Ghost target identification in cellular based RF sensing
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023925718
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-03-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-14
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Figure CN2023080024_12092024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GHOST TARGET IDENTIFICATION IN CELLULAR BASED RF SENSINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to a wireless communication involving radio frequency (RF) sensing.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus transmits, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform radio frequency (RF) sensing for ghost target identification. The apparatus receives, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The apparatus transmits, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The apparatus receives at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.
[0008] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus receives, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification. The apparatus transmits, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The apparatus receives, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The apparatus performs the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements.
[0009] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus performs RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements. The apparatus receives, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing. The apparatus determines whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication.
[0010] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects may include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0012] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a UE positioning based on reference signal measurements.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example radar signal generated from a radio frequency (RF) sensing node in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example co-located and cooperative radar and communication system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example co-design of communication and radar system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example monostatic sensing mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating an example bistatic sensing mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example RF sensing scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an example ghost target in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating another example ghost target in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example target detection without ghost targets in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating an example of one-bounce path for a radar reference signal (RRS) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 11B is a diagram illustrating an example of two-bounce paths for an RRS in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of three-bounce paths for an RRS in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of model ghost target detections in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 14 is a communication flow illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification (e.g., network-based) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of ghost targets observed by different sensing nodes in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 16 is a communication flow illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification (e.g., UE / sensing node-based) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 17 is a communication flow illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 18 is diagram illustrating an example beam-based operation for identifying ghost target (s) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 19 is diagram illustrating an example beam-based operation for identifying ghost target (s) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 20 is a communication flow illustrating an example of machine learning (ML) -based ghost target detection in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 21 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0039] FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0040] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.
[0041] FIG. 24 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0042] FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or network entity.
[0043] FIG. 26 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0044] FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or network entity.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0045] Aspects presented herein provide a network-aided ghost target identification for cellular-based radio frequency (RF) sensing and / or joint communication and RF sensing (JCS) , which may enable an RF sensing node to detect ghost targets accurately. Aspects presented herein may enable a network entity to coordinate multiple RF sensing nodes for aiding ghost target identification. For example, a ghost target may be highly correlated with an RF sensor node’s location, and / or RF sensing beam directions / width, etc. Also, a ghost target may have a higher semantic affinity with the reflected real target than the other ones. Thus, while different RF sensing nodes in a network may detect the same real target with different views of the real target, the same ghost target may be less likely to be detected by different sensing nodes, since the multipath propagation channels are likely different for different sensing nodes.
[0046] As such, aspects presented herein may enable a network (e.g., a location server, an LMF, etc. ) to inquire a set of potential aid RF sensing nodes (e.g., based on their location information) for ghost target identification. Then, with the confirmation of one or more aid RF sensing nodes (which may also be referred to as “aid sensing node (s) ” ) , the network entity or an RF sensing node that is configured to perform RF sensing (which may be referred to as a “host RF sensing node” or “host sensing node” ) may use the RF sensing information from the one or more aid sensing nodes to determine whether a target detected by the host sensing node is a ghost target. Thus, aspects presented herein may improve the accuracy and reliability of sensing operations performed by a sensing node without specifying the sensing node to perform complicate ghost identification algorithms.
[0047] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0048] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0049] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0050] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0051] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0052] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0053] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0054] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0055] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0056] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0057] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0058] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0059] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0060] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 and Near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O- eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0061] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0062] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0063] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0064] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0065] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0066] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0067] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0068] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0069] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0070] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0071] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0072] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0073] Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 may include a ghost target identification component 198 / 199 that may be configured to receive, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification; transmit, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing; receive, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; and perform the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements. In certain aspects, the ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be configured to perform RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements; receive, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing; and determine whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication.
[0074] In certain aspects, the one or more location servers 168 may have a ghost target identification component 199 that may be configured to transmit, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification; receive, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing; transmit, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; and receive at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.
[0075] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0076] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0077] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0078] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0079] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0080] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE.The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0081] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0082] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0083] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0084] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0085] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency-domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0086] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency-domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency-domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0087] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0088] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0089] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0090] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0091] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0092] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the ghost target identification component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0093] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the ghost target identification component 199 of FIG. 1.
[0094] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a UE positioning based on reference signal measurements (which may also be referred to as “network-based positioning” ) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 404 may transmit UL-SRS 412 at time TSRS_TX and receive DL positioning reference signals (PRS) (DL-PRS) 410 at time TPRS_RX. The TRP 406 may receive the UL-SRS 412 at time TSRS_RX and transmit the DL-PRS 410 at time TPRS_TX. The UE 404 may receive the DL-PRS 410 before transmitting the UL-SRS 412, or may transmit the UL-SRS 412 before receiving the DL-PRS 410. In both cases, a positioning server (e.g., location server (s) 168) or the UE 404 may determine the RTT 414 based on ||TSRS_RX –TPRS_TX|–|TSRS_TX –TPRS_RX||. Accordingly, multi-RTT positioning may make use of the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |TSRS_TX –TPRS_RX|) and DL-PRS reference signal received power (RSRP) (DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 and measured by the UE 404, and the measured TRP Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |TSRS_RX –TPRS_TX|) and UL-SRS-RSRP at multiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from UE 404. The UE 404 measures the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the TRPs 402, 406 measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements may be used at the positioning server or the UE 404 to determine the RTT, which is used to estimate the location of the UE 404. Other methods are possible for determining the RTT, such as for example using DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.
[0095] PRSs may be defined for network-based positioning (e.g., NR positioning) to enable UEs to detect and measure more neighbor transmission and reception points (TRPs) , where multiple configurations are supported to enable a variety of deployments (e.g., indoor, outdoor, sub-6, mmW, etc. ) . To support PRS beam operation, beam sweeping may also be configured for PRS. The UL positioning reference signal may be based on sounding reference signals (SRSs) with enhancements / adjustments for positioning purposes. In some examples, UL-PRS may be referred to as “SRS for positioning, ” and a new Information Element (IE) may be configured for SRS for positioning in RRC signaling.
[0096] DL PRS-RSRP may be defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W] ) of the resource elements of the antenna port (s) that carry DL PRS reference signals configured for RSRP measurements within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. In some examples, for FR1, the reference point for the DL PRS-RSRP may be the antenna connector of the UE. For FR2, DL PRS-RSRP may be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. For FR1 and FR2, if receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported DL PRS-RSRP value may not be lower than the corresponding DL PRS-RSRP of any of the individual receiver branches. Similarly, UL SRS-RSRP may be defined as linear average of the power contributions (in [W] ) of the resource elements carrying sounding reference signals (SRS) . UL SRS-RSRP may be measured over the configured resource elements within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth in the configured measurement time occasions. In some examples, for FR1, the reference point for the UL SRS-RSRP may be the antenna connector of the base station (e.g., gNB) . For FR2, UL SRS-RSRP may be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. For FR1 and FR2, if receiver diversity is in use by the base station, the reported UL SRS-RSRP value may not be lower than the corresponding UL SRS-RSRP of any of the individual receiver branches.
[0097] PRS-path RSRP (PRS-RSRPP) may be defined as the power of the linear average of the channel response at the i-th path delay of the resource elements that carry DL PRS signal configured for the measurement, where DL PRS-RSRPP for the 1st path delay is the power contribution corresponding to the first detected path in time. In some examples, PRS path Phase measurement may refer to the phase associated with an i-th path of the channel derived using a PRS resource.
[0098] DL-AoD positioning may make use of the measured DL-PRS-RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 at the UE 404. The UE 404 measures the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with the azimuth angle of departure (A-AoD) , the zenith angle of departure (Z-AoD) , and other configuration information to locate the UE 404 in relation to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.
[0099] DL-TDOA positioning may make use of the DL reference signal time difference (RSTD) (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 at the UE 404. The UE 404 measures the DL RSTD (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE 404 in relation to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.
[0100] UL-TDOA positioning may make use of the UL relative time of arrival (RTOA) (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) at multiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from UE 404. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the UL-RTOA (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404.
[0101] UL-AoA positioning may make use of the measured azimuth angle of arrival (A-AoA) and zenith angle of arrival (Z-AoA) at multiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from the UE 404. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the A-AoA and the Z-AoA of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404. For purposes of the present disclosure, a positioning operation in which measurements are provided by a UE to a base station / positioning entity / server to be used in the computation of the UE’s position may be described as “UE-assisted, ” “UE-assisted positioning, ” and / or “UE-assisted position calculation, ” while a positioning operation in which a UE measures and computes its own position may be described as “UE-based, ” “UE-based positioning, ” and / or “UE-based position calculation. ”
[0102] Additional positioning methods may be used for estimating the location of the UE 404, such as for example, UE-side UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA. Note that data / measurements from various technologies may be combined in various ways to increase accuracy, to determine and / or to enhance certainty, to supplement / complement measurements, and / or to substitute / provide for missing information. For example, some UE positioning mechanisms may be radio access technology (RAT) -dependent (e.g., the positioning of a UE is based on a RAT) , such as the downlink positioning (e.g., measuring of observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) , the uplink positioning (e.g., measuring of uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA) , and / or the combined DL and UL based positioning (e.g., measuring of RTT with respect to neighboring cells) , etc. Some wireless communications systems may also support Enhanced Cell-ID (E-CID) positioning procedures that are based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. On the other hand, some UE positioning mechanisms may be RAT-independent (e.g., the positioning of a UE does not rely on a RAT) , such as the enhanced GNSS, and / or positioning technologies based on WLAN, Bluetooth, Terrestrial Beason System (TBS) , and / or sensor based (e.g., barometric sensor, motion sensor) , etc. Some UE positioning mechanisms may be based on a hybrid model, where multiple methods for positioning are used, which may include both RAT-dependent positioning technology and RAT-independent positioning technology (e.g., a GNSS with OTDOA hybrid positioning) .
