CENPH, CENPI, CENPM, CENPO, CENPT, CEP 112, CEP 128, CEP 131, CEP 164, CEP 170, CEP 192, CEP290, CEP295, CEP350, CEP41, CEP44, CEP63, CEP70, CEP72, CEP76, CEP78, CEP83, CEP85, CEP85L, CEP97, CERCAM, CERS4, CERS5, CES2, CES4A, CFAP206, CFAP299, CFAP44, CFAP58, CGRRF1, CHD1, CHD1L, CHD6, CHD9, CHEK1, CHEK2, CHFR, CHM, CHN1, CHRNA3, CHST10, CHST9, CIP2A, CIT, CIZ1, CKAP2L, CKMT1A, CLASP 1, CLCC1, CLDND1, CLEC16A, CLEC5A, CLIP2, CLK2, CLN3, CLSPN, CLTCL1, CMSS1, CMTM7, CMTR1, CNEP1R1, CNIH3, CNNM1, CNNM2, CNOT1, CNOTIO, CNOT2, CNOT6, CNTN1, CNTNAP1, CNTNAP3, CNTRL, COL1A2-AS1, COL23A1, COL24A1, COL25A1, COL26A1, COL4A5, COP1, COQ3, COQ6, COQ8A, CPEB3, CPNE5, CPSF7, CPT2, CPXM1, CRACR2A, CRB1, CRBN, CREB3L4, CRELD1, CRLS1, CRNDE, CROCC, CRTC3, CRYBG3, CRYL1, CRYZ, CSNK1G1, CSNK1G3, CSPP1, CSRNP2, CSRNP3, CSTF3, CTBP2, CTDP1, CTIF, CTNNBL1, CTNS, CTSF, CUBN, CUEDC1, CUL7, CUTC, CWF19L1, CXorf38, CYB561D2, CYB5RL, CYBC1, CYP20A1, CYP2U1, CYP39A1, CYTOR, CZ1P-ASNS, D2HGDH, DAAM1, DAPK1, DAZAP2, DBF4, DBF4B, DBT, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF17, DCBLD2, DCLRE1C, DCP1B, DCST1-AS1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D4, DDC, DDIAS, DDX11, DDX12P, DDX19B, DDX60, DEAF1, DECR2, DEF8, DENND1A, DENND2C, DENND3, DENND4B, DENND4C, DENND5A, DENND5B, DENND6A, DEPDC1B, DESI1, DFFB, DGKA, DGKI, DGKZ, DHDDS, DHPS, DHRS12, DHRS4L2, DHTKD1, DHX33, DHX35, DHX37, DHX57, DIAPH2, DICER 1, DICER 1 -AS 1, DIMT1, DIP2A, DISP1, DLEU1, DLEU2, DLG1, DLGAP4-AS1, DLST, DMC1, DMD, DMPK, DMTF1, DMXL1, DMXL2, DNA2, DNAAF4, DNAAF4-CCPG1, DNAAF5, DNAH10, DNAH14, DNAJB12, DNAJC19, DNAJC21, DNAJC4, DNM1L, DNM3, DNMT3A, DNPEP, DOC2B, DOCK11, DOCK7, DONSON, DOPEY1, DOT1L, DPCD, DPF1, DPH3, DPH5, DPY19L2, DPY19L3, DPY19L4, DPYD, DPYSL5, DRAM2, DROSHA, DSE, DST, DSTYK, DTD2, DTNA, DTNB, DTNBP1, DUS2, DUSP11, DUSP22, DUXAP10, DUXAP8, DYM, DYNC1LI2, DYNC2LI1, DYRK3, DYSF, DZIP3, E2F6, EBF1, EBF4, EBPL, EDEM3, EEF1AKMT2, EFCAB13, EFS, EIF1AX, EIF2AK2, EIF2AK4, EIF4E2, ELF2, ELMO2, ELMOD1, ELMOD3, ELN, ELOVL2, ELOVL7, ELP2, EMB, EMC2, EMC3-AS1, EMIDI, EML4, EML6, EMSY, ENDOV, ENOXI, ENTPD1-AS1, ENTPD5, ENTPD6, EOGT, EP300, EP400P1, EPB41, EPB41L1, EPB41L4A, EPB41L5, EPG5, EPHA6, EPHX4, EPN2, EPS8, ERC1, ERGIC1, ERI1, ERICH1, ERLIN1, ERMAP, ERMARD, ERO1A, ERVK13-1, ESD, ETFDH, ETHE1, EVC, EVI5, EXD2, EXD3, EXOCI, EXOC3, EXOC6, EYA1, EYA4, F8,FAHD2A, FAM105A, FAM111 A, FAM114A2, FAM118B, FAM120B, FAM122C, FAM133B, FAM133DP, FAM135A, FAM13A, FAM13B, FAM151B, FAM157A, FAM157B, FAM160A1, FAM169A, FAM171A1, FAM172A, FAM173B, FAM184A, FAM189B, FAM193B, FAM206A, FAM207A, FAM208A, FAM208B, FAM212B-AS1, FAM219B, FAM35A, FAM3A, FAM3C, FAM45A, FAM45BP, FAM53B, FAM66A, FAM78B, FAM81A, FAM92A, FANCA, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FANK1, FARP2, FAT1, FAT3, FBRSL1, FBXL13, FBX016, FBXO22, FBXO38, FBXO44, FBX09, FBXW11, FBXW8, FBXW9, FCF1, FDX1, FER, FER1L4, FGF12, FGGY, FHAD1, FH0D3, FIG4, FIP1L1, FKBPI5, FKTN, FMRI, FNIP1, F0XJ3, F0XN3, F0XP2, F0XRED1, FPGT-TNNI3K, FRAS1, FRG1-DT, FRG1BP, FRG1CP, FRG1HP, FRG1JP, FRMD4A, FRMPD4, FRYL, FSD1L, FSTL5, FTX, FUBP1, FUK, FUT10, FXR2, FYN, FZD3, G2E3, G6PC3, GAB2, GABPA, GALNT13, GALNT18, GALNT6, GALT, GAPVD1, GARNL3, GAS2L1, GAS2L3, GATA2-AS1, GATB, GBA2, GBAP1, GBF1, GCA, GCH1, GCNT2, GDPD5, GEMIN2, GEMIN8, GEN1, GFM2, GGA1, GGCX, GGT5, GIGYF2, GINS1, GINS3, GIT1, GIT2, GLB1, GLMN, GLS, GLS2, GLYR1, GMDS-AS1, GMIP, GMPR2, GNAS-AS1, GNG7, GNPTG, GOLGA2, GOLGA2P10, GOLGA3, GOLGA4, GOLGA6L10, GOLGA6L17P, GOLGA6L9, GOLT1B, GON4L, GOSR2, GPATCH2, GPATCH2L, GPBP1, GPCPD1, GPR107, GPR137, GPR137C, GPR155, GPR173, GPR176, GPR180, GPR85, GPR89A, GPRASP1, GREB1L, GRIN2D, GRIN3B, GRIP API, GRK3, GRK4, GRM7, GRTP1, GSl-124K5.il, GSAP, GSK3B, GSTCD, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H2B, GTF2I, GTF2IP1, GTF2IP20, GTF2IP4, GTF2IRD1, GTF3C2, GTPBP2, GUCD1, GUF1, GUSBP1, GUSBP11, GVQW2, HACD1, HACE1, HACL1, HADHB, HAGHL, HDAC1, HDAC8, HDX, HEATR3, HEATR5A, HEATR5B, HECTD4, HECW1, HEMK1, HERC1, HERC2, HERC2P3, HERC2P9, HERC3, HERC4, HERC5, HERC6, HERPUD2, HEXDC, HFM1, HGF, HGSNAT, HHAT, HIBADH, HIBCH, HIRA, HIVEP1, HIVEP3, HMGN5, HNRNPA1, HNRNPUL1, HOGA1, HOOK3, HOXA9, HOXB8, HOXC4, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HR, HRAT17, HSCB, HSD17B14, HSD17B4, HSD17B7P2, HSF2BP, HSPA12A, HTD2, HTT, HYAL3, ICA1, ICA1L, IDE, IDH3G, IFI27L1, IFNAR2, IFT122, IFT140, IFTI72, IFT80, IFT88, IGDCC4, IGF2BP2, IKBKB, IKZF5, IL11RA, IL15, IL17RB, IL17RC, IL17RE, IL18RAP, IL4R, IMMP1L, IMMP2L, ING3, ING4, INMT-MINDY4, INO80C, INPP5E, INPP5F, INPP5K, INPPL1, INTS13, INTS4P2, INTS8, INTU, IPO11, IPO8, IQCB1, IQCE, IQCG, IQCH, IQCH-AS1, IQCK, IQSEC1, IRAK2, IRAK3, IRF3, IST1, ITGA10, ITGA3, ITGAE, ITGAM, ITPR1, ITSN1, IVD, JADE2, JAK3, JARID2, JMJD1C, JPX, KANK1, KANSL1L, KAT6B, KAT7, KATNAL1, KATNAL2, KATNBL1, KAZN, KCNG1, KCNQ1, KCNQ5, KCNT2, KCTD14, KCTD20, KCTD9, KDM1B, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D, KDM6A, KDM7A, K1AA0100, K1AA0319L, KIAA0556, KIAA0825, KIAA0895L, KIAA1324, KIAA1468, KIAA1671, KIAA1841, KIAA2026, KIDINS220, KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF14, KIF21A, KIF24, KIF27, KIF3A, KIF9, KITLG, KLC1, KLHDC4, KLHL2, KLHL20, KLHL22, KLRD1, KLRG1, KLRG2, KMT2B, KMT5C, KNL1, KREMEN1, KYAT3, L1CAM, L3MBTL2, LAMA3, LAMP5, LARP1B, LARS, LAS1L, LAT, LBHD1, LBX2, LCMT1, LCORL, LDLRAD3, LDLRAD4, LENEP, LEPR, LEPROTL1, LETMD1, LGALS9, LGR4, LGR5, LIG1, LIMCH1, LIN52, LIN54, LINC- PINT, LINC00240, LINC00265, LINC00337, LINC00426, LINC00473, LINC00578, LINC00607, LINC00624, LINC00630, LINC00888, LINC01060, LINC01085, LINC01088, LINC01169, LINC01237, LINC01250, LINC01358, LINC01572, LINC01684, LINC01876, LINC01881, LINC01894, LINC01934, LINC02062, LINC02511, LINC02542, LINGO1,LING02, LIPE-AS1, LMBR1, LMBR1L, LMBRD1, LM07, LOC100128253, LOC100128885, LQC100130027, LOC100133091, LOC100133315, LOC100233156, LOC100287944, LOC100288637, LOC100288778, LOC100288798, LOC100420587, LOC100505938, LOC100506023, LOC100506207, LOC100506476, LOC100506844, LOC100506990, LOC100507291, LOC100507377, LOC100507557, LOC100996724, LOC101060091, LOC101448202, LOC101927027, LOC101927043, LOC101927056, LOC101927359, LOC101928605, LOC101928673, LOC101929140, LOC101929709, LOC101929710, LOC102606465, LOC102724532, LOC102724593, LOC105372273, LOC107984974,LOCI 10117498-PIK3R3, LOC145694, LOC150776, LOC283683, LOC284581, LOC339862, LOC389765, LOC389906, LOC399815, LOC400464, LOC400927, LOC400927-CSNK1E, LOC441242, LOC642852, LOC645166, LOC653080, LOC727751, LOC728730, LOC729732, LOC729970, L0NP2, L0XL2, LPAR1, LPAR2, LPCAT2, LPCAT4, LPIN1, LPP, LRCH3, LRIG1, LRIG3, LRMDA, LRP1, LRP2, LRP8, LRRC28, LRRC34, LRRC37A2, LRRC37B, LRRC40, LRRC58, LRRC6, LRRCC1, LRRFIP2, LRSAM1, LRTOMT, LSM12, LSS, LTB4R, LTBP1, LTBP4, LY75, LY75-CD302, LYPLAL1, LYRM7, LYSMD4, LYST, LZTFL1, MACF1, MACROD2, MAD1L1, MADD, MAGEA2B, MAG12, MAG12-AS3, MAG13, MAML3, MANBAL, MANUAL, MAP1LC3B, MAP2, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP3K20, MAP3K21, MAP3K3, MAP3K5, MAP4K2, MAP4K3, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK13, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPKAPK5, MARCH !, MARCH6, MARF1, MARK ! , MAST4, MBD5, MB IP, MBNL2, MBOAT2, MBTD1, MCCC2, MCOLN1, MCOLN3, MCRS1, MCTP1, MCTP2, MDM1, MDM2, MDN1, MECR, MED1, MED12, MED12L, MED15, MED23, MED25, MED27, MEF2A, MEF2C-AS1, MEG3, MEGF8, MEIS1, MELTF, MEMO1, MERTK, METTL14, METTL21A, METTL22, METTL8, MFF, MFGE8, MFSD12, MFSD14B, MFSD8, MFSD9, MGA, MGAT4C, MGAT5, MGEA5, MIA3, MIATNB, MICAL1, MICAL2, MICALL1, MICB, MIDI, MIF4GD, MIGA1, MINDY2, MINDY3, MINDY4, MINK1, MIPEPP3, MIPOL1, MIR1268A, MIR548G, MIR548N, MIR570HG, MIR924HG, MIR99AHG, MITD1, MITF, MKI67, MKL1, MKL2, MKNK1, MKS1, MLC1, MLF1, MLH1, MLXIP, MMAB, MMP16, MMP24-AS 1 -EDEM2, MMS19, MMS22L, MNAT1, MND1, MOCS1, MOK, MORN3, MOSPD1, MOSPD2, MPDZ, MPHOSPH9, MPND, MPP3, MRAS, MRC1, MRNIP, MROH1, MROH6, MRPL43, MRPS30-DT, MRRF, MRVI1, MS4A3, MS4A7, MSC- AS1, MSI1, MSTO1, MTCH2, MTERF4, MTHFD2L, MTHFSD, MTMR1, MTMR3, MTMR6, MTMR7, MTMR8, MTR, MTRR, MUTYH, MVB12B, MYBL1, MYBL2, MYH14, MYHAS, MYLK, MY018A, MYO1B, MY05A, MYO5B, MYO5C, MY09A, MY0M2, MYSM1, N4BP2, N4BP2L2, NAA25, NAA40, NAALAD2, NADK, NAGK, NAGPA, NAPG, NARS2, NAV2, NAXD, NBAS, NBEA, NBEAE1, NBEAE2, NBN, NBPF1, NBPF10, NBPF11, NBPF12, NBPF14, NBPF19, NBPF20, NBPF25P, NBPF26, NBPF3, NBPF8, NBPF9, NCALD, NCKAP5, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA6, NCOR2, NCSTN, NDC1, NDOR1, NDRG2, NDRG3, NDUFA10, NDUFA6-AS1, NDUFAF5, NDUFAF6, NDUFB6, NDUFC2-KCTD14, NECAB3, NEDD4L, NEIL3, NEK1, NEK 10, NEK11, NEK4, NF2, NFATC2, NFATC2IP, NFIX, NFKB1, NFRKB, NHLRC3, NIFK, NIPA2, NIPBL, NKAIN1, NKTR, NLGN1, NLRC5, NMNAT1, NODI, NOLIO, NOL4L, NOMO2, NOS1AP, NOTCH 1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOX4, NPIPA1, NPNT, NPRL3, NR2C1, NR6A1, NRCAM, NRDC, NRF1, NRG3, NRG4, NSD1, NSD3, NSF, NSFP1, NSUN6, NT5C2, NTPCR, NTRK1, NTRK3, NUB1, NUBP1, NUBPL, NUDT17, NUDT22, NUMB, NUP153, NUP188, NUP43, NUP54, NUP58, NUP85, NUP98, NUPL2, NUTM2B-AS1, NXN, OARD1, OAZ1, OBSCN, OCA2, OCRL, ODAM, ODF2, ODF2L,0FD1, OGGI, OGT, OIP5, OLFM2, OLMALINC, 0MA1, OPA1, OPHN1, OR2A1-AS1, ORAOV1, OSBP2, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9, OSGEPL1, OSGIN2, OSMR-AS1, OSTF1, OTOGL, OTUD5, OTULIN, OXCT1, 0XNAD1, P2RX4, P4HA2, PAAF1, PACRGL, PALED, PALM2, PALM2-AKAP2, PAN3, PANK2, PANK4, PAOX, PAPD4, PAPD5, PAPD7, PAPOLA, P APOLG, PAQR3, PAQR7, PARG, PARL, PARP2, PARP4, PARP8, PARPBP, PARVB, PATL1, PAXX, PBRM1, PBX3, PC, PCBD2, PCBP1-AS1, PCBP3, PCCB, PCDH9, PCED1B, PCGF6, PCID2, PCLO, PCM1, PCMTD2, PCNT, PCNX2, PCNX3, PCSK4, PCSK6, PDCD2L, PDCD6IPP2, PDE10A, PDE3B, PDE4D, PDE4DIP, PDE6B, PDE7A, PDE8A, PDIA5, PDK3, PDLIM2, PDLIM4, PDPK1, PDSS1, PDXDC2P-NPIPB14P, PDZD11, PDZK1, PEAK1, PEAR1, PELI3, PET100, PEX11A, PEX26, PEX6, PEX7, PFDN1, PFKFB3, PGAP1, PGAP3, PGGT1B, PGS1 , PHACTR4, PHETA1, PHEX, PHF12, PHF6, PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKG2, PHLDB1, PHLPP2, PHOSPHO2-KLHL23, PI4KA, PIC ALM, PICK1, PIGB, PIGG, PIGK, PIGL, PIGN, PIGQ, PIGT, PIK3C2A, PIK3C3, PIK3CB, PIKFYVE, PIP4K2C, PIP5K1A, PITPNA, PITPNC1, PITPNM2, PKD1, PKD1P1, PKD1P4-NPIPA8, PKDCC, PKIB, PKNOX2, PKP4, PLA2G12A, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G6, PLAC1, PLAGL1, PLAT, PLB1, PLBD2, PLCB4, PLCG2, PLCL1, PLD1, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG4, PLEKHM3, PLPP4, PLPP5, PLRG1, PMS1, PMS2, PMS2P1, PMS2P5, PNPLA6, POC1A, POC1B, POFUT1, POLA1, POLA2, POLE2, POLK, POLL, POLM, POLN, POLQ, POLR1A, POLR2F, POLR2J3, POLR2J4, POLR3C, POLR3F, POLR3G, POLR3GL, POLR3H, P0M121, POMT1, POT1-AS1, POU2F1, PPCDC, PPFIA1, PPIEL, PPIL2, PPIP5K1P1-CATSPER2, PPM1K, PPM1M, PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B, PPP1R13B, PPP1R16A, PPP1R1C, PPP1R21, PPP1R35, PPP1R36, PPP2R3C, PPP4C, PPP4R3B, PPP4R4, PPP5D1, PPP6R2, PPRC1, PRDM4, PREB, PRELID3A, PREPL, PRH1, PRH1-PRR4, PRH1-TAS2R14, PRICKLEI, PRIM2, PRIMPOL, PRKAA2, PRKAB2, PRKAG1, PRKAG2, PRKCZ, PRKD2, PRKRA, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT9, PROK2, PROSERI, PRPF39, PRPF40A, PRPF40B, PRPF4B, PRR14, PRR16, PRR5L, PRRC2B, PRRC2C, PRRG1, PRRT4, PRSS16, PRUNE1, PSD3, PSEN2, PSMD9, PSME4, PSTPIP1, PSTPIP2, PTAR1, PTBP3, PTCHI, PTER, PTGIS, PTK2, PTPN13, PTPN18, PTPN2, PTPN21, PTPN23, PTPN4, PTPRA, PTPRD, PTPRE, PTPRG-AS1, PTPRK, PTPRS, PUM2, PURPL, PUS7, PVR, PVT1, PXDC1, PXDN, PXN, PYCR3, PYM1, PYROXD1, PYROXD2, QPCTL, QRICH1, QTRT2, R3HCC1L, R3HDM1, R3HDM2, RAB15, RAB22A, RAB23, RAB28, RAB36, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB3IP, RAB4B, RABGAP1L, RABGEF1, RABL2B, RABL6, RAC1, RACGAP1, RAD18, RAD51AP1, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51L3-RFFL, RADIL, RAFI, RALGAPA1, RALGAPA1P1, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RANBP17, RAP1GAP2, RAP1GDS1, RAP2C-AS1, RAPGEF6, RARA, RASGRF2, RASGRP3, RASSF4, RBBP5, RBBP6, RBCK1, RBFOX2, RBL1, RBM15-AS1, RBM20, RBM23, RBM26-AS1, RBM33, RBM38, RBM41, RBM47, RBM5, RBM6, RBM7, RBMXL1, RBPMS, RBSN, RCAN3, RCBTB2, RCHY1, RDH13, RECK, REPSI, RERE, RERG, RETREG1, REV1, REV3L, REXO5, RFC3, RFFL, RFX3, RFX8, RGL1, RGP1, RGS11, RGS12, RGS5, RGS7, RHBDF2, RHCE, RHOBTB1, RHOQ, RHOT1, RIC1, RICTOR, RIF1, RIMBP2, RIMS1, RIMS2, RINT1, RLF, RNASE4, RNASET2, RNF111, RNF123, RNF165, RNF170, RNF212, RNF214, RNF216P1, RNF25, RNF44, RNFT1, RNLS, RNU5D-1, RNU5E-1, ROBO1, ROBO3, ROGDI, RORA-AS1, RP9P, RPAIN, RPAP2, RPAP3, RPE, RPGRIP1L, RPH3AL, RPL23AP7, RPL23AP82, RPL34-AS1, RPP40, RPS6KC1, RPSAP58, RPUSD1, RRN3P3, RRNAD1, RRP7BP, RSRP1, RTEL1, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, RTKN, RTN2, RTTN, RUFY2, RUNX1T1,RWDD4, S100B, SAMD12, SAMD3, SAP13O, SARDH, SATB1-AS1, SBF2, SCAI, SCAMPI, SCAMP5, SCAPER, SCARB1, SCFD1, SCG3, SCGB1B2P, SCMH1, SCML2, SCN9A, SCYL1, SDCBP2-AS1, SDCCAG3, SDCCAG8, SDHAF3, SDHAP1, SEC16A, SEC24C, SEC31B, SEC61A2, SECISBP2L, SEMA3F, SEMA4A, SEMA4C, SEMA4F, SENP1, SENP2, SENP3, SENP3-EIF4A1, SENP6, SENP7, SEPT 10, SEPT7, SEPT7P2, SERAC 1, SERF2, SESN1, SETD2, SETD5, SETDB1, SEZ6L2, SFI1, SFMBT1, SFT2D2, SFXN2, SFXN4, SGCB, SGF29, SGIP1, SGMS1, SGPL1, SGSM3, SH2B1, SH3D19, SHC1, SHMT1, SHTN1, SK3, SIM2, SIPA1L1, SLAIN 1, SLC12A6, SLC12A9, SLC22A15, SLC22A23, SLC23A2, SLC24A1, SLC25A12, SLC25A14, SLC25A17, SLC25A19, SLC25A21, SLC25A30, SLC25A32, SLC25A39, SLC25A40, SLC25A43, SLC25A53, SLC26A10, SLC29A4, SLC2A11, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC33A1, SLC35A1, SLC35A3, SLC35B3, SLC35D2, SLC35E2B, SLC35F2, SLC35F5, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC38A6, SLC38A7, SLC38A9, SLC39A4, SLC3A2, SLC41A3, SLC43A1, SLC47A1, SLC4A5, SLC4A7, SLC7A6, SLC9A5, SLC9B2, SLCO4A1, SLF1, SLIT1, SLIT3, SLMAP, SMA4, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9, SMARCC2, SMARCD1, SMC1A, SMC5, SMCHD1, SMCO4, SMG1, SMG1P2, SMG1P3, SMG5, SMG6, SM1LR, SM1M14, SMPD4, SMURF1, SMURF2, SMYD3, SNAI3-AS1, SNAPC5, SNCAIP, SNHG12, SNHG14, SNHG15, SNHG17, SNRK, SNRPE, SNX14, SNX24, SNX25, SNX29, SNX5, SOHLH2, S0RBS1, SORL1, S0S1, S0S2, SPAG4, SPATA13, SPATA33, SPATA6, SPECC1, SPEN, SPG11, SPG7, SPIB, SPICE1, SPPL2A, SPPL2B, SPRY4-AS1, SPRYD3, SPTAN1, SQOR, SRBD1, SRCIN1, SREK1IP1, SRP14-AS1, SRP19, SRP54-AS1, SRPK2, SRPX, SRSF7, SSI 8, SSBP2, SSBP3, SSH1, SSX2IP, ST3GAL2, ST3GAL6, ST6GAL1, ST6GALNAC3, ST6GALNAC4, ST7L, STAC, STAG1, STAG3L5P-PVRIG2P-PILRB, STAP2, STARD13, STARD5, STAT1, STAT5B, STEAP1B, STIM2, STK10, STK26, STK38, STK38L, STK40, STPG1, STRADA, STRADB, STRBP, STRIP2, STRN3, STX16, STX18, STX18-AS1, STX2, STXBP3, STXBP5L, SUCLG2- AS1, SUCO, SULF1, SULF2, SULT1C4, SUMF1, SUN1, SUPT20H, SUPT3H, SUSD1, SUV39H2, SUZ12P1, SWT1, SYCP2L, SYNE2, SYNE4, SYP, SYT1, SYT14, SYT9, SYTL3, TADA2A, TAF13, TAF1D, TAF3, TAF6L, TANGO2, TAOK1, TAOK2, TARBP1, TARSL2, TASP1, TBC1D1, TBC1D12, TBC1D14, TBC1D17, TBC1D19, TBC1D22A, TBC1D23, TBC1D25, TBC1D32, TBC1D4, TBC1D5, TBCD, TBCEL, TBCK, TBL3, TBX15, TBX2-AS1, TBXAS1, TCEAL1, TCF7L1, TCTN1, TDG, TDP1, TEAD1, TEDC1, TENM4, TERF2, TESK2, TET1, TET2, TET2-AS1, TEX15, TEX9, TFB1M, TFCP2, TFDP2, TFE3, TFEC, TGFBR1, THADA, THBS4, THOC1, THOC2, THOC6, THRB, THSD7A, THUMPD3, TIA1, TIMM21, TIMM23, TIMM23B, TINF2, TIRAP, TJAP1, TJP1, TKFC, TLE1, TLE4, TLK2, TLL2, TM2D3, TM9SF1, TM9SF4, TMC6, TMCC1, TMCO3, TMCO4, TMEFF2, TMEM106C, TMEM116, TMEM117, TMEM120A, TMEM120B, TMEM131L, TMEM135, TMEM144, TMEM150A, TMEM161A, TMEM161B, TMEM161B-AS1, TMEM181, TMEM182, TMEM184B, TMEM185A, TMEM206, TMEM214, TMEM218, TMEM220, TMEM222, TMEM234, TMEM237, TMEM241, TMEM255B, TMEM260, TMEM39A, TMEM39B, TMEM41B, TMEM45A, TMEM56-RWDD3, TMEM62, TMEM63B, TMEM65, TMEM67, TMEM71, TMEM87A, TMEM94, TMOD2, TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3, TMX2, TMX3, TNFRSF12A, TNFRSF1A, TNIP1, TNIP3, TNKS2, TNRC6A, TNRC6C, TOMI, TOM1L1, TOM1L2, TOPI, TOP2B, TOPBP1, TOR1B, TPD52L2, TPK1, TPM3, TPP2, TPRA1, TPT1-AS1, TPTE2P5, TPTEP1, TRABD2A, TRAF3, TRAIP, TRAK2, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC13, TRAPPC8, TRIM16, TRIM16L, TRIM23, TRIM3, TRIM33, TRIM35, TRIM36,

