System and method for pilot tone detection
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2022966938
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2022-12-02
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-03
Smart Images

Figure 1.1
Abstract
Description
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PILOT TONE DETECTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to optical networks and, in particular, to a system and a method for pilot tone detection.BACKGROUND
[0002] In addressing high data-throughput demands, fiber optic-based communications systems, such as, for example, dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) optical transmission and switching systems are configured to combine and simultaneously transmit multiple optical signals operating at different wavelengths along optical fibers at high speeds.
[0003] Optical performance monitoring is typically used for managing high capacity DWDM optical transmission and switching systems. Generally, optical performance monitoring involves assessing the quality of data channel by measuring its optical characteristics without directly looking at the transmitted sequence of bits. It a potential mechanism to improve control of transmission and physical layer fault management DWDM optical transmission and switching systems.
[0004] In optical communications, typical roles for optical performance monitoring include ensuring correct switching in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers, setting power levels for dynamic equalization of the gain of optical amplifiers, and providing system alarms and error warning for lost or out of specification optical channels.
[0005] Various conventional techniques exist in the art for the purpose of monitoring the optical performance. Such conventional techniques are expensive in terms of hardware complexity and implementation.
[0006] With this said, there is an interest in developing efficient systems and methods for pilot tone (PT) detection for monitoring the optical performance with reduced hardware complexity.
[0007] SUMMARY
[0008] The embodiments of the present disclosure have been developed based on developers’ appreciation of the limitations associated with the prior art. A very common phenomenon in the optical communication networks is Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect, that causes energy to be transferred from shorter wavelengths to longer wavelengths. SRS happens between any two wavelengths. Due to SRS, the PT applied to one optical channel signal is also transferred to other optical channels’ signals, and the transferred PT on the other optical channel signal becomes a “ghost tone” .
[0009] The severity of SRS resulting in the ghost tone may depend on many factors, such as the number of optical channel signals, the location and power of the optical channel signals, fiber type or the like. SRS may result in inaccuracy in optical channel signal power monitoring, even misdetection or false detection of the optical channel signal.
[0010] To mitigate the impact of SRS, various conventional techniques propose to segregate the optical channel signals into sub-bands and each sub-band is detected a separate PT detector. In order to segregate the optical channel signals into sub-bands, the conventional techniques rely on expensive hardware components which may not be cost effective and even hard to scale during implementation.
[0011] With this said, the developers have devised a system and a method for PT detection based on a spectral dispersion element, such as a prism or a grating element, to disperse the received optical signals wherein one photodetector array is configured to process the dispersed optical signals.
[0012] In accordance with a first broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a system for pilot tone detection comprising: a spectral dispersion element configured to: receive optical channel signals superimposed with pilot tone (PT) signals, and disperse the optical channel signals; at least one photodetector array including a first plurality of photodetectors configured to receive respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and convert the respective portions into a first plurality of respective electrical signals; at least one analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) configured to convert the first plurality of respective electrical signals into a first plurality of respective digital signals; and a digital signal processor configured to: process the first plurality of respective digital signals and extract channel specific information included in the PT signals, and compute channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals.
[0013] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the system further comprises a plurality of masks superimposed on the first plurality of photodetectors to perform responsivity correction of the first plurality of the photodetectors.
[0014] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the plurality of masks are opaque metallic strips.
[0015] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the plurality of masks are opaque plastic strips.
[0016] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the system further comprises at least one amplifier to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0017] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the at least one photodetector array includes a second photodetector array including a second plurality of photodetectors, the second photodetector array configured to receive the respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and convert the respective portions into a second plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0018] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the at least one ADC is further configured to convert the second plurality of respective electrical signals into a second plurality of respective digital signals.
[0019] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the digital signal processor is further configured to: process the second plurality of respective digital signals, extract channel specific information included in the PT signals, based on the first plurality of respective digital signals and the second plurality of respective digital signals, and compute channel power based on the channel specific information.
[0020] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the at least one photodetector array is positioned on top of the second photodetector array in such a manner that the at least one photodetector array has an offset with respect to the second photodetector array.
[0021] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the system further comprises at least one amplifier to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals and the second plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0022] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the spectral dispersion element is a prism.
[0023] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the spectral dispersion element is a grating element.