[0103] Note that the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” generally refer to specific reference signals that are used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used herein, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as but not limited to, PRS as defined in LTE and NR, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc. In addition, the terms “positioning reference signal” and “PRS” may refer to downlink or uplink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. To further distinguish the type of PRS, a downlink positioning reference signal may be referred to as a “DL PRS, ” and an uplink positioning reference signal (e.g., an SRS-for-positioning, PTRS) may be referred to as an “UL-PRS. ” In addition, for signals that may be transmitted in both the uplink and downlink (e.g., DMRS, PTRS) , the signals may be prepended with “UL” or “DL” to distinguish the direction. For example, “UL-DMRS” may be differentiated from “DL-DMRS. ”
[0104] In addition to network-based and GNSS-based positioning technologies, a wireless device (e.g., a TRP, a base station, a component of the base station, a UE, etc. ) may also be configured to include radar capabilities, which may be referred to as “radio frequency (RF) sensing” and / or “cellular-based RF sensing. ” For example, a wireless device may transmit radar reference signals (RRSs) and measure the RRSs reflected from one or more objects. Based at least in part on the measurement of the reflected RRSs, the wireless device may determine or estimate a distance (and / or a direction) between the wireless device and the one or more objects. In another example, a first wireless device may also receive RRSs transmitted from a second wireless device, where the first wireless device may determine or estimate a distance (and / or a direction) between the first wireless device and the second wireless device based at least in part on the received RRS. As such, in some examples, RF sensing techniques may be used for UE positioning and / or for assisting UE positioning. For purposes of the present disclosure, a device that is capable of performing RF sensing (e.g., transmitting and / or receiving RRS for detecting an object or for estimating the distance between the device and the object) may be referred to as a “sensing node” or an “RF sensing node. ” For example, a sensing node / RF sensing node may be a UE, a base station, a component of the base station, a TRP, a device capable of transmitting RRS, and / or a device configured to perform radar functions, etc. In some examples, the term “sensing node” and “RF sensing node” may also be used interchangeably with the term “radar. ” A RF sensing measurement may refer to any measurements that are associated with RF sensing.
[0105] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example radar signal (e.g., RRS) generated from an RF sensing node in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. An RF sensing node 503 may detect an object 520 (e.g., the location, the distance, the direction, and / or the speed of the object 520 with respect to the RF sensing node 503) by transmitting RRS towards the object 520 and receiving the RRS reflected (e.g., bounce off) from the object 520. In some examples, the object 520 may be a radar receiver or have a capability to receive and process RRS.
[0106] In one example, the RRS may be a chirp signal that includes a frequency that varies linearly (e.g., has a frequency sweeping) over a fixed period of time (e.g., over a sweep time) by a modulating signal. For example, as shown by the diagram 500, a transmitted chirp signal 502 may have a starting frequency at 504 of a sinusoid. Then, the frequency may gradually (e.g., linearly) increase on the sinusoid until it reaches an ending (or highest) frequency at 506 of the sinusoid, and then the frequency of the signal may return to the starting frequency as shown at 508 and another chirp signal 510 may be transmitted in the same way. In other words, each chirp signal may include an increase in frequency (e.g., linearly) and a drop in frequency or vice versa (e.g., including a decrease in frequency and then an increase in frequency) , such that the RF sensing node 503 may transmit chirp signals sweeping in frequency. In some examples, such chirp signal may also be referred to as a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) .
[0107] After a chirp signal (e.g., chirp signals 502, 510, 512, etc. ) is transmitted by the RF sensing node 503, the transmitted chirp signal may reach the object 520 and reflect back to the RF sensing node 503, such as shown by the reflected chirp signals 514, 516, and 518, which may correspond to the transmitted chirp signals 502, 510, and 512, respectively. As there may be a distance between the RF sensing node 503 and the object 520 and / or it may take time for a transmitted chirp signal to reach the object 520 and reflect back to the RF sensing node 503, a delay may exist between a transmitted chirp signal and its corresponding reflected chirp signal. As this delay may be proportional to a range between the RF sensing node 503 and the object 520 (e.g., the further the target, the larger the delay and vice versa) , the RF sensing node 503 may be able to measure or estimate a distance between the RF sensing node 503 and the object 520 based on the delay.
[0108] In some examples, the RF sensing node 503 may also measure a difference in frequency between the transmitted chirp signal and the reflected chirp signal, which may also be proportional to the distance between the RF sensing node 503 and the object 520. In other words, as the frequency difference between the reflected chirp signal and the transmitted chirp signal increases with the delay, and the delay is linearly proportional to the range, the distance of the object 520 from the RF sensing node 503 may also be determined based on the difference in frequency. Thus, the reflected chirp signal from the object 520 may be mixed with the transmitted chirp signal and down-converted to produce a beat signal () which may be linearly proportional to the range after demodulation. For example, the RF sensing node 503 may determine a beat signal 522 by mixing the transmitted chirp signal 502 and its corresponding reflected chirp signal 514. While examples in the diagram 500 illustrate using an FMCW waveform for the RRS, other types of radar waveforms may also be used by the RF sensing node 503 for the RRS.
[0109] Due to an increased amount of bandwidth (BW) being allocated for cellular communications systems (e.g., 5G and beyond) and an increased amount of applications (e.g., use cases) being introduced with cellular communications systems, joint communication and RF sensing (JCS) , which may also be referred to as joint communication-radar (JCR) , may become an important feature for cellular systems. For example, a wireless device (e.g., a TRP, a base station, a component of the base station, a UE, an RF sensing node, etc. ) may be configured to transmit communication signals (e.g., PDSCH, PUSCH, PSSCH, etc. ) with radar signals (e.g., RRS, FMCW signals, etc. ) together or close in time (e.g., based on time-division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) , etc. ) . In addition, OFDM waveform (or its variants) may be used as the waveform for the JCR as the OFDM waveform may enable in-band multiplexing with other cellular reference signals and physical channels. As such, the radar signals may be multiplexed with communication signals based on OFDM waveform. For purposes of the present disclosure, a wireless device that performs an RF sensing based on OFDM waveform (s) or transmits RRS based on OFDM waveform (s) may be referred to as an “OFDM radar. ”
[0110] In some implementations, JCR systems may be categorized as co-located and cooperative radar and communication systems and co-design of communication and radar systems. FIG. 6A is a diagram 600A illustrating an example co-located and cooperative radar and communication system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For this type of JCR system, some knowledge (e.g., transmission information / configuration) is shared between the communication aspect and radar aspect of the system to improve the system’s performance, without much altering the core operation of the radar and communication system. For example, as shown by the diagram 600A, each of the devices used by a first user (user A) and a second user (user B) may include a radar transmission (Tx) / reception (Rx) component that is capable of transmitting / receiving radar reference signals (RRSs) and a communication Tx / Rx component that is capable of transmitting / receiving communication signals. The radar Tx / Rx component and the communication Tx / Rx component may communicate with each to coordinate the transmission of radar signals and communication signals to other devices and / or the reception of radar signals and communication signals from other devices.
[0111] FIG. 6B is a diagram 600B illustrating an example co-design of communication and radar system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. For this type of JCR system, as shown by the diagram 600B, a common transmitter or receiver is used for both communication and radar functionalities. This type of system may specify certain amount of modifications in the transmitting waveform generation or the receiver processing of both or either of the radar and communication systems. This type of JCR system design may provide an improved hardware and spectrum reuse. Communication-centric JCR that exploits a single communication transmission hardware may be favored by some network implementation because it may support both high-data rate communication and high-resolution sensing. For example, as described above, OFDM-based waveform may be used by the radar system for sensing purpose while remaining compatible with OFDM-based communication system.
[0112] In some implantations, RF sensing may be categorized into two modes: a monostatic sensing mode and a bistatic sensing mode (which may also be referred to as “monostatic RF sensing” and “bistatic / multi-static RF sensing, ” respectively) . FIG. 7A is a diagram 700A illustrating an example monostatic sensing mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Under monostatic sensing, the transmitter component and the receiver component of the RF sensor are co-located, such as in the same UE or radar. Thus, the transmission and reception of the radar signals may be performed by one device.
[0113] FIG. 7B is a diagram 700B illustrating an example bistatic sensing mode in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Under bistatic sensing, the transmitter component and the receiver component may be widely separated (e.g., on different UEs / locations) . For example, the transmitter of a first device may transmit radar signals, and the radar signals and radar signals bounced off from an object may be received by the receiver of a second device. In one example, the bistatic sensing may be suitable for network-based UE positioning where PRS is used for the positioning. In another example, the bistatic sensing may also be suitable for channel estimation, where DMRS may be used by a device for estimating the condition of a channel.
[0114] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example RF sensing scenario in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. A base station 802 may detect or estimate the distance of a UE (e.g., a first UE 804, a second UE 806, etc. ) with respect to the base station based on a UE-Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) (Uu) link (e.g., based on calculating the reference signal transmitted to the UE and / or received from the UE, etc. ) . Similarly, the first UE 804 (e.g., a vehicle UE, a sidelink UE, etc. ) may detect the distance of a second UE with respect to the first UE based on sidelink / RF sensing (e.g., based on calculating sidelink signals / RRSs transmitted to the second UE and / or received / reflected from the second UE, etc. ) . A UE (e.g., the second UE 806) may also detect the distance of an object (e.g., a pedestrian 808) based on radar / LIDAR and / or RF sensing, such as by transmitting RRS and receiving RRS bounced from the object.