[0088] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of a pre-mRNA transcript of a gene, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the method comprising contacting a cell or cell lysate with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 013553 (International Publication No. WO2016 / 115434). In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of a pre-mRNA transcript of a gene, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the method comprising contacting a cell or cell lysate with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No.PCT / US2020 / 017430 (International Publication No. WO2020 / 167628). In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of a pre-mRNA transcript of a gene, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the method comprising contacting a cell or cell lysate with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2021 / 012103 (International Publication No. WO2021 / 138678).

[0089] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the method comprising contacting a cell with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof. In another aspect, a cell or cell lysate is contacted with the compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof, where the cell may be in cell culture, in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo. In another aspect, the cell is contacted with the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in a subject (e.g., a non-human animal subject or a human subject).

[0090] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene, by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a REMS sequence or a gene described herein, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0091] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0092] In one aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene, other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0093] In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with the aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA transcript or protein), wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein. described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0094] In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), by way of nonlimiting example, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 013553 (International Publication No. WO2016 / 115434), and wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0095] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which a change in the level of expression of one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0096] In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound ofFormula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0097] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, not disclosed in Tables W-Z, infra, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0098] In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 013553 (International Publication No. WO2016 / 115434), and is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0099] In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which a change in the level of expression of one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNAtranscript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (1) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0100] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene, not disclosed in Tables W-Z, infra, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene, wherein the gene is not disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 013553 (International Publication No. WO2016 / 115434), and is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene other than a genecomprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from a compound described herein.

[0101] In another aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs. In one aspect, described herein is an artificial gene construct comprising DNA encoding exons, a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding an exon, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, described herein is an artificial gene construct comprising DNA encoding exons and one, two or more introns, wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, described herein is an artificial gene construct comprising DNA encoding exons, a 5’ splice site(s), a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a therapeutic protein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a detectable reporter protein. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding an endogenous RNA REMS comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encloding the RNA REMS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA REMS is a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, i.e., not naturally found in the DNA sequence of the artificial construct.

[0102] In one aspect, described herein is a vector comprising the artificial gene construct described herein. In another aspect, described herein is a cell comprising an artificial gene construct described herein or a vector comprising an artificial gene construct described herein.

[0103] In one aspect, described herein is a method of modulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a cell containing an artificial gene construct described herein. In another aspect, described herein is a method of modulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a cell containing an artificial gene construct described herein, the method comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a therapeutic protein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a detectable reporter protein.

[0104] In one aspect, described herein is a method of modulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a subject, wherein the subject is or was administered an artificial gene construct described herein. In another aspect, described herein is method of regulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a subject, the mehod comprising: (a) administering an artificial gene construct or a vector comprising the artificial gene construct described herein to the subject; and (b) administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to the subject. In another aspect, described herein is a method of regulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a subject, the method comprising administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a subject carrying a gene containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, described herein is a method of regulating the amount or type of a functional protein produced by a subject, the method comprising administering a compound of Formula (I) to the subject, wherein the subject was previously administered an artificial gene construct described herein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a therapeutic protein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct encodes a detectable reporter protein. In another aspect, the subject is a non-human. In another aspect, the subject is a human.

[0105] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating the amount or type of an RNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a non-endogenous recognition element for splicing modifier (REMS), the method comprising contacting the pre-mRNA with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the non-endogenous RNA REMS nucleotide sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, and the compound is a compound of Formula (I)

[0106] or a form thereof, wherein Ri, R3, R4, R5, and Re are defined herein.COMPOUNDS

[0107] One aspect of the present description relates to a use of a compound comprising, a compound of Formula (I):

[0108] or a form thereof, wherein

[0109] Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents,

[0110] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0111] Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0112] R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino,

[0113] wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and

[0114] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;

[0115] Rsa is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo- C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)- amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl,

[0116] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0117] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0118] wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Rsa' substituents;

[0119] Rsa’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino;

[0120] Rr is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl,

[0121] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0122] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and

[0123] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents;

[0124] R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0125] R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl,

[0126] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and

[0127] Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl;

[0128] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

[0129] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

[0130] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents.

[0131] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is phenyl, optionally substituted with one Ria substituent.

[0132] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

[0133] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one Ria substituent, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

[0134] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, IH-pyrazolyl, IH-imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,3 -thiazolyl, 1,3- oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, Another aspect , and quinolinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ria substituents.

[0135] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, 1,3 -thiazolyl, and pyridinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ria substituents.

[0136] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thi ophen-2 -yl, thi ophen-3 -yl, IH-pyrazol-l-yl, lH-pyrazol-3-yl, lH-pyrazol-4-yl, lH-pyrazol-5-yl, IH-imidazol-l-yl, lH-imidazol-4-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, l,3-thiazol-2-yl, l,3-thiazol-4-yl, l,3-thiazol-5-yl, l,3-oxazol-2-yl, l,3-oxazol-4-yl, l,3-oxazol-5-yl, l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, tetrazol-5-yl, 1,2, 3 -triazol -4-yl, l,2,3-triazol-5-yl, l,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl, l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl,pyri din-2 -yl, pyri din-3 -yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4- yl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-5-yl, and quinoline-4-yl, wherein, heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ria substituents.

[0137] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ri is heteroaryl selected from furan-2-yl, thiophen-2-yl, l,3-thiazol-2-yl, and pyridin-4-yl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently Ria substituents.

[0138] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy.

[0139] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ria is halo.

[0140] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Riais halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0141] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ria is fluoro.

[0142] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkenyl, C1-6alkynyl, or C1-6alkyl-amino,

[0143] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and

[0144] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0145] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, or C2-6alkynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3a substituents, wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, or C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0146] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is hydrogen.

[0147] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Rsasubstituents, and wherein, C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0148] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3asubstituents.

[0149] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Ria substituents.

[0150] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0151] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0152] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0153] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0154] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0155] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Ria substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0156] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and pentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0157] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, and wherein, C2-6alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0158] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0159] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0160] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0161] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0162] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, and wherein, C2-6alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0163] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkenyl selected from ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, and heptenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0164] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkenyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0165] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0166] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0167] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and wherein C2-6alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0168] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0169] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C2-6alkynyl selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and heptynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C2-6alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0170] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is butynyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C?-r>alkynyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (8) configuration.

[0171] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein, C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (8) configuration.

[0172] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0173] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein Ci-calkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0174] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0175] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3asubstituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0176] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0177] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) configuration.

[0178] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0179] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0180] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is propyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and wherein C1-6alkyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (S) configuration.

[0181] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is Ci-iocycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cylcohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0182] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Rja substituents.

[0183] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected R3a substituents, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein heterocyclyl optionally contains a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration.

[0184] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl selected from azetidinyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2H-pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, 1,3-oxazinanyl, and azepanyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0185] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is azetidinyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0186] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is heterocyclyl selected from azetidin-2-yl, azeti din-3 -yl, oxetan-2-yl, oxetan-3-yl, pyrazolidine-l-yl, pyrazolidine-2-yl, pyrazolidine-3-yl, pyrazolidine-4-yl, pyrazolidine-5-yl, tetrahydrofuran- 1-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, oxazolidin-2-yl, oxazolidin-4-yl, oxazolidine-5-yl, thiazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-4-yl, thiazolidin-5-yl, isothiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-4-yl, isothiazolidin-5-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-l-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin- 1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3 -yl, 2H-pyran-2-yl, 2H-pyran-3-yl, 2H-pyran-4-yl, 2H-pyran-5-yl, 2H-pyran-6-yl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, l,3-oxazinan-2-yl, l,3-oxazinan-3-yl, l,3-oxazinan-4-yl, azepan-l-yl, azepan-2-yl, azepan-3-yl, and azepan-4-yl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0187] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3 is azeti din-3 -yl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents.

[0188] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, or C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl wherein each instance of Ca-iocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Raa’ substituents.

[0189] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy- carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heteroaryl- amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, or C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of Cs-iocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Ra;i' substituents.

[0190] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is cyano.

[0191] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0192] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is fluoro.

[0193] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is hydroxy.

[0194] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is oxo.

[0195] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkyl selected from C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0196] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl and isopropyl.

[0197] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

[0198] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa methoxy.

[0199] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is halo- C1-6alkoxy wherein C1-6alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0200] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is halo- C1-6alkoxy, wherein C1-6alkoxy is methoxy substituted with three fluorine atoms.

[0201] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is carboxyl.

[0202] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is amino.

[0203] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkoxy- carbonyl wherein C1-6alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

[0204] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkoxy- carbonyl wherein C1-6alkoxy is methoxy.

[0205] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0206] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0207] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is halo- C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0208] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is halo- C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl substituted with three fluorine atoms.

[0209] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0210] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Raa is (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0211] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is phenyl- amino, wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0212] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is phenyl- amino wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with one independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0213] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ria is heteroaryl- amino, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0214] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is heteroaryl- amino, wherein heteroaryl is selected from furanyl, thiophenyl, IH-pyrazolyl, IH-imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,3 -thiazolyl, 1,3-oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, and quinolinyl, wherein heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0215] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is heteroaryl- amino, wherein heteroaryl is selected IH-pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, and pyrazinyl, wherein each instance is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0216] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is phenyl- (C1-6alkyl)-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein phenyl is phenyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0217] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is phenyl- (C1-6alkyl)-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein phenyl is phenyl is optionally substituted with one independently selected R3a' substituents.

[0218] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is phenyl- (C1-6alkyl)-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0219] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsais C1-6alkyl-thio, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0220] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsais C1-6alkyl-thio, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0221] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa is C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0222] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R.3a is C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0223] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (1), wherein Rsa is C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0224] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is methyl.

[0225] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino.

[0226] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa1is halo or C1-6alkyl.

[0227] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is cyano.

[0228] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0229] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is fluoro or chloro.

[0230] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0231] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa' is from methyl.

[0232] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa’ is C1-6alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy.

[0233] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rsa’ is methoxy.

[0234] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a’ is amino.

[0235] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0236] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkoxy, or C3-10cycloalkyl, wherein C1-6alkyl or C3-10cycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0237] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is hydrogen.

[0238] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is cyano.

[0239] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0240] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is halo selected from chloro and bromo.

[0241] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is hydroxy.

[0242] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0243] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4 is methyl optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0244] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein JU is halo- C1-6alkoxy wherein C1-6alkoxy is selected from methoxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0245] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R3a is halo- C1-6alkoxy, wherein C1-6alkoxy is methoxy substituted with two fluorine atoms.

[0246] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein JU is C3-10cycloalkyl, wherein C3-10cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R.4a substituents.

[0247] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein JU is C3-10cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cylcohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0248] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Rr is cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents.

[0249] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy.

[0250] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

[0251] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, or C1-6alkyl.

[0252] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is hydrogen.

[0253] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is cyano.

[0254] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is halo selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

[0255] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is chloro.

[0256] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is C1-6alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

[0257] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R5 is methyl.

[0258] One aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl.

[0259] Another aspect includes use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein Re is hydrogen.

[0260] In one aspect, described herein the use of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof includes use of a compound selected from the group consisting of:1791

[0261] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

[0262] In another aspect, described herein use of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof (wherein compound number (#x) indicates that the salt form was isolated) includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:

[0263] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof.

[0264] In another aspect, described herein use of the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof includes a compound salt selected from the group consisting of:

[0265] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer.

[0266] The present application further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0267] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used.

[0268] The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.CHEMICAL DEFINITIONS

[0269] The chemical terms used above and throughout the description herein, unless specifically defined otherwise, shall be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to have the following indicated meanings.

[0270] As used herein, the term “C1-6alkyl” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl (also referred to as propyl or propanyl), isopropyl, n-butyl (also referred to as butyl or butanyl), isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl (also referred to as pentyl or pentanyl), n-hexyl (also referred to as hexyl or hexanyl), and the like. In another aspect, C1-6alkyl includes, but is not limited to, C1-6alkyl, Ci-4alkyl and the like. A C1-6alkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0271] As used herein, the term “hetero-C1-6alkyl” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to six carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, in which one or more heteroatoms, such as an O, S or N atom, are members in the chain, including, but not limited to, but not limited to, hetero-methyl, hetero-ethyl, hetero-propyl, hetero-butyl, hetero-pentyl, hetero-hexyl and the like. In another aspect, hetero-C1-6alkyl includes, but is not limited to, hetero-C2-6alkyl, hetero-Ci-ralkyl, hetero-C2-4alkyl and the like. A hetero-C1-6alkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0272] As used herein, the term “C2-6alkenyl” generally refers to partially unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals having from two to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds therein, including, but not limited to, ethenyl (also referred to as vinyl), allyl, propenyl and the like. In another aspect, C2-6alkenyl includes, but is not limited to, C2-6alkenyl, C2-4alkenyl and the like. A C2-6alkenyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0273] As used herein, the term “C2-6alkynyl” generally refers to partially unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals having from two to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds therein, including, but not limited to,ethynyl (also referred to as acetylenyl), propynyl, butynyl and the like. In another aspect, C2-6alkynyl includes, but is not limited to, C2-6alkynyl, C2-4alkynyl and the like. A C2-6alkynyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0274] As used herein, the term “C1-6alkoxy” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from one to eight carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration of the formula: -O-C1-6alkyl, including, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. In another aspect, C1-6alkoxy includes, but is not limited to, C1-6alkoxy, Ci-4alkoxy and the like. A C1-6alkoxy radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0275] As used herein, the term "oxo" refers to a radical of the formula: =0.

[0276] As used herein, the term "carboxyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -COOH, -C(O)OH or -CO2H.

[0277] As used herein, the term "C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl " refers to a radical of the formula: -COO- C1-6alkyl, -C(O)O-C1-6alkyl or -CO2-C1-6alkyl.

[0278] As used herein, the term "carbamoyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -C(O)NH2.

[0279] As used herein, the term “C3-10cycloalkyl” generally refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical, including, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1 / 7-indanyl, indenyl, tetrahydro-naphthalenyl and the like. In another aspect, C3-10cycloalkyl includes, but is not limited to, Cs-scycloalkyl, Cs-scycloalkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl and the like. A C3-10cycloalkyl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0280] As used herein, the term “aryl” generally refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical, including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl and the like. An aryl radical is optionally substituted with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0281] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” generally refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with one or more heteroatoms, such as an O, S or N atom, including, but not limited to, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, 1,3 -thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoimidazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, 1,3-benzoxazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl and the like. A heteroaryl radical is optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0282] In another aspect, the nomenclature for a heteroaryl radical may differ, such as in non-limiting examples where furanyl may also be referred to as furyl, thiophenyl may also be referred to as thienyl, pyridinyl may also be referred to as pyridyl, benzothiophenyl may also be referred to as benzothienyl and 1,3-benzoxazolyl may also be referred to as 1,3-benzooxazolyl.

[0283] In another aspect, the term for a heteroaryl radical may also include other regioisomers, such as in non-limiting examples where the term pyrrolyl may also include 2 / / -pyrrolyl, 3 / / -pyrrol y I and the like, the term pyrazolyl may also include l / / -pyrazolyl and the like, the term imidazolyl may also include 1 / Z-imidazolyl and the like, the term triazolyl may also include l / / -l,2,3-triazolyl and the like, the term oxadiazolyl may also include 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl and the like, the term tetrazolyl may also includeI / / -tetrazolyl, 2 / / -tetrazolyl and the like, the term indolyl may also include l / / -indolyl and the like, the term indazolyl may also include l / / -indazolyl, 2 / / -indazolyl and the like, the term benzoimidazolyl may also include l / / -benzoimidazolyl and the term purinyl may also include 9 / / -purinyl and the like.