[0024] In accordance with a second broad aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for pilot tone detection comprising: receiving, by a spectral dispersion element, optical channel signals superimposed with pilot tone (PT) signals; dispersing, by the spectral dispersion element, the optical channel signals; receiving, by at least one photodetector array including a first plurality of photodetectors, respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and converting the respective portions into a first plurality of respective electrical signals; converting, by at least one analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) , the first plurality of respective electrical signals into a first plurality of respective digital signals; processing, by a digital signal processor, the first plurality of respective digital signals and extract channel specific information included in the PT signals; and computing, by the digital signal processor, channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals.
[0025] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises a plurality of masks superimposed on the first plurality of photodetectors to perform responsivity correction of the first plurality of the photodetectors.
[0026] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the plurality of masks are opaque metallic strips.
[0027] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the plurality of masks are opaque plastic strips.
[0028] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises amplifying, by at least one amplifier, the first plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0029] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises receiving, by a second photodetector array including a second plurality of photodetectors, the respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and converting the respective portions into a second plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0030] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises converting, by the at least one ADC, the second plurality of respective electrical signals into a second plurality of respective digital signals.
[0031] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises processing, by the digital signal processor, the second plurality of respective digital signals; extracting, by the digital signal processor, channel specific information included in the PT signals, based on the first plurality of respective digital signals and the second plurality of respective digital signals; and computing, by the digital signal processor, channel power based on the channel specific information.
[0032] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the at least one photodetector array is positioned on top of the second photodetector array in such a manner that the at least one photodetector array has an offset with respect to the second photodetector array.
[0033] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises amplifying, by at least one amplifier, the first plurality of respective electrical signals and the second plurality of respective electrical signals.
[0034] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the spectral dispersion element is a prism.
[0035] In accordance with any embodiments of the present disclosure, the spectral dispersion element is a grating element.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] The features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
[0037] FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) optical transmission and switching system based optical network, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates more details of a link between two nodes and of the optical network, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure
[0039] FIG. 3 illustrates a representative optical channel signal with a PT signal amplitude modulated over the representative optical channel signal, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified PT detector configuration, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 5 illustrates a representative scenario depicting the effect of detection optical channel signal in a gap between two adjacent photodetectors (PDs) when a resolution of detection of the optical channel signals is very high;
[0042] FIG. 6 illustrates a representative scenario depicting the effect of detection optical channel signal in the gap between two adjacent PDs with the low resolution spectral dispersion element, in accordance with the various embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIG. 7 illustrates a representative example of a plurality of PDs superimposed with masks, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIG. 8 illustrates a representative simulation outcome of the performance of the PT detector configuration incorporated with the plurality of PDs superimposed with masks, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 9 illustrates another PT detector configuration, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0046] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a process for pilot tone detection, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0047] It is to be understood that throughout the appended drawings and corresponding descriptions, like features are identified by like reference characters. Furthermore, it is also to be understood that the drawings and ensuing descriptions are intended for illustrative purposes only and that such disclosures are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0048] The instant disclosure is directed to address at least some of the deficiencies of the current technology. In particular, the instant disclosure describes systems and methods for pilot tone (PT) detection.
[0049] Unless otherwise defined or indicated by context, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the described embodiments appertain to.
[0050] In the context of the present specification, "controller" is any computer hardware that is capable of running software appropriate to the relevant task at hand. In the context of the present specification, in general the term “client device" is associated with a user of the client device. Thus, some (non-limiting) examples of client devices include personal computers (desktops, laptops, netbooks, etc. ) , smartphones, and tablets, as well as network equipment such as routers, switches, and gateways. It should be noted that a device acting as a client device in the present context is not precluded from acting as a server to other client devices. The use of the expression "a client device" does not preclude multiple client devices being used in receiving / sending, carrying out or causing to be carried out any task or request, or the consequences of any task or request, or steps of any method described herein.
[0051] In the context of the present specification, unless provided expressly otherwise, the words “first” , “second” , “third” , etc. have been used as adjectives only for the purpose of allowing for distinction between the nouns that they modify from one another, and not for the purpose of describing any particular relationship between those nouns. Thus, for example, it should be understood that, the use of the terms “first processor” and “third processor” is not intended to imply any particular order, type, chronology, hierarchy or ranking (for example) of / between the server, nor is their use (by itself) intended to imply that any “second server” must necessarily exist in any given situation. Further, as is discussed herein in other contexts, reference to a “first” element and a “second” element does not preclude the two elements from being the same actual real-world element. Thus, for example, in some instances, a “first” server and a “second” server may be the same software and / or hardware, in other cases they may be different software and / or hardware.