[0115] While an RF sensing node may be able to detect the distance, direction, and / or speed for one or more targets, in some scenarios, the RF sensing node may also detect ghost target (s) . A ghost target may refer to a target (or a potential target detection) that appears at wrong location in radar data, which is likely caused by the presence of multiple indirect reflections between a target and the RF sensing node. For example, a single object may produce multiple observed objects due to multipath propagation effects. In some examples, ghost target (s) caused by inter-reflections may be by design unavoidable in radar measurements, and it may be challenging to distinguish these artifact detections from real ones (e.g., challenging to match each estimated range with the right target) .
[0116] FIG. 9A is a diagram 900A illustrating an example ghost target in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. A vehicle (e.g., a vehicle UE) may be equipped with an RF sensing node 902 (e.g., a radar) that is capable of transmitting RRS and receiving reflected RRS, such as described in connection with FIGs. 5 to 8. For example, the RF sensing node 902 may emit an RRS signal and the RRS signal may reflect from a target vehicle 904. Based on the reflected RRS signal, the RF sensing node 902 may calculate the distance (range) to the target vehicle 904 based on the time of flight and the angle of arrival (e.g., azimuth angle) of the RRS.
[0117] However, since the RF sensing node 902 may be configured to emit the RRS in all directions, and since the range (or location) of the target is calculated based on the angle of arrival of the reflected RRS, there is a possibility that a reflected RRS may take an indirect path between the RF sensing node 902 and the target vehicle 904. Such an indirect reflection path may lead to target detections at wrong positions either with a different range, azimuth, or both. Those target detections may be commonly referred to as the ghost targets and / or multi-path reflections. For example, as shown at 908, the RRS reflected from the target vehicle 904 may be bounced from a guardrail before reaching the RF sensing node 902. As shown at 910, this may cause the RF sensing node 902 to detect a ghost target 906 on the opposite side of the guardrail. In other words, based on the time of flight and the angle of arrival of the reflected RRS, the RF sensing node 902 may erroneously determine / believe there is another vehicle at 910.
[0118] FIG. 9B is a diagram 900B illustrating another example ghost target in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. There may be broad use cases beyond auto radar (e.g., as shown by FIG. 9A) having the issue of ghost target (s) . For example, in the application of through-the-wall imaging, the ghost target may be a well-known problem. As shown at 918, an RF sensing node 902 (e.g., a base station / TRP) may emit an RRS signal and the RRS signal may reflect from a target 914 (e.g., a human) . However, the RRS reflected from the target 914 may be bounced from a ground or a wall before reaching the RF sensing node 912. As shown at 920, this may cause the RF sensing node 912 to detect a ghost target 916 that is under the ground (or on the opposite side of the wall) . In other words, based on the time of flight and the angle of arrival of the reflected RRS, the RF sensing node 912 may erroneously determine / believe there is another target at 920. In some examples, there may be more possible propagation paths in the RF sensing, compared with the communication scenarios. While the number of possible propagation paths may be unbounded, with each reflection, the signal energy may decrease (e.g., the detected reflection may be limited) .
[0119] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example target detection without ghost targets in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. When an RF sensing node 1002 is working properly, the RF sensing node 1002 may be able to identify a target vehicle 1004 and a guardrail 1006 correctly without ghost targets. For example, the locations 1008 of the radar detections along the target vehicle 1004 as well as along the side of the guardrail 1006 are accurate.
[0120] FIG. 11A is a diagram 1100A illustrating an example of one-bounce path for an RRS in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown by the diagram 1100A, the one-bounce path propagates from the RF sensing node (1) to the target (2) and then is reflected from the target (2) back to the RF sensing node. This may be referred to as a direct or line-of-sight (LOS) path. In some scenarios, because the signal received at the RF sensing node may arrive from the last bounce from the true target (2) , the RF sensing node may generate ghost detections along the same direction as the true target (2) . Also, as the path length for this propagation is longer, it may appear at a farther range than the true target detections.
[0121] FIG. 11B is a diagram 1100B illustrating an example of two-bounce paths for an RRS in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown by the diagram 1100B, in some scenarios, there may be two unique propagation paths that consist of two bounces. The first two-bounce path may propagate from the RF sensing node (1) to a reflecting surface (3) , then to the target (2) before returning to the RF sensing node (1) . Similarly, because the signal received at the RF sensing node may arrive from the last bounce from the true target (2) , the RF sensing node may generate ghost detections along the same direction as the true target (2) . Also, because the path length for this propagation is longer, it may appear at a farther range than the true target detections. The second two-bounce path may propagate from the radar (1) to the target (2) , then to the reflecting surface (3) before returning to the radar (1) . In this scenarios, the ghost detections may appear on the other side of the reflecting surface as the radar receives the reflected RRS in that direction. As the path length for both two-bounce paths may be the same, the measured range and range rate for these paths may be the same as well.
[0122] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of three-bounce paths for an RRS in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown by the diagram 1200, the three-bounce paths may reflect off the guardrail twice. This path may not propagate directly to the target or directly back to the RF sensing node. The three-bounce ghost detections may appear on the other side of the reflecting surface as the RF sensing node receives the reflected RRS in that direction. Additionally, it may have the longest propagation path of the three-bounce paths and therefore may have the longest measured range of the three paths. This path may correspond to a mirror reflection of the true target on the other side of the barrier.
[0123] FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating an example of model ghost target detections in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The diagram 1300 reproduces the analysis of the three propagation paths. The first two-bounce ghosts may lie in the direction of the target at a slightly longer range than the direct-path detections. The second two-bounce and three-bounce ghosts may lie in the direction of the mirrored image of the target generated by the reflection from the guardrail.
[0124] As described above, ghost targets caused by inter-reflections may be unavoidable in radar measurements, and it may be challenging to distinguish these artifact detections from real ones (e.g., challenging to match each estimated range with the right target) . In some scenarios, a single sensing node based ghost target identification may rely on its advanced processing algorithm (s) for identifying ghost target (s) , such as a deep learning-based ghost target detection, which may specify powerful computation capabilities for the sensing node. Also, the ghost target detection algorithm (s) may not be robust in some scenarios, such as outdoor environment (e.g., in a highly dynamic environment) . However, for cellular based RF sensing or joint communications and RF sensing (JCS) (e.g., as described in connection with FIGs. 5, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, etc. ) , the heavy computation cost of the advanced algorithms for ghost target detection may be shifted to the network side (which usually has higher computational capabilities) . Also, the network may have the potential capability to harvest the diversity in sensing measurements reported by plurality of / massive sensing nodes (e.g., from different UEs, TRPs, base stations, radar devices, etc. ) , which may enhance the robustness of the ghost target detection in a highly dynamic environment.
[0125] Aspects presented herein provide a network-aided ghost target identification for cellular-based RF sensing and / or JCS, which may enable an RF sensing node to detect ghost targets accurately. Aspects presented herein may enable a network entity to coordinate multiple RF sensing nodes for aiding ghost target identification. For example, a ghost target may be highly correlated with an RF sensor node’s location, and / or RF sensing beam directions / width, etc. Also, a ghost target may have a higher semantic affinity with the reflected real target than the other ones. Thus, while different RF sensing nodes in a network may detect the same real target with different views of the real target, the same ghost target may be less likely to be detected by different sensing nodes, since the multipath propagation channels are likely different for different sensing nodes. As such, aspects presented herein may enable a network (e.g., a location server, an LMF, etc. ) to inquire a set of potential aid RF sensing nodes (e.g., based on their location information) for ghost target identification. Then, with the confirmation of one or more aid RF sensing nodes (which may also be referred to as “aid sensing node (s) ” ) , the network entity or an RF sensing node that is configured to perform RF sensing (which may be referred to as a “host RF sensing node” or “host sensing node” ) may use the RF sensing information from the one or more aid sensing nodes to determine whether a target detected by the host sensing node is a ghost target.
[0126] FIG. 14 is a communication flow 1400 illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification (e.g., network-based) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The numberings associated with the communication flow 1400 do not specify a particular temporal order and are merely used as references for the communication flow 1400. Aspects presented herein may enable a network entity (e.g., a location server, an LMF, a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , etc. ) to signal assistance data (AD) or configuration for sensing waveform measurements (such as the sensing waveform configuration of one sensing node (host sensing node) ) to other sensing nodes (aid sensing nodes) . For purposes of the present disclosure AD (or the assistance data) may refer to comigration (s) / parameter (s) associated with positioning. In one example, the host sensing node may conduct the monostatic or bi / multi-static sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B. On the other hand, the aid sensing node (s) may conduct the bistatic sensing, which may treat the host sensing node as the Tx (e.g., receive RRS transmitted from the host sensing node) , such as described in connection with FIG. 7B. The assistance data may include: the sensing waveform configuration, time / frequency resource of the sensing, the search window assistance data (to help the aid sensing node (s) to receive the sensing waveform, if the aid sensing nodes are not synchronized with the host sensing node or the serving cell of the host sensing node) , or a combination thereof. Then, the aid sensing node (s) may report the sensing measurement to the network or the host sensing node.