[0284] As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” generally refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon atom ring structure radical in which one or more carbon atom ring members have been replaced, where allowed by structural stability, with a heteroatom, such as an O, S or N atom, including, but not limited to, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, triazolinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, tetrazolinyl, tetrazolidinyl, pyranyl, di hydro-2 / / - pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiopyranyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,3-oxazinanyl, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, 1,3 -benzodi oxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl and the like. A heterocyclyl radical is optionally substituted on a carbon or nitrogen atom ring member with substituent species as described herein where allowed by available valences.

[0285] As used herein, the term “C1-6alkyl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-C1-6alkyl.

[0286] As used herein, the term “halo-C1-6alkyl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-C1-6alkyl, wherein C1-6alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0287] As used herein, the term “(C1-6alkyl)2-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(C1-6alkyl)2.

[0288] As used herein, the term “C1-6alkyl-carboxyl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-C(O)-.

[0289] As used herein, the term “aryl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-aryl.

[0290] As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-heterocyclyl.

[0291] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -NH-heteroaryl.

[0292] As used herein, the term “aryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(C1-6alkyl)-aryl.

[0293] As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(C1-6alkyl)-heterocyclyl.

[0294] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino” refers to a radical of the formula: -N(C1-6alkyl)-heteroaryl.

[0295] As used herein, the term “C1-6alkyl-thio” refers to a radical of the formula: -S-Ci- ealkyl.

[0296] As used herein, the term "C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -S(O)-C1-6alkyl.

[0297] As used herein, the term "C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl" refers to a radical of the formula: -SCh-C1-6alkyl.

[0298] As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” generally refers to a halogen atom radical, including fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

[0299] As used herein, the term “halo-C1-6alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula: -O-C1-6alkyl-halo, wherein C1-6alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0300] As used herein, the term “halo-C1-6alkyl” refers to a radical of the formula: -C1-6alkyl-halo, wherein C1-6alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more halogen atoms where allowed by available valences.

[0301] As used herein, the term “hydroxy” refers to a radical of the formula: -OH.

[0302] As used herein, the term “hydroxy-C1-6alkyl” refers to a radical of the formula: -C1-6alkyl-OH, wherein C1-6alkyl is partially or completely substituted with one or more hydroxy radicals where allowed by available valences.

[0303] As used herein, the term “substituent” means positional variables on the atoms of a core molecule that are substituted at a designated atom position, replacing one or more hydrogens on the designated atom, provided that the designated atom’s normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. A person of ordinary skill in the art should note that any carbon as well as heteroatom with valences that appear to be unsatisfied as described or shown herein is assumed to have a sufficient number of hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences described or shown. In certain instances, one or more substituents having a double bond (e g , “oxo” or “=O”) as the point of attachment may be described, shown or listed herein within a substituent group, wherein the structure may only show a single bond as the point of attachment to the core structure of Formula (I). A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that, while only a single bond is shown, a double bond is intended for those substituents.

[0304] As used herein, the term “and the like,” with reference to the definitions of chemical terms described herein, means that variations in chemical structures that could be expected by one skilled in the art include, without limitation, isomers (including chain, branching or positional structural isomers), hydration of ring systems (including saturation or partial unsaturation of monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring structures) and all other variations where allowed by available valences which result in a stable compound.

[0305] For the purposes of this description, where one or more substituent variables for a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof encompass functionalities incorporated into a compound of Formula (I), each functionality appearing at any location within the disclosed compound may be independently selected, and as appropriate, independently and / or optionally substituted.

[0306] As used herein, the terms “independently selected,” or “each selected” refer to functional variables in a substituent list that may occur more than once on the structure of Formula (I), the pattern of substitution at each occurrence is independent of the pattern at any other occurrence. Further, the use of a generic substituent variable on any formula or structure for a compound described herein is understood to include the replacement of the generic substituent with species substituents that are included within the particular genus, e.g., aryl may be replaced with phenyl or naphthal enyl and the like, and that the resulting compound is to be included within the scope of the compounds described herein.

[0307] As used herein, the terms “each instance of’ or “in each instance, when present,” when used preceding a phrase such as “...C3-10cycloalkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl-Ci-4alkyl, aryl, aryl-Ci-4alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-Ci-4alkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-Ci-4alkyl,” are intended to refer to the C3-10cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl ring systems when each are present either alone or as a substituent.

[0308] As used herein, the term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with the specified substituent variables, groups, radicals or moieties.

[0309] As used herein, the terms “stable compound’ or “stable structure” mean a compound that is sufficiently robust to be isolated to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture and formulations thereof into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

[0310] Compound names described herein were obtained using ACD Labs Index Name software provided by ACD Labs and / or ChemDraw Ultra software provided by CambridgeSoft®. When the compound name disclosed herein conflicts with the structure depicted, the structure shown will supercede the use of the name to define the compound intended. Nomenclature for substituent radicals defined herein may differ slightly from the chemical name from which they are derived; one skilled in the art will recognize that the definition of the substituent radical is intended to include the radical as found in the chemical name.

[0311] As used herein the term “aberrant” refers to a deviation from the norm of, e.g., the average healthy subject or a cell(s) or tissue sample from a healthy subject. The term “aberrant expression,” as used herein, refers to abnormal expression (up-regulated or down-regulated resulting in an excessive or deficient amount or type thereof) of a gene product (e.g., RNA transcript or protein) by a cell, tissue sample, or subject relative to a corresponding normal, healthy cell, tissue sample or subject. In a specific aspect, the “aberrant expression” refers to an altered level of a gene product (e.g., RNA transcript or protein) in a cell, tissue sample, or subject relative to a corresponding normal, healthy cell, tissue sample or subject. The term “aberrant amount” as used herein refers to an altered level of a gene product (e.g., RNA, protein, polypeptide, or peptide) in a cell, tissue sample, or subject relative to a corresponding normal, healthy cell, tissue sample or subject. In another aspect, the amount or type of a gene product (e.g., RNA, protein, polypeptide, or peptide) in a cell, tissue sample, or subject relative to a corresponding cell or tissue sample from a healthy subject or a healthy subject, is considered aberrant if it is 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6-fold or more above or below the amount or type of the gene product in the corresponding cell or tissue sample from a healthy subject or healthy subject.

[0312] As used herein, the phrase “non-endogenous REMS” refers to a REMS not naturally found to be part of an RNA sequence or naturally encoded by a DNA sequence. In other words, the hand of man is required to manipulate the RNA or DNA sequence to introduce the REMS or the nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS.

[0313] As used herein, the term “substantial change” in the context of the amount or type of one or more RNA transcripts (e.g. , pre-mRNA or mature mRNA transcripts), an alternative splice variant thereof or an isoform thereof, or one or more proteins thereof, each expressed asthe product of one or more of genes, means that the amount or type of such products changes by a statistically significant amount such as, in a nonlimiting example, a p value less than a value selected from 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001.

[0314] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “subject” are used interchangeably to refer to an animal or any living organism having sensation and the power of voluntary movement, and which requires for its existence oxygen and organic food. Non-limiting examples include members of the human, equine, porcine, bovine, rattus, murine, canine and feline species. In another aspect, the subject is a mammal or a warm-blooded vertebrate animal. In another aspect, the subject is a non-human animal. In another aspect, the subject is a human.

[0315] As used herein, the term “functional protein” refers to a form of a protein that retains a certain biological function or the functions of a full length protein or protein isoform encoding by a gene.

[0316] As used herein, in the context of a functional protein produced from an artificial construct, the term “produce substantially less” means that the amount or type of functional protein in the absence of a compound described herein is at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 100% less than the amount or type of functional protein produced in the presence of the compound.COMPOUND FORMS

[0317] As used herein, the term “form” means a compound of Formula (I) having a form selected from the group consisting of a free acid, free base, salt, hydrate, solvate, racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, and tautomer form thereof.

[0318] In another aspect, described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a free acid, free base or salt thereof.

[0319] In another aspect, described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a salt thereof.

[0320] In another aspect, described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a stereoisomer, racemate, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

[0321] In another aspect, described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a tautomer thereof.

[0322] In another aspect, described herein, the form of the compound of Formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable form.

[0323] In another aspect, described herein, the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is isolated for use.

[0324] As used herein, the term “isolated” means the physical state of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof after being isolated and / or purified from a synthetic process (e.g., from a reaction mixture) or natural source or combination thereof according to an isolation or purification process or processes described herein or which are well known to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallization and the like) in sufficient purity to be characterized by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.

[0325] As used herein, the term “protected” means that a functional group in a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is in a form modified to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T.W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York. Such functional groups include hydroxy, phenol, amino and carboxylic acid.Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy or phenol include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (e.g., t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenyl silyl or trimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, methyl, methoxymethanol, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyl oxy carbonyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters. In certain instances, the protecting group may also be a polymer resin, such as a Wang resin or a 2-chlorotrityl- chloride resin. Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standard techniques, which are well-known to those skilled in the art and as described herein. It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although such protected derivatives of compounds described herein may not possess pharmacological activity as such, they may be administered to a subject and thereafter metabolized in the body to form compounds described herein which are pharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as "prodrugs". All prodrugs of compounds described herein are included within the scope of the use described herein.

[0326] As used herein, the term “prodrug” means a form of an instant compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield an active compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic and / or non-metabolic chemical processes), such as, for example, by hydrolysis and / or metabolism in blood, liver and / or other organs and tissues. A discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A C S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

[0327] In one example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains a carboxylic acid functional group, a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a functional group such as alkyl and the like. In another example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains a hydroxyl functional group, a prodrug form can be prepared by replacing the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl with another functional group such as alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or a phosphonate ester and the like. In another example, when a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contains an amine functional group, a prodrug form can be prepared by replacing one or more amine hydrogen atoms with a functional group such as alkyl or substituted carbonyl. Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof include those compounds substituted with one or more of the following groups: carboxylic acid esters, sulfonate esters, amino acid esters, phosphonate esters and mono-, di- or triphosphate esters or alkyl substituents, where appropriate. As described herein, it is understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that one or more of such substituents may be used to provide a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof as a prodrug.

[0328] One or more compounds described herein may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and the description herein is intended to embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.

[0329] As used herein, the term “solvate” means a physical association of a compound described herein with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules areincorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. As used herein, “solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.

[0330] As used herein, the term “hydrate” means a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is water.

[0331] The compounds of Formula (I) can form salts, which are intended to be included within the scope of this description. Reference to a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof herein is understood to include reference to salt forms thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term "salt(s)", as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and / or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and / or organic bases. In addition, when a compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof contains both a basic moiety, such as, without limitation an amine moiety, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions ("inner salts") may be formed and are included within the term "salt(s)" as used herein.

[0332] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)", as used herein, means those salts of compounds described herein that are safe and effective ( / .e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) for use in mammals and that possess biological activity, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compounds of the Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

[0333] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include one or more salts of acidic or basic groups present in compounds described herein. In another aspect, particular acid addition salts include, and are not limited to, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, chloride, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, gentisinate, gluconate, glucaronate, glutamate, iodide, isonicotinate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate, propionate, saccharate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate (also known as tosylate), trifluoroacetate salts and the like. In another aspect, certain particular acid addition salts include chloride or dichloride.

[0334] Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (VMT) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33, 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website). These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference thereto.

[0335] Suitable basic salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum, ammonium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.

[0336] All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be included within the scope of pharmaceutically acceptable salts as described herein. In addition, all such acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of this description.

[0337] Compounds of Formula (I) and forms thereof, may further exist in a tautomeric form. All such tautomeric forms are contemplated and intended to be included within the scope of the compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof as described herein.

[0338] The compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and, therefore, exist in different stereoisomeric forms. The present description is intended to include all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures.

[0339] The compounds described herein may include one or more chiral centers, and as such may exist as racemic mixtures (A\S) or as substantially pure enantiomers and diastereomers. The compounds may also exist as substantially pure (R) or (5) enantiomers (when one chiral center is present). In one particular aspect, the compounds described herein are (S) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (S) isomer. In another particular aspect, the compounds described herein are (R) isomers and may exist as enantiomerically pure compositions substantially comprising only the (R) isomer. As one of skill in the art will recognize, when more than one chiral center is present, the compounds describedherein may also exist as a (R,R), (R,S), (S,R) or (S,S) isomer, as defined by IUPAC Nomenclature Recommendations.

[0340] As used herein, the term “chiral” refers to a carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents. Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al. Angew. Chem.Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511).

[0341] As used herein, the term “substantially pure” refers to compounds consisting substantially of a single isomer in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100% of the single isomer.

[0342] In one aspect of the description, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure (S) enantiomer form present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.

[0343] In one aspect of the description, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a substantially pure (R) enantiomer form present in an amount greater than or equal to 90%, in an amount greater than or equal to 92%, in an amount greater than or equal to 95%, in an amount greater than or equal to 98%, in an amount greater than or equal to 99%, or in an amount equal to 100%.

[0344] As used herein, a “racemate” is any mixture of isometric forms that are not “enantiomerically pure”, including mixtures such as, without limitation, in a ratio of about 50 / 50, about 60 / 40, about 70 / 30, or about 80 / 20.

[0345] In addition, the present description embraces all geometric and positional isomers. For example, if a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures, are embraced within the scope of the description. Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and / or fractional crystallization. Enantiomers can be separated by use of chiral HPLC column or other chromatographic methods known to those skilled in the art. Enantiomers can also be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher’s acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers. Also, some of the compounds of Formula (I) may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this description.

[0346] All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this description, as are positional isomers (such as, for example, 4-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl). Individual stereoisomers of the compounds described herein may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be present in a racemic mixture, as described supra.

[0347] The use of the terms "salt", "solvate", “ester”, "prodrug" and the like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or isotopologues of the instant compounds.

[0348] The term "isotopologue" refers to isotopically-enriched compounds described herein which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds described herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorineand chlorine, such as2H,3H,13C,14C,15N,18O,170,31P,32P,35S,18F,35C1 and36C1, respectively, each of which are also within the scope of this description.

