Polysaccharide polymer compositions, products and related methods

Abstract

Described herein are consumable polymeric compositions, products of, and methods of making the same.

Description

POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, PRODUCTS AND RELATED METHODS CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 491,943, filed on 23rdMarch, 2023, of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[0002] Efficiently and sustainably increasing the abundance of, and improving the functional properties of, compositions is of importance in several industries. Increased capability to produce more of a composition with non-linear increase in inputs (energy, land, fertilizer, water) is thus of value. Of particular interest are compositions that can modulate mechanical properties and can be manufactured from renewable raw materials. Plants are one of the most abundant renewable raw materials, which comprise structural polymers (e.g. polysaccharides in plant cell walls in stems and stalks) and components with non-structural roles (e.g. polysaccharides for energy storage in grains and seed), which often predominate in anatomically different parts of plants. While components with non-structural roles are used ubiquitously across different industries, structural polymers such as plant cell wall polysaccharides remain a largely underutilized resource, despite being amongst the most abundant biological materials in the world. Better utilization of structural polymers to modulate mechanical properties across products in different industries represents a great opportunity.

[0003] One pertinent industry is the food industry. Consumers and industries show increasing demand for more nutritious and more sustainable foods, increasing with the general public's nutritional knowledge and time pressures. The growing global population increases pressure on the food industry to produce more food, while concomitant environmental concerns require this to be done in a sustainable way. Of particular interest to consumers are foods that have fewer ingredients and utilize fewer resources, and that have lower calories, lower calorific carbohydrates, and higher fiber, though it remains challenging to produce sustainable products that have comparable or better sensory profiles than products made using only traditional, non-structural polysaccharide compositions. Common choices amongst people seeking nutritious staples are pastas, noodles, biscuits, crackers, bread, gels, rheology modulators and thickeners. Some of these food choices can be made from consumable polymer compositions.SUMMARY

[0004] In one aspect, described herein are methods of producing a substantially dry consumable polymer composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating a plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of a lignocellulose-rich fraction of a plant biomass. In some embodiments, the methods comprise drying of a pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fraction of a plant biomass to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of a lignocellulose-poor fraction of a plant biomass. In some embodiments, the methods comprise drying of a pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fraction of a plant biomass to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining a plurality of substantially dry fractions of a pretreated plant biomass to produce a substantially dry consumable polymer composition.

[0005] In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises a substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction and a substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5. In some embodiments, the substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction and / or the substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction is a powder.

[0006] In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating a plant biomass source to produce one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s). In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) of a plant biomass. In some embodiments, the methods comprise drying of a pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fraction of a plant biomass to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of a lignocellulose-poor fraction of a plant biomass. In some embodiments, the methods comprise drying of a pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fraction of a plant biomass to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining a plurality of substantially dry fractions of a pretreated plant biomass to produce a substantially dry consumable polymer composition.

[0007] In some embodiments, the one or more substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction and at least one insoluble lignocellulose- rich fraction.

[0008] In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating a biomass source comprising a biomass from the family Poaceae (e.g. biomass from a Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena genera) into a first fraction comprising biomass from stalks, stems, cobs, shells, leaves, tubers, husks and / or hulls, the first fraction comprising a lignocellulose content of greater than 50% w / w, and a second fraction, comprising biomass from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap, the second fraction comprising a lignocellulose content of less than 25% w / w. In some embodiments, the methods comprise pre-treating of the first fraction to reduce a size of particles comprised in the first fraction to less than 500 µm and applying a thermochemical treatment to the first fraction by incubating the first fraction at a fixed temperature for greater than about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the methods comprise pre-treating the second fraction to reduce a size of particles comprised in the second fraction to less than 500 µm and applying a thermochemical treatment to the second fraction by incubating the second fraction at a fixed temperature for greater than about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining the incubated fractions to produce a polymer composition.

[0009] In some embodiments, greater than 75% of the composition dry w / w comprises biomass from the same taxonomic genus and the polymer composition comprises: (i) a first fraction and a second fraction in a ratio from about 25:75 to 75:25; (ii) 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharide; (iii) 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharide; and (iv) 10–50% dry w / w starch polysaccharide.

[0010] In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating a plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining the fractions to produce a combined fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise drying the combined fraction to form a substantially dry polymer composition. In some embodiments, the substantially dry polymer composition comprises a lignocellulose-rich fraction of (b) and a lignocellulose-poor fraction of step (c) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5.

[0011] In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of a plant biomass source comprising greater than 75% w / w of biomass from a single taxonomic genus and a lignocellulose-rich fraction of plants and a lignocellulose-poor fraction of plants in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5 to yield a pretreated biomass. In some embodiments, the methods comprisedrying the pretreated biomass to form the substantially dry powder polymer composition. In some embodiments, the substantially dry powder polymer composition comprises 5 – 95% dry w / w lignocellulose.

[0012] In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating of a first plant biomass source to produce a first lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments on the lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise fractionating a second plant biomass source from the same taxonomic genera as the first plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fraction. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining a plurality of powders to produce a consumable foodstuff composition.

[0013] In some embodiments, the consumable foodstuff composition comprises a powder of a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a powder of a lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5.

[0014] In some embodiments, the plant biomass source comprises primarily biomass from species within the following genera: Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus, Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos. In some embodiments, the plant biomass source comprises biomass from one or more species within a single genus. In some embodiments, the plant biomass source comprises >75% dry w / w of biomass from one or more species within a single genus.

[0015] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises >50% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction of comprises >70% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises >80% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises at least 3 times more lignocellulose than the lignocellulose-poor fraction on a % dry w / w basis.

[0016] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks, hulls, and / or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <50% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <30% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <10% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises at least 3 times less lignocellulose than the lignocellulose- rich fraction on a % dry w / w basis.

[0017] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >10% dry w / w sugar, >10% dry w / w starch, >10% dry w / w protein and / or >10% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >20% dry w / w sugar, >20% dry w / w starch, >20% dry w / w protein and / or >20% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >30% dry w / w sugar, >30% dry w / w starch, >30% dry w / w protein and / or >30% dry w / w fat.

[0018] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >40% dry w / w sugar, >40% dry w / w starch, >40% dry w / w protein and / or >40% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction of comprises primarily grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap and / or derivatives thereof.

[0019] In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) is an insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s).

[0020] In some embodiments, the one or more insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise: at least 35 dry wt.% total of: cellulose and hemicellulose, less than 20 dry wt.% protein, less than 60 dry wt.% starch, and at least 0.1 dry wt.% lignin.

[0021] In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) collectively comprise: at least 5 dry wt.% starch, less than 35 dry wt.% total of: cellulose and hemicellulose, and at least 1 dry wt.% protein.

[0022] In some embodiments, the one or more insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one lignocellulose-rich fraction comprising less than 10 dry wt.% starch and less than 5 dry wt.% protein.

[0023] In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise less than 10 dry wt.% starch and less than 5 dry wt.% protein, and are a stem-derived fraction, a husk- derived fraction, a hull-derived, a haulm-derived fraction, a cob-derived fraction, a leaves-derived fraction, or a straw-derived fraction.

[0024] In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) are substantially free of resistant starch, iso-maltooligosaccharides, mucilaginous polysaccharides and dextrins.

[0025] In some embodiments, the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose- rich fraction(s) are derived from a stems, husks, leaves, cobs, hulls, haulm, straw or a combination thereof.

[0026] In some embodiments, the one or more pre-treatments comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling). In some embodiments, the one or more pre-treatments comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30°C. In some embodiments, the one or more pre-treatments comprise chemical pre- treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, hot steam, alkali and / or acidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment). In some embodiments, the one or more pre-treatments comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, or lyase or LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

[0027] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling).

[0028] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30 °C.

[0029] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise chemical pre-treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, hot steam, alkali and / or acidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment).

[0030] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, lyase, LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

[0031] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling).

[0032] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30 °C.

[0033] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise chemical pre-treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, hot steam, alkali and / oracidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment).

[0034] In some embodiments, the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, lyase, LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

[0035] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises greater than 50% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 70% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 80% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 50% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises 10-50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides and / or 10-40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises 10-50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides and / or 1-50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises less than 50% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises less than 20% dry w / w lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises 10-50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1-20% dry w / w protein and / or 1-20% dry w / w fat.

[0036] In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 1:9 to 9:1. In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 1:4 to 4:1. In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 1:3 to 3:1

[0037] In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio from about 1:2 to 2:1. In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises 10-50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides and / or 1-40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides.

[0038] In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition comprises 10-50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1-20% dry w / w protein and / or 1-20% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition is further used to make a finished food product (e.g. a pasta product, a bakery product, a cereal product, a candy product, and / or aconfectionery product). In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition required less land (e.g. about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 80% less land) per weight unit of composition to produce compared to production of a control consumable polymer composition.

[0039] In some embodiments, the dry consumable polymer composition produced fewer greenhouse gases (e.g. about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 80% less greenhouse gasses) per unit weight to produce compared to production of a control consumable polymer composition.

[0040] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction, prior to being combined with the lignocellulose-poor fraction, is fractionated into a hemicellulose-rich fraction and a cellulose-rich fraction, and wherein the hemicellulose-rich fraction and the cellulose-rich fraction are subsequently combined with the lignocellulose-poor fraction.

[0041] In some embodiments, the hemicellulose-rich fraction comprises soluble hemicellulose. In some embodiments, the soluble hemicellulose comprises β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form. In some embodiments, the β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form or the hemicellulose- rich fraction comprises non-mucilaginous xylan, mannan, mixed-linkage glucan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the hemicellulose-rich fraction is a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, comprising: at least 75 dry wt.% non-mucilaginous polysaccharides, having >40% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, in a soluble form, at least 0.1 dry wt.% lignin, less than 10 dry wt.% cellulose, and less than 10 dry wt.% polysaccharides with >80% α-linkages.

[0042] In some embodiments, the cellulose-rich fraction comprises β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form. In some embodiments, the cellulose-rich fraction comprises insoluble cellulose. In some embodiments, the cellulose rich fraction comprises at least 30% by dry w / w cellulose.

[0043] In some embodiments, the hemicellulose-rich fraction and the cellulose-rich fraction were created through a solubilization step of one of the hemicellulose-rich fraction or the cellulose- rich fraction.

[0044] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise from 25 to 100% by dry w / w lignocellulose, preferably from 50 to 100% by dry w / w, more preferably from 60 to 100%, furthermore preferably from 70 to 100% by dry w / w, yet more preferably from 75 to 95 by dry w / w and the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise from 0 to 35% by dry w / w lignocellulose, preferably from 0 to 25% by dry w / w, more preferably from 0 to 20% by dry w / w, furthermore preferably from 0 to 15% by dry w / w, yet furthermore preferably from 0 to 10% by dry w / w.

[0045] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction and at least one insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

[0046] In some embodiments, the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form. In some embodiments, the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, comprising β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, comprises non-mucilaginous xylan polysaccharides.

[0047] In another aspect described herein are compositions that can be made by methods described herein. In some embodiments, the compositions are particulate polymer compositions. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–20% dry w / w protein or 1– 20% w / w fat. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least two components derived from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus.

[0048] In some embodiments is a food ingredient comprising a substantially dry particulate polymer composition comprising: (a) 10–70% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides; and (b) 10–70% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and protein; wherein (a) and (b) comprise polymers that derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus.

[0049] In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises: (c) at least 0.1% by dry w / w, lignin. In some embodiments, the lignin comprises polymers that derive from plants within the same taxonomic genus as the β-linked polysaccharides, the α-linked polysaccharides and / or the protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises: (d) at least 0.1% by dry weight ash. In some embodiments, the β-linked polysaccharides comprise β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides and / or β-(1,3)-linked polysaccharides.

[0050] In some embodiments, a polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w soluble β- linked polysaccharides and 10–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 9–60% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form and 0.1–35% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form.

[0051] In some embodiments, a polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–20% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, a polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–20% w / w fat. In some embodiments, a polymer composition comprises 1–20% dry w / w protein and 1–20% w / w fat.

[0052] In some embodiments, the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xylan polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xylanpolysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or arabinose : xylose ratios. In some emboidments, the xylan polysaccharides are non-mucilaginous. In some embodiments, the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides.