[0127] At 1420, a host sensing node 1406 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B. Then, at 1422, the host sensing node 1406 may transmit its sensing measurement (s) to a network entity 1404 (e.g., a location server, an LMF, a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , etc. ) . The sensing measurement (s) may include range information of one or more targets detected, and / or Doppler distribution information of one or more targets detected. The host sensing node 1406 may be a base station, a TRP, a roadside unit (RSU) , a UE, or a specified sensing device, etc.
[0128] At 1424, the network entity 1404 may transmit an inquiry 1408 to one or more aid sensing node (s) 1402 to inquire whether the aid sensing node (s) 1402 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1406) . In one example, the network entity 1404 may select the aid sensing node (s) 1402 for transmitting the inquiry 1408 based at least in part on the locations (e.g., approximate locations) of the aid sensing node (s) 1402. For example, the network entity 1404 may select aid sensing node (s) 1402 that are in proximity to the host sensing node 1406 or in proximity to the target or area to be sensed by the host sensing node 1406, etc. The aid sensing node (s) 1402 may be base station (s) , TRP (s) , roadside unit (s) (RSUs) , UE (s) , specified sensing device (s) , or a combination thereof.
[0129] At 1426, in response to the inquiry 1408, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 that are able to assist the ghost target identification may transmit a confirmation 1410 to the network entity 1404 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) .
[0130] At 1428, based on the confirmation 1410, the network entity 1404 may transmit sensing configuration 1412 (e.g., assistance data) of the host sensing node 1406 to the aid sensing node (s) 1402. In one example, the sensing configuration 1412 may include the sensing waveform configuration used by the host sensing node 1406, time / frequency resource of the sensing performed by the host sensing node 1406, and / or the search window assistance data (e.g., to help the aid sensing node (s) 1402 to receive the sensing waveform transmitted from the host sensing node 1406, if the aid sensing node (s) 1402 are not synchronized with the host sensing node 1402 or the serving cell of the host sensing node 1406) .
[0131] At 1430, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may perform a sensing operation based on the sensing configuration 1412. For example, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may be configured to perform a bistatic sensing, where the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may receive RRS transmitted from the host sensing node 1406, such as described in connection with FIG. 7B. Then, at 1432, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may transmit their sensing measurement (s) to the network entity 1404. Similarly, the sensing measurement (s) may include range information of one or more targets detected, and / or Doppler distribution information of one or more targets detected, etc.
[0132] At 1434, based on the sensing measurements received from the host sensing node 1406 (at 1422) and from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 (at 1432) , the network entity 1404 may perform ghost target identification / detection for identifying potential ghost target (s) 1414. For example, a ghost target may be highly correlated with a sensing node’s location, and / or sensing beam directions / width, and the ghost target may also have a higher semantic affinity with the reflected real target than the other ones. Thus, while different sensing nodes (e.g., the host sensing node 1406 and the aid sensing node (s) 1402) may detect the same real target with different views of the real target, the same ghost target may be less likely to be detected by different sensing nodes, since the multipath propagation channels are likely different for different sensing nodes. In some examples, the network entity 1404 may fuse the sensing measurements from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 and the host sensing node 1406 based on machine learning (ML) (e.g., based on using an ML model that is configured to detect ghost target (s) ) .
[0133] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of ghost targets observed by different sensing nodes in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. After performing the sensing, the host sensing node 1406 may observe / detect three ghost targets at three different locations as shown at 1502 (e.g., as described in connection with FIG. 12) and also the real target at shown 1506. On the other hand, as the aid sensing node 1402 is likely at a different location, after performing the sensing, the aid sensing node 1402 may observe / detect just one ghost target as shown at 1504 and also the real target at shown 1506. As such, based on the sensing information obtained by the host sensing node 1406 and the aid sensing node (s) 1402, the network entity 1404 may determine that the detection at 1506 is a real target, whereas detections at 1502 and 1504 are likely to be ghost targets.
[0134] Referring back to FIG. 14, at 1436, after the network entity 1404 identifies / detects the ghost target (s) 1414 (if any) , the network entity 1404 may transmit an indication 1416 to the host sensing node 1406 indicating the ghost target (s) 1414 (or in some examples indicating the real target) . In some examples, the communication flow 1400 may be referred to as network-based sensing, where sensing measurements from aid sensing nodes are reported to the network (also the host node reports its sensing measurement to the network) , and the network is configured to identify the ghost target (s) and / or the real target (s) (e.g., based on using advanced algorithms) . Then, the network may indicate the ghost target (s) and / or the real target (s) to the host sensing node. In some examples, the ghost target indication may include the quality (e.g., the reliability) of the indication. For example, the network entity 1404 may link / provide a probability or a likelihood ratio for each of the identified ghost target (s) 1414, where a higher probability / likelihood ratio may be assigned to a ghost target identified by the network entity 1404 with a higher confidence, and a lower probability / likelihood ratio may be assigned to a ghost target identified by the network entity 1404 with a lower confidence or without a high confidence. In some examples, the network entity 1404 may also be associated each ghost target in the ghost target (s) 1414 with a ghost target identification (ID) , and the network entity 1404 may include the ghost target IDs for the ghost target (s) 1414 in the indication 1416. Based on the indication 1416, the host sensing node 1406 may filter out the ghost target (s) 1414 from its sensing operation (s) .
[0135] FIG. 16 is a communication flow 1600 illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification (e.g., UE / sensing node-based) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The numberings associated with the communication flow 1600 do not specify a particular temporal order and are merely used as references for the communication flow 1600. Aspects presented herein provide UE-based sensing, where aid sensing node (s) may be configured to report the sensing measurement to the host sensing node (e.g., through the serving cell or radar server-based signaling) . Then, the host sensing node may be configured to fuse the sensing measurements from the aid sensing node (s) and also its own sensing measurements to filter out the ghost targets (e.g., from its sensing operation) .
[0136] At 1620, a host sensing node 1606 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B. The host sensing node 1606 may be a base station, a TRP, a roadside unit (RSU) , a UE, or a specified sensing device, etc.
[0137] At 1624, a network entity 1604 (e.g., a location server, an LMF, a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , etc. ) may transmit an inquiry 1608 to one or more aid sensing node (s) 1602 to inquire whether the aid sensing node (s) 1602 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1606) . In one example, the network entity 1604 may select the aid sensing node (s) 1602 for transmitting the inquiry 1608 based at least in part on the locations (e.g., approximate locations) of the aid sensing node (s) 1602. For example, the network entity 1604 may select aid sensing node (s) 1602 that are in proximity to the host sensing node 1606 or in proximity to the target or area to be sensed by the host sensing node 1606, etc. The aid sensing node (s) 1602 may be base station (s) , TRP (s) , roadside unit (s) (RSUs) , UE(s) , specified sensing device (s) , or a combination thereof.
[0138] At 1626, in response to the inquiry 1608, aid sensing node (s) 1602 that are able to assist the ghost target identification may transmit a confirmation 1610 to the network entity 1604 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) .
[0139] At 1628, based on the confirmation 1610, the network entity 1604 may transmit sensing configuration 1612 (e.g., assistance data) of the host sensing node 1606 to the aid sensing node (s) 1602. In one example, the sensing configuration 1612 may include the sensing waveform configuration used by the host sensing node 1606, time / frequency resource of the sensing performed by the host sensing node 1606, and / or the search window assistance data (e.g., to help the aid sensing node (s) 1602 to receive the sensing waveform transmitted from the host sensing node 1606, if the aid sensing node (s) 1602 are not synchronized with the host sensing node 1602 or the serving cell of the host sensing node 1606) .
[0140] At 1630, the aid sensing node (s) 1602 may perform a sensing operation based on the sensing configuration 1612. For example, the aid sensing node (s) 1602 may be configured to perform a bistatic sensing, where the aid sensing node (s) 1602 may receive RRS transmitted from the host sensing node 1606, such as described in connection with FIG. 7B.
[0141] Then, at 1632, the aid sensing node (s) 1602 may transmit their sensing measurement (s) to the host sensing node 1606. In one example, the aid sensing node (s) may transmit their sensing measurement (s) to the network entity 1604 first (e.g., through the serving cell or radar server-based signaling) , and then the network entity 1604 may forward the sensing measurement (s) to the host sensing node 1606. In another example, the aid sensing node (s) may transmit their sensing measurement (s) directly to the host sensing node 1606. The sensing measurement (s) may include range information of one or more targets detected, and / or Doppler distribution information of one or more targets detected, etc.
[0142] At 1634, based on the sensing measurements received from the aid sensing node (s) 1602, the host sensing node 1606 may perform ghost target identification / detection for identifying potential ghost target (s) 1614, such by fusing sensing measurements from aid sensing node (s) 1602 with its own sensing measurements (e.g., obtained at 1620) . As discussed in connection with FIGs. 14 and 15, a ghost target may be highly correlated with a sensing node’s location, and / or sensing beam directions / width, and the ghost target may also have a higher semantic affinity with the reflected real target than the other ones. Thus, while different sensing nodes (e.g., the host sensing node 1606 and the aid sensing node (s) 1602) may detect the same real target with different views of the real target, the same ghost target may be less likely to be detected by different sensing nodes, since the multipath propagation channels are likely different for different sensing nodes, such as shown by FIG. 15. In some examples, the host sensing node 1606 may fuse the sensing measurements from the aid sensing node (s) 1602 with its own sensing measurement based on machine learning (ML) (e.g., based on using an ML model that is configured to detect ghost target (s) ) . After the host sensing node 1606 identifies / detects the ghost target (s) 1614 (if any) , the host sensing node 1606 may filter out the identified / detected ghost target (s) 1614 from its sensing operation.