[0349] Certain isotopically-enriched compounds described herein (e.g., those labeled with3H and14C) are useful in compound and / or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (z.e.,3H) and carbon-14 (z.e.,14C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (z.e.,2H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.RECOGNITION ELEMENT FOR SPLICING MODIFIER (REMS)

[0350] Without being bound by theory or mechanism of action, it is believed that compounds described herein increase the affinity of the interaction between a U1 snRNP and a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO.11550. This belief is based, in part, on the knowledge that the RNA REMS comprises a U1 snRNP binding site.

[0351] In one aspect, described herein is a recognition element for splicing modifier (otherwise referred to as “REMS”) that plays a role in the recognition of a compound described herein. In another aspect, the REMS has a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550. In another aspect, the REMS has a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775.

[0352] A REMS can be part of an endogenous RNA or can be introduced into an RNA sequence that does not naturally contain the REMS sequence (i.e., the introduced REMS is a non-endogenous REMS). A nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS can also be part of an endogenous DNA sequence, or a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS can be introduced into a DNA sequence that does not naturally contain the nucleotide sequence encoding the introduced REMS

[0353] In one aspect, the REMS is the endogenous 5’ splice site. In another aspect, the REMS is located within an exon. In another aspect, the REMS is located within an intron. In another aspect, the REMS is located within an exon-intron junction. Without being bound bytheory or mechanism, it is believed that compounds described herein increase the affinity of the interaction between U1 snRNP and the nucleotides of an RNA REMS. This belief is based, in part, on the recognition that the RNA REMS comprises a U1 snRNP binding site.

[0354] In one aspect, described herein is a REMS that is the endogenous, wild-type 5’ splice site of a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, described herein is a REMS that is located within an endogenous, wild-type 5’ splice site of a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, described herein is a REMS that is inserted within an endogenous, wild-type 5’ splice site of a pre-mRNA. In the presence of a compound described herein, nucleotides between the REMS in the 5’ splice site and 3’ splice site of a pre-mRNA are removed and the remaining nucleotides of the pre-mRNA are spliced together. In one aspect, described herein is a REMS located within an exon in a pre- mRNA. In the presence of a compound described herein, the nucleotides between the REMS and the 3’ splice site of a pre-mRNA (except for certain exonic nucleotides) are removed and the remaining portions of the pre-mRNA are spliced together, which may result in an RNA transcript with a truncated open reading frame or internal deletions within the open reading frame, which may further result in the creation of a premature termination codon.

[0355] In one aspect, a pre-mRNA transcript comprises three exons (el, e2, and e3) and two introns (il and i2), wherein a REMS is present endogenously or introduced into the 5’ splice site of the exon 2-intron 2 boundary of the RNA transcript. In the absence of a compound described herein, some degree of exon 2 skipping will occur and two mRNAs will be produced, e le2e3 and ele3. When a compound described herein is added, the balance between the two mRNAs produced is shifted so that more ele2e3 and less ele3 mRNA is produced.

[0356] In another aspect, a pre-mRNA transcript comprises two exons (el and e2) and one intron (il), wherein a REMS is present endogenously or introduced into the 5’splice site of the exon 1 -intron 1 boundary of the pre-mRNA transcript. In the absence of a compound described herein, some degree of inhibition of splicing altogether will occur and two RNA products will be produced. An mRNA elile2 and an ele2 mRNA. The elile2 mRNA is usually unstable and degraded and, thus, usually not translated so no functional protein is produced. When a compound described herein is added, the balance between the two RNA products is shifted so that more ele2 and less elile2 is produced.

[0357] In another aspect, a pre-mRNA transcript comprises a REMS inside an exon. In this situation, in the absence of a compound described herein, the splicing outcome is driven by the distal 5’ splice site and the 5 ’splice site mediates whole exon splicing, thus producing an extended exon. However, when a compound described herein is present, splicing at the REMS is induced and inclusion of a shorter exon can result.

[0358] In another aspect, when a REMS is introduced into an RNA sequence, the splicing outcome is governed by the presence / absence of an upstream 5’ splice site(s), upstream 3’ splice sites, and downstream 3’ splice site(s) and endogenous splicing control sequences

[0359] In another aspect, contacting a compound of Formula (I) with a pre-mRNA transcript of gene comprising a REMS results in inclusion of an exon of the gene.

[0360] In another aspect, contacting a compound of Formula (I) with a pre-mRNA transcript of gene comprising a REMS results in skipping of an exon of the gene.

[0361] During mRNA processing pre-mRNA is matured by capping, polyadenylating, and splicing the mRNA to produce a mature mRNA transcript. Exon skipping refers to a splicing event where an exon, a sequence that would normally be expressed as part of the final mature RNA after procession, is instead made absent from the final matured RNA. Exon inclusion refers to a splicing event where an exon is included in the final matured RNA. For example, a given gene may produce a mixture of RNA isoforms, some having an included exon and some having an omitted exon, and yet in various examples a compound of Formula (I) can modulate such splicing events by way of interaction with a REMS. Such modulationg of splicing events can be measured by evaluating a population of transcripts and calculating the percent-spliced-in (PSI).

[0362] Exon skipping and exon inclusion can each be confugred in various examples to result in functional mature RNA transcripts and result in a functional protein. For example, an exon can be skipped in order to restore a disrupted reading frame and yet still result in a largely functional protein. Exon skipping and exon inclusion can also each be confugred in various examples to result in a mature RNA transcript that undergoes decay and thus the downregulate resulting expressed protein. For example, an exon can be included to disrupt the reading frame or introduce a stop codon.

[0363] Exon inclusion or exon skipping can be measured by comparing a mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound of Formula (I) relative to a mature RNAtranscript expressed in the absence of the compound, of Formula (I). Exon inclusion. Exon inclusion or exon skipping can also be measured by comparing the expressed mature RNA transcript with a gene.USE OF THE COMPOUNDS

[0364] In one aspect, described herein is a method for modulating the amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, wherein a pre-RNA transcript transcribed from a gene comprising the DNA REMS nucleotide sequence comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, a compound of Formula (I)

[0365] or a form thereof, wherein:

[0366] Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents,

[0367] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0368] Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0369] R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino,

[0370] wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R3a substituents, and

[0371] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;

[0372] R3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, Ci -ealkoxy -carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino,(C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl,

[0373] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0374] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

[0375] wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Raa’ substituents;

[0376] Raa’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino;

[0377] R.4 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl,

[0378] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,

[0379] wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and

[0380] wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected IUa substituents;

[0381] R.4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;

[0382] R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl,

[0383] wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and

[0384] Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl;

[0385] wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof,

[0386] is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein theamount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript, and wherein the gene is selected from a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5.

[0387] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of mature mRNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a RNA REMS. In another aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS, which may be used in the context of, e.g., gene therapy or reporter assays. In another aspect, described herein are methods for engineering a gene to become such an artificial gene construct from an endogenous gene, wherein the artificial gene construct contains a non-wildtype DNA REMS or a non-wildtype RNA REMS. In another aspect, the REMS is an endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a canonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre-mRNA. In another aspect, the REMS is a noncanonical endogenous 5’ splice site in a pre- mRNA.

[0388] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of mature mRNA transcript produced from pre-mRNA containing a RNA REMS. In another aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS, which may be used in the context of, e.g., gene therapy or reporter assays. In another aspect, described herein are methods for engineering a gene to become such an artificial gene construct from an endogenous gene, wherein the artificial gene construct contains a non-wildtype DNA REMS or a non -wildtype RNA REMS.

[0389] In another aspect, described herein is a method for modulating the amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising an artificial gene construct containing a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, wherein a pre-RNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprising the DNA REMS nucleotide sequence comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, a compound of Formula (I)[003901 or a form thereof, is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the presence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

[0391] In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprising a DNA REMS or RNA REMS may be used in the context of gene therapy or reporter assays.

[0392] In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding the RNA REMS comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS is a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS, i.e., not naturally found in the DNA sequence of the artificial construct.METHODS FOR DETERMINING WHICH GENES MAY BE MODULATED BY THE COMPOUNDS

[0393] In another aspect, described herein are methods for determining whether the splicing of the pre-mRNA of a gene is likely to be modulated by a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, comprising searching for the presence of a REMS in the gene sequence, wherein the presence of a REMS upstream of a 3’ splice site and a branch point in the gene sequence indicates that the splicing of the pre-mRNA of the gene is likely to be modulated by the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, and the absence of a REMS upstream of a 3’ splice site and a branch point in the gene sequence indicates that the splicing of the pre-mRNA of the gene is unlikely to be modulated by the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

[0394] In another aspect, described herein are methods for determining whether the amount or type of a product (e.g., an mRNA transcript or protein) of a gene is likely to be modulated by a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, comprising searching for the presence of a REMS in the gene sequence, wherein the presence of a REMS upstream of a 3’ splice site and a branch point in the gene sequence indicates that the amount or type of a product (e.g., an mRNA transcript or protein) of the gene is likely to be modulated by the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, and the absence of a REMS upstream of a 3’ splice site and a branch point in the gene sequence indicates that the amount or type of a product (e.g, an mRNA transcript or protein) of the gene is unlikely to be modulated by the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

[0395] The step of searching for the presence of a REMS, a 3’ splice site, and / or a branch point in the gene sequence described herein can be performed by a computer system comprising a memory storing instructions for searching the presence of the REMS, the 3’ splice site, and / or the branch point in the gene sequence, or can be performed manually.

[0396] In another aspect, the splicing of a pre-mRNA containing a REMS is assessed by contacting a compound described herein with the pre-mRNA in cell cultured in tissue culture. In another aspect, the splicing of a pre-mRNA containing a REMS is assessed by contacting a compound described herein with the pre-mRNA in a cell-free extract. In another aspect, a reference compound known to modulate the splicing of a pre-mRNA containing a REMS may be used.METHODS FOR DETERMINING WHICH COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I) MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES

[0397] One aspect described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts (e.g., pre-mRNA or mRNA transcripts or isoforms thereof) of one, two, three or more genes. In another aspect, the gene is a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, or any one of the genes disclosed in a subset thereof. In another aspect, the gene is other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5.

[0398] In one aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript, comprising: (a) contacting a cell or cell lysate with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, and (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell or cell lysate, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript.

[0399] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell(s) with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) contacting a second cell(s) with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) and the second cell(s); and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) to the amount or type of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell(s) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript.

[0400] In another aspect, contacting of the cell(s) with the compound occurs in cell culture. In another aspect, contacting of the cell(s) with the compound occurs in a subject, such as a human or non-human animal subject.

[0401] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; and (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such asPBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript.

[0402] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; (b) isolating RNA transcript splice variants from the cell(s) after a certain period of time; and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript.

[0403] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising (a) culturing a first cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; (b) culturing a second cell(s) in the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); (c) isolating RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell(s) and isolating RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell(s); (d) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell(s) and the second cell(s); and (e) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell(s) to the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell(s) relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell(s) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the aplicing of the RNA transcript.

[0404] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a cell-free system with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, and (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in thepresence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell-free system with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) contacting a second cell-free system with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell-free system and the second cell-free system; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell- free system to the amount or type of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell-free system relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell-free system indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and nuclear extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and nuclear extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and whole cell extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and whole cell extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system additionally comprises regulatory RNAs (e.g., microRNAs).

[0405] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a cell-free system with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; and (b) determining the amount or type of RNA transcript splice variants produced by the cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcriptsplice variants in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first cell- free system with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; (b) contacting a second cell-free system with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount or type of RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system and the second cell -free system; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system to the amount or type of the RNA transcript expressed by the second cell-free system, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the first cell-free system relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript splice variants produced by the second cell-free system indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In certain aspects, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template, synthetic or recombinant (purified) enzymes, and protein factors. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and nuclear extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and nuclear extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises purely synthetic RNA and whole cell extract. In another aspect, the cell-free system comprises RNA transcribed from a synthetic DNA template and whole cell extract. In certain aspects, the cell-free system additionally comprises regulatory RNAs (e.g., microRNAs).

[0406] In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) culturing a cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) isolating the RNA transcript from the cell(s) after a certain period of time; and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compoundor the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, described herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising (a) culturing a first cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) culturing a second cell(s) in the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); (c) isolating the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) and isolating the RNA transcript produced by the second cell(s); (d) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) and the second cell(s); and (e) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first cell(s) relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second cell(s) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript.

[0407] In certain aspects, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a primary cell(s) from a subject. In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a primary cell(s) from a subject with a disease. In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a primary cell(s) from a subject with a disease associated with an aberrant amount or type of an RNA transcript(s) for a particular gene(s). In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a primary cell(s) from a subject with a disease associated with an aberrant amount or type of an isoform(s) of a particular gene(s). In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a fibroblast (e.g., GM03813 or PNN 1-46 fibroblasts), an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, B cell, natural killer cell, macrophage), or a muscle cell. In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a cancer cell.

[0408] In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is from a cell line. In another aspect, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a cell line derived from a subject with a disease. Incertain aspects, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is from a cell line known to have aberrant RNA transcript levels for a particular gene(s). In specific aspects, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is from a cell line derived from a subject with a disease known to have aberrant RNA transcript levels for a particular gene(s). In certain aspects, the cell(s) contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is a cancer cell line. In some specific aspects, the cell(s) contacted or culured with the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is from a cell line derived from a subject with a disease known to have an aberrant amount or type of an RNA isoform(s) and / or protein isoform(s) of a particular gene(s). Non-limiting examples of cell lines include 293, 3T3, 4T1, 721, 9L, A2780, A172, A20, A253, A431, A-549, ALC, B16, B35, BCP- 1, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK, BR 293, BT2O, BT483, BxPC3, C2C12, C3H-10T1 / 2, C6 / 36, C6, Cal-27, CHO, COR-L23, COS, COV-434, CML Tl, CMT, CRL7O3O, CT26, D17, DH82, DU145, DuCaP, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, HEK293, HeLa, Hepalclc7, HL-60, HMEC, Hs578T, HsS78Bst, HT1080, HT-29, HTB2, HUVEC, Jurkat, J558L, JY, K562, Ku812, KCL22, KG1, KY01, LNCap, Ma-Mel, MC-38, MCF-7, MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, MDCK, MG63, MOR / 0.2R, M0LM13, MONO-MAC 6, MRC5, MTD-1A, NCI-H69, NIH-3T3, NALM-1, NSO, NW-145, OPCN, OPCT, PBMC, PNT-1A, PNT-2, Raji, RBL, RenCa, RIN-5F, RMA, Saos-2, Sf21, Sf9, SHSY5Y, SiHa, SKBR3, SKOV-3, T2, T-47D, T84, THP1, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, Vero, VERY, W138, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1, and YAR cells. In another aspect, the cells are from a subject. In another aspect, the cells are FD patient fibroblast cells. In another aspect, the cells are differentiated SY5Y cells. In another aspect, the cells are stimulated PBMC cells.