[0053] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios. In some embodiments, soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or ratios of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds : β-1,4- glycosidic bonds. In some embodiments, soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mannan polysaccharides.

[0054] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios. In some embodiments, insoluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity and / or types of crystallinity.

[0055] In some embodiments, the α-linked polysaccharides comprise starch polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of starch polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity, types of crystallinity, ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds : α-1,6-glycosidic bonds and / or ratio of backbone residues : sidechain residues.

[0056] In some embodiments, the protein comprises gluten, glutenin, globulins, prolamins, avenins and zeins. In some embodiments, the fat comprises corn oil, rice bran oil, oat oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil and / or cottonseed oil.

[0057] In some embodiments, components of the composition are derived primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls. In some embodiments, components of the composition are derived primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap.

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one texture modulator.

[0059] In some embodiments, the composition comprises galactomannans polysaccharides comprising mannosyl and galactosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 6:1. In some embodiments, the composition comprises galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides comprising mannosyl, glucosyl, and galactosyl residues at a ratio of 3 – 5: 1: 0.05 – 2. In some embodiments, the compositionscomprise non-mucilaginous xylans comprising xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise non-mucilaginous xylans comprising xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 3:7 to 10:1.

[0060] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, shells, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, husks and / or hulls. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 5–50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the composition substantially derives from biomass within a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which substantially derive from the family Poaceae (e.g. species from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena). In some embodiments, an average size of particles of the composition is from about 50 microns to about 500 microns.

[0061] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least two distinct populations of particles, and wherein a first population of particles comprises a first plurality of components and a second population of particles comprises a second plurality of components.

[0062] In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylan in a soluble form and xylan in an insoluble form. In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise at least 1% by dry w / w xylan polysaccharides in a soluble form. In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides are non-mucilaginous. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises 0.1-55% w / w moisture. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.1-25% w / w moisture.

[0063] In some embodiments, each discrete particle or piece of multiple discrete particles or pieces of the composition have a mass greater than 0.5 g. In some embodiments, the composition comprises three or more discrete particles or pieces. In some embodiments, each particle or piece within the composition has a thickness of about 2 – 3 mm. In some embodiments, the particles or pieces within the composition are contained in a sealed package. In some embodiments, the particles within the composition are contained in a gaseous environment modified from atmospheric conditions, (e.g. an increased CO2or N2environment). In some embodiments, the particles within the composition are contained in an environment modified from atmospheric conditions in humidity (e.g. an environment modified by inclusion of a desiccant).

[0064] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 2 distinct populations of particles. In some embodiments, a first population of particles comprises (a) and a second population of particles comprises (b). In some In some embodiments, the composition is a food ingredient, wherein the food ingredient comprises a substantially dry polymer composition wherein the polymer composition comprises: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, in an amount of between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20%, based on the polymer composition, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form comprise non-mucilaginous xylan; and β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form in an amount of between 5 to 70%, or from 7.5 to 60% dry w / w, or from 9 to 60% dry w / w, or from 10 to 50% dry w / w, or from 5 to 45% dry w / w, based on the polymer composition.

[0065] In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises c) 5 to 75% by dry weight, or 6 to 65% by dry weight, or 6.5 to 50% by dry weight, or 7 to 40%, or 10 to 40% by dry weight α-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises d) 1 to 40% by dry weight, or 1.5 to 25% by dry weight, or 2.5 to 20% by dry weight, or 3 to 17.5%, or 5 to 15% by dry weight protein. In some embodiments, a ratio of i) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form and the β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, to ii) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides and the protein, in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises e) 0.1 to 25% by dry weight, or 0.25 to 20% by dry weight, or 0.5 to 15% by dry weight, or 1 to 15% by dry weight, or 2 to 10% by dry weight lignin.

[0066] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the ingredient derives entirely from within a single taxonomic genus.

[0067] In some embodiments, the compositions are foodstuff compositions. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–40% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–40% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–60% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–25% w / w fat. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10-70%w / w water. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a first component and a second component which derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise first and second components which derives from a different type of source plant.

[0068] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–40% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–40% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–60% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1– 25% w / w fat. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–25% w / w fat. In some embodiments, soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xylan polysaccharides.

[0069] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xylan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or arabinose : xylose ratios. In some embodiments, soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios. In some embodiments, soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or ratios of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds : β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

[0070] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mannan polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios.

[0071] In some embodiments, insoluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity and / or types of crystallinity. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise α-linked polysaccharides comprise starch polysaccharides.

[0072] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 2 populations of starch polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity, types of crystallinity, ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds : α-1,6-glycosidic bonds and / or ratio of backbone residues : sidechain residues.

[0073] In some embodiments, protein comprises gluten, glutenin, globulins, prolamins, avenins and zeins. In some embodiments, fat comprises corn oil, rice bran oil, oat oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil and / or cottonseed oil. In some embodiments, the components of the compositions are substantially derived from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls. In some embodiments, components of the compositions are substantially derived from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least one texture modulator.

[0074] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, shells, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, husks and / or hulls. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 25-75% water. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 2-75% water. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise 1-20% water.

[0075] In some embodiments, greater than 25% of each component of the compositions derive from biomass within a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, each component derives primarily from a different source plant type than at least one other component (e.g. at least 1, at least 2, at least 3 other components) of the compositions. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the family Poaceae (e.g. species from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena).

[0076] In some embodiments, the compositions have a lower glycemic index, a lower calorie content, a higher fiber content, a lower cost, a lower carbon emissions impact, improved shelf stability, and / or improved rheological properties compared to a reference composition.

[0077] In another aspect, described herein is a method of producing a polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) fractionation of a plant biomass source into a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction, (b) one or more pre-treatment steps of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (a), (c) producing a powder of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (b), (d) one or more pre-treatment steps of a lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (a), (e) producing a powder of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (d), and (f) combining of the powders of step (c) and step (e) to produce the polymer composition, wherein the polymercomposition comprises the powder of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (c) and the powder of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (e) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5.

[0078] Another aspect described herein is a method of producing a polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) fractionation of a plant biomass source into a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction; (b) one or more pre-treatment steps of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (a); (c) one or more pre-treatment steps of the lignocellulose- poor fraction from step (a); (d) combining of the compositions of step (b) and step (c) to produce a further composition; (e) optionally, drying of the composition to form the polymer composition; wherein the polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (b) and the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (c) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5.

[0079] Another aspect described herein is a method of producing a substantially dry powder polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) one or more pre-treatment steps of a plant biomass source comprising greater than 25% dry w / w stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls, and greater than 25% dry w / w grains, seeds, peas, beans or sap; (b) drying of the composition to form a substantially dry particulate polymer composition; wherein the substantially dry particulate polymer composition comprises 5 – 95% dry w / w lignocellulose.

[0080] Another aspect described herein is a method of producing a substantially dry consumable polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) fractionation of a plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-rich fraction, (b) one or more pre-treatment steps of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (a), (c) producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose- rich fraction from step (b), (d) fractionation of a plant biomass source from the same taxonomic genera as the plant biomass source in step (a) to produce a lignocellulose-poor fraction, (e) one or more pre-treatment steps of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (d), (f) producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (e), and (g) combining the powders of step (c) and (f) to produce the substantially dry consumable polymer composition; wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the powder of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (c) and the powder of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (f) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5.

[0081] In some embodiments, the plant biomass source comprises primarily biomass from a single genus. Preferred lignocellulose-rich parts of plants include stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls. Preferred lignocellulose-poor parts of plants include grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap. Preferred combinations oflignocellulose-rich and lignocellulose-poor parts of plants include wheat stalk and wheat grain, wheat bran and wheat grain, oat stalk and oat grain, oat hull and oat grain, rice stalk and rice grain, rice hull and rice grain, corn stalk and corn grain, corn cob and corn grain, soy stalk and soy bean, soy pod and soy bean, potato skin and potato tuber, potato leaves and potato tuber, hazelnut skin and hazelnut, almond shell and almond nut.

[0082] In some embodiments, the fractionation can comprise one step. In some embodiments, the fractionation can comprise more than one step. In some embodiments, the fractionation can comprise at least three steps. In some embodiments, one of the fractionation steps can be a harvesting step. In some embodiments, one of the fractionation steps can be a mechanical treatment step. In some embodiments, one of the fractionation steps can be a separation step.

[0083] In some embodiments, the pretreatment can comprise one step. In some embodiments, the pretreatment can comprise more than one step. In some embodiments, the pretreatment can comprise at least three steps. In some embodiments, one of the pretreatment steps can be a particle size reduction step. In some embodiments, one of the pretreatment steps can be a thermochemical treatment step. In some embodiments, one of the pretreatment steps can be an enzyme hydrolysis step. In some embodiments, one of the pretreatment steps can be a solubilization step. In some embodiments, one of the pretreatment steps can reduce the concentrations of acetyl groups, lignin, lignols, phenolics, and / or polyphenolics from the plant biomass source fraction. In some embodiments, after performing step (b), the lignocellulosic biomass fraction can be a partially hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass fraction. In some embodiments, step (a) comprises using a mechanical, ultrasonical, threshing, milling, chopping, chipping, griding, sprucing or refining method followed by fractionation based on particle size, shape, weight, buoyancy or surface area : weight ratio.

[0084] Preferred methods include: (a) fractionation of a biomass source from the family Poaceae (most preferably from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea or Avena) into a lignocellulose-rich fraction (comprising biomass from stalks, stems, cobs, shells, shells, leaves, husks and / or hulls) and a lignocellulose-poor fraction (comprising biomass from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap), (b) pre-treatment of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (a) through size reduction to particles of less than 500 microns followed by thermochemical treatment by incubating at greater 20°C, (c) pre-treatment of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (a) through size reduction to particles of less than 500 microns followed by thermochemical treatment by incubating at greater 20°C, and (d) combining of the powders of step (b) and step (c) to producethe polymer composition, wherein the polymer composition comprises the powder of the lignocellulose-rich fraction from step (b) and the powder of the lignocellulose-poor fraction from step (c) in a ratio from about 20:80 to 80:20, wherein the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharide, 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharide and 10–50% dry w / w starch polysaccharide.

[0085] In one aspect described herein is a polymer composition, wherein the polymer composition comprises: (a) 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides or 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides; and (b) 5–95% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides or 1–30% dry w / w protein or 1–30% dry w / w fat; wherein (a) and (b) derive primarily from species of the same genus, and wherein (a) derives primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls, and wherein (b) derives primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap.

[0086] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β- linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α- linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1– 30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1– 30% dry w / w fat.

[0087] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, thepolymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5– 50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–30% dry w / w fat.

[0088] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β- linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w fat. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β- linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–30% dry w / w fat.

[0089] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 5–50% dry w / w soluble β- linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides and 5–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–30% dry w / w fat.

[0090] Envisaged soluble β-linked polysaccharides include hemicellulose polysaccharides, xylan polysaccharides, xyloglucan polysaccharides, mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides, mannan polysaccharides. Envisaged soluble β-linked polysaccharides include polysaccharides comprising more than one type of monosaccharide residue and / or comprising more than one type of glycosidic linkage. Preferred soluble β-linked polysaccharides include xylan polysaccharides. Envisaged insoluble β-linked polysaccharides include cellulosic polysaccharides. Envisaged α-linked polysaccharides include starch polysaccharides. Envisaged proteins include grain endosperm proteins, including grain endosperm proteins from species within the family Poaceae (most preferably from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea or Avena), for example gluten, glutenin, globulins, prolamins, avenins and zeins. Envisaged fats include oil extracted from biomass belonging to the same taxonomic genus, for example after defatting of husks, for example corn oil, rice bran oil, oat oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil and cottonseed oil. Preferred combinations include xylan and cellulose and starch, xylanand cellulose and protein, xylan and cellulose and starch and protein, mixed-linkage glucan and cellulose and starch, mixed-linkage glucan and xylan and cellulose and starch.

[0091] In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises less than 5% dry w / w in total for lignin, lignols, phenolics and polyphenolics. In some embodiments, the polymer composition can include an ash content less than 5% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition can be at a pH from 4 to 9, from 5 to 8, or from 6 to 7. In some embodiments, the polymer composition can include a salt content of less than 20 mg / L. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises 0.1-10% dry w / w of a further polymer, for example a rheology modulator, for example a rheology modulating polysaccharide.