[0143] In some examples, the communication flow 1600 may be referred to as UE-based or sensing node-based sensing, where a host sensing node (e.g., the host sensing node 1606) is responsible for detecting the ghost target (s) and filter the ghost target (s) out to obtain the real target (e.g., different from the network-based sensing discussed in connection with FIG. 14 where the network or an SMF (sensing management function) is responsible for detecting the ghost targets) .
[0144] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a network may be configured to signal the sensing measurements / results of a host sensing node to aid sensing node (s) , which may be configured to sense the same area as the host sensing node. The aid sensing nodes may conduct monostatic or bi / multi-static sensing, where each aid sensing node may fuse its own sensing measurements with the sensing measurements / results of the host sensing node to identify ghost target (s) . Then, the aid sensing node (s) may report the potential ghost target to the network or the host sensing node. Similarly, the ghost target indication may include the quality (reliability) of the indication (for example, the probability / likelihood ratio of ghost target) , and / or the indication may include multiple ghost targets with their corresponding ghost target IDs, etc.
[0145] FIG. 17 is a communication flow 1700 illustrating an example of a multiple sensing nodes aided ghost target identification in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The numberings associated with the communication flow 1700 do not specify a particular temporal order and are merely used as references for the communication flow 1700. Aspects presented herein may enable a network entity to signal sensing measurements / results of a host sensing node to aid sensing node (s) , and the aid sensing node (s) may be configured to identify ghost target (s) based on the sensing measurements / results from the host sensing node and also from its own sensing measurement (s) .
[0146] At 1720, a host sensing node 1706 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B. The host sensing node 1706 may be a base station, a TRP, a roadside unit, a UE, or a specified sensing device, etc. Then, at 1722, the host sensing node 1706 may transmit its sensing measurement (s) / result (s) to a network entity 1704 (e.g., a location server, an LMF, a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , etc. ) . The sensing measurement (s) may include range information of one or more targets detected, and / or Doppler distribution information of one or more targets detected, etc.
[0147] At 1724, the network entity 1704 may transmit an inquiry 1708 to one or more aid sensing node (s) 1702 to inquire whether the aid sensing node (s) 1702 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1706) . In one example, the network entity 1704 may select the aid sensing node (s) 1702 for transmitting the inquiry 1708 based at least in part on the locations (e.g., approximate locations) of the aid sensing node (s) 1702. For example, the network entity 1704 may select aid sensing node (s) 1702 that are in proximity to the host sensing node 1706 or in proximity to the target or area to be sensed by the host sensing node 1706, etc. The aid sensing node (s) 1702 may be base station (s) , TRP (s) , roadside unit (s) (RSUs) , UE (s) , specified sensing device (s) , or a combination thereof.
[0148] At 1726, in response to the inquiry 1708, aid sensing node (s) 1702 that are able to assist the ghost target identification may transmit a confirmation 1710 to the network entity 1704 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) .
[0149] At 1728, the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B.
[0150] Then, at 1730, the network entity 1704 may forward the sensing measurement (s) of the host sensing node 1706 to the aid sensing node (s) 1702 (this may occur before the aid sensing node (s) perform the sensing operation) .
[0151] At 1732, based on the sensing measurement (s) of the host sensing node 1706 and their own sensing measurements, the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may fuse the sensing measurements to identify whether there is a ghost target (s) 1714. As discussed in connection with FIGs. 14, 15 and 16, a ghost target may be highly correlated with a sensing node’s location, and / or sensing beam directions / width, and the ghost target may also have a higher semantic affinity with the reflected real target than the other ones. Thus, while different sensing nodes (e.g., the host sensing node 1706 and the aid sensing node (s) 1702) may detect the same real target with different views of the real target, the same ghost target may be less likely to be detected by different sensing nodes, since the multipath propagation channels are likely different for different sensing nodes, such as shown by FIG. 15. Similarly, in some examples, the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may fuse the sensing measurements based on ML (e.g., based on using an ML model that is configured to detect ghost target (s) ) .
[0152] At 1734, after the aid sensing node (s) 1702 identify / detect the ghost target (s) 1714 (if any) , the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may report the identified ghost target (s) 1714 to the network entity 1704 (and the network entity 1704 may forward the identified ghost target (s) 1714 to the host sensing node 1706, or the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may report the identified ghost target (s) 1714 directly to the host sensing node 1706. In response, the host sensing node 1706 may filter out the identified ghost target (s) 1714 from its sensing operation. In some examples, the reporting of the identified ghost targets may include the quality (e.g., the reliability) of the ghost target identification. For example, the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may link / provide a probability or a likelihood ratio for each of the identified ghost target (s) 1714, where a higher probability / likelihood ratio may be assigned to a ghost target identified by the aid sensing node (s) 1702 with a higher confidence, and a lower probability / likelihood ratio may be assigned to a ghost target identified by the aid sensing node (s) 1702 with a lower confidence or without a high confidence. In some examples, the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may also associated each ghost target in the ghost target (s) 1714 with a ghost target ID, and the aid sensing node (s) 1702 may include the ghost target IDs for the ghost target (s) 1714 in the ghost target reporting.
[0153] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a sensing node (e.g., the host sensing node, the aid sensing node, etc. ) may further be configured to perform beam-based operation to identify ghost target (s) , such as performing sensing beam-based operation for ghost target detection in monostatic sensing.
[0154] FIG. 18 is diagram 1800 illustrating an example beam-based operation for identifying ghost target (s) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In one example, a sensing node 1802 may be configured to transmit RRS and receive reflected RRS using beams with different widths or angular domains. For example, as shown at 1804, the sensing node 1802 may apply transmit beamforming to illuminate the Tx beam (for transmitting an RRS) just a certain angular domain (e.g., a narrower angular domain) , and as shown at 1806, the sensing node 1802 may receive the reflected RRS using another / different angular domain (e.g., a wider angular domain) . Such implementation may provide a lower signaling overhead and latency for the sensing operation.
[0155] In one example, the sensing node 1802 may be able to identify whether a detection / target is likely to be a ghost target when there is a mismatch between the angle of the illuminated area and the angle under which a target is located. In another example, the sensing node 1802 may be configured to estimate the angle of departure (AoD) for each detected target. Then, if the AoD of a target minus the AoD of the Tx beam is greater than a threshold (e.g., |target AoD –Tx beam AoD| > threshold) , then that target is more likely to be a ghost target.
[0156] FIG. 19 is diagram 1900 illustrating an example beam-based operation for identifying ghost target (s) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In another example, a sensing node (e.g., an aid sensing node, a host sensing node, etc. ) may be configured to perform a narrow beam sweeping-based scheme for the sensing to reduce the possibility of ghost targets. For example, as shown at 1904, a sensing node 1902 may be configured to transmit an RRS using a first Tx beam (Tx beam 1) (e.g., a narrow beam toward a first direction) , transmit another RRS using a second Tx beam (Tx beam 2) (e.g., a narrow beam toward a second direction) , and transmit another RRS using up to an Nth Tx beam (Tx beam N) (e.g., a narrow beam toward an Nth direction) , etc. This may enable the sensing node 1902 to estimate whether a detection corresponds to a ghost target as the RRSs are transmitted to different directions (e.g., the location of the real target is likely to be consistent while ghost target (s) are more likely to have inconsistent location (s) ) .
[0157] In another aspect of the present disclosure, as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17, in some implementations, the ghost target detection may be performed based on ML (e.g., based on using an ML model that is configured / trained to identify ghost target (s) based on fusing sensing measurements from multiple sensing nodes) .
[0158] FIG. 20 is a communication flow 2000 illustrating an example of ML-based ghost target detection in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The numberings associated with the communication flow 2000 do not specify a particular temporal order and are merely used as references for the communication flow 2000. In one example, ML for sensing may be used to help the ghost target identification in multipath channel, where an ML-based classifier and model may be created to monitor the sensing.
[0159] At 2010, a sensing node 2002 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 7A and 7B. The sensing node 2002 may be a base station, a TRP, an RSU, a UE, or a specified sensing device, etc.
[0160] At 2012, the sensing node 2002 may determine that certain targets detected may be ghost targets, and the sensing node 2002 may determine whether to request a network entity 2004 (e.g., a location server, an LMF, a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , etc. ) for justifying the potential ghost target (s) using an ML model.
[0161] At 2014, if the sensing node 2002 determines to request the network entity 2004 to justify the potential ghost target (s) for the sensing node 2002, the sensing node 2002 may report its sensing measurements to the network entity 2004, such as to a point cloud associated with the network entity 2004. The point cloud may be based on a deep neural network that is capable of classifying real and ghost radar / sensing targets.
[0162] At 2016, the network entity may use an ML model (e.g., a trained ML model) to identify and remove the ghost target (s) from the sensing measurements provided by the sensing node 2002. Then, at 2018, the network entity 2004 may return the sensing measurements (with ghost target (s) removed) to the sensing node 2002 and / or indicate which measurements / detections are likely to be ghost targets to the sensing node 2002.
[0163] For the example described in connection with FIG. 20, the network entity 2004 has the ML capability to identify and remove the ghost target (s) if a sensing node considers there might be ghost target (s) in its sensing measurement (s) . In another example, the sensing node 2002 itself may have the ML capability, where the sensing node 2002 may remove the ghost target (s) by using a trained ML model. In addition, when justifying ghost target (s) in sensing measurement (s) , if two potential targets have two similar point distributions in a cluster, or similar Doppler distributions, the sensing node 2002 may determine that one of the two potential targets is likely a ghost target.