[0052] It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly or indirectly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements that may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled" to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., "between" versus "directly between, " "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent, " etc. ) .
[0053] In the context of the present specification, when an element is referred to as being “associated with” another element, in certain embodiments, the two elements can be directly or indirectly linked, related, connected, coupled, the second element employs the first element, or the like without limiting the scope of present disclosure.
[0054] The terminology used herein is only intended to describe particular representative embodiments and is not intended to be limiting of the present technology. As used herein, the singular forms "a, " "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "comprising” , when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0055] Implementations of the present technology each have at least one of the above-mentioned objects and / or aspects, but do not necessarily have all of them. It should be understood that some aspects of the present technology that have resulted from attempting to attain the above-mentioned object may not satisfy this object and / or may satisfy other objects not specifically recited herein.
[0056] The examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the present technology and not to limit its scope to such specifically recited examples and conditions. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art may devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, nonetheless embody the principles of the present technology and are included within its spirit and scope.
[0057] Furthermore, as an aid to understanding, the following description may describe relatively simplified implementations of the present technology. As persons skilled in the art would understand, various implementations of the present technology may be of a greater complexity.
[0058] In some cases, what are believed to be helpful examples of modifications to the present technology may also be set forth. This is done merely as an aid to understanding, and, again, not to define the scope or set forth the bounds of the present technology. These modifications are not an exhaustive list, and a person skilled in the art may make other modifications while nonetheless remaining within the scope of the present technology. Further, where no examples of modifications have been set forth, it should not be interpreted that no modifications are possible and / or that what is described is the sole manner of implementing that element of the present technology.
[0059] Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and implementations of the present technology, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof, whether they are currently known or developed in the future. Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the present technology. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flowcharts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo-code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer-readable media and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
[0060] The functions of the various elements shown in the figures, including any functional block labeled as a "processor" or a “processing unit” , may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. In some embodiments of the present technology, the processor may be a general-purpose processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU) or a processor dedicated to a specific purpose, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) . Moreover, explicit use of the term "processor" or "controller" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , field programmable gate array (FPGA) , read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM) , and non-volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and / or custom, may also be included.
[0061] Software modules, modules, or units which are implied to be software, may be represented herein as any combination of flowchart elements or other elements indicating performance of process steps and / or textual description. Such modules may be executed by hardware that is expressly or implicitly shown.
[0062] With these fundamentals in place, the instant disclosure is directed to address at least some of the deficiencies of the current technology. In particular, the instant disclosure describes systems and methods for PT detection.
[0063] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) optical transmission and switching system based optical network 100, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. Optical network 100 typically may have a plurality of nodes 102-1, 102-2...102-7, each node (e.g., 102-1, 102-2...102-7) may include optical multiplexing sections (OMSs) comprising optical add-drop multiplexers, such as, for example, a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) each containing at least one wavelength selective switch (WSS) , multiplexers and demultiplexers or the like. Each node (e.g., 102-1, 102-2...102-7) may be configured to add, remove, and / or reroute a wavelength. Each OMS based node may further comprise multiple optical transport sections (OTSs) , where at each OTS wavelength remains same.
[0064] Each node (e.g., 102-1, 102-2...102-7) in the optical network 100 may also incorporate one or more laser light sources configured to produce, emit, or radiate pulses of light with certain pulse duration. It is also contemplated that the emitted light may be single polarized, dual polarized, or randomly polarized, may have a particular polarization (e.g., linearly polarized, elliptically polarized, or circularly polarized) depending on the signal format.
[0065] Further, each node (e.g., 102-1, 102-2...102-7) in the optical network 100 may incorporate multiple optical amplifiers, e.g., erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) , for amplifying the optical signals. The optical network 100 may further employ one or more optical network elements and modules (which may include either or both of active and passive elements / modules) , such as, for example, optical filters, WSSs, arrayed waveguide gratings, optical transmitters, optical receivers, processors and other suitable components. However, for purposes of simplicity and tractability, these elements have been omitted from FIG. 1.