[0092] In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise primarily glucosyl residues. In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise amylopectin regions. In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise 1→4-glycosidic bonds and 1→6-glycosidic bonds. In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise 1→4-glycosidic bonds and 1→6-glycosidic bonds at a ratio between about 10:1 and about 5:1. In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise backbone residues and sidechain residues. In some embodiments, starch polysaccharides comprise backbone residues and sidechain residues at a ratio between 10:1 and 1:10. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a starch polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the starch polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the starch is in and / or which plant organ the starch originated from. The skilled person will understand that starch polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using α-amylase, β-amylase, maltase and / or α-glucosidase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that starch polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC-MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the starch in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0093] In some embodiments, the protein is a plant-derived protein. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a protein can be diagnostic of the protein’s source. Proteins can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using protease enzymes, and through use of MALDI-TOF-MS / MS mass spectrometry. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a protein can be diagnostic of the protein’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the protein is in and / or which plant organ the protein originated from. The skilled person will understand that proteins can be identified and structurallycharacterized through enzyme assays, for example by using protease enzymes. The skilled person will understand that proteins can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC-MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the protein in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0094] In some embodiments, the fat is a plant-derived fat. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a fat can be diagnostic of the fat’s source. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a fat can be diagnostic of the fat’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the fat is in and / or which plant organ the fat originated from. The skilled person will understand that fats can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays. The skilled person will understand that fats can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF, LC-MS / MS, MALDI-TOF-MS / MS and reverse phase chromatography. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the fat in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0095] In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 3:7 to 10:1 In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylosyl and galactosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylosyl and glucuronosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides can have a degree of substitution from 1% to 50%. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a xylan polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the xylan polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the xylan is in and / or which plant organ the xylan originated from. The skilled person will understand that xylan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using xylanase, xylosidase, galactosidase, glucuronosidase and arabinosidase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that xylan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC-MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the xylan in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0096] In some embodiments, mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides are comprised primarily of glucose residues linked primarily by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the mixed linkage glucan polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the mixed-linkage glucan is in and / or which plant organ the mixed- linkage glucan originated from. The skilled person will understand that mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using lichenase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC- MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the mixed-linkage glucan in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0097] In some embodiments, mannan polysaccharides comprise mannosyl and galactosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 6:1. In some embodiments, the galactoglucomannans comprise mannosyl, glucosyl, and galactosyl residues at a ratio of 3 – 5: 1: 0.05 – 2. In some embodiments, the non-mucilaginous xylans comprise xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a mannan polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the mannan polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the mannan is in and / or which plant organ the mannan originated from. The skilled person will understand that mannan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using mannanase, mannosidase, glucosidase and galactosidase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that mannan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC-MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the mannan in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0098] In some embodiments, cellulosic polysaccharides comprise primarily glucosyl residues. In some embodiments, cellulosic polysaccharides comprise primarily 1→4-glycosidic bonds. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a cellulosic polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the cellulosic polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the cellulose is in and / or which plant organ the cellulose originated from. The skilled person will understand that cellulose polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized throughenzyme assays, for example by using glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and glucanase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that cellulose polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the cellulose in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0099] In some embodiments, xyloglucan polysaccharides are comprised of greater than 25% by weight of glucose residues and greater than 10% by weight xylose. The skilled person will understand that the structure of a xyloglucan polysaccharide can be diagnostic of the xyloglucan polysaccharide’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant containing the xyloglucan is in and / or which plant organ the xyloglucan originated from. The skilled person will understand that xyloglucan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through enzyme assays, for example by using xyloglucanase, galactosidase, fucosidase, xylosidase and glucosidase enzymes. The skilled person will understand that xyloglucan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays, for example ion exchange, gas chromatography, HPLC, MALDI-ToF and LC-MS / MS. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the xyloglucan in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0100] The skilled person will understand that the presence of nucleic acids (such as DNA and mRNA) in a composition can be diagnostic of the composition’s source, for example which taxonomic group the plant from which the composition was made is in and / or which plant organ the composition originated from. The skilled person will understand that nucleic acids can be identified and structurally characterized through polymerase chain reaction. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the nucleic acids in a composition derives from more than one source.

[0101] In some embodiments, the plant biomass source can be obtained from a group consisting of the genera Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus, Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos.

[0102] Preferred compositions include a substantially dry powder consumable polymer composition, wherein the substantially dry powder consumable polymer composition comprises 5– 50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides, 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides, 5–75% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1–30% dry w / w protein; wherein the xylans polysaccharides derive primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls, and wherein the starch polysaccharides derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap, and wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive primarily from the family Poaceae (most preferably from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea or Avena).

[0103] Another aspect described herein is a method of further making a food product from the polymer composition through further processing. Envisaged food products include biscuit compositions, pasta compositions, bakery compositions, candy compositions, pastry compositions and cake compositions. In some embodiments, the food composition comprises 25–75% w / w water.

[0104] Another aspect described herein is a food composition comprising: (a) 1–40% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides or 1–40% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides; and (b) 10– 60% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides or 1–30% dry w / w protein or 1–30% dry w / w fat; and (c) 25–75% w / w water; wherein (a) and (b) derive primarily from species of the same genus, and wherein (a) derives primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls, and wherein (b) derives primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap.

[0105] In some embodiments, the food composition can be at a temperature from 10 °C to 110 °C. In some embodiments, the food product of the dough composition has a water activity from 0.3 to 0.7 at 21 °C. In some embodiments, a boiled, baked or fried product can have a total color difference ΔE from 1 to 25 measured between an uncooked dough composition from which the boiled, baked or fried product is made and the boiled, baked or fried product. In some embodiments, the boiled, baked or fried product of the dough composition can have a hardness from 5000 to 17000 g or from 200 to 17000 g, or from 500 to 17000 g. In some embodiments, the boiled, baked or fried product of the dough composition can have an adhesiveness from -40 to -400 g.sec. In some embodiments, the boiled, baked, or fried product of the dough composition can have a weight which is increased from 70% to 220% compared to a weight of the uncooked dough composition. In some embodiments, the boiled, baked, or fried product of the dough composition can have a height which is increased from 7% to 80% compared to a height of the uncooked dough composition.

[0106] In some embodiments the foodstuff comprises multiple discrete particles or pieces. In some embodiments each discrete particle or piece of the multiple discrete particles or pieces has a mass greater than 0.5 g. In some embodiments, the composition comprises three or more discrete particles or pieces. In some embodiments, each particle or piece has a thickness of about 2 – 3 mm. In some embodiments, the particles or pieces are in a sealed package. In some embodiments, the particles are in a gaseous environment modified from atmospheric conditions, for example by increased CO2or N2composition. In some embodiments, the particles are in an environment with a food grade moisture absorbing desiccant sachet, for example a sachet containing silica gel.

[0107] Preferred foodstuff compositions include a consumable composition, wherein the consumable composition comprises 1–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides, 1–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides, 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1–30% dry w / w protein; wherein the xylans polysaccharides derive primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls, and wherein the starch polysaccharides derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap, and wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive primarily from the family Poaceae (most preferably from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea or Avena).

[0108] In some embodiments is a raw foodstuff composition comprising: 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides, 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides, 10–90% dry w / w total of: starch polysaccharides and protein, at least 0.1% dry w / w lignin; and 1-99% water, wherein at least two of the parts, selected independently from the parts a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus.

[0109] In some embodiments, the xylan polysaccharides comprise non-mucilaginous xylan in a soluble form between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20%, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

[0110] In some embodiments, the composition comprises β-linked polysaccharides in from 10 to 80% dry w / w, from 10 to 70% dry w / w, from 10 to 60% dry w / w, from 12 to 60% dry w / w, from 15 to 55% dry w / w or 15 to 45% dry w / w, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

[0111] In some embodiments, a ratio of i) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides, to ii) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides and the protein, in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

[0112] In some embodiments, the sum of parts a), b), c) and d) comprises 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the parts a), b), c) and d) derive entirely from within a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, at least three of the parts selected independently from: a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the parts a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus.

[0113] In some embodiments, the composition comprises between 50 and 400 calories, or between 50 and 375 calories, between 50 and 350 calories, between 50 and 325 calories, between 50 and 300 calories, between 50 and 275 calories, between 50 and 250 calories, between 50 and 225 calories, between 50 and 200 calories, between 50 and 175 calories, between 50 and 150 calories, between 50 and 125 calories, and finally, between 50 and 100 calories, per 100 g dry weight of the composition, or per 100g of the finished product. In some embodiments, the raw foodstuff is a dough composition, a slurry composition or a batter composition.

[0114] In some embodiments is a cooked foodstuff prepared from the raw foodstuff. In some embodiments, the cooked foodstuff is a boiled, baked or fried product, and wherein the boiled, baked or fried product has a total color difference ΔE from 1 to 25, compared to the raw foodstuff. In some embodiments, the composition has a hardness of 5000 to 17000 g, or from 500 to 17000 g. In some embodiments, the composition has an adhesiveness of -40 to -400 g.sec. In some embodiments, the cooked foodstuff has a lower glycemic index, a lower calorie content, a higher fiber content, a lower cost, a lower carbon emissions impact, improved shelf stability, and / or improved rheological properties compared to a reference foodstuff, wherein the reference foodstuff does not comprise lignocellulose-rich fraction(s).

[0115] In some embodiments is a pasta composition made from a fresh dough, wherein the fresh dough comprises: 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 5–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 5–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains and / or tubers; 1–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and 25-75% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum.

[0116] In some embodiments, is bakery composition comprising: 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and 1–50% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum. In some embodiments is a noodle composition made from a fresh dough, wherein the fresh dough comprises: 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and 25-75% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum or Oryza, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum or Oryza. In some embodiments is corn flake composition comprising: 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; 1–15% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and 0.1–5% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Zea, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Zea.

[0117] In some embodiments is a flatbread composition comprising: 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and 5–50% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum or Zea, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum or Zea.

[0118] In some embodiments is a foodstuff comprising, a base component comprising one or more food ingredients and a polymer composition comprising: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, comprising non-mucilaginous xylan, in an amount, based on the polymer composition, of, between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20% dry w / w and β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form in an amount, based on the polymer composition, of between 5 to 70% dry w / w, or from 7.5 to 60% dry w / w, or from 9 to 60% dry w / w, or from 10 to 50% dry w / w, or from 5 to 45% dry w / w, α- linked polysaccharide in amount, based on the polymer composition, of from 5 to 75% by dry weight, or 6 to 65% by dry weight, or 6.5 to 50% by dry weight, or 7 to 40% by dry weight, or 10 to 40% by dry weight, protein in amount, based on the polymer composition, of from 1 to 40% by dry weight, or 1.5 to 25% by dry weight, or 2.5 to 20% by dry weight, or 3 to 17.5% by dry weight, or 5 to 15% by dry weight.

[0119] In some embodiments, a ratio of A) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides i) in a soluble form and the β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form ii), to B) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides iii) and the protein iv), in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, or between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w

[0120] In some embodiments, the polymer composition further comprises e) 0.1 to 25% by dry weight, or 0.25 to 20% by dry weight, or 0.5 to 15% by dry weight, or 1 to 15%, or 2 to 10% by dry weight lignin.

[0121] In some embodiments, the polymer composition derives 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100% by dry weight, or 100% by dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

[0122] In some embodiments, the foodstuff is a cereal product, a pasta product, a bread product, a bakery product, a biscuit product, a tortilla product, an oatcake product, a custard product, a sauce product, a meat-alternative product, a cake product, a pancake product, a doughnut product, a poppadum product, an onion bhaji product or a consumable foodstuff.

[0123] In some embodiments, the ingredient or foodstuff comprises one or more component(s) derived from a plant biomass source comprising primarily biomass from species within the following genera: Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus,Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos.

[0124] In some embodiments, the ingredient or foodstuff comprises one or more component(s) derived from a plant biomass source comprising primarily biomass from one or more species within a single genus.

[0125] In some embodiments is a composition made by the methos described herein.