[0409] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a tissue sample with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; and (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the tissue sample, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of theRNA transcript. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) contacting a first tissue sample with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) contacting a second tissue sample with a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control, such as PBS or DMSO); and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first tissue sample and the second tissue sample; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first tissue sample to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second tissue sample, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the first tissue sample relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the second tissue sample indicates that the compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. Any tissue sample containing cells may be used in the accordance with these methods. In another aspect, the tissue sample is a blood sample, a skin sample, a muscle sample, or a tumor sample. Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to obtain a tissue sample from a subject.

[0410] In another aspect, a dose-response assay is performed. In another aspect, the dose response assay comprises: (a) contacting a cell(s) with a concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b), wherein the only experimental variable changed is the concentration of the compound or a form thereof; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced at the different concentrations of the compound or a form thereof. In another aspect, the dose response assay comprises: (a) culturing a cell(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, (b) isolating the RNA transcript from the cell(s) after a certain period of time; (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell(s), wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of the compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control suchas PBS or DMSO) indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript; (d) repeating steps (a), (b), and (c), wherein the only experimental variable changed is the concentration of the compound or a form thereof; and (e) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced at the different concentrations of the compound or a form thereof. In another aspect, the dose-response assay comprises: (a) contacting each well of a microtiter plate containing cells with a different concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof; (b) determining the amount or type of an RNA transcript produced by cells in each well; and (c) assessing the change of the amount or type of the RNA transcript at the different concentrations of the compound or form thereof.

[0411] In one aspect, described herein, the dose response assay comprises: (a) contacting a cell(s) with a concentration of a compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof, wherein the cells are within the wells of a tissue culture container (e.g., a 96-well plate) at about the same density within each well, and wherein the cells are contacted with different concentrations of compound in different wells; (b) isolating the RNA from said cells in each well; (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript produced by the cell(s) in each well; and (d) assessing change in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of one or more concentrations of compound relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the presence of a different concentration of the compound or the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control (e.g., a vehicle control such as PBS or DMSO).

[0412] In another aspect, the contacting of the cell(s) with the compound occurs in cell culture. In one aspect, the contacting of the cell(s) with the compound occurs in a subject, such as a non-human animal subject.

[0413] In one aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a negative control for a period of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours or more. In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a negative control for a period of 15 minutes to 1 hour, 1 to 2hours, 2 to 4 hours, 6 to 12 hours, 12 to 18 hours, 12 to 24 hours, 28 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours, 48 to 72 hours.

[0414] In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the certain concentration is 0.0001 pM, 0.0003 pM, 0.001 pM, 0.003 pM, 0.01 pM, 0.05 pM, 1 pM, 2 pM, 5 pM, 10 pM, 15 pM, 20 pM, 25 pM, 50 pM, 75 pM, 100 pM, or 150 pM. In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the certain concentration is 0.0001 pM, 0.0003 pM, 0.0005 pM, 0.001 pM, 0.003 pM, 0.005 pM, 0.01 pM, 0.03 pM, 0.05 pM, 0.1 pM, 0.3 pM, 0.5 pM or 1 pM. In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the certain concentration is 175 pM, 200 pM, 250 pM, 275 pM, 300 pM, 350 pM, 400 pM, 450 pM, 500 pM, 550 pM 600 pM, 650 pM, 700 pM, 750 pM, 800 pM, 850 pM, 900 pM, 950 pM or 1 mM. In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the certain concentration is 5 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, 90 nM, 100 nM, 150 nM, 200 nM, 250 nM, 300 nM, 350 nM, 400 nM, 450 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, or 950 nM. In another aspect, described herein, the cell(s) is contacted or cultured with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a tissue sample is contacted with a certain concentration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, wherein the certain concentration is between 0.0001 pM to 0.001 pM, 0.0001 pM to 0.01 pM, 0.0003 pM to 0.001 pM, 0.0003 pM to 0.01 pM, 0.001 pM to 0.01 pM, 0.003 pM to 0.01 pM, 0.01 pM to 0.1 pM, 0.1 pM to 1 pM, 1 pM to 50 pM, 50 pM to 100 pM, 100 pM to 500 pM, 500 pM to 1 nM, 1 nM to 10 nM, 10 nM to 50 nM, 50 nM to 100 nM, 100 nM to 500 nM, 500 nM to 1000 nM.

[0415] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a subject (e.g., a non-human animal); and (b) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript in a sample obtained from the subject, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript measured in the sample from the subject administered the compound or form thereof relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in a sample from the subject prior to administration of the compound or form thereof or a sample from a different subject from the same species not administered the compound or form thereof indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a first subject (e.g., a non-human animal); (b) administering a negative control (e.g., a pharmaceutical carrier) to a second subject (e.g., a non-human animal) of the same species as the first subject; and (c) determining the amount or type of the RNA transcript in a first tissue sample from the first subject and the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the second tissue sample from the second subject; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the first tissue sample to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the second tissue sample, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the first tissue sample relative to the amount or type of the RNA transcript in the second tissue sample indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the amount or type of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) or form thereof is administered to a subject at a dose of about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 500 mg / kg / day. In another aspect, a single dose of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is administered to a subject in accordance with the methods described herein. In another aspect, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more doses of a compound of Formula (I) is administered to a subject in accordance with the methods described herein. In another aspect, the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is administered in a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0416] In another aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a subject (e.g., a non-human animal); and (b) determining the amount or type of two or more RNA transcript splice variants in a sample obtained from the subject, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants measured in the sample from the subject administered the compound or form thereof relative to the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in a sample from the subject prior to administration of the compound or form thereof or a sample from a different subject from the same species not administered the compound or form thereof indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for determining whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript), comprising: (a) administering a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a first subject (e.g., a non-human animal); (b) administering a negative control (e.g., a pharmaceutical carrier) to a second subject (e.g., a non- human animal) of the same species as the first subject; and (c) determining the amount or type of two or more RNA transcript splice variants in a first tissue sample from the first subject and the amount or type of two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the second tissue sample from the second subject; and (d) comparing the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the first tissue sample to the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the second tissue sample, wherein an alteration in the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the first tissue sample relative to the amount or type of the two or more RNA transcript splice variants in the second tissue sample indicates that the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof modulates the splicing of the RNA transcript. In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) or form thereof is administered to a subject at a dose of about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 500 mg / kg / day. In another aspect, a single dose of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is administered to a subject in accordance with the methods described herein. In another aspect, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more doses of a compound of Formula (I) is administered to a subject in accordance with the methods described herein. In another aspect, the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is administered in a subject in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof that is contacted or cultured with a cell(s) or a tissue sample, or administered to a subject is a compound described herein.

[0417] Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to determine the amount or type of an RNA transcript(s). In one aspect, the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is measured using deep sequencing, such as ILLUMINA® RNASeq, ILLUMINA® next generation sequencing (NGS), ION TORRENT™ RNA next generation sequencing, 454™ pyrosequencing, or Sequencing by Oligo Ligation Detection (SOLID™). In another aspect, the amount or type of multiple RNA transcripts is measured using an exon array, such as the GENECHIP® human exon array. In another aspect, the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is determined by RT-PCR. In another aspect, the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts is measured by RT-qPCR or digital color-coded barcode technology. Techniques for conducting these assays are known to one skilled in the art.

[0418] In another aspect, analysis is perfomed on data derived from the assay to measure the magnitude of splicing to determine the amount of exons spliced into an mRNA transcript that is produced in the presence of the compound relative to the amount in the absence of the compound or presence of a negative control. In another aspect, the method utilized is calculation of change in Percent Spliced In (APSI). The method utilizes read data from RNAseq (or any other method that can distinguish mRNA splice isoforms) to calculate the ratio (percentage) between reads that either demonstrate inclusion (junctions between the upstream exon and the exon of interest) or exclusion (junction between the upstream and downstream exons, exluding the exon of interest), to demonstrate whether the presence of the compound affects the amount of exon inclusion relative to the amount of inclusion in the absence of the compound or the presence of a negative control.

[0419] The change in Percent Spliced In (APSI) value is derived from the formula:

[0420] APSI (%) = {(a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2 + c] }c-{(a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2 + c]}uxl00

[0421] Where “U” represents the value for probability of iExon inclusion (a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2+c]uin the absence of the compound; and, where “C” represents the value for probability of iExon inclusion (a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2 + c]cin the presence of the compound. The values for “a” and “b” represent the number of reads supporting inclusion of an iExon in an RNAtranscript. In other words, the “a” value is derived from the amount of reads for a first intronic nucleotide sequence comprising, in 5’ to 3’ order: a first exon having a 5’ splice site operably linked and upstream from a first intronic nucleotide sequence comprising a first branch point further operably linked and upstream from a first intronic 3’ splice site (upstream of the nascent iExon). The “b” value is derived from the amount of reads for a second intronic nucleotide sequence comprising, in 5’ to 3’ order: an iREMS sequence operably linked downstream from the first intronic 3’ splice site and upstream from a second intronic nucleotide sequence comprising a second branch point further operably linked and upstream from a second intronic 3’ splice site of a second exon. The value for “c” represents the number of reads supporting exclusion of an iExon. Accordingly, when a compound enables the splicing machinery to recognize a nascent iExon, the value for (a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2+c]cin the presence of the splicing modifier compound will differ from the value for (a+b) / 2 / [(a+b) / 2+c]uin the absence of the compound. The statistically significant value for the likelihood of iExon inclusion may be obtained according to statistical analysis methods or other probability analysis methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0422] In one aspect, a statistical analysis or other probability analysis is performed on data from the assay utilized to measure an RNA transcript. In another aspect, for example, a Fisher’s Exact Test statistical analysis is performed by comparing the total number of reads for the inclusion and exclusion of an iExon (or region) based on data from one or more assays used to measure whether the amount or type of an RNA transcript is altered in the presence of the compound relative to the amount in the absence of the compound or presence of a negative control. In another aspect, the statistical analysis results in a confidence value for those RNA transcripts with the alternation of 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0.0001%. In another aspect, the confidence value is a p value of those altered RNA transcripts of is 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0.0001%. In another aspect, an exact test, student t-test or p value of those RNA transcripts with the alteration is 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% or 0.1% and 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0.0001%, respectively.

[0423] In one aspect, a further analysis is perfonned to determine how the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is changing the amount or type of an RNA transcripts). In anotheraspect, a further analysis is performed to determine if an alternation in the amount or type of an RNA transcript(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof relative the amount or type of the RNA transcript(s) in the absence of the compound or a form thereof, or the presence of a negative control is due to changes in transcription, splicing, and / or stability of the RNA transcript(s). Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to determine whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof changes, e.g., the transcription, splicing and / or stability of an RNA transcript(s).

[0424] In another aspect, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display analysis (DD), RNA arbitrary primer (RAP)-PCR, restriction endonuclease-lytic analysis of differentially expressed sequences (READS), amplified restriction fragment-length polymorphism (ALFP), total gene expression analysis (TOGA), RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, RNA-Seq, digital color-coded barcode technology, high- density cDNA filter hybridization analysis (HDFCA), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), differential screening (DS), cDNA arrays, oligonucleotide chips, or tissue microarrays. In another aspect, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by Northern blot, RNase protection, or slot blot.

[0425] In another aspect, the transcription in a cell(s) or tissue sample is inhibited before (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours before) or after (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours after) the cell or the tissue sample is contacted or cultured with an inhibitor of transcription, such as a-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D. In another aspect, the transcription in a cell(s) or tissue sample is inhibited with an inhibitor of transcription, such as a-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D, while the cell(s) or tissue sample is contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

[0426] In another aspect, the level of transcription of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by nuclear run-on assay or an in vitro transcription initiation and elongation assay. In another aspect, the detection of transcription is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. In another aspect, a PCR-based amplification step is used.

[0427] In another aspect, the amount or type of alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of a particular gene are measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount or type of one, two or more alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of the gene. In another aspect, the amount or type of an isoform(s) encoded by a particular gene is measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount or type of the isoform(s). In another aspect, the levels of spliced forms of RNA are quantified by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, RNA-Seq, digital color-coded barcode technology, or Northern blot. In another aspect, sequence-specific techniques may be used to detect the levels of an individual spliceoform. In another aspect, splicing is measured in vitro using nuclear extracts. In another aspect, detection is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to measure alterations in the amount or type of alternatively spliced forms of an RNA transcript of a gene and alterations in the amount or type of an isoform encoded by a gene. In another aspect, modulation of RNA transcripts is assessed as described in the Examples described herein.

[0428] Also provided herein are methods of screening for new compounds that can be used to modulate the amount or type of a product (e.g., a precursor RNA, an mRNA, or protein) expressed by a gene comprising an intronic REMS in its DNA or RNA sequence. The methods described herein to determine whether the amount or type of a product (e.g. , a precursor RNA, an mRNA, or protein) of a gene is likely to be modulated by a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof can be also used in the methods of screening for new compounds. In another aspect, the method comprises contacting a candidate compound with an RNA transcript, wherein the RNA transcript comprises exons and one or more introns, wherein at least one intron comprises, in 5’ to 3’ order, a branch point, a 3’ splice site, and an intronic REMS. In another aspect, the method comprises contacting a candidate compound with an RNA transcript, wherein the RNA transcript comprises exons and one or more introns, wherein at least one intron comprises an intronic REMS downstream of a branch point and a 3’ splice site. The RNA transcript may be present in a cell or cell lysate. The methods described above regarding the techniques of contacting a compound with an RNA transcript, the dosage, etc., may be used in the methods of screening. The candidate compounds to be screened can be provided by any source. For example, the candidate compounds to be screened can be from a compound library, such as a commercial compound library.

[0429] In certain aspects, a further analysis is performed to determine how the compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is changing the amount or type of an RNA transcripts). In specific aspects, a further analysis is performed to determine if an alternation in the amount or type of an RNA transcript(s) in the presence of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof relative the amount or type of the RNA transcript(s) in the absence of the compound or a form thereof, or the presence of a negative control is due to changes in transcription, splicing, and / or stability of the RNA transcript(s). Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to determine whether a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof changes, e.g.. the transcription, splicing and / or stability of an RNA transcript(s).