[0066] It is contemplated that nodes in the optical network may be communicatively connected by virtue of links including a plurality of optical fibers. The optical fiber may be of any suitable type such as, for example, single mode optical fiber, multi-mode optical fiber, standard single mode fibers (SSMFs) , large effective area fibers (LEAFs) or the like. The links also include a plurality of optical amplifiers, such as, for example, EDFAs. The link between two nodes (e.g., 102-1 and 102-2) further includes optical amplifiers.
[0067] The optical network equipment, as referred to herein, comprises one or more passive and / or active optical network components and / or modules of the optical network 100, including, but not limited to, optical fiber, optical amplifiers, optical filters, optical links, WSSs, arrayed waveguide gratings, and laser light sources.
[0068] The nodes (e.g., 102-1, 102-2...102-7) within the optical network 100 typically transmit signals on one of a plurality of optical wavelength channels. Throughout the present disclosure, the term "wavelength channels" denotes modulated optical signals at particular wavelengths. Wavelength channels are also referred to herein as "channels" . Each channel is characterized by a channel bandwidth and a channel central frequency, typically defined by a frequency grid.
[0069] As referred to herein, the term "transmitted optical channel signal" refers to an optical channel signal before propagating through the optical network equipment. And, as referred to herein, the term "received optical channel signal" refers to an optical channel signal after having propagated through the optical network equipment.
[0070] In the optical network 100, an amplitude modulation pilot tone (PT) signal may be used to monitor the channel power. The "amplitude modulation pilot tone signal" (also referred to herein as "PT signal") is a low-frequency (e.g., kHz to MHz) amplitude / intensity modulation applied to an optical channel signal. The PT signal may include single or multiple frequencies. The spectral characteristics of the PT signal should not limit the scope of present disclosure.
[0071] The modulation depth of the PT signal is usually small (e.g., a few percent of the channel power) . The PT signal provides an in-band ancillary channel for performance monitoring.
[0072] Each channel may be modulated with a different PT signal. For example, different modulation frequencies may be applied to different channels. Different spreading sequences may also be applied to spectra-spread PT signals. Accordingly, a power of a particular PT signal may be used for indicating the power of the optical channel signal in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system. The PT signal may be further modulated to carry channel characterizing information.
[0073] FIG. 2 illustrates more details of a link 200 between two nodes 102-1 and 102-2 of optical network 100 in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. Nodes 102-1 and 102-2 may include ROADMs 202, optical amplifiers 204, transmitters 206, receivers 208 among other components (not illustrated) . The two nodes 102-1 and 102-2 may be connected by optical fibers 212 and the optical fibers may include additional optical amplifiers 205. The link 200 may also include may include PT detectors 210 (details of which will be discussed later in the disclosure) . The node 102-1 may receive one or more DWDM signals 214, 216, drop one or more channels from DWDM signals 214, 216 at a receiver 208, add one or more channels generated by transmitter 206, and pass-through other channels. The signals may be added or dropped using a WSS or a combination of WSS and other multiplexers and demultiplexers components (not shown) . In some cases, dropped channels are converted from optical to electrical domain, and added channels are converted from electrical to optical domain. Otherwise, channels are switched or passed through in the optical domain.
[0074] In addition to the usual traffic data modulation, the transmitter 206 may receive a bit stream that includes channel specific information such as central wavelength, modulation format, baud rate, spectrum shape, source / destination etc. The transmitter 206 may convert the data bit stream into a coded data stream and encode a PT signal with the coded data stream to produce a coded PT signal. Further, transmitter 206 may modulate an amplitude of the optical channel signal with the coded PT signal. The steps of receiving, converting, encoding, and modulating may be performed by an encoder included in transmitter 206.
[0075] For performance improvement and other operation / maintenance purposes, various optical networks (e.g., optical network 100) require various information such as, for example, per channel power, channel specific information (central wavelength, modulation format, baud rate, spectrum shape, source / destination etc. ) , or the like. To this end, certain optical networks (e.g., optical network 100) may rely on PT technology.
[0076] There are different types of PT signals. The most common is amplitude modulated PT (AM-PT, or PT for simplicity) . The transmitter 206 may apply a small, relatively low frequency (kHz / MHz) amplitude / intensity modulation the optical signal (GHz) . Each optical signal may be applied a unique low frequency PT signal. In order to detect the PT signals, at least one photodetector (PD) array may be used to detect all the optical channel signals without optical de-multiplexing. The existence and channel power of all channels may be simultaneously monitored by doing spectral analysis in electrical, or equivalently digital domain. This provides a low-cost monitoring solution. The PT signal may be further turned on and off to carry channel specific information. FIG. 3 illustrates a representative optical channel signal 252 with a PT signal 254 amplitude modulated over the representative optical channel signal 252, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0077] A very common phenomenon in the optical communication networks is Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect, that causes energy to be transferred from shorter wavelengths to longer wavelengths. SRS happens between any two wavelengths. Due to SRS, the PT applied to one optical channel signal is also transferred to other optical channel signals, and the transferred PT on the other optical channel signals becomes a “ghost tone” .