[0126] In some embodiments, the composition comprises xylan that has been de-esterified.

[0127] In some embodiments, the composition comprises xylan in 3-fold helical screw conformation. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises xylan polysaccharides and a ratio of naturally esterified xylan : de-esterified xylan is less than the ratio that is found in unprocessed plant materials. In some embodiments, a ratio of 2-fold helical screw xylan : 3-fold helical screw xylan w / w is less than a ratio that is found in unprocessed plant materials. In some embodiments, the polymer composition comprises xylan in a soluble form and xylan in an insoluble form and the xylan in a soluble form has a lower degree of esterification than the xylan in an insoluble form. The skilled person will understand that xylan polysaccharides can be identified and structurally characterized through X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The skilled person will understand that such assays may be able to diagnose whether the xylan in a composition is in a 2- fold helical screw or a 3-fold helical screw.

[0128] In some embodiments, is a use of a lignocellulose-rich fraction composition in the preparation of a substantially-dry consumable polymer composition obtained from a plant biomass that further comprises a lignocellulose-poor fraction composition obtained from the plant biomass, such that the consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio of from 5:95 to 95:5 by dry w / w; wherein the lignocellulose- rich fraction comprises at least 50% by dry w / w lignocellulose, based on the lignocellulose-rich fraction, and the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises at most 25% by dry w / w lignocellulose, based on the lignocellulose-poor fraction.

[0129] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction is obtained from a stem, husk, cob, hull, bran, haulm or straw of a plant, or combination thereof.

[0130] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich composition and the lignocellulose-poor composition comprise polymers that derive from within a single taxonomic genus.

[0131] In some embodiments, the consumable polymer composition derives 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

[0132] In some embodiments,the consumable polymer composition derives entirely from within a single taxonomic genus.

[0133] In some embodiments, the lignocellulose-rich fraction is further fractioned into two or more lignocellulose-rich fractions.

[0134] In some embodiments, at least one lignocellulose-rich fraction is a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

[0135] In some embodiments, the substantially-dry polymer composition is combined with further ingredients to form a raw foodstuff composition.

[0136] In some embodiments, the further ingredients comprise water and / or lipids.

[0137] In some embodiments, the further ingredients comprise salt, baking powder, baking soda, yeast.

[0138] In some embodiments, the raw foodstuff composition is cooked to form a cooked foodstuff.

[0139] In some embodiments, the raw foodstuff is a batter, a dough or a slurry.

[0140] In some embodiments, the cooked foodstuff is a cereal product, a pasta product, a bread product, a bakery product, a biscuit product, a tortilla product, an oatcake product, a custard product, a sauce product, a thickener product, a cake product, a pancake product, a doughnut product, a poppadum product, an onion bhaji product or a consumable foodstuff.

[0141] In some embodiments, more than one lignocellulose-rich fraction is used in the preparation of the substantially-dry polymer composition. In some embodiments, more than one lignocellulose-poor fraction is used in the preparation of the substantially-dry polymer composition.

[0142] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative aspects of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different aspects, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0143] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and / or take precedence over any such contradictory material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0144] The novel features of the disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also “Figure” and “FIG.” herein), of which:

[0145] FIG. 1 illustrates the graphical results of an estimation of the amounts of anatomically different parts of crops grown on four crops (Rice-Oryza, Wheat-Triticum, Sugarcane-Saccharum, Corn-Zea), as a proportion of the total biomass grown above the ground.

[0146] FIG. 2 illustrates graphical results, A: obtained for the water-retention capacity obtained for dry flour compositions comprising different ratios of Triticum-derived wheat flour (WF) and alkaline-insoluble wheat straw fiber (AIWSF) ingredients. B: graphical results obtained for the fat-absorption capacity obtained for the same. C: graphical results for the flow properties obtained for the same. D: graphical results for total carbohydrate, fiber and starch content for the same. E: graphical results for calorie content for the same. F: graphical results for land usage equivalent for the same.

[0147] FIG. 3 illustrates graphical results, A: obtained for the water-retention capacity obtained for dry flour compositions comprising different ratios of Avena-derived oat flour (OF) and oat hull fiber (OHF) ingredients. B: graphical results obtained for the fat-absorption capacity obtained for the same. C: graphical results for the flow properties obtained for the same. D: graphical results of total carbohydrate, fiber and starch content for the same. E: graphical results for calorie content for the same. F: graphical results for land usage equivalent for the same.

[0148] FIG. 4 illustrates photographs, A: of raw cornflake products made using polysaccharides flours comprising various ratios of Zea-derived cornmeal and corn cob fiber ingredients. B: photographs of baked cornflake products made using the same.

[0149] FIG. 5 illustrates photographs of raw (top row) and baked (bottom row) cornflake products made using polysaccharides flours comprising various ratios of Zea-derived cornmeal (CM) and corn cob fiber (CCF) ingredients, wherein the CCF ingredient is of different particle sizes stated.

[0150] FIG. 6 illustrates photographs, A: of Corn tortilla doughs prepared with polysaccharide flours comprising different ratios of Zea-derived CCF (100-200 µm) and nixtamalized cornmeal (nCM) ingredients. B: a photograph of the outcome when rolling of the above dough was attempted. C: photographs of the doughs after rolling and baking.

[0151] FIG. 7 illustrates graphical results for, A: total carbohydrate, fiber and starch content for the Corn tortilla doughs. B: graphical results of calorie content for the same. C: graphical results for land usage equivalent for the same.

[0152] FIG. 8 illustrates photographs of tortilla products (TO-01 – TO-06) comprising Zea- derived ingredients: corn cob fiber (CCF), nixtamalized cornmeal (nCM) and soluble corn bran hemicellulose (SCBH) in different proportions, as a raw dough ball, a rolled, raw product and as a finished, cooked product.

[0153] FIG. 9 illustrates photographs of additional tortilla products (TO-07 – TO-11) comprising Zea-derived ingredients: corn cob fiber (CCF), nixtamalized cornmeal (nCM) and soluble corn bran hemicellulose (SCBH) in different proportions, as a raw dough ball, a rolled, raw product and as a finished, cooked product.

[0154] FIG. 10 illustrates photographs of additional tortilla products (TO-12 – TO-15) comprising Zea-derived ingredients: corn cob fiber (CCF), nixtamalized cornmeal (nCM) and soluble corn bran hemicellulose (SCBH), in different proportions, as a raw dough ball, a rolled, raw product and as a finished, cooked product.

[0155] FIG. 11: photographs of baked tortilla products comprising Zea-derived ingredients corn cob fiber (CCF), nixtamalized cornmeal (nCM). A: with soluble corn bran hemicellulose (SCBH) compositions that had been treated with different strengths of acid (TO-17 – TO-19), a SCBH composition that was not acid-treated (TO-16), or no SCBH composition (TO-01). Where the SCBH was acid-treated, the number indicated, e.g. SCBH-30, indicates the strength (mM) of sulfuric acid the composition was treated with. B: illustrates a Zea-derived tortilla product with a high content of dietary fiber.

[0156] FIG. 12: illustrates photographs of cornbread products (CB-01 - CB-03) from the genus Zea comprising polymer compositions comprising the given amounts of nixtamalized cornmeal(nCM), corn starch (CS), Alkaline-insoluble wheat straw fiber (AIWSF) and soluble corn bran hemicellulose (SCBH), at various stages during production and after cooking.

[0157] FIG. 13 illustrates photographs of raw pasta doughs made from flour compositions comprising different ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and wheat flour (WF) ingredients in A: a ball shape and B: the outcome when rolling the dough flat was attempted.

[0158] FIG. 14 illustrates photographs, A: of fresh pasta (fettuccine) doughs made from flours comprising different ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients. B: photographs of the pasta (fettuccine) doughs after drying. C: photographs of the pasta (fettuccine) after boiling.

[0159] FIG. 15 illustrates photographs of doughs made from flours comprising Triticum- derived AIWSF and WF ingredients in different ratios, with wheat gluten, as A: a ball, B: when rolling the dough flat was attempted and C: when cutting the flat dough into pasta pieces was attempted.

[0160] FIG. 16 illustrates photographs of the pasta of FIG. 15 comprising the stated ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients, A: after drying and B: of the pasta after cooking.

[0161] FIG. 17 illustrates a photograph of pasta products, A: ‘PA04’, a pasta made from flour comprising Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients, (AIWSF of particle size 200 µm). B: a photograph of pasta product ‘PA05’, a pasta made from flour comprising alkaline insoluble oat hull fiber (AIOHF) of particle size of 200 µm and WF. Arrows have been added to indicate areas wherein the oat fiber ingredient is visible in the finished product.

[0162] FIG. 18 illustrates photographs, A: of the raw doughs of flatbread products comprising polysaccharide flours of different ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients. B: photographs of the raw doughs after rolling. C: photographs of the rolled doughs after baking. D: photographs of a cross-section of the baked flatbreads after cutting.

[0163] FIG. 19 illustrates leavened flatbread products (FB-04 – FB-07) prepared with different ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients and in FB-06 – Guar Gum (GG) and in FB- 07 a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, SCBH, at different stages of production and after cooking.

[0164] FIG. 20 illustrates pastry preparations, PS-01 (control comprising WF) and PS-02 (Example comprising WF and AIWSF together instead of WF) in the form of the raw dough (left column), the raw dough rolled out (middle column) and the resulting product after baking (right column). A third pastry preparation (PS-03), comprising an optimized recipe with differing amounts of AIWSF, WF and other ingredients, is shown as a baked shell and a filled product.

[0165] FIG. 21 illustrates sponge cake products (CA-01 – CA-04) prepared with different ratios of Triticum-derived AIWSF and WF ingredients and in CA-03 GG, and in CA-04 soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction (SCBH), at different stages of production.

[0166] FIG. 22 illustrates a photograph of a Triticum-derived tortilla product with a high dietary fiber content.

[0167] FIG. 23 illustrates photographs of Triticum-derived pizza products at various stages during production: a raw dough ball, a baked product (view from atop) and the baked product cut (cross-section view). The products, PB-01 – PB-03, comprised the indicated mixtures of WF, AIWSF, Wheat Gluten (WG) and GG as the flour component.

[0168] FIG. 24 illustrates photographs of raw oat cake product dough compositions made from flours comprising different ratios of Avena-derived OHF and OF ingredients as a ball (left column), when the raw dough ball was rolled flat (middle column) and when the rolled dough was baked to form the cooked oat cake product (right column).

[0169] FIG. 25 illustrates photographs of additional raw oat cake product dough compositions made from flours comprising different ratios of Avena-derived OHF and OF ingredients as a ball (left column), when the raw dough ball was rolled flat (middle column) and when the rolled dough was baked to form the cooked oat cake product (right column).

[0170] FIG. 26 further illustrates A: photograph of the baked oat cakes of FIG. 24 and FIG. 25, different ratios of Avena-derived OHF and OF ingredients, in the same photograph. B: graphical results for total carbohydrate, fiber and starch content for the same. C: graphical results for calorie content for the same.

[0171] FIG. 27 illustrates rice noodle products comprising polymer compositions derived from within the genus Oryza as a dry flour, a hydrated slurry, a steamed product and a cut product. The products, RN-01 – RN-06, comprised Rice Flour (RF), Rice Protein Isolate (RPI), lignocellulose rich fractions: Rice Hull Fiber (RHF) and Soluble Rice Bran Hemicellulose (SRBH).

[0172] FIG. 28 illustrates additional rice noodle products (RN-07 – RN-12) comprising polymer compositions derived from within the genus Oryza as a dry flour, a hydrated slurry, a steamed product and a cut product. The products, RN-07 – RN-10, comprised Rice Flour (RF), Rice Protein Isolate (RPI), lignocellulose rich fractions: Rice Hull Fiber (RHF) and Soluble Rice Bran Hemicellulose (SRBH). RN-11 comprised soluble Rice Hull Hemicellulose as the soluble, processed lignocellulose rich fraction (P-LRF-S) and RHF. RN-12 comprised Rice Bran Fiber (RBF) as the insoluble, processed lignocellulose-rich fraction (P-LRF-I) and SBRH.

[0173] FIG. 29 illustrates Glycine-derived cracker products (SC-01 – SC-05) prepared from polymer compositions, as a raw dough ball, a rolled dough, a raw product and a cooked product. The products comprised Soya Flour (SF), Soya Protein Isolate (SPI) and processed lignocellulose- rich fraction P-LRF-I, alkaline insoluble soya hull fiber (AISHF) in ratios indicated.