[0164] Aspects presented herein provide various ways to identify ghost targets. In one aspect, a network may request one or more nodes to be aid nodes for ghost target identification, and if the aid nodes agree, the network may signal the assistance data (e.g., configuration associated with the ghost target identification) for sensing waveform measurements of a host node to the aid nodes. Then, the host node and aid nodes may perform sensing. In one aspect, the aid nodes may report the sensing measurements to the network, the network fuses the sensing measurements and identifies the ghost target and reports the ghost target to the host node. In another aspect, the aid nodes may report the sensing measurements to the host node, the host node may fuse the sensing measurements and identify the ghost target. In another aspect, a network may request one or more nodes to be aid nodes for ghost target identification and if the aid nodes agree, the host node and the aid nodes may perform sensing, where the network may signal the sensing results of the host node to the aid nodes, and the aid nodes may fuse their own sensing with the sensing results of the host node to identify the ghost target. Also, the aid nodes may report the potential ghost target (s) to the network or the host node. In another aspect, transmit beamforming may be used to illuminate certain angular domain. In In another aspect, a mismatch between the angle of the illuminated area and the angle under which a target is located hints at a ghost target. In In another aspect, AoD per observed target is estimated, where if |target AoD –Tx beam AoD|> threshold, the related target is more likely a ghost target.
[0165] FIG. 21 is a flowchart 2100 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a network entity (e.g., the one or more location servers 168; the network entity 1404, 1604, 1704, 2004, 2360) . The method may enable the network entity to coordinate multiple sensing nodes (e.g., aid sensing node (s) and a host sensing nodes) for ghost target identification.
[0166] At 2102, the network entity may transmit, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1424 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may transmit an inquiry 1408 to one or more aid sensing node (s) 1402 to inquire whether the aid sensing node (s) 1402 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1406) . The transmission of the request may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0167] In one example, the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0168] At 2104, the network entity may receive, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1426 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may receive a confirmation 1410 from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) . The reception of the confirmation may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0169] At 2106, the network entity may transmit, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1428 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may transmit sensing configuration 1412 (e.g., assistance data) of the host sensing node 1406 to the aid sensing node (s) 1402. The transmission of the assistance data for performing the RF sensing may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0170] In one example, the assistance data for the RF sensing may include: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0171] At 2108, the network entity may receive at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1422 and 1432 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may receive sensing measurements received from the host sensing node 1406 and the aid sensing node (s) 1402, respectively. The reception of the first set of RF sensing measurements and / or the second set of RF sensing measurements may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0172] In one example, the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0173] In another example, the at least one first network node or the second network node may include a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0174] In another example, the set of first network nodes may be a set of aid sensing nodes, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0175] In another example, at 2110, the network entity may identify that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements, and transmit, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target, such as described in connection with FIG. 14. For example, at 1434 of FIG. 14, based on the sensing measurements received from the host sensing node 1406 (at 1422) and from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 (at 1432) , the network entity 1404 may perform ghost target identification / detection for identifying potential ghost target (s) 1414. At 1436, after the network entity 1404 identifies / detects the ghost target (s) 1414 (if any) , the network entity 1404 may transmit an indication 1416 to the host sensing node 1406 indicating the ghost target (s) 1414 (or in some examples indicating the real target) . The identification of the at least one ghost target and / or the transmission of the information may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.In some implementations, the information associated with the at least one ghost target may include a reliability of the information or a set of ghost targets including corresponding ghost IDs.
[0176] In another example, the network entity may identify whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using an ML model, and remove the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model, such as described in connection with FIG. 20.
[0177] In another example, at 2112, the network entity may forward the first set of RF sensing measurements to the second network node, such as described in connection with FIG. 16.For example, at 1632 of FIG. 16, the network entity 1604 may forward the sensing measurement (s) from the aid sensing node (s) 1602 to the host sensing node 1606. The forwarding of the first set of RF sensing measurements may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0178] In another example, at 2114, the network entity may select the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, the network entity 1404 may select aid sensing node (s) 1402 that are in proximity to the host sensing node 1406 or in proximity to the target or area to be sensed by the host sensing node 1406, etc. The selection of the set of first network nodes may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0179] In another example, the network entity may receive a set of sensing results from the second network node, forward the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node, and receive, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node, such as described in connection with FIGs. 17.
[0180] In another example, the network entity may configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain, such as described in connection with FIG. 18.
[0181] In another example, the network entity may configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping, such as described in connection with FIG. 19.
[0182] FIG. 22 is a flowchart 2200 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a network entity (e.g., the one or more location servers 168; the network entity 1404, 1604, 1704, 2004, 2360) . The method may enable the network entity to coordinate multiple sensing nodes (e.g., aid sensing node (s) and a host sensing nodes) for ghost target identification.
[0183] At 2202, the network entity may transmit, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1424 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may transmit an inquiry 1408 to one or more aid sensing node (s) 1402 to inquire whether the aid sensing node (s) 1402 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1406) . The transmission of the request may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0184] In one example, the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0185] At 2204, the network entity may receive, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1426 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may receive a confirmation 1410 from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) . The reception of the confirmation may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0186] At 2206, the network entity may transmit, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1428 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may transmit sensing configuration 1412 (e.g., assistance data) of the host sensing node 1406 to the aid sensing node (s) 1402. The transmission of the assistance data for performing the RF sensing may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0187] In one example, the assistance data for the RF sensing may include: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0188] At 2208, the network entity may receive at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1422 and 1432 of FIG. 14, the network entity 1404 may receive sensing measurements received from the host sensing node 1406 and the aid sensing node (s) 1402, respectively. The reception of the first set of RF sensing measurements and / or the second set of RF sensing measurements may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0189] In one example, the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0190] In another example, the at least one first network node or the second network node may include a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0191] In another example, the set of first network nodes may be a set of aid sensing nodes, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0192] In another example, the network entity may identify that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements, and transmit, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target, such as described in connection with FIG. 14. For example, at 1434 of FIG. 14, based on the sensing measurements received from the host sensing node 1406 (at 1422) and from the aid sensing node (s) 1402 (at 1432) , the network entity 1404 may perform ghost target identification / detection for identifying potential ghost target (s) 1414. At 1436, after the network entity 1404 identifies / detects the ghost target (s) 1414 (if any) , the network entity 1404 may transmit an indication 1416 to the host sensing node 1406 indicating the ghost target (s) 1414 (or in some examples indicating the real target) . The identification of the at least one ghost target and / or the transmission of the information may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.In some implementations, the information associated with the at least one ghost target may include a reliability of the information or a set of ghost targets including corresponding ghost IDs.
[0193] In another example, the network entity may identify whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using an ML model, and remove the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model, such as described in connection with FIG. 20.
[0194] In another example, the network entity may forward the first set of RF sensing measurements to the second network node, such as described in connection with FIG. 16.For example, at 1632 of FIG. 16, the network entity 1604 may forward the sensing measurement (s) from the aid sensing node (s) 1602 to the host sensing node 1606. The forwarding of the first set of RF sensing measurements may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0195] In another example, the network entity may select the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17.For example, the network entity 1404 may select aid sensing node (s) 1402 that are in proximity to the host sensing node 1406 or in proximity to the target or area to be sensed by the host sensing node 1406, etc. The selection of the set of first network nodes may be performed by, e.g., the sensing nodes coordination component 197, the network processor 2312, and / or the network interface 2380 of the network entity 2360 in FIG. 23.
[0196] In another example, the network entity may receive a set of sensing results from the second network node, forward the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node, and receive, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node, such as described in connection with FIGs. 17.
[0197] In another example, the network entity may configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain, such as described in connection with FIG. 18.
[0198] In another example, the network entity may configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping, such as described in connection with FIG. 19.
[0199] FIG. 23 is a diagram 2300 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2360. In one example, the network entity 2360 may be within the core network 120. The network entity 2360 may include a network processor 2312. The network processor 2312 may include on-chip memory 2312'. In some aspects, the network entity 2360 may further include additional memory modules 2314. The network entity 2360 communicates via the network interface 2380 directly (e.g., backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., through a RIC) with the CU 2302. The on-chip memory 2312' and the additional memory modules 2314 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. The processor 2312 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) causes the processor (s) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) when executing software.
[0200] As discussed supra, the sensing nodes coordination component 197 may be configured to transmit, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification. The sensing nodes coordination component 197 may also be configured to receive, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The sensing nodes coordination component 197 may also be configured to transmit, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The sensing nodes coordination component 197 may also be configured to receive at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node. The sensing nodes coordination component 197 may be within the processor 2312. The sensing nodes coordination component 197 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. The network entity 2360 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2360 may include means for transmitting, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification. The network entity 2360 may further include means for receiving, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The network entity 2360 may further include means for transmitting, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The network entity 2360 may further include means for receiving at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.
[0201] In one configuration, the RF sensing may be associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0202] In another configuration, the assistance data for the RF sensing may include: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0203] In another configuration, the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0204] In another configuration, the at least one first network node or the second network node may include a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0205] In another configuration, the set of first network nodes may be a set of aid sensing nodes, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0206] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for identifying that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements, and means for transmitting, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target. In some implementations, the information associated with the at least one ghost target may include a reliability of the information or a set of ghost targets including corresponding ghost IDs.
[0207] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for identifying whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using an ML model, and means for removing the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model.
[0208] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for forwarding the first set of RF sensing measurements to the second network node.