[0078] The severity of SRS resulting in the ghost tone may depend on many factors, such as the number of optical channel signals, the location and power of the optical channel signals, fiber type or the like. SRS may result in inaccuracy in optical channel signal power monitoring, even misdetection or false detection of the optical channel signal.
[0079] To mitigate the impact of SRS, various conventional techniques propose to segregate the optical channel signals into sub-bands wherein each sub-band is detected by a separate PT detector. In order to segregate the optical channel signals into sub-bands, the conventional techniques rely on expensive hardware components which may not be cost effective and even hard to scale during implementation.
[0080] With this said, to monitor the optical performance, various embodiments of the present disclosure include a simplified PT detector configuration 400. FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified PT detector configuration 400, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. The PT detector configuration 400 may be implemented similar to the PT detectors 210 at one or more locations in the link 200. By way of example, the PT detector configuration 400 may be located between two nodes 102-1 and 102-2 of the optical link 200. The PT detector configuration 400 may be configured to draw a small optical power from the optical channel signals propagating in the optical fibers 212. The PT detector configuration 400 may determine the PT signals in the optical channel signals and compute channel power associated with each optical channel signal.
[0081] In certain non-limiting embodiments, the PT detector configuration 400 may include a spectral dispersion element 402, a PD array 404 including a plurality PDs, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 406, an analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) 408, and a digital signal processor (DSP) 410. In addition to the above components, the PT detector configuration 400 may include a lens 412 to focus the optical channel signals to the spectral dispersion element 402. It is to be noted that the PT detector 400 may include additional components. However, such components have been omitted from FIG. 4 for the purpose of simplicity.
[0082] Some of the non-limiting examples of the spectral dispersion element 402 may include low-resolution grating, prism, or the like. It is to be noted that a resolution of the spectral dispersion element 402 may be much lower than the optical components typically employed in conventional optical communication systems for detecting the optical channel signals in the DWDM.
[0083] By way of example, in the conventional coherent fiber-based optical communication systems, a bandwidth of the optical channel signal is on the order of tens to more than 100 GHz. A spectral resolution of an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) , typically employed in the conventional coherent fiber-based optical communication systems, is usually higher than 0.1 nm (around 12.5 GHz in the C band) , 0.03nm (about 3.75 GHz) or even better resolution is routinely used. Such a higher resolution is required to ensure the benefits of the OSA, otherwise the optical channel signal may not be properly resolved and may be confused with neighboring channel. However, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, the spectral resolution of the spectral dispersion element 402 is deliberately selected to be very low, such as, for example, a couple of nanometers.
[0084] It is to be noted that the C band may be centered around 1550nm. The exact wavelength range may vary, depending on the optical communication system employed. As an example, 120*50GHz spaced channel C band may have the wavelength range 1528-1565 (6 THz or around 48nm) . The wavelength of 48nm may be divided into 4 sub-bands (or any other suitable number of sub-bands) , so each sub-band may have around 12nm width. The spectral resolution of a couple of nanometers may be an adequate choice. This kind of low resolution is usually not adequate in the conventional spectrum measurement, however, it may be beneficial in various embodiments of the present disclosure. To implement the PT detector configuration 400 very low-cost component may be required.
[0085] The spectral dispersion element 402 may be configured to receive optical channel signals propagating in the optical fibers 212. As previously noted that the optical channel signals may be superimposed with the PT signals. The spectral dispersion element 402 may disperse the optical channel signals. The dispersion may be referred to as spreading of the spectrum of the optical channel signals.
[0086] The spectral dispersion element 402 may provide the dispersed optical channel signals 403 to the PD array 404. As previously noted, that the PD array 404 may include a plurality of PDs. Each PD may be configured to receive respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals 403. The PD array 402 may be configured to convert the respective portions of the dispersed optical signal 403 into a first plurality of respective electrical signals 414.