[0174] FIG. 30 illustrates further Glycine-derived cracker products (SC-06 – SC-10) prepared from polymer compositions, as a raw dough ball, a rolled dough, a raw product and a cooked product. The products comprised Soya Flour (SF), Soya Protein Isolate (SPI), a P-LRF-I (either soya hull fiber (SHF), or AISHF) and processed lignocellulose-rich fraction (P-LRF-S) soluble soya hull hemicellulose (SSHH) in ratios indicated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0175] Described herein are methods of making consumable polymer compositions comprising polymers that derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus. These methods can surprisingly be used to form compositions with suitable properties for human consumption while also being more sustainable, more productive, cheaper, and more efficient than conventional means of making such products. The compositions themselves can surprisingly be used to form a mixture that can be used as the basis for producing a diversity of foodstuff products with unexpected functional benefits as well as improved nutritional characteristics. Some embodiments of the present disclosure additionally offer such foodstuffs, with novel properties.

[0176] Highly refined starchy food products are high in calories and are associated with high glycemic response, which has a negative impact on human health. There is thus a strong market demand for conventionally starchy / carbohydrate-rich food products (such as pastas, breads, and cakes) that have reduced starch / carbohydrate content and increased fiber content. There is also a strong market demand for more sustainable food products that are less reliant on land usage and / or have less carbon emissions associated with them.

[0177] Currently it is challenging to create such products functionally, sustainably, and economically. The present disclosure aims to overcome the problems associated with such compositions being sustainable and produced in a sustainable way. Described herein are methods that can be used to form compositions suitable for human consumption more sustainably, more efficiently and cheaper than conventional means of making such products. Moreover, compositions described herein can be used to form foodstuff products with unexpected functional benefits as well as improved nutritional characteristics.

[0178] Disclosed herein are methods for producing polymer compositions from plant biomasses by fractionating into lignocellulose-rich and lignocellulose-poor fractions. Also disclosed herein are compositions that can be produced by methods described herein. Compositions described herein can comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharides, insoluble β-linked polysaccharides, α-linked polysaccharides, protein and / or fat. Also disclosed herein are methods for using compositions described herein in the production of foods. Also disclosed herein are foodstuff compositions which can comprise any of the compositions described herein. Such foodstuff compositions can be used as starch replacers, gelling agents, thickeners, and / or fiber content enhancers.

[0179] As used herein, “lignocellulosic biomass” refers to an abundant and renewable resource derived from plants. A lignocellulosic biomass may comprise polysaccharides and aromatic polymers. The polysaccharides may be cellulose or hemicelluloses, or a combination thereof, and the aromatic polymer may be lignin. Examples of a lignocellulosic biomass may include cereal straw, corn cobs, brans, hulls, husks, haulm, bagasse, pine residues, or miscanthus.

[0180] As used herein, “polymer” refers to large molecules composed of repeating structural units, known as monomers. Polymers can be natural or synthetic. Envisaged natural polymers that may be comprised by some embodiments of this disclosure include polysaccharides, proteins (polypeptides) and lignin. Generally, lipids, oils and fats are not included within this definition.

[0181] As used herein, “lignocellulose” refers to polysaccharide-comprising aggregates that are, or are derived from, plant cell wall material. For example, they may comprise one or more of the following polysaccharides: cellulose, xylan, mannan, and / or mixed-linkage glucan. Lignin is included in this definition.

[0182] As used herein, “hemicellulose”, refers to complex, branched, structural polysaccharides, often with β-linked backbones, that are distinct from cellulose, but are often found bound together with cellulose in plant cell walls. Non-limiting envisaged example polysaccharides include xylan (including arabinoxylans), mannans, xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans.

[0183] As used herein, “plant cell wall matrix” refers to the insoluble aggregate that provides structure to plant cell walls and generally comprises cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

[0184] As used herein, “carbohydrates” refers to organic compounds consisting of predominantly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and containing structural sugar subunits. Included in this definition are simple sugars, such as monosaccharides and disaccharides, as well as complex carbohydrates such as starch polysaccharides and cellulosic polysaccharides. “Lignin” is not included in this definition.

[0185] As used herein, “indigestible carbohydrates” refers to such carbohydrates that resist digestion by humans and other animals. Envisaged examples of indigestible carbohydrates include β-linked polysaccharides, such as cellulose and xylan.

[0186] As used herein, “digestible carbohydrates” refers to such carbohydrates that are digestible by humans and other animals. Envisaged examples of digestible carbohydrates include starch (unless otherwise specified as ‘resistant starch’), glucose and sucrose. Digestible carbohydrates may comprise a greater number of calories accessible to the human body, compared to indigestible carbohydrates.

[0187] As used herein, “lignin” refers to complex, polyphenolic compounds generally found in plant cell walls, which contributes to the rigidity, structure and lack of solubility of “plant cell wall matrices”. In some embodiments, compositions described herein comprise lignin. Lignin content may be associated with particular health benefits.

[0188] As used herein, “ash content”, refers to the residue left behind after burning a sample of biomass at high temperatures until it is completely combusted. It represents the inorganic mineral content of the biomass, which includes elements like calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and trace metals. Wherein ‘ash’ is given as a percentage or a mass, it can be assumed to refer to ‘ash content’.

[0189] As used herein, “dietary fiber” refers to complex carbohydrates that resist digestion and / or absorption in the human small intestine. A skilled person will be aware there exist various conventions for quantifying dietary fiber in foodstuffs used by different regulatory bodies. Envisaged polysaccharides that may be included in the above definition are cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, resistant-starches, galactomannans and oligosaccharides. “Lignin” is not included in this definition as used herein.

[0190] As used herein, “fiber” unless otherwise specified, refers to “dietary fiber”

[0191] As used herein, “plant cell walls” refers to the structure which surrounds most plant cells, composed primarily of polysaccharides and polyphenolics. A skilled person will be aware that polysaccharides in cell walls and / or that derived from plant cell walls differ structurally from those that are found outside plant cell walls.

[0192] As used herein, “lignocellulose-rich” refers to a portion of a plant that contains a relatively high amount of lignocellulose compared to an alternate portion of the same plant. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain lignocellulose at greater than 30% dry w / w, greater than 40% dry w / w, greater than 50% dry w / w, greater than 60% dry w / w, greater than 70% dry w / w,greater than 80% dry w / w, or greater than 90% dry w / w. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain more lignocellulose dry w / w than a lignocellulose-poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain 10% dry w / w more lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain 20% dry w / w more lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain 30% dry w / w more lignocellulose than a lignocellulose- poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain 40% dry w / w more lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may contain 50% dry w / w more lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-poor fraction. A lignocellulose-rich fraction may be obtained from a biomass by mechanical means, or may have undergone pre-treatment, particle-size reduction or milling, drying, a thermochemical treatment, or another form of treatment. Included in this definition are fractions that have and have not been processed.

[0193] As used herein, “lignocellulose-poor” refers to a portion of a plant that contains a relatively low amount of lignocellulose compared to an alternate portion of the same plant. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain lignocellulose at less than 50% dry w / w, less than 40% dry w / w, less than 30% dry w / w, less than 20% dry w / w, less than 15% dry w / w, less than 10% dry w / w, or less than 7.5% dry w / w. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain less lignocellulose dry w / w than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain 10% dry w / w less lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain 20% dry w / w less lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain 30% dry w / w less lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose- poor fraction may contain 40% dry w / w less lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may contain 50% dry w / w less lignocellulose than a lignocellulose-rich fraction. A lignocellulose-poor fraction may be obtained from a biomass by mechanical means, or may have undergone pre-treatment, particle-size reduction or milling, drying, a thermochemical treatment, or another form of treatment. Included in this definition are fractions that have and have not been processed.

[0194] As used herein, “food” and “foodstuff” refer to any item destined for consumption, which may be consumption by a human or by any other animal. It may be food, feed, a beverage, or an ingredient to be used in the production of any of the above.

[0195] As used herein, “thickener” and “thickening agent” generally refers to any substance which can increase the viscosity of a mixture without substantially altering its other properties.

[0196] As used herein, “rheology modulator" generally refers to any substance or material which can be used to modify the flow and deformation of a mixture without substantially altering its other properties.

[0197] As used herein, “polysaccharide” refers to a saccharide polymer of any length greater than about 20 residues. Polysaccharides may be highly branched, lightly branched, or unbranched, may comprise any manner of glycosidic bond in any combination, any number of, for example, α or β-linkages, and any combination of monomer types, such as glucose, glucosamine, mannose, xylose, galactose, fucose, fructose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, arabinose, or derivatives thereof such as any combination of the above monomers decorated with acetyl or other groups. The polysaccharide may be a cellulosic or hemicellulosic polymer, hemicellulosic polymers envisaged including xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, galactomannan, galactoglucomannan, and xyloglucan. In some embodiments, the preferred hemicellulosic polymer is mannan or xylan. In some embodiments, cellulose the preferred cellulosic polymer. In some embodiments, arabinoxylan is the preferred xylan polymer. In some embodiments, galactoglucomannan is the preferred mannan polymer.

[0198] As used herein, "alpha” and the Greek letter symbol “α” are used interchangeably.

[0199] As used herein, "beta” and the Greek letter symbol “β” are used interchangeably.

[0200] As used herein, “β-linked polysaccharides” refers to polysaccharides whose backbone residues are linked primarily by beta-glycosidic bonds and derivatives thereof, which in turn refers to chemical linkages that connect the monomer subunits in a polysaccharide backbone, wherein the anomeric carbon atom of one saccharide monomer is linked to a subsequent monomer at the ‘beta’ position. Polysaccharides containing beta-linkages exhibit unique properties and functions compared to those with alpha-linkages, which have a different orientation of the anomeric carbon and hydrogen. Polysaccharides are described as ‘β-linked’ if the majority of the linkages between the saccharide monomers of the backbone are beta-linkages, for example if at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the linkages are beta-linkages. The side chains, if any, present in the polysaccharide may or may not comprise linkages other than β- linkages. Envisaged examples of β-linked polysaccharides include cellulose, xylan, galactomannan, inulin. A skilled person will be further aware there are different embodiments within the definition of beta-linkages, such as β-1,4-linkages, β-1,3-linkages and β-2,1-linkages and other linkages, wherein the number refers to the atom involved in the linkage. Envisaged examples of β-1,4-linked polysaccharides include cellulose and arabinoxylan. Envisaged examples of β-2,1-linkedpolysaccharides include fructans, such as inulin. Some β-linked polysaccharides are known to resist digestion by humans and other animals.

[0201] As used herein, “storage polysaccharide”, generally refers to polysaccharides which serve as reserve food; when needed, these polysaccharides are hydrolyzed, thus rendering sugars available to the living cells for the production of energy. Examples of storage polysaccharides include, but are not limited to, starch, glycogen, konjac glucomannan, and inulin.

[0202] As used herein, “structural polysaccharide”, generally refers to polysaccharides that take part in forming the structural framework of the cell walls in plant and skeleton of animals. Examples of structural polysaccharides include, but are not limited to, cellulose, xylan, spruce galactoglucomannan and chitin. Generally, structural polysaccharides are known to resist digestion by humans and other animals. Biomass rich in structural polysaccharides may be considered under- utilized or unutilized.

[0203] As used herein, “mucilage polysaccharides”, generally refers to the polysaccharides present in the viscoelastic high-molecular-weight substance produced by plants (mucilage), which have a role in increasing the water availability for seeds, in the soil seed bank maintenance, in ion- exchange, in the increased adherence. Mucilage is generally a water-soluble material that constitutes carbohydrate units present in different parts of plants including the mucous epidermis of the outer layer of seeds. Common examples include mucilage derived from psyllium (Plantago genus), flaxseed (Linum genus) and yellow mustard (Sinapis genus). Mucilage generally comprises only a very small fraction by mass of a whole plant.

[0204] As used herein, “non-mucilaginous” refers to materials that are derived from sources other than mucilage. Envisaged sources of non-mucilaginous polysaccharides include those derived from the plant cell wall matrices, for example of the Family Poaceae (more specifically from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea or Avena). Non-mucilaginous polysaccharides may have divergent physical, chemical, and structural properties compared to mucilaginous polysaccharides.