[0209] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for selecting the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target.
[0210] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for receiving a set of sensing results from the second network node, means for forwarding the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node, and means for receiving, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node.
[0211] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain.
[0212] In another configuration, the network entity 2360 may further include means for configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.
[0213] The means may be the sensing nodes coordination component 197 of the network entity 2360 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0214] FIG. 24 is a flowchart 2400 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first network node (e.g., the UE 104, 404; the base station 102; the RF sensing node 902, 1002, 1902, 2002; the aid sensing node (s) 1402, 1602, 1702; the apparatus 2504) . The method may enable the first network node to assist a second network node with ghost target identification.
[0215] At 2402, the first network node may receive, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1424 of FIG. 14, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may receive an inquiry 1408 from the network entity 1404 inquiring whether the aid sensing node (s) 1402 are able to assist ghost target identification (e.g., for the host sensing node 1406) . The reception of the request may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2534, the application processor 2506, the cellular baseband processor 2524, and / or the transceiver (s) 2522 of the apparatus 2504 in FIG. 25.
[0216] At 2404, the first network node may transmit, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1426 of FIG. 14, in response to the inquiry 1408, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 that are able to assist the ghost target identification may transmit a confirmation 1410 to the network entity 1404 confirming their abilities / capabilities to assist the ghost target identification (e.g., which may include performing sensing) . The transmission of the confirmation may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2534, the application processor 2506, the cellular baseband processor 2524, and / or the transceiver (s) 2522 of the apparatus 2504 in FIG. 25.
[0217] At 2406, the first network node may receive, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17.For example, at 1428 of FIG. 14, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may receive sensing configuration 1412 (e.g., assistance data) of the host sensing node 1406 from the network entity 1404. The reception of the assistance data for performing the RF sensing may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2534, the application processor 2506, the cellular baseband processor 2524, and / or the transceiver (s) 2522 of the apparatus 2504 in FIG. 25.
[0218] At 2408, the first network node may perform the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1430 of FIG. 14, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may perform a sensing operation based on the sensing configuration 1412. For example, the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may be configured to perform a bistatic sensing, where the aid sensing node (s) 1402 may receive RRS transmitted from the host sensing node 1406. The RF sensing may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2534, the application processor 2506, the cellular baseband processor 2524, and / or the transceiver (s) 2522 of the apparatus 2504 in FIG. 25.
[0219] In one example, the first network node may transmit the set of RF sensing measurements for the network entity or a second network node.
[0220] In another example, the first network node or the second network node may be a UE, a TRP, an RSU, or a sensing device.
[0221] In another example, the first network node may be an aid sensing node, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0222] In another example, the first network node may receive a set of sensing results performed by a second network node, identify that there is at least one ghost target based on the set of RF sensing measurements and the set of sensing results, and transmit, for the network entity or the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.
[0223] In another example, the assistance data for the RF sensing may include: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0224] In another example, the set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0225] In another example, the RF sensing may be associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0226] FIG. 25 is a diagram 2500 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2504. The apparatus 2504 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2504 may include a cellular baseband processor 2524 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2522 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor 2524 may include on-chip memory 2524'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2504 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 2520 and an application processor 2506 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2508 and a screen 2510. The application processor 2506 may include on-chip memory 2506'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2504 may further include a Bluetooth module 2512, a WLAN module 2514, an SPS module 2516 (e.g., GNSS module) , a sensing module 2534 (e.g., for performing sensing operation) , one or more sensor modules 2518 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2526, a power supply 2530, and / or a camera 2532. The Bluetooth module 2512, the WLAN module 2514, and the SPS module 2516 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 2512, the WLAN module 2514, and the SPS module 2516 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2580 for communication. The cellular baseband processor 2524 communicates through the transceiver (s) 2522 via one or more antennas 2580 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2502. The cellular baseband processor 2524 and the application processor 2506 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 2524', 2506', respectively. The additional memory modules 2526 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2524', 2506', 2526 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 2524 and the application processor 2506 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506, causes the cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor 2524 / application processor 2506 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2504 may be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or the application processor 2506, and in another configuration, the apparatus 2504 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 2504.
[0227] As discussed supra, the ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be configured to receive, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may also be configured to transmit, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may also be configured to receive, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may also be configured to perform the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be within the cellular baseband processor 2524, the application processor 2506, or both the cellular baseband processor 2524 and the application processor 2506. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, the apparatus 2504 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2504, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 2524 and / or the application processor 2506, may include means for receiving, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification. The apparatus 2504 may further include means for transmitting, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing. The apparatus 2504 may further include means for receiving, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing. The apparatus 2504 may further include means for performing the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements.
[0228] In one configuration, the apparatus 2504 may further include means for transmitting the set of RF sensing measurements for the network entity or a second network node.
[0229] In another configuration, the first network node or the second network node may be a UE, a TRP, an RSU, or a sensing device.
[0230] In another configuration, the first network node may be an aid sensing node, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0231] In another configuration, the apparatus 2504 may further include means for receiving a set of sensing results performed by a second network node, means for identifying that there is at least one ghost target based on the set of RF sensing measurements and the set of sensing results, and means for transmitting, for the network entity or the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.
[0232] In another configuration, the assistance data for the RF sensing may include: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0233] In another configuration, the set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0234] In another configuration, the RF sensing may be associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0235] The means may be the ghost target identification component 198 / 199 of the apparatus 2504 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 2504 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0236] FIG. 26 is a flowchart 2600 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a second network node (e.g., the UE 104, 404; the base station 102; the RF sensing node 902, 1002, 1902, 2002; the host sensing node 1406, 1606, 1706; the apparatus 2704) . The method may enable the second network node to receive assistance with ghost target identification from a network entity and / or from one or more first network nodes.
[0237] At 2602, the second network node may perform RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1620 of FIG. 16, the host sensing node 1606 may be configured to perform a sensing operation, which may be monostatic sensing and / or bistatic sensing. The RF sensing may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2734, the application processor 2706, the cellular baseband processor 2724, and / or the transceiver (s) 2722 of the apparatus 2704 in FIG. 27.
[0238] At 2604, the second network node may receive, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1632 of FIG. 16, after the network entity 1604 identifies / detects the ghost target (s) 1414 (if any) , the host sensing node 1606 may receive sensing measurements performed by the aid sensing node (s) from the aid sensing node (s) 1602. The reception of the second set of RF sensing measurements or the indication may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2734, the application processor 2706, the cellular baseband processor 2724, and / or the transceiver (s) 2722 of the apparatus 2704 in FIG. 27.
[0239] At 2606, the second network node may determine whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication, such as described in connection with FIGs. 14, 16, and 17. For example, at 1634 of FIG. 16, based on the sensing measurements received from the aid sensing node (s) 1602, the host sensing node 1606 may perform ghost target identification / detection for identifying potential ghost target (s) 1614, such by fusing sensing measurements from aid sensing node (s) 1602 with its own sensing measurements (e.g., obtained at 1620) . The determination of whether there is a ghost target may be performed by, e.g., the ghost target identification component 198 / 199, the sensing module 2734, the application processor 2706, the cellular baseband processor 2724, and / or the transceiver (s) 2722 of the apparatus 2704 in FIG. 27.
[0240] In one example, the second network node may transmit, for the network entity or the at least one first network node, the first set of RF sensing measurements, where the indication is received based on the first set of RF sensing measurements.
[0241] In another example, to perform the RF sensing, the second network node may transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain may be wider than the first angular domain.
[0242] In another example, to perform the RF sensing, the second network node may transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.
[0243] In another example, the at least one first network node or the second network node may include a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0244] In another example, the at least one first network node may be at least one aid sensing node, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0245] In another example, the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0246] In another example, the RF sensing may be associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0247] FIG. 27 is a diagram 2700 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2704. The apparatus 2704 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2704 may include a cellular baseband processor 2724 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2722 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor 2724 may include on-chip memory 2724'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2704 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 2720 and an application processor 2706 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2708 and a screen 2710. The application processor 2706 may include on-chip memory 2706'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2704 may further include a Bluetooth module 2712, a WLAN module 2714, an SPS module 2716 (e.g., GNSS module) , a sensing module 2734 (e.g., for performing sensing operation) , one or more sensor modules 2718 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2726, a power supply 2730, and / or a camera 2732. The Bluetooth module 2712, the WLAN module 2714, and the SPS module 2716 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 2712, the WLAN module 2714, and the SPS module 2716 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2780 for communication. The cellular baseband processor 2724 communicates through the transceiver (s) 2722 via one or more antennas 2780 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2702. The cellular baseband processor 2724 and the application processor 2706 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 2724', 2706', respectively. The additional memory modules 2726 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2724', 2706', 2726 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 2724 and the application processor 2706 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 2724 / application processor 2706, causes the cellular baseband processor 2724 / application processor 2706 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 2724 / application processor 2706 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor 2724 / application processor 2706 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2704 may be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor 2724 and / or the application processor 2706, and in another configuration, the apparatus 2704 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 2704.
[0248] As discussed supra, the ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be configured to perform RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may also be configured to receive, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may also be configured to determine whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be within the cellular baseband processor 2724, the application processor 2706, or both the cellular baseband processor 2724 and the application processor 2706. The ghost target identification component 198 / 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, the apparatus 2704 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2704, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 2724 and / or the application processor 2706, may include means for performing RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements. The apparatus 2704 may further include means for receiving, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing. The apparatus 2704 may further include means for determining whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication.