[0087] It is to be noted that the two adjacent PDs in the PD array 402 may be separated by some gap. In case the resolution of the PT detector configuration 400 is high, the portion of the dispersed optical channel signal 403 falling in the middle of each PD may be detected. However, the portion of the dispersed optical channel signal 403 falling in the gap between two adjacent PDs, may not be detected properly and may result in inaccuracy or misdetection. Additionally, the detection of the dispersed optical channel signals 403 at the edges of the PD may suffer from low Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) and high SRS.
[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates a representative scenario 500 depicting the effect of detection optical channel signal in a gap 502 between two adjacent PDs when a resolution of detection of the optical channel signals is very high.
[0089] With this said, a low resolution of the spectral dispersion element 402 may assist the PT detector configuration 400 to reduce the impact of the gap 502 between the two adjacent PDs and improve the SNR. FIG. 6 illustrates a representative scenario 600 depicting the effect of detection optical channel signal in the gap 502 between two adjacent PDs with the low-resolution spectral dispersion element 402, in accordance with the various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, due to wider dispersion in the dispersed optical signal 403, the impact of the gap 502 may be reduced.
[0090] Returning to FIG. 4, the PD array 404 may forward the first plurality of respective electrical signals 414 to the TIA 406. The TIA 406 may be configured to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals 414. The TIA 406 may forward the amplified first plurality of respective electrical signals 414 to the ADC 408. The ADC 408 may be configured to convert the amplified first plurality of respective electrical signals 414 into a first plurality of respective digital signals 418.
[0091] The ADC 408 may forward the first plurality of respective digital signals 418 to the DSP 418. The DSP 410 may be configured to: process the first plurality of respective digital signals 418 and extract channel specific information such as central frequency, modulation format, baud rate, spectrum shape, spectral information, source / destination etc. included in the PT signal. It is to be noted that how DSP 410 extracts the PT signal and decode the channel specific information should not limit the scope of present disclosure. Using the channel specific information, the DSP 410 may compute channel power based on the channel specific information.
[0092] It should be appreciated that, even though with low resolution of the spectral dispersion element 402, the portion of the dispersed optical channel signals 403 between the gap 502 may be detected, the effective responsivity of the PD array 404 may not be consistent for channels located in or around the gap 502. To further improve the performance of the PT detector configuration 400, in various non-limiting embodiments, the photosensitive areas of the PDs may be modified. To do so, a plurality of masks may be superimposed on the plurality of PDs of the PD array 404 to perform responsivity correction of the plurality of PDs.
[0093] FIG. 7 illustrates a representative example of a plurality of PDs 700 superimposed with masks 702, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the masks 702 may be opaque metallic strips. In other embodiments, the masks 702 may be opaque plastic strips. FIG. 8 illustrates a representative simulation outcome 800 of the performance of the PT detector configuration 400 incorporated with the plurality of PDs 700 superimposed with masks 702, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the responsivity of the PT detector configuration 400 may be improved by virtue of the masks 702.
[0094] With an effective mask transmission profile, the effective responsivity can be equalized. By way of example, for an optical communication system operating with 48nm bandwidth, and 4 sub-bands, 2nm spectral resolution, simulation shows that the relative responsivity ripple can be reduced to about + / -0.2dB. This residual ripple may be further corrected with calibration.
[0095] In certain non-limiting embodiments, to further improve the performance of the PT detector configuration 400 in terms of responsivity, the PT detector configuration 400 may include an additional PD array. FIG. 9 illustrates a PT detector configuration 900, in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. The PT detector configuration 900 may be implemented similar to the PT detectors 210 at one or more locations in the link 200. By way of example, the PT detector configuration 900 may be located between two nodes 102-1 and 102-2 of the optical link 200. The PT detector configuration 900 may be configured to draw a small optical power from the optical channel signals propagating in the optical fibers 212. The PT detector configuration 900 may determine the PT signals in the optical channel signals and compute channel power associated with each optical channel signal.
[0096] In certain non-limiting embodiments, the PT detector configuration 900 may include a spectral dispersion element 902, a first PD array 904 including a first plurality PDs, a second PD array 906 including a second plurality of PDs, a TIA 908, an ADC 910, and a DSP 912. In additional to the above components, the PT detector configuration 900 may include a lens 912 to focus the optical channel signals to the spectral dispersion element 902. It is to be noted that the PT detector configuration 900 may include additional components. However, such components have been omitted from FIG. 9 for the purpose of simplicity.