[0430] In certain aspects, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display analysis (DD), RNA arbitrarily primer (RAP)-PCR, restriction endonuclease-lytic analysis of differentially expressed sequences (READS), amplified restriction fragment-length polymorphism (ALFP), total gene expression analysis (TOGA), RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, high-density cDNA filter hybridization analysis (HDFCA), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), differential screening (DS), cDNA arrays, oligonucleotide chips, or tissue microarrays. In another aspect, the stability of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by Northern blots, RNase protection, or slot blots.

[0431] In another aspect, the transcription in a cell(s) or tissue sample is inhibited before (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, I hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours before) or after (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours after) the cell or the tissue sample is contacted or cultured with an inhibitor of transcription, such as a-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D. In another aspect, the transcription in a cell(s) or tissue sample is inhibited with an inhibitor of transcription, such as a-amanitin, DRB, flavopiridol, triptolide, or actinomycin-D, while the cell(s) or tissue sample is contacted or cultured with a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof.

[0432] In another aspect, the level of transcription of one or more RNA transcripts is determined by nuclear run-on assay or an in vitro transcription initiation and elongation assay. In another aspect, the detection of transcription is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. In another aspect, a PCR-based amplification step is used.Hl

[0433] In specific aspects, the amount or type of alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of a particular gene are measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount or type of one, alternatively spliced forms of the RNA transcripts of the gene. In another aspect, the amount or type of an isoform(s) encoded by a particular gene is measured to see if there is an alteration in the amount or type of the isoform(s). In another aspect, the levels of spliced forms of RNA are quantified by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, or northern blotting. In another aspect, sequence- specific techniques may be used to detect the levels of an individual spliceoform. In another aspect, splicing is measured in vitro using nuclear extracts. In another aspect, detection is based on measuring radioactivity or fluorescence. Techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to measure alterations in the amount or type of alternatively spliced forms of an RNA transcript of a gene and alterations in the amount or type of an isoform encoded by a gene.PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

[0434] When administered to a subject, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is preferably administered as a component of a composition that optionally comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. The composition can be administered orally, or by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g, oral mucosa, rectal, and intestinal mucosa) and may be administered together with another biologically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, and can be used to administer the compound.

[0435] Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, parenteral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intranasal, intraocular, intratumoral, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, ocularly, rectally, by inhalation, or topically, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of a compound into the bloodstream, tissue or cell(s). In a specific aspect, a compound is administered orally.

[0436] The amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof that will be effective in the treatment of a disease resulting from an aberrant amount or type of mRNA transcripts depends, e.g., on the route of administration, the disease being treated, the general health of the subject, ethnicity, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time, and the severity of disease progress, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each subject’s or subject’s circumstances.

[0437] In specific aspects, an “effective amount” in the context of the administration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or composition or medicament thereof refers to an amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof to a subject which has a therapeutic effect and / or beneficial effect. In certain specific aspects, an “effective amount” in the context of the administration of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or composition or medicament thereof to a subject results in one, of the following effects: (i) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a disease; (ii) delays onset of a disease; (iii) inhibits the progression of a disease; (iv) reduces hospitalization of a subject; (v) reduces hospitalization length for a subject; (vi) increases the survival of a subject; (vii) improves the quality of life of a subject; (viii) reduces the number of symptoms associated with a disease; (ix) reduces or ameliorates the severity of a symptom(s) associated with a disease; (x) reduces the duration of a symptom associated with a disease associated; (xi) prevents the recurrence of a symptom associated with a disease; (xii) inhibits the development or onset of a symptom of a disease; and / or (xiii) inhibits of the progression of a symptom associated with a disease. In certain aspects, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount or type of a RNA transcript of a gene to the amount or type of the RNA transcript detectable in healthy subjects or cells from healthy subjects. In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to restore the amount an RNA isoform and / or protein isoform of gene to the amount or type of the RNA isoform and / or protein isoform detectable in healthy subjects or cells from healthy subjects.

[0438] In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to decrease the aberrant amount or type of RNA transcript of a gene which associated with a disease. In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to decrease the amount or type of aberrantexpression associated with an isoform of a gene. In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to result in a substantial change in the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., mRNA transcript), alternative splice variant or isoform.

[0439] In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to increase or decrease the amount or type of an RNA transcript (e.g., an mRNA transcript) of gene which is beneficial for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease. In certain In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to increase or decrease the amount or type of an alternative splice variant of an RNA transcript of gene which is beneficial for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease. In another aspect, an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof is an amount effective to increase or decrease the amount or type of an isoform of gene which is beneficial for the prevention and / or treatment of a disease. Non-limiting examples of effective amounts of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof are described herein.

[0440] For example, the effective amount may be the amount required to prevent and / or treat a disease associated with the aberrant amount or type of an mRNA transcript of gene in a human subject.

[0441] In general, the effective amount will be in a range of from about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 500 mg / kg / day for a subject having a weight in a range of between about 1 kg to about 200 kg. The typical adult subject is expected to have a median weight in a range of between about 70 and about 100 kg.

[0442] Within the scope of the present description, the “effective amount” of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament, the preparation of a pharmaceutical kit or in a method for preventing and / or treating a disease in a human subject in need thereof, is intended to include an amount in a range of from about 0.001 mg to about 35,000 mg.

[0443] The compositions described herein are formulated for administration to the subject via any drug delivery route known in the art. Non-limiting examples include oral, ocular, rectal, buccal, topical, nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraveneous (bolus and infusion), intracerebral, transdermal, and pulmonary routes of administration.

[0444] In another aspect, described herein include the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in a pharmaceutical composition. In a specific aspect, described herein is the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and / or treating a disease in a human subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.In a specific aspect, the human subject is a subject with a disease associated with the aberrant amount or type of an mRNA transcript(s).

[0445] A compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof may optionally be in the form of a composition comprising the compound or a form thereof and an optional carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein include pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula (1) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In a specific aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for veterinary and / or human administration. The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a subject.

[0446] In a specific aspect and in this context, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent” means a carrier, excipient or diluent approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund’s adjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with which a therapeutic agent is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a specific carrier for intravenously administered pharmaceutical compositions. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.

[0447] Typical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are well-known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non limiting examples of suitable excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol,propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a subject and the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. Further described herein are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) or a form thereof as described herein. The compositions and single unit dosage forms can take the form of solutions or syrups (optionally with a flavoring agent), suspensions (optionally with a flavoring agent), emulsions, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), pills, capsules, granules, powder (optionally for reconstitution), taste-masked or sustained-release formulations and the like.

[0448] Pharmaceutical compositions described herein that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets, caplets, capsules, granules, powder, and liquids. Such dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art.

[0449] Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants.

[0450] In a particular aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene in a subject, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS (for example, an endogenous REMS or a non-endogenous REMS), the methods comprising administering to the subject a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the gene is: (a) a gene comprising a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, (b) a gene selected from Table 5, and / or (c) a gene that transcribes to a pre-mRNA comprising an RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550.

[0451] In another particular aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene in a subject, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS (for example, an endogenous REMS or anon-endogenous REMS), the methods comprising administering to the subject a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the gene is other than SMN2, F0XM1, APLP2, GGCT, ABHD10, STRN3, VPS29, ERGIC3, MADD, LARP 7, ARMCX6, GALC, LAMA2, PRKDC, RCC1, FADS2, DIAPH3, FN1, PARP1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 or COL5A2

[0452] In another particular aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene in a subject, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS (for example, an endogenous REMS or a non-endogenous REMS), the methods comprising administering to the subject a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent, wherein the gene is other than SMN2, FOXM1, APLP2, GGCT, ABHD10, STRN3, VPS29, ERGIC3, MADD, LARP7 or COL1A1.

[0453] In another particular aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene in a subject, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a non-endogenous REMS, the methods comprising administering to the subject a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0454] In another aspect, described herein are methods for modulating the amount or type of one, two, three or more RNA transcripts of a gene other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, infra, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0455] In another aspect, a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof contacted or cultured with a cell(s), or administered to a subject is a compound described herein.METHODS OF PREVENTING AND / OR TREATING DISEASES

[0456] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with the aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA transcript or protein), wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0457] In certain aspects, the gene is a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In certain aspects, the gene contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS. In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, infra, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0458] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease associated with aberrant expression of a product of a gene (e.g., an mRNA, RNA transcript or protein), not comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0459] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which a change in the level of expression of one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0460] In certain aspects, the gene is a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In certain aspects, the gene contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the non-endogenous REMS. In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, infra, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more RNA isoforms encoded by a gene, not comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0461] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which a change in the level of expression of one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0462] In certain aspects, the gene is a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In certain aspects, the gene contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS. In one aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g., increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene, by way of nonlimiting example, comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, infra, is beneficial to the preventionand / or treatment of the disease, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0463] In another aspect, described herein are methods for preventing and / or treating a disease in which the alteration (e.g, increase or decrease) in the expression one, two, three or more protein isoforms encoded by a gene, other than a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5, infra, is beneficial to the prevention and / or treatment of the disease, wherein the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a REMS, the methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a form thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

[0464] In a specific aspect, the methods for preventing a disease described herein prevent the onset or development of one or symptoms of the disease. In another aspect, the methods for preventing a disease described herein prevent the recurrence of the disease or delays the recurrence of the disease. In another aspect, the methods for treating a disease described herein has one, two or more of the effects: (i) reduce or ameliorate the severity of the disease; (ii) inhibit the progression of the disease; (iii) reduce hospitalization of a subject; (iv) reduce hospitalization length for a subject; (v) increase the survival of a subject; (vi) improve the quality of life of a subject; (vii) reduce the number of symptoms associated with the disease; (viii) reduce or ameliorates the severity of a symptom(s) associated with the disease; (ix) reduce the duration of a symptom(s) associated with the disease; (x) prevent the recurrence of a symptom associated with the disease; (xi) inhibit the development or onset of a symptom of the disease; and / or (xii) inhibit of the progression of a symptom associated with the disease.

[0465] In certain aspects, the disease or disorder prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein is a disease or disorder associated with a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In specific aspects, the disease or disorder prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein is leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, gastric cancer, macular degeneration, acute monocytic leukemia, breast cancer, combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type,hepatocellular carcinoma, cone-rod dystrophy, alveolar soft part sarcoma, myeloma, skin melanoma, prostatitis, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, retinitis, adenocarcinoma, adenoiditis, adenoid cystic carcinoma, cataract, retinal degeneration, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoma, myopathy, prostate adenocarcinoma, Alzheimer’s disease, hyperprolinemia, acne, tuberculosis, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, esophagitis, mental retardation, esophageal adenocarcinoma, glycine encephalopathy, Crohn’s disease, spina bifida, tuberculosis, autosomal recessive disease, schizophrenia, neural tube defects, lung cancer, myelodysplastic syndromes, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, neuronitis, germ cell tumors, Parkinson’s disease, talipes equinovarus, dystrophinopathies, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukemia, ischemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, kidney cancer, cerebritis, bladder related disorders, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cleft lip, cleft palate, cervicitis, spasticity, lipoma, scleroderma, Gitelman syndrome, poliomyelitis, paralysis, Aagenaes syndrome, or oculomotor nerve paralysis. In specific aspects, the disease or disorder prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein is basal cell carcinoma, goblet cell metaplasia, or a malignant glioma. In other specific aspects, the disease or disorder prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein is a cancer of the liver, breast, lung, prostate, cervix, uterus, colon, pancreas, kidney, stomach, bladder, ovary, or brain.

[0466] In certain aspects, the disease prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein is cancer amenable to treatment by upregulation or downregulation of a gene or isoform thereof as described herein. In specific aspects, cancers that can be prevented and / or treated in accordance with a method described herein include, but are not limited to, cancer of the head, neck, eye, mouth, throat, esophagus, esophagus, chest, bone, lung, kidney, colon, rectum or other gastrointestinal tract organs, stomach, spleen, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, prostate, breast, ovaries, testicles or other reproductive organs, skin, thyroid, blood, lymph nodes, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain or central nervous system.

[0467] Specific examples of cancers that can be prevented and / or treated in accordance with the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, the following: renal cancer, kidney cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, metastatic breast cancer; breast carcinoma; breast sarcoma;neurofibroma; neurofibromatosis; pediatric tumors; neuroblastoma; malignant melanoma; carcinomas of the epidermis; leukemias such as but not limited to, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemias such as myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic leukemias such as but not limited to, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia; polycythemia vera; lymphomas such as but not limited to Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s disease; multiple myelomas such as but not limited to smoldering multiple myeloma, nonsecretory myeloma, osteosclerotic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, solitary plasmacytoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma; Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; benign monoclonal gammopathy; heavy chain disease; bone cancer and connective tissue sarcomas such as but not limited to bone sarcoma, myeloma bone disease, multiple myeloma, cholesteatoma-induced bone osteosarcoma, Paget’s disease of bone, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma of bone, chordoma, periosteal sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, neurilemmoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma; brain tumors such as but not limited to, glioma, astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, nonglial tumor, acoustic neurinoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, and primary brain lymphoma; breast cancer including but not limited to adenocarcinoma, lobular (small cell) carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma, medullary breast cancer, mucinous breast cancer, tubular breast cancer, papillary breast cancer, Paget’s disease (including juvenile Paget’s disease) and inflammatory breast cancer; adrenal cancer such as but not limited to pheochromocytom and adrenocortical carcinoma; thyroid cancer such as but not limited to papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer; pancreatic cancer such as but not limited to, insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, vipoma, somatostatin-secreting tumor, and carcinoid or islet cell tumor; pituitary cancers such as but limited to Cushing’s disease, prolactin-secreting tumor, acromegaly, and diabetes insipius; eye cancers such as but not limited to ocular melanoma such as iris melanoma, choroidal melanoma, and cilliary body melanoma, and retinoblastoma; vaginal cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma; vulvar cancer suchas squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and Paget’s disease; cervical cancers such as but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma; uterine cancers such as but not limited to endometrial carcinoma and uterine sarcoma; ovarian cancers such as but not limited to, ovarian epithelial carcinoma, borderline tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor; cervical carcinoma; esophageal cancers such as but not limited to, squamous cancer, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cyctic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, plasmacytoma, verrucous carcinoma, and oat cell (small cell) carcinoma; stomach cancers such as but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, fungating (polypoid), ulcerating, superficial spreading, diffusely spreading, malignant lymphoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma; colon cancers; KRAS- mutated colorectal cancer; colon carcinoma; rectal cancers; liver cancers such as but not limited to hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma, gallbladder cancers such as adenocarcinoma; cholangiocarcinomas such as but not limited to papillary, nodular, and diffuse; lung cancers such as KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer; lung carcinoma; testicular cancers such as but not limited to germinal tumor, seminoma, anaplastic, classic (typical), spermatocytic, nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma carcinoma, choriocarcinoma (yolk-sac tumor), prostate cancers such as but not limited to, androgen-independent prostate cancer, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma; penal cancers; oral cancers such as but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma; basal cancers; salivary gland cancers such as but not limited to adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoidcystic carcinoma; pharynx cancers such as but not limited to squamous cell cancer, and verrucous; skin cancers such as but not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo malignant melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma; kidney cancers such as but not limited to renal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, hypernephroma, fibrosarcoma, transitional cell cancer (renal pelvis and / or uterer); renal carcinoma; Wilms’ tumor; bladder cancers such as but not limited to transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma. In addition, cancers include myxosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, mesothelioma, synovioma,hemangioblastoma, epithelial carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinomas.