[0205] As used herein, “mucilaginous” generally refers to the property of mucilage to be sticky and / or viscid.

[0206] As used herein, “monocotyledonous” refers to a group of flowering plants whose members have one cotyledon. Examples of monocotyledonous plants can include palms, grasses, orchids, and lilies.

[0207] As used herein “highly branched,” “lightly branched,” and “unbranched” refer to the number of side-chains per stretch of main chain in a saccharide. Highly branched saccharides haveon average from 4 to 10 side chains per 10 main-chain residues, lightly branched saccharides have on average from 1 to 3 side chains per 10 main-chain residues, and unbranched saccharides have only one main chain and no side chains. The average is calculated by dividing the number of branch point substituted saccharides by the number of main-chain residues, over a region of 10 or more main-chain residues.

[0208] As used herein, “degree of substitution” of a polysaccharide refers to the number of polysaccharide backbone residues that are substituted with a saccharide side chain. For example, xylan can be composed of β-1,4-linked xylose residues modified by acetyl, arabinosyl, or glucuronosyl side chain substitutions.

[0209] As used herein, “saccharide” refers to any polysaccharide and / or oligosaccharide, and / or monosaccharide and / or disaccharide.

[0210] As used herein, “oligosaccharide” generally refers to saccharide polymers having chain lengths less than or equal to about 20 saccharide residues. Oligosaccharides may be highly branched, lightly branched, or unbranched; and may include glycosidic bonds in any combination, any number of α- or β-linkages, and any combination of monomer types, such as glucose, glucosamine, mannose, xylose, galactose, fucose, fructose, glucuronic acid, arabinose, or derivatives thereof. Suitable derivatives include the above monomers including acetyl or other groups.

[0211] As used herein, “starch” generally refers to polysaccharides composed of greater than 80% glucose residues which may have backbone residues linked primarily by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Envisaged are types of starch which contain side chains linked by α-1,6-glycosidic bonds. Envisaged are linear starches as well as amylopectins. Envisaged are crystalized types of starch such as crystal forms A, B, C and V. Starches from different species can differ in structural compositions, such as the ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds or the ratio of backbone residues to side chain residues, or the ratio of starches of different crystallization. Such differences can be identified, for example through biochemical assays, for example through enzyme assays, for example by using α-amylase, β-amylase, maltase and / or α-glucosidase enzymes. Starch may also be present in the lignocellulosic rich fraction and be removed by an enzymatic pretreatment using an α-amylase, amyloglucosidase or a combination thereof. Envisaged are starches that may be native, physically modified or chemically modified.

[0212] As used herein, “mannan” generally refers to polysaccharides composed of greater than 40% mannose residues and optionally containing glucose and / or galactose residues. Envisaged aretypes of mannan which may have backbone residues linked primarily by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Envisaged are types of mannan in which backbone residues comprise both glucose and mannose. Envisaged are types of mannan which may have side chain residues comprised of galactose residues. Envisaged are types of mannan which may have a mannose: galactose ratio of between 20:1 and 1:1. Envisaged are types of mannan such as glucomannan, galactomannan and galactoglucomannan.

[0213] As used herein, “mixed-linkage glucan” generally refers to polysaccharides composed primarily of glucose residues linked primarily by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. As used herein, “xyloglucan” generally refers to polysaccharides composed of greater than 25% by weight of glucose residues and greater than 10% by weight xylose. As used herein, “fructan” generally refers to polysaccharides composed primarily of fructose residues. As used herein, “galactan” generally refers to polysaccharides composed primarily of galactose residues. As used herein, “pectin” generally refers to polysaccharides composed of greater than 25% by weight galacturonic acid residues. The polysaccharides of cellulose, xylan, mannan, mixed linkage glucan, xyloglucan, fructan, galactan or pectin may include chemical variants that have been modified by oxidation, reduction, esterification, epimerization, or another chemical modification.

[0214] As used herein, “xylan” refers to polysaccharides composed of a backbone of xylose residues and may also contain glucuronic acid residues and / or arabinose residues and / or acetyl groups and / or any other modification. Envisaged are types of xylans which may have backbone residues linked primarily by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Envisaged are types of xylans which may have side chain residues comprised of galacturonic residues and / or arabinose residues. Envisaged are types of xylans which may have a xylose: arabinose ratio of between 20:1 and 1:2. Envisaged are types of xylans which may have a xylose: galacturonic acid ratio of between 200:1 and 1:1. Envisaged are types of xylans such as arabinoxylan, arabinoglucuronoxylan, homopolymeric xylan and glucuronoxylan.

[0215] As used herein, “cellulose” or “cellulosic” refers to polysaccharides composed of glucose residues linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, and derivatives thereof.

[0216] As used herein, “Chitin” or “chitosan” refer to polysaccharides composed of glucosamine and / or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues.

[0217] As used in the specification, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a sample” includes a plurality of samples, including mixtures thereof.

[0218] As used herein, “pre-treatment” is any process that is necessary to improve the properties of a composition or method, or expand the utilization of a composition or method. The pre-treatment may include physical pre-treatment, chemical pre-treatment, enzyme pre-treatment, or combined pre-treatment. A pre-treatment is any process which makes a composition more easily acted upon by further steps required to make a composition as disclosed herein. The pre-treatment can occur before an enzymatic reaction, and may comprise acid treatment by, for example, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, or trifluoroacetic acid; alkali treatment by, for example, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or ammonia fiber expansion; heat treatment by, for example, hot water, hot steam, or hot acid; ionic liquid treatment, and related technologies; Alcell pulping, and related technologies; supercritical solvent, such as supercritical water treatment; and / or enzyme treatment by, for example, a hydrolase, lyase, or LPMO, or any mixture of the above processes.

[0219] As used herein, “soluble β-linked polysaccharides” refers to polysaccharides whose backbone residues are linked primarily by beta-glycosidic bonds and derivatives thereof, and that are often soluble in aqueous solutions. The side chains, if any, present in the polysaccharide may or may not comprise linkages other than β-linkages. Envisaged polysaccharides include xylan, mannan, xyloglucan, mixed-linkage glucan, and cellulose derivatives.

[0220] As used herein, “insoluble β-linked polysaccharides” refers to polysaccharides whose backbone residues are linked primarily by beta-glycosidic bonds and derivatives thereof, and that are often insoluble in aqueous solutions. The side chains, if any, present in the polysaccharide may or may not comprise linkages other than β-linkages. Envisaged polysaccharides include cellulose.

[0221] As used herein, “polysaccharides in a soluble form” refers to polysaccharides within material that can be solubilized in water without thermochemical manipulation. Envisaged examples include carbomethoxy-cellulose, the galactomannans in guar gum and hemicelluloses extracted from a plant cell wall matrix. Wherein polysaccharides are referred to as “soluble polysaccharides”, they are included in this definition.

[0222] As used herein “polysaccharides in an insoluble form” refers to polysaccharides within material that cannot be solubilized in water without thermochemical manipulation. This includes, for example, polysaccharides that are generally an insoluble polysaccharide in isolated form, such as cellulose and hemicellulose polysaccharides within an insoluble plant cell wall matrix. Wherein polysaccharides are referred to as “insoluble polysaccharides”, they are included in this definition. Some β-linked polysaccharides can be in an insoluble form or a soluble form, depending on whetherthey exist as part of a plant-cell-wall matrix (insoluble form) or have been extracted by methods described herein to form a soluble powder (soluble form), the latter will not be included in this definition.

[0223] As used herein, “α-linked polysaccharides” refers to polysaccharides whose backbone residues are linked primarily by alpha-glycosidic bonds and derivatives thereof, and that are often insoluble in aqueous solutions at room temperature but dissolve upon boiling of the aqueous solution. The side chains, if any, present in the polysaccharide may or may not comprise linkages other than α-linkages. Envisaged α-linked polysaccharides include starches and pectin.

[0224] As used herein, “protein” refers to polymers comprised primarily of amino acid subunits, connected by peptide linkages. In some cases, proteins are useful for providing nutrition and structural benefits to foodstuffs. A skilled person will be aware of various methods to determine the protein content of a composition.

[0225] As used herein, “calories” refers to the quantity of energy the human body is able to derive from a given foodstuff by metabolism, and unless stated otherwise, calories are given in units of kcal per 100 g of the given food product, or the given composition.

[0226] As used herein, “drying” refers to the reduction of the water content of a composition. Envisaged water loss during drying include about >1% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >10% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >20% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >30% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >40% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >50% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >60% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >70% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >80% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition, about >90% of the total pre-drying weight of the composition.

[0227] As used herein, “number average molecular weight” describes the molecular mass of a polymer composition calculated by summing the products of the molecular weight of each individual polymer chain and its corresponding number of polymer molecules (by number of moles), then dividing by the total number of polymer molecules present in the sample. It is denoted by the symbol ‘Mn’.

[0228] As used herein, “mass average molecular weight” describes the molecular mass of a polymer composition calculated by multiplying the weight fraction of each polymer chain length byits corresponding molecular weight, summing the products, and dividing by the total weight fraction. It is denoted by the symbol ‘Mw’.

[0229] As used herein, “average particle size” unless otherwise stated, refers to the volume mean diameter, as calculated by summing the volumes of all particles and dividing by the total volume. A skilled person will be aware of experimental methods to determine the same, which may include laser diffraction, ultrasonic particle sizing, microscopy. Wherein a particle size range is given, this can be determined by sieving methods (for example, a particulate composition that passes through a 500 µm sieve, can be said to have a particle size range of below 500 µm). A skilled person will be aware of alternative means to describe a particle size distribution, such as the D50 value, which refers to the particle size that is exceeded by 50% by amount of the particles.

[0230] Unless otherwise stated, percentages (%) used herein are expressed on a w / w basis.

[0231] The term “about” as used herein can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. For example, about can mean up to ±10%, ±9%, ±8%, ±7%, ±6%, ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, or ±1% by amount of a given value.

[0232] The term “glycosyl residues” and “glucose residues” are used interchangeably. For example, “xylose residues” and “xylosyl residue” are used interchangeably.

[0233] Typically, the term “substantially dry” means that the consumable polymer composition comprises 20 wt.% or less water, preferably 15 wt.% or less, more preferably 10 wt.% or less, more preferably 5 wt.% or less, more preferably 1 wt.% or less, and most preferably 0.5 wt.% or less. It may refer to a composition that has undergone a “drying”.

[0234] Typically, the term “substantially free” refers to the absence of a substance in large amounts, in a composition, it may mean the composition comprises less than 10 wt.%, less than 5 wt.%, less than 1 wt.% or less than 0.1 wt.% of a composition.

[0235] Typically, the term “derives entirely”, refers to a substance deriving from a specified source(s) in unity, though does not exclude the possibility of trace impurities. It may mean that more than 90%, or more than 95%, or more than 97%, or more than 98%, or more than 99%, or more than 99.5%, or more than 99.9% by dry w / w derives from the specified source or sources. Types of biomasses

[0236] The plant biomass source suitable for the methods described herein is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the plant biomass source can be obtained from a group consisting of the genera Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria,Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus, Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos.

[0237] In some embodiments, the biomass may comprise one or more members selected from the group consisting of seed, nut, tuber, fruit, sap, kernel, grain, grain chaff, shoot, stalk, oat, oat fiber, oat hulls, oat husks, bean pods, seed coats, seed materials, seaweeds, corn cobs, corn stover, corn leaves, corn stalks, corn silks, corn husks, corn straw, wheat, wheat straw, wheat bran, wheat middlings, rice straw, rice bran, soy stalk, soy straw, soy hulls, oat bran, oat hulls, chickpea hulls, chickpea straw, bagasse, sugar cane, sugar beet, sugar cane bagasse, miscanthus, sorghum residue, switchgrass, bamboo, monocotyledonous tissue, dicotyledonous tissue, fern tissue, water hyacinth, leaf tissue, roots, vegetative matter, vegetable material, vegetable waste, hardwood, hardwood stem, hardwood chips, hardwood pulp, softwood, softwood stem, softwood chips, softwood pulp, paper, paper pulp, cardboard, wood-based feedstocks, grass, nut shell, poplar, willow, sweet potato, cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, sisal, and cocoa. Methods of making compositions

[0238] Described herein are methods of producing polymer compositions from biomass.