[0097] Some of the non-limiting examples of the spectral dispersion element 902 may include a low-resolution grating, a prism, or the like.
[0098] The spectral dispersion element 902 may be configured to receive optical channel signals propagating in the optical fibers 212. As previously noted, the optical channel signals may be superimposed with the PT signals. The spectral dispersion element 902 may disperse the optical channel signals. The dispersion may be referred to as spreading of the spectrum of the optical channel signals.
[0099] The spectral dispersion element 902 may provide the dispersed optical channel signals 903 to the first PD array 904 and the second PD array 906. In various embodiments, the first PD array 904 may be positioned on top of the second PD array 906 in such a manner that the first PD array 904 may have an offset with respect to the second PD array 906. The first PD array 902 may offset the second PD array 902 in such a manner that a photo-sensitive area of the first plurality of PDs associated with the first PD array 904 is above a gap between the second plurality of PDs associated with the second PD array 906. In some embodiments the offset may be at least the size of each PD.
[0100] Each PD in the PD array 904 and the PD array 906 may be configured to receive respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals 903. The PD array 904 may be configured to convert the respective portions of the dispersed optical signal 903 into a first plurality of respective electrical signals 916 and the PD array 906 may be configured to convert the respective portions of the dispersed optical signal 903 into a second plurality of respective electrical signals 918.
[0101] The first PD array 404 and the second PD array 404 may forward the first plurality of respective electrical signals 916 and the second plurality of respective electrical signals 918 to the TIA 908. The TIA 908 may be configured to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals 916 and the second plurality of respective electrical signals 918. The TIA 908 may forward the amplified first plurality of respective electrical signals 920 and the amplified second plurality of respective electrical signals 922 to the ADC 910. The ADC 910 may be configured to convert the amplified first plurality of respective electrical signals 920 and the amplified second plurality of respective electrical signals 922 into a first plurality of respective digital signals 924 and a second plurality of respective digital signals 924.
[0102] The ADC 910 may forward the first plurality of respective digital signals 924 and the second plurality of respective digital signals 924 to the DSP 912. The DSP 912 may be configured to: process the first plurality of respective digital signals 924 and the second plurality of respective digital signals 924 and extract channel specific information such as central frequency, modulation format, baud rate, spectrum shape, spectral information, source / destination etc. included in the PT signal. It is to be noted that how DSP 912 extracts the PT signal and decode the channel specific information should not limit the scope of present disclosure. Using the channel specific information, the DSP 912 may compute channel power based on the channel specific information.
[0103] Thus, by virtue of PT detector configuration 400 and the PT detector configuration 900, operational costs and implementation complexities of the PT detection technique may be reduced. Additionally, the techniques discussed in the present disclosure may also allow better detection of flex grid optical channel signals. Flex grid may be referred to as the bandwidth of the optical channel signals and the associated center wavelength are not fixed but may vary.
[0104] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a process 1000 for pilot tone detection, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the process 1000 commences at step 1002 where a spectral dispersion element receives optical channel signals superimposed with pilot tone (PT) signals. As previously noted, the spectral dispersion element 402 is configured to receive optical channel signals superimposed with the PT signals.
[0105] The process 1000 proceeds to step 1004, where the spectral dispersion element disperses the optical channel signals. As noted above, the spectral dispersion element 402 is configured to disperse the optical channel signals.
[0106] The process 1000 advances to step 1006, where at least one photodetector array including a first plurality of photodetectors receives respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and converting the respective portions into a first plurality of respective electrical signals. As previously discussed, the at least one photodetector array 404 is configured to receive the respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals 403 and converting the respective portions into the first plurality of respective electrical signals 414.
[0107] The process 1000 moves to step 1008, where at least one analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) converts the first plurality of respective electrical signals into a first plurality of respective digital signals. As noted above, the ADC 406 is configured to convert the first plurality of respective electrical signals 414 into the first plurality of respective digital signals 416.
[0108] The process 1000 advances to step 1010 where a digital signal processor processes the first plurality of respective digital signals and extracts channel specific information included in the PT signals. As discussed above, the digital signal processor 410 is configured to process the first plurality of respective digital signals 416 and extract channel specific information included in the PT signals.
[0109] Finally, at step 1012 the digital signal processor computes channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals. As noted previously, the digital signal processor 410 is configured to compute channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals.