[0249] In one configuration, the apparatus 2704 may further include means for transmitting, for the network entity or the at least one first network node, the first set of RF sensing measurements, where the indication is received based on the first set of RF sensing measurements.
[0250] In another configuration, the means for performing the RF sensing may include configuring the apparatus 2704 to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain may be wider than the first angular domain.
[0251] In another configuration, the means for performing the RF sensing may include configuring the apparatus 2704 to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.
[0252] In another configuration, the at least one first network node or the second network node may include a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0253] In another configuration, the at least one first network node may be at least one aid sensing node, the second network node may be a host sensing node, and the network entity may be a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0254] In another configuration, the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements may include: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0255] In another configuration, the RF sensing may be associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0256] The means may be the ghost target identification component 198 / 199 of the apparatus 2704 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 2704 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0257] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0258] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0259] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0260] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0261] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a network entity, including: transmitting, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification; receiving, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing; transmitting, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; and receiving at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.
[0262] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, further including: identifying that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements; and transmitting, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.
[0263] Aspect 3 is the method of aspect 2, where the information associated with the at least one ghost target includes a reliability of the information or a set of ghost targets including corresponding ghost IDs.
[0264] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 3, further including: forwarding the first set of RF sensing measurements to the second network node.
[0265] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, further including: selecting the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target.
[0266] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 5, further including: receiving a set of sensing results from the second network node; forwarding the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node; and receiving, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node.
[0267] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 6, further including: configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain.
[0268] Aspect 8 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 7, further including: configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.
[0269] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 8, further including: identifying whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using a machine learning (ML) model; and removing the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model.
[0270] Aspect 10 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 9, where the assistance data for the RF sensing includes: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0271] Aspect 11 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 10, where the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements includes: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0272] Aspect 12 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 11, where the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0273] Aspect 13 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 12, where the at least one first network node or the second network node includes a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0274] Aspect 14 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 13, where the set of first network nodes is a set of aid sensing nodes, where the second network node is a host sensing node, and where the network entity is a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0275] Aspect 15 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, including: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 1 to 14.
[0276] Aspect 16 is the apparatus of aspect 15, further including at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.
[0277] Aspect 17 is an apparatus for wireless communication including means for implementing any of aspects 1 to 14.
[0278] Aspect 18 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by a processor causes the processor to implement any of aspects 1 to 14.
[0279] Aspect 19 is a method of wireless communication at a first network node, including: receiving, from a network entity, a request to perform RF sensing for ghost target identification; transmitting, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing; receiving, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; and performing the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements.
[0280] Aspect 20 is the method of aspect 19, further including: transmitting the set of RF sensing measurements for the network entity or a second network node.
[0281] Aspect 21 is the method of aspect 20, where the first network node or the second network node is a UE, a TRP, an RSU, or a sensing device.
[0282] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 20, where the first network node is an aid sensing node, where the second network node is a host sensing node, and where the network entity is a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0283] Aspect 23 is the method of any of aspects 19 to 22, further including: receiving a set of sensing results performed by a second network node; identifying that there is at least one ghost target based on the set of RF sensing measurements and the set of sensing results; and transmitting, for the network entity or the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.
[0284] Aspect 24 is the method of any of aspects 19 to 23, where the assistance data for the RF sensing includes: a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform, a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing, search window assistance data, or a combination thereof.
[0285] Aspect 25 is the method of any of aspects 19 to 24, where the set of RF sensing measurements includes: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0286] Aspect 26 is the method of any of aspects 19 to 25, where the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0287] Aspect 27 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a first network node, including: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 19 to 26.
[0288] Aspect 28 is the apparatus of aspect 27, further including at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.
[0289] Aspect 29 is an apparatus for wireless communication including means for implementing any of aspects 19 to 26.
[0290] Aspect 30 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by a processor causes the processor to implement any of aspects 19 to 26.
[0291] Aspect 31 is a method of wireless communication at a second network node, including: performing RF sensing to obtain a first set of RF sensing measurements; receiving, from a network entity or at least one first network node, a second set of RF sensing measurements or an indication of whether there is at least one ghost target associated with the RF sensing; and determining whether there is a ghost target based on the first RF sensing measurement and the second set of RF sensing measurements, or based on the indication.
[0292] Aspect 32 is the method of aspect 31, further including: transmitting, for the network entity or the at least one first network node, the first set of RF sensing measurements, where the indication is received based on the first set of RF sensing measurements.
[0293] Aspect 33 is the method of any of aspect 31 or aspect 32, where performing the RF sensing includes: transmitting RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, where the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain.
[0294] Aspect 34 is the method of any of aspects 31 to 33, where performing the RF sensing includes: transmitting RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.
[0295] Aspect 35 is the method of any of aspects 31 to 34, where the at least one first network node or the second network node includes a UE, a TRP, an RSU, a sensing device, or a combination thereof.
[0296] Aspect 36 is the method of any of aspects 31 to 35, where the at least one first network node is at least one aid sensing node, the second network node is a host sensing node, and where the network entity is a sensing server, a sensing management function, a location server, or a location management function.
[0297] Aspect 37 is the method of any of aspects 31 to 36, where the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements includes: range information, Doppler distribution information, or a combination thereof.
[0298] Aspect 38 is the method of any of aspects 31 to 37, where the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.
[0299] Aspect 39 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a second network node, including: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 31 to 38.
[0300] Aspect 40 is the apparatus of aspect 39, further including at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.
[0301] Aspect 41 is an apparatus for wireless communication including means for implementing any of aspects 31 to 38.
[0302] Aspect 42 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code, where the code when executed by a processor causes the processor to implement any of aspects 31 to 26.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on first information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform radio frequency (RF) sensing for ghost target identification;receive, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing;transmit, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; andreceive at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:identify that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements; andtransmit, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the information associated with the at least one ghost target includes a reliability of the information or a set of ghost targets including corresponding ghost target identifications (IDs) .4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:forward the first set of RF sensing measurements to the second network node.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:select the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:receive a set of sensing results from the second network node;forward the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node; andreceive, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, wherein the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:configure the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:identify whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using a machine learning (ML) model; andremove the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the assistance data for the RF sensing includes:a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform,a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing,search window assistance data, ora combination thereof.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements includes:range information,Doppler distribution information, ora combination thereof.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one first network node or the second network node includes a user equipment (UE) , a transmission-reception point (TRP) , a roadside unit (RSU) , a sensing device, or a combination thereof.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the set of first network nodes is a set of aid sensing nodes, wherein the second network node is a host sensing node, and wherein the network entity is a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , a location server, or a location management function (LMF) .15.A method of wireless communication at a network entity, comprising:transmitting, for a set of first network nodes, a request to perform radio frequency (RF) sensing for ghost target identification;receiving, from at least one first network node in the set of first network nodes, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing;transmitting, for the at least one first network node, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; andreceiving at least one of a first set of RF sensing measurements from the at least one first network node or a second set of RF sensing measurements from a second network node.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising:identifying that there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements; andtransmitting, for the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.17.The method of claim 15, further comprising:selecting the set of first network nodes based on a location of each of the set of first network nodes or based on an approximate location of a sensing target.18.The method of claim 15, further comprising:receiving a set of sensing results from the second network node;forwarding the set of sensing results to the at least one first network node; andreceiving, from the at least one first network node, an indication of at least one ghost target based on the set of sensing results and the first set of RF sensing measurements performed by the at least one first network node.19.The method of claim 15, further comprising:configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals towards a first angular domain and receive reflected RF sensing signals on a second angular domain, wherein the second angular domain is wider than the first angular domain.20.The method of claim 15, further comprising:configuring the at least one first network node or the second network node to transmit RF sensing signals based on beam sweeping.21.The method of claim 15, further comprising:identifying whether there is at least one ghost target based on the first set of RF sensing measurements and the second set of RF sensing measurements using a machine learning (ML) model; andremoving the at least one ghost target from the first set of RF sensing measurements or the second set of RF sensing measurements based on the at least one ghost target being identified by the ML model.22.An apparatus for wireless communication at a first network node, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on first information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to:receive, from a network entity, a request to perform radio frequency (RF) sensing for ghost target identification;transmit, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing;receive, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; andperform the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements.23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:transmit the set of RF sensing measurements for the network entity or a second network node.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first network node or the second network node is a user equipment (UE) , a transmission-reception point (TRP) , a roadside unit (RSU) , or a sensing device.25.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first network node is an aid sensing node, wherein the second network node is a host sensing node, and wherein the network entity is a sensing server, a sensing management function (SMF) , a location server, or a location management function (LMF) .26.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:receive a set of sensing results performed by a second network node;identify that there is at least one ghost target based on the set of RF sensing measurements and the set of sensing results; andtransmit, for the network entity or the second network node, information associated with the at least one ghost target.27.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the assistance data for the RF sensing includes:a sensing waveform configuration for transmitting a sensing waveform or for receiving the sensing waveform,a time / frequency resource for the RF sensing,search window assistance data, ora combination thereof.28.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the set of RF sensing measurements includes:range information,Doppler distribution information, ora combination thereof.29.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the RF sensing is associated with monostatic sensing or bistatic sensing.30.A method of wireless communication at a first network node, comprising:receiving, from a network entity, a request to perform radio frequency (RF) sensing for ghost target identification;transmitting, for the network entity, a confirmation to perform the RF sensing;receiving, from the network entity, assistance data for performing the RF sensing; andperforming the RF sensing based on the assistance data to obtain a set of RF sensing measurements.