[0468] In another aspect, cancers that can be prevented and / or treated in accordance with the methods described herein include, the following: pediatric solid tumor, Ewing’s sarcoma, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, neurofibroma, carcinoma of the epidermis, malignant melanoma, cervical carcinoma, colon carcinoma, lung carcinoma, renal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, breast sarcoma, metastatic breast cancer, HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, prostate cancer, androgen-independent prostate cancer, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, neurofibromatosis, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, melanoma, colon cancer, KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, renal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and multiple myeloma.

[0469] In another aspect, cancers and conditions associated therewith that are prevented and / or treated in accordance with the methods described herein are breast carcinomas, lung carcinomas, gastric carcinomas, esophageal carcinomas, colorectal carcinomas, liver carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas, thecomas, arrhenoblastomas, cervical carcinomas, endometrial carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia, endometriosis, fibrosarcomas, choriocarcinoma, head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, laryngeal carcinomas, hepatoblastoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, melanoma, skin carcinomas, hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, hemangioblastoma, pancreas carcinomas, retinoblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, Schwannoma, oligodendroglioma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastomas, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leiomyosarcomas, urinary tract carcinomas, thyroid carcinomas, Wilm’s tumor, renal cell carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, abnormal vascular proliferation associated with phakomatoses, edema (such as that associated with brain tumors), or Meigs’ syndrome. In specific aspect, the cancer astrocytoma, an oligodendroglioma, a mixture of oligodendroglioma and an astrocytoma elements, an ependymoma, a meningioma, a pituitary adenoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, a medullblastoma, a primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, or a CNS germ cell tumor. In specific aspects, the cancer treated in accordance with the methods described herein is an acoustic neuroma, an anaplastic astrocytoma, a glioblastoma multiforme, or a meningioma. Inother specific aspects, the cancer treated in accordance with the methods described herein is a brain stem glioma, a craniopharyngioma, an ependyoma, a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, a medulloblastoma, an optic nerve glioma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, or a rhabdoid tumor.

[0470] Specific examples of conditions that can be prevented and / or treated in accordance with the methods described herein include cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, polycystic autosomal -dominant kidney disease, cancer-induced cachexia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, retinopathies (including diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity), retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, age- related macular degeneration, exudative macular degeneration, thyroid hyperplasias (including Grave’s disease), corneal and other tissue transplantation, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, and pterygium keratitis sicca, viral infections, inflammation associated with viral infections, chronic inflammation, lung inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, preeclampsia, ascites, pericardial effusion (such as that associated with pericarditis), pleural effusion, Sjogren’s syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infection, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Mooren’s ulcer, Terrien’s marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, trauma, Wegener’s sarcoidosis, Paget’s disease, scleritis, Stevens-Johnson’s disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, Eales’ disease, Behcet’s disease, sickle cell anemia, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Stargardt’s disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis / vitritis, ocular histoplasmosis, Mycobacteria infections, Lyme’s disease, Best’s disease, myopia, optic pits, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, trauma, post-laser complications, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovascularization of the iris and of the angle), and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissue, including all forms of prolific vitreoretinopathy. Certain examples of non-neoplastic conditions that can be prevented and / or treated in accordance with the methods described herein include viral infections, including but not limited to, those associated with viruses belonging to Flaviviridae, flavivirus, pestivirus, hepacivirus, West Nile virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human papilloma virus (HPV).ARTIFICIAL GENE CONSTRUCTS

[0471] In one aspect, described herein are artificial gene constructs comprising a REMS. In one aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises genomic DNA or DNA encoding exons and one, two or more introns, wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises DNA encoding exons, a 5’ splice site(s), a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of at least one nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and at least one nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises DNA encoding exons, a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding an exon, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises a DNA sequence that is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, the DNA sequence chosen to be used in the production of an artificial gene construct contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS and an additional nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS is introduced. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS is a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS, i.e., not naturally found in the DNA sequence of the artificial gene construct. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises other elements, such as a promoter (e.g., a constitutive, inducible or tissue specific promoter), a Poly(A) site, a transcription termination site, and a transcription binding site(s). In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a gene encoding a therapeutic protein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a detectable reporter gene, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YEP), red fluorescent protein, beta galactosidase, renilla luciferase, firefly luciferase, etc.

[0472] In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS is introduced into a nucleotide sequence encoding an existing 5’splice site of genomic DNA or DNA, wherein the DNA encodes two or more exons and one or more introns, and wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the existing 5’ splice site is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS is introduced upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a 3’ splice site of genomic DNA or DNA, wherein the DNA encodes two or more exons and an intron(s). In a specific aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS is introduced internally within a nucleotide sequence encoding an exon. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS, a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point, and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site are introduced into a cDNA, wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS is upstream of the branch point and 3’ splice site. The nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS can function as a 5’ splice site. In another aspect, the nucleotide sequence encoding the REMS is internally within an exon. In another aspect, the genomic DNA or DNA chosen for use in the production of an artificial gene construct does not contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS. In another aspect, the genomic DNA or DNA chosen for use in the production of an artificial gene construct contains a REMS and an additional REMS is introduced. In introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS into a DNA sequence, care should be taken so as not to disrupt an open reading frame or introduce a stop codon. The introduction of a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS into a DNA sequence may or may not result in an amino acid change at the protein level. In another aspect, the introduction of a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS into a DNA sequence results in an amino acid change at the protein level. In another aspect, this amino acid change is a conservative amino acid substitution. In another aspect, the introduction of a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS into a DNA sequence does not result in an amino acid change at the protein level. Techniques known to one of skill in the art may be used to introduce a REMS and other elements, such as a branch point or 3’ splice site into a DNA sequence, e.g., gene editing techniques such as the CRISPR-Cas approach, Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), or Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) may be used.

[0473] In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises an RNA sequence comprising exons and one, two or more introns, wherein a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a 3’ splice site,is modified to introduce a REMS . In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises an RNA sequence comprising exons, a 5’ splice site(s), a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a REMS. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct comprises an RNA sequence comprising exons, a 3’ splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein an exon, which is upstream of a 3’ splice site, is modified to introduce a REMS. In specific aspects, the REMS is non-endogenous, i.e., not naturally found in the RNA sequence of the artificial gene construct. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises other elements, such as a promoter (e.g., a tissue-s.pecific promoter or constitutively expressed promoter), 5’ untranslated region, 3’ untranslated region, a binding site(s) for RNA binding proteins, a small molecule RNA sensor(s), e.g., riboswitches, stem-loop structures, and / or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), etc. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a gene encoding a therapeutic protein. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a gene comprising a sequence of Tables 1 or 2 and a gene disclosed in Table 5. In another aspect, the RNA transcript chosen to be used in the production of an artificial gene construct does not contain a REMS. In another aspect, the RNA transcript chosen to use in the production of an artificial gene construct contains a REMS and an additional REMS is introduced. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct comprises at least the exons of a detectable reporter gene, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), red fluorescent protein, beta galactosidase, renilla luciferase, firefly luciferase, etc.

[0474] In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a REMS is introduced into an existing 5’ splice site of pre-mRNA, wherein the RNA comprises two or more exons and one or more introns, and wherein the existing 5’ splice site is upstream of a 3’ splice site. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a REMS is introduced upstream of a 3’ splice site of pre-mRNA, wherein the RNA comprises two or more exons and an intron(s). In another aspect, the REMS is introduced internally within an exon. In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is produced as follows: a REMS, branch point, and a 3’ splice site are introduced into an mRNA, wherein the REMS is upstream of the branch point and 3’ splice site. The REMS can be a 5’ splice site. In another aspect, the REMS is internally with an exon. In introducing a REMS into an RNA sequence, care should be taken so as not to disruptan open reading frame or introduce a stop codon. The introduction of a REMS into an RNA transcript may or may not result in an amino acid change at the protein level. In another aspect, the introduction of a REMS into an RNA transcript results in an amino acid change at the protein level. In another aspect, this amino acid change is a conservative amino acid substitution. In another aspect, the introduction of a REMS into an RNA transcript does not result in an amino acid change at the protein level Techniques known to one of skill in the art may be used to introduce a REMS and other elements, such as a branch point or 3’ splice site into an RNA transcript.

[0475] In another aspect, an artificial gene construct is present in a viral vector (e.g., an adeno-associated virus (AAV), self-complimentary adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus (e.g., Simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus, or modified human immunodeficiency virus), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), herpes virus (e.g., herpes simplex virus), alphavirus, vaccina virus, etc.), a plasmid, or other vector (e.g., non-viral vectors, such as lipoplexes, liposomes, polymerosomes, or nanoparticles).

[0476] In some aspects the artificial gene construct is an RNA molecule modified to enable cellular uptake. In another aspect, the artificial gene construct is an RNA molecule containing pseudouridine or other modified / artificial nucleotides for enhanced cellular uptake and gene expression.

[0477] The use of an artificial gene construct described herein in gene therapy allows one to regulate the amount or type of a functional protein produced from the construct depending on whether or not a compound described herein is present. The compound is essentially a tunable switch that, depending on the amount and duration of the dose of the compound, regulates the amount or type of functional protein produced.

[0478] In another aspect, an RNA transcript transcribed from an artificial gene construct that is DNA would not produce or produce substantially less functional protein in the absence of a compound described herein than the amount or type of functional protein produced in the presence of a compound described herein. For example, if the artificial gene construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a REMS in a 5’ splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3’ splice site, then less splicing would occur in the absence of the compound and this would result in exon skipping which would ultimately result in lessfunctional protein being produced. For the purposes of illustration only, in various examples if there is a pre-mRNA for a given protein containing a REMS-controlled exon which exhibits exon inclusion upon treatment with a compound described herein, in the absence of the compound an exon-skipped mRNA may be produced which cannot be translated into full length, functional protein. However, in the presence of a compound described herein in said illustrative example, a full length, functional protein may be produced. For the purposes of illustration only, in various examples if there is a pre-mRNA for a given protein containing a REMS-controlled exon which exhibits exon skipping upon treatment with a compound described herein, in the absence of the compound an exon-included mRNA may be produced which cannot be translated into full length, functional protein. However, in the presence of a compound described herein in said illustrative example, a full length, functional protein may be produced. In another aspect, an RNA transcript transcribed from an artificial gene construct that is DNA would not produce or would produce substantially less functional protein in the pre...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method for modulating an amount or type of a mature RNA transcript expressed, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:wherein:Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;R3 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;R3a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino,phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Rsa' substituents;R.3a’ is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino;R4 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R.4a substituents;R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy; R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; andRe is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl; wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof, wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in thepresence of the compound is modulated compared to the amount or type of mature RNA transcript expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gene is selected from Table 5.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the gene is selected from Table 6.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:or a form thereof.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:89 or a form thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula (1) is:or a form thereof.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is:143 or a form thereof.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the gene is endogenous.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the gene is non-endogenous.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the expressed mature RNA transcript is an exon included RNA isoform.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the expressed mature RNA transcript is an exon skipped RNA isoform.

18. The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the expressed mature RNA transcript undergoes nonsense mediated decay.

19. An artificial gene construct, which comprises: a) DNA encoding exons, a 3' splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding an exon, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site,b) DNA encoding exons and one, two or more introns, wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5' splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a branch point and a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site; or c) DNA encoding exons, a 5' splice site(s), a 3' splice site(s) and a branch point(s), wherein a nucleotide sequence encoding a 5' splice site, which is upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a 3' splice site; and wherein the artificial gene construct is modified to introduce a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-endogenous REMS comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775.

20. A method of regulating an amount or type of a protein produced by a gene, comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or form thereof, with a pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from a gene, wherein the gene comprises a DNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 5775, and the pre-mRNA transcript transcribed from the gene comprises a RNA REMS nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 5776 to SEQ ID NO. 11550, wherein, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:wherein:Ri is phenyl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four, independently selected Ria substituents, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;Ria is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy;Rs is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-salkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, and C1-6alkyl-amino, wherein C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected Rsa substituents, and wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, and C2-6alkynyl may optionally contain a chiral carbon having an (R) or (S) configuration;Rsa is cyano, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, carboxyl, amino, C1-6alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-6alkyl-amino, halo-C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, phenyl-amino, heterocyclyl-amino, heteroaryl-amino, phenyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heterocyclyl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, heteroaryl-(C1-6alkyl)-amino, C1-6alkyl-thio, C1-6alkyl-sulfoxyl, and C1-6alkyl-sulfonyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each instance of phenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three or four independently selected Rsa' substituents;Ria' is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, or amino; R4 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, halo-C1-6alkoxy, amino, C1-6alkyl-amino, (C1-6alkyl)2-amino, Ci-iocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein heteroaryl is a 5-8 membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and wherein each instance of C1-6alkyl, Ci-iocycloalkyl, phenyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four independently selected R4a substituents;R4a is cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, or C1-6alkoxy; R5 is hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, halo-C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, carbamoyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl,wherein heterocyclyl is a 3-7 membered monocyclic carbon atom ring structure radical containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; and Re is hydrogen, halo, or C1-6alkyl; wherein the form of the compound is selected from the group consisting of a salt, hydrate, solvate, and tautomer form thereof, wherein the compound is contacted with the RNA REMS nucleotide sequence in a cell lysate or in a cell in cell culture, whether in vivo or ex vivo, to express the mature RNA transcript, wherein the amount or type of the protein produced by the gene is regulated compared to the amount or type of protein expressed in the absence of the compound, and wherein the mature RNA transcript is selected from a wildtype or non-wildtype mature RNA transcript.

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