[0239] In some embodiments the method may further comprise a step in which the biomass is pre-treated in a way that reduces average particle size. In some embodiments, the method may comprise a step wherein the biomass is physically pre-treated in a way that reduces average particle size. In some embodiments, the biomass size reduction may be carried out using a mechanical, ultrasonic, milling, chopping, chipping, griding, sprucing or refining particle size reduction method. In some embodiments, the particles formed from the biomass may have a particle size of less than 500 microns. In some embodiments, the particles formed from the biomass may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 20 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 40 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 80 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 160 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 320 microns to about 1000 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 500 microns, from about 20 microns to about 500 microns, from about 40 microns to about 500 microns, from about 80 microns to about 500 microns, from about 160 microns to about 500 microns, from about 320 microns to about 500 microns. In some embodiments, theparticles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 400 microns, from about 20 microns to about 400 microns, from about 40 microns to about 400 microns, from about 80 microns to about 400 microns, from about 160 microns to about 400 microns, from about 320 microns to about 400 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 300 microns, from about 20 microns to about 300 microns, from about 40 microns to about 300 microns, from about 80 microns to about 300 microns, from about 160 microns to about 300 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 250 microns, from about 20 microns to about 250 microns, from about 40 microns to about 250 microns, from about 80 microns to about 250 microns, from about 160 microns to about 250 microns.

[0240] Production of the polymer compositions may include a pre-treatment step. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature of from about 5 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature less than 5 °C. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature greater than 150 °C. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature of from about 5 °C to about 10 °C, from about 5 °C to about 15 °C, from about 5 °C to about 20 °C, from about 5 °C to about 25 °C, from about 5 °C to about 30 °C, from about 5 °C to about 35 °C, from about 5 °C to about 40 °C, from about 5 °C to about 50 °C, from about 5 °C to about 75 °C, from about 5 °C to about 100 °C, from about 5 °C to about 150 °C, from about 10 °C to about 15 °C, from about 10 °C to about 20 °C, from about 10 °C to about 25 °C, from about 10 °C to about 30 °C, from about 10 °C to about 35 °C, from about 10 °C to about 40 °C, from about 10 °C to about 50 °C, from about 10 °C to about 75 °C, from about 10 °C to about 100 °C, from about 10 °C to about 150 °C, from about 15 °C to about 20 °C, from about 15 °C to about 25 °C, from about 15 °C to about 30 °C, from about 15 °C to about 35 °C, from about 15 °C to about 40 °C, from about 15 °C to about 50 °C, from about 15 °C to about 75 °C, from about 15 °C to about 100 °C, from about 15 °C to about 150 °C, from about 20 °C to about 25 °C, from about 20 °C to about 30 °C, from about 20 °C to about 35 °C, from about 20 °C to about 40 °C, from about 20 °C to about 50 °C, from about 20 °C to about 75 °C, from about 20 °C to about 100 °C, from about 20 °C to about 150 °C, from about 25 °C to about 30 °C, from about 25 °C to about 35 °C, from about 25 °C to about 40 °C, from about 25 °C to about 50 °C, from about 25 °C to about 75 °C, from about 25 °C to about 100 °C, from about 25 °C to about 150 °C, from about 30 °C to about 35 °C, from about 30 °C to about 40 °C, from about 30 °C to about 50 °C, from about 30 °C to about 75 °C, from about 30 °C to about 100 °C, fromabout 30 °C to about 150 °C, from about 35 °C to about 40 °C, from about 35 °C to about 50 °C, from about 35 °C to about 75 °C, from about 35 °C to about 100 °C, from about 35 °C to about 150 °C, from about 40 °C to about 50 °C, from about 40 °C to about 75 °C, from about 40 °C to about 100 °C, from about 40 °C to about 150 °C, from about 50 °C to about 75 °C, from about 50 °C to about 100 °C, from about 50 °C to about 150 °C, from about 75 °C to about 100 °C, from about 75 °C to about 150 °C, or from about 100 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature of about 5 °C, about 10 °C, about 15 °C, about 20 °C, about 25 °C, about 30 °C, about 35 °C, about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 75 °C, about 100 °C, or about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment step may occur at a temperature of at least 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C, or 100 °C. In some embodiments, the pre- treatment step may occur at a temperature of at most 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C, 100 °C, or 150 °C.

[0241] In some embodiments, production of polymer compositions may comprise a thermochemical treatment step. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment step may comprise a delignification step. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment step may comprise treatment in an alkali solution. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may comprise treatment in an acidic solution. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may comprise treatment in a substantial neutral solution.

[0242] In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be from about 8 to about 14. In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be greater than 7. In some aspects, the pH of the alkali solution may be about 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be less than 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the neutral solution may be 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be from about 8 to about 9, from about 8 to about 10, from about 8 to about 11, from about 8 to about 12, from about 8 to about 13, from about 8 to about 14, from about 9 to about 10, from about 9 to about 11, from about 9 to about 12, from about 9 to about 13, from about 9 to about 14, from about 10 to about 11, from about 10 to about 12, from about 10 to about 13, from about 10 to about 14, from about 11 to about 12, from about 11 to about 13, from about 11 to about 14, from about 12 to about 13, from about 12 to about 14, or from about 13 to about 14. In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, or about 14. In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13. In some embodiments, the pH of the alkali solution may be at most 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14.

[0243] In some embodiments, the alkali solution may comprise sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lime, lime water or calcium hydroxide.

[0244] In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be from about 1 to about 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be less than 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be from about 1 to about 2, from about 1 to about 3, from about 1 to about 4, from about 1 to about 5, from about 1 to about 6, from about 1 to about 7, from about 2 to about 3, from about 2 to about 4, from about 2 to about 5, from about 2 to about 6, from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 4, from about 3 to about 5, from about 3 to about 6, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 5, from about 4 to about 6, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 6, from about 5 to about 7, or from about 6 to about 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, or about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, the pH of the acidic solution may be at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 6.5.

[0245] In some embodiments, the acidic solution may comprise hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, or citric acid.

[0246] In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be from about 40 °C to about 200 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be less than 40 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be greater than 200 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be from about 40 °C to about 50 °C, from about 40 °C to about 60 °C, from about 40 °C to about 70 °C, from about 40 °C to about 80 °C, from about 40 °C to about 90 °C, from about 40 °C to about 100 °C, from about 40 °C to about 110 °C, from about 40 °C to about 120 °C, from about 40 °C to about 130 °C, from about 40 °C to about 140 °C, from about 40 °C to about 150 °C, from about 40 °C to about 200 °C, from about 50 °C to about 60 °C, from about 50 °C to about 70 °C, from about 50 °C to about 80 °C, from about 50 °C to about 90 °C, from about 50 °C to about 100 °C, from about 50 °C to about 110 °C, from about 50 °C to about 120 °C, from about 50 °C to about 130 °C, from about 50 °C to about 140 °C, from about 50 °C to about 150 °C, from about 50 °C to about 200 °C, from about 60 °C to about 70 °C, from about 60 °C to about 80 °C, from about 60 °C to about 90 °C, from about 60 °C to about 100 °C, from about 60 °C to about 110 °C, from about 60 °C to about 120 °C, from about 60 °C to about 130 °C, from about 60 °C to about 140 °C, from about 60 °C to about 150 °C, from about 60 °C to about 200 °C, from about 70 °C to about 80 °C, from about 70 °C to about 90 °C, from about 70 °C to about 100 °C,from about 70 °C to about 110 °C, from about 70 °C to about 120 °C, from about 70 °C to about 130 °C, from about 70 °C to about 140 °C, from about 70 °C to about 150 °C, from about 70 °C to about 200 °C, from about 80 °C to about 90 °C, from about 80 °C to about 100 °C, from about 80 °C to about 110 °C, from about 80 °C to about 120 °C, from about 80 °C to about 130 °C, from about 80 °C to about 140 °C, from about 80 °C to about 150 °C, from about 80 °C to about 200 °C, from about 90 °C to about 100 °C, from about 90 °C to about 110 °C, from about 90 °C to about 120 °C, from about 90 °C to about 130 °C, from about 90 °C to about 140 °C, from about 90 °C to about 150 °C, from about 90 °C to about 200 °C, from about 100 °C to about 110 °C, from about 100 °C to about 120 °C, from about 100 °C to about 130 °C, from about 100 °C to about 140 °C, from about 100 °C to about 150 °C, from about 100 °C to about 200 °C, from about 110 °C to about 120 °C, from about 110 °C to about 130 °C, from about 110 °C to about 140 °C, from about 110 °C to about 150 °C, from about 110 °C to about 200 °C, from about 120 °C to about 130 °C, from about 120 °C to about 140 °C, from about 120 °C to about 150 °C, from about 120 °C to about 200 °C, from about 130 °C to about 140 °C, from about 130 °C to about 150 °C, from about 130 °C to about 200 °C, from about 140 °C to about 150 °C, from about 140 °C to about 200 °C, or from about 150 °C to about 200 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, about 90 °C, about 100 °C, about 110 °C, about 120 °C, about 130°C, about 140 °C, about 150 °C, or about 200 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be at least 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 130°C, 140 °C, or 150 °C. In some aspects, the temperature of the thermochemical treatment may be at most 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 130°C, 140 °C, 150 °C, or 200 °C.

[0247] In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for less than 1 minute. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for greater than 180 minutes. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 15 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 20 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 45 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 80 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 90 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes, from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, from about 5 minutes toabout 20 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 15 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes, from about 45 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 45 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 45 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 45 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, from about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 60 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 80 minutes to about 90 minutes, from about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 80 minutes to about 180 minutes, from about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, from about 90 minutes to about 180 minutes, or from about 120 minutes to about 180 minutes. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 120 minutes, or about 180 minutes. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for at least 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 90 minutes, or 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for at most 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, or 180 minutes.

[0248] In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for from about 1 hour to about 96 hours. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for less than 1 hour. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for greater than 96 hours. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for from about 1 hour to about 3 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, from about 1 hour to about 8 hours, from about 1 hour to about 12 hours, from about 1 hour to about 16 hours, from about 1 hour to about 20 hours, from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, from about 1 hour to about 36 hours, from about 1 hour to about 48 hours, from about 1 hour to about 72 hours, from about 1 hour to about 96 hours, from about 3 hours to about 4 hours, from about 3 hours to about 8 hours, from about 3 hours to about 12 hours, from about 3 hours to about 16 hours, from about 3 hours to about 20 hours, from about 3 hours to about 24 hours, from about 3 hours to about 36 hours, from about 3 hours to about 48 hours, from about 3 hours to about 72 hours, from about 3 hours to about 96 hours, from about 4 hours to about 8 hours, from about 4 hours to about 12 hours, from about 4 hours to about 16 hours, from about 4 hours to about 20 hours, from about 4 hours to about 24 hours, from about 4 hours to about 36 hours, from about 4 hours to about 48 hours, from about 4 hours to about 72 hours, from about 4 hours to about 96 hours, from about 8 hours to about 12 hours, from about 8 hours to about 16 hours, from about 8 hours to about 20 hours, from about 8 hours to about 24 hours, from about 8 hours to about 36 hours, from about 8 hours to about 48 hours, from about 8 hours to about 72 hours, from about 8 hours to about 96 hours, from about 12 hours to about 16 hours, from about 12 hours to about 20 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, from about 12 hours to about 36 hours, from about 12 hours to about 48 hours, from about 12 hours to about 72 hours, from about 12 hours to about 96 hours, from about 16 hours to about 20 hours, from about 16 hours to about 24 hours, from about 16 hours to about 36 hours, from about 16 hours to about 48 hours, from about 16 hours to about 72 hours, from about 16 hours to about 96 hours, from about 20 hours to about 24 hours, from about 20 hours to about 36 hours, from about 20 hours to about 48 hours, from about 20 hours to about 72 hours, from about 20 hours to about 96 hours, from about 24 hours to about 36 hours, from about 24 hours to about 48 hours, from about 24 hours to about 72 hours, from about 24 hours to about 96 hours, from about 36 hours to about 48 hours, from about 36 hours to about 72 hours, from about 36 hours to about 96 hours, from about 48 hours to about 72 hours, from about 48 hours to about 96 hours, or from about 72 hours to about 96 hours. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for about 1 hour, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48hours, about 72 hours, or about 96 hours. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for at least 1 hour, 3 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours. In some embodiments, the thermochemical treatment may be conducted for at most 3 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, or 96 hours.