[0110] It is to be understood that the operations and functionality of PT detector configurations 400 and 900, constituent components, and associated processes may be achieved by any one or more of hardware-based, software-based, and firmware-based elements. Such operational alternatives do not, in any way, limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[0111] It will also be understood that, although the embodiments presented herein have been described with reference to specific features and structures, it is clear that various modifications and combinations may be made without departing from such disclosures. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of the discussed implementations or embodiments and their principles as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A system for pilot tone detection comprising:a spectral dispersion element configured to:receive optical channel signals superimposed with pilot tone (PT) signals, anddisperse the optical channel signals;at least one photodetector array including a first plurality of photodetectors configured to receive respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and convert the respective portions into a first plurality of respective electrical signals;at least one analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) configured to convert the first plurality of respective electrical signals into a first plurality of respective digital signals; anda digital signal processor configured to:process the first plurality of respective digital signals and extract channel specific information included in the PT signals, andcompute channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals.2.The system of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of masks superimposed on the first plurality of photodetectors to perform responsivity correction of the first plurality of the photodetectors.3.The system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of masks are opaque metallic strips.4.The system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of masks are opaque plastic strips.5.The system of any one of claims 1 to 4 further comprising at least one amplifier to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals.6.The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one photodetector array includes a second photodetector array including a second plurality of photodetectors, the second photodetector array configured to receive the respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and convert the respective portions into a second plurality of respective electrical signals.7.The system of claim 6, wherein the at least one ADC is further configured to convert the second plurality of respective electrical signals into a second plurality of respective digital signals.8.The system of claim 6, wherein the digital signal processor is further configured to:process the second plurality of respective digital signals,extract channel specific information included in the PT signals, based on the first plurality of respective digital signals and the second plurality of respective digital signals, andcompute channel power based on the channel specific information.9.The system of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the at least one photodetector array is positioned on top of the second photodetector array in such a manner that the at least one photodetector array has an offset with respect to the second photodetector array.10.The system of any one of claims 6 to 9 further comprising at least one amplifier to amplify the first plurality of respective electrical signals and the second plurality of respective electrical signals.11.The system of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the spectral dispersion element is a prism.12.The system of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the spectral dispersion element is a grating element.13.A method for pilot tone detection comprising:receiving, by a spectral dispersion element, optical channel signals superimposed with pilot tone (PT) signals;dispersing, by the spectral dispersion element, the optical channel signals;receiving, by at least one photodetector array including a first plurality of photodetectors, respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and converting the respective portions into a first plurality of respective electrical signals;converting, by at least one analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) , the first plurality of respective electrical signals into a first plurality of respective digital signals;processing, by a digital signal processor, the first plurality of respective digital signals and extract channel specific information included in the PT signals; andcomputing, by the digital signal processor, channel power based on the channel specific information included by the PT signals.14.The method of claim 12 further comprising a plurality of masks superimposed on the first plurality of photodetectors to perform responsivity correction of the first plurality of the photodetectors.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of masks are opaque metallic strips.16.The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of masks are opaque plastic strips.17.The method of any one of claims 13 to 16 further comprising amplifying, by at least one amplifier, the first plurality of respective electrical signals.18.The method of claim 13 further comprising receiving, by a second photodetector array including a second plurality of photodetectors, the respective portions of the dispersed optical channel signals and converting the respective portions into a second plurality of respective electrical signals.19.The method of claim 18 further comprising converting, by the at least one ADC, the second plurality of respective electrical signals into a second plurality of respective digital signals.20.The method of claim 18 further comprising:processing, by the digital signal processor, the second plurality of respective digital signals;extracting, by the digital signal processor, channel specific information included in the PT signals, based on the first plurality of respective digital signals and the second plurality of respective digital signals; andcomputing, by the digital signal processor, channel power based on the channel specific information.21.The method of any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the at least one photodetector array is positioned on top of the second photodetector array in such a manner that the at least one photodetector array has an offset with respect to the second photodetector array.22.The method of any one of claims 18 to 21 further comprising, amplifying, by at least one amplifier, the first plurality of respective electrical signals and the second plurality of respective electrical signals.23.The method of any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein the spectral dispersion element is a prism.24.The system of any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein the spectral dispersion element is a grating element.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Apparatus for monitoring optical frequencies of WDM signals
US7123788B2