[0249] In some embodiments, a solid-liquid separation step may be conducted. In some embodiments, the solid-liquid separation step may comprise filtration, mechanical separation, evaporation ponds, dehydration, coagulation flocculation, chemical treatment, sedimentation, or a thermal method, or a combination thereof, and wherein the filtration is by gravity, vacuum, pressure, or centrifugation. In some embodiments, a further step may comprise further purification of the mannan polysaccharides and / or the xylan polysaccharides through ultrafiltration, chemical treatment, or nanofiltration.

[0250] In some embodiments, the solids obtained in the solid liquid separation step may comprise a cellulose mixture. In some embodiments, the method may comprise a further step in which the cellulose mixture from the solid fractions is further cleaned or purified.

[0251] In some embodiments, production of polymer compositions may comprise an enzyme hydrolysis step.

[0252] In some embodiments, the polymer compositions may be obtained from the biomass by hydrolysis, including by partial hydrolysis. In some cases, the method may comprise obtaining the polymer composition and a soluble saccharide from the same biomass.

[0253] In some embodiments, the production of polymer compositions may comprise an enzymatic reaction. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reaction may comprise one or more enzymes placed in a suitable reaction vessel together with one or more feedstocks, which may be soluble or insoluble in water, and a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, production of polymer compositions may comprise an enzyme hydrolysis step.

[0254] A variety of enzymes may be suitable for use in the enzymatic reaction. Any enzyme which acts on a polysaccharide-containing feedstock may be appropriate, and it is within the ability of the skilled person to select suitable enzymes. In some embodiments, the enzymatic reaction comprises an amylase, an amyloglucosiodase, a pectinase, a cellulase, an endo-glucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), a lichenase, a xyloglucan endoglucanase (XEG), a mannanase, a chitinase, and / or a xylanase.

[0255] In some embodiments, the pre-treatment may include physical, chemical, combined, hydrothermal extraction, steam explosion, alkaline extraction, acid extraction, solvent, high pressure CO2 / H2O technology, organosolv fractionation, ionic liquid extraction, deep-eutectic solvent extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, alkali-assisted hydrothermal process, or acid-assisted hydrothermal process pretreatments.

[0256] In some embodiments, pre-treatment can include any processing step described in Lu et al. Green Processing and Synthesis available at www.degruyter.com / document / doi / 10.1515 / gps- 2021-0065 / html, which is herein incorporated by reference. Lignocellulose-Rich Fractions and Lignocellulose-Poor Fractions

[0257] The methods described herein may be used to produce lignocellulose-rich fractions (LRFs) and / or lignocellulose-poor fractions (LPFs) from plants.

[0258] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise lignocellulose in at least 5 dry wt.%, 10 dry wt.%, 15 dry wt.%, 20 dry wt.%, 25 dry wt.%, 30 dry wt.%, 35 dry wt.%, 40 dry wt.%, 45 dry wt.%, 50 dry wt.%, 55 dry wt.%, 60 dry wt.%, 65 dry wt.%, 70 dry wt.%, 75 dry wt.%, 80 dry wt.%, 85 dry wt.%, 90 dry wt.%, 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%.

[0259] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise cellulose. The LRF may comprise cellulose in in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%.

[0260] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise hemicellulose. In some embodiments, the LRF may comprise hemicellulose in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the LRF may comprise hemicellulose in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, less than 50 dry wt.%, less than 55 dry wt.%, less than 60 dry wt.%, less than 65 dry wt.%, less than 70 dry wt.%, less than 75 dry wt.%, less than 80 dry wt.%, less than 85 dry wt.%, less than 90 dry wt.%, less than 95 dry wt.%, or less than 100 dry wt.%.

[0261] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise a total mass of cellulose and hemicellulose in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, 100 dry wt.%.

[0262] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise lignin. The LRF may comprise lignin in at least 0.05 dry wt.%, at least 0.1 dry wt.%, at least 0.25 dry wt.%, at least 0.5 dry wt.%, at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 3 dry wt.%, at least 4 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 6 dry wt.%, at least 7 dry wt.%, at least 8 dry wt.%, at least 9 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, or at least 25 dry wt.%.

[0263] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise ash or comprise an ash content. The LRF may comprise ash in at least 0.05 dry wt.%, at least 0.1 dry wt.%, at least 0.25 dry wt.%, at least 0.5 dry wt.%, in at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 3 dry wt.%, at least 4 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 6 dry wt.%, at least 7 dry wt.%, at least 8 dry wt.%, at least 9 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, or at least 25 dry wt.%.

[0264] The LRF may, upon calcination, comprise an inorganic residue that remains as ash after calcination, of at least 0.05 dry wt.%, at least 0.1 dry wt.%, at least 0.25 dry wt.%, at least 0.5 dry wt.%, in at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 3 dry wt.%, at least 4 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 6 dry wt.%, at least 7 dry wt.%, at least 8 dry wt.%, at least 9 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, or at least 25 dry wt.%, by dry weight of the biomass prior to calcination.

[0265] The LRF may comprise an ash content of at least 0.05 dry wt.%, at least 0.1 dry wt.%, at least 0.25 dry wt.%, at least 0.5 dry wt.%, in at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 3 dry wt.%, at least 4 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 6 dry wt.%, at least 7 dry wt.%, at least 8 dry wt.%, at least 9 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, or at least 25 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the ash content may be determined by calcination.

[0266] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise β-linked polysaccharides. The LRF may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, 100 dry wt.%.

[0267] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides. The LRF may comprise β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%.

[0268] LRF may comprise a mixture of β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides and β-(1,3)-linked polysaccharides.

[0269] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise protein. The LRF may comprise protein in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. The LRF may be substantially free of protein.

[0270] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise starch. The LRF may comprise starch in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. The LRF may be substantially free of starch.

[0271] In some embodiments, a LRF may comprise α-linked polysaccharides. The LRF may comprise α-linked polysaccharides in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. The LRF may be substantially free of α-linked polysaccharides.

[0272] In some embodiments, a LRF may be derived from a biomass. In some embodiments, the biomass may be derived primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls. In some embodiments a LRF may comprise nucleic acids, or trace amounts of nucleic acids. The nucleic acids may be indicative of the plant species the LRF is derived from.

[0273] In some embodiments, a LRF may be an insoluble LRF (termed ‘LRF-I’). In some embodiments, the LRF-I comprises polysaccharides in an insoluble form. The LRF-I may comprise polysaccharides in an insoluble form in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, atleast 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the polysaccharides in an insoluble form comprise β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polysaccharides in an insoluble form are β-linked. In some embodiments, at most 0.01 dry wt.%, at most 0.1 dry wt.%, at most 0.5 dry wt.%, at most 1 dry wt.% or at most 5 dry wt.% of the LRF-I can be solubilized in deionized water at room temperature. In some embodiments, the LRF-I is essentially insoluble in deionized water at room temperature.

[0274] In some embodiments, the LRF may be a soluble LRF (termed ‘LRF-S’). In some embodiments, the LRF-S comprises polysaccharides in a soluble form. The LRF-S may comprise polysaccharides in a soluble form in at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the polysaccharides in a soluble form comprise non-mucilaginous β-linked polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the polysaccharides in a soluble form are β-linked and are non-mucilaginous. In some embodiments, the LRF-S comprises less than 20 dry wt.% cellulose, less than 10 dry wt.% cellulose, less than 5 dry wt.% cellulose, less than 1 dry wt.% cellulose or is substantially free of cellulose. In some embodiments, a solution of the LRF-S in deionized water, at room temperature, may reach a saturation point at a concentration of from 0.1 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 25.6 wt.% to 50 wt.% (by percentage mass of the LRF-S in the solution).

[0275] In some embodiments, a solution of the LRF-S in alkaline water, at a pH of from 8 to 15 (e.g about pH 8, pH 9, pH 10, pH 11, pH 12, pH 13 or pH 14 or any suitable range within), at room temperature, may reach a saturation point at a concentration of from 0.1 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 1 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 10 wt.%,from 0.2 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 25.6 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 25.6 wt.% to 75 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 0.8 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 1.6 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 3.2 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 6.4 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 12.8 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 25.6 wt.% to 100 wt.%, (by percentage mass of the LRF-S in the solution).

[0276] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise lignocellulose in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the LPF may be substantially free of lignocellulose.

[0277] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise cellulose. The LPF may comprise cellulose in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the LPF may be substantially free of cellulose.

[0278] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise hemicellulose. In some embodiments, the LPF may comprise hemicellulose in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%. In some embodiments, the LPF may be substantially free of hemicellulose.

[0279] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise a total mass of cellulose and hemicellulose in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%.

[0280] In some embodiments, a LPF may be substantially free of lignin. The LPF may comprise lignin in less than 1 dry wt.%, less than 2 dry wt.%, less than 3 dry wt.%, less than 4 drywt.%, less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 6 dry wt.%, less than 7 dry wt.%, less than 8 dry wt.%, less than 9 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%.

[0281] In some embodiments, a LPF may be substantially free of ash. In some embodiments, the LPF may comprise ash in less than 1 dry wt.%, less than 2 dry wt.%, less than 3 dry wt.%, less than 4 dry wt.%, less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 6 dry wt.%, less than 7 dry wt.%, less than 8 dry wt.%, less than 9 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%.

[0282] In some embodiments, a LPF may be substantially free of β-linked polysaccharides. The LPF may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%.

[0283] In some embodiments, a LPF may be substantially free of β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides. The LPF may comprise β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%.

[0284] In some embodiments, a LPF may be substantially free of β-(1,3)-linked polysaccharides. The LPF may comprise β-(1,3)-linked polysaccharides in less than 5 dry wt.%, less than 10 dry wt.%, less than 15 dry wt.%, less than 20 dry wt.%, less than 25 dry wt.%, less than 30 dry wt.%, less than 35 dry wt.%, less than 40 dry wt.%, less than 45 dry wt.%, or less than 50 dry wt.%.

[0285] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise protein. The LPF may comprise protein in at least 0.1 dry wt.%, at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, or at least 80 dry wt.%.

[0286] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise starch. The LPF may comprise starch in at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, or at least 80 dry wt.%. In some embodiments the LPF may consist essentially of starch.

[0287] In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise α-linked polysaccharides. The LPF may comprise α-linked polysaccharides in at least 1 dry wt.%, at least 2 dry wt.%, at least 5 dry wt.%, at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 15 dry wt.%, at least 20 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 30 dry wt.%, at least 35 dry wt.%, at least 40 dry wt.%, at least 45 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 55 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 65 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 75 dry wt.%, or at least 80 dry wt.%. In some embodiments the LPF may consist essentially of α-linked polysaccharides.

[0288] In some embodiments, a LPF may be derived from a biomass. In some embodiments, the biomass may derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap. In some embodiments, a LPF may comprise nucleic acids, or trace amounts of nucleic acids. The nucleic acids may be indicative of the plant species the LPF is derived from. Compositions

[0289] The polymer components of the composition may comprise xylan, mannan, mixed- linkage glucan, pectin, starch, cellulose, protein, fat, or derivatives of any of the aforementioned polymers. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise other polysaccharides and / or derivatives of polysaccharides.

[0290] The amounts and types of each of the polymers may be varied depending on the desired properties of the resulting foodstuff.

[0291] The polymer may comprise at least first polysaccharide (e.g. a soluble β-linked polysaccharide) and / or a second polysaccharide (e.g. a soluble α-linked polysaccharide). In some aspects, it may comprise a third polysaccharide (e.g. a insoluble β-linked polysaccharide). The polymer composition may further comprise a fourth polysaccharide. The polymer composition may comprise a fourth polysaccharide and a fifth polysaccharide. The polymer composition may further comprise a fourth polysaccharide, a fifth polysaccharide and a sixth polysaccharide. The polymer composition may further comprise a plurality of polysaccharides. These polysaccharides may be selected from the same list as other polysaccharides as provided above, or other choices that belong to polysaccharides described herein.

[0292] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% toabout 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linkedpolysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 50% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α- linked polysaccharide from about 55% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 60% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 95% dry w / w. In someembodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α-linked polysaccharide from about 65% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α- linked polysaccharide from about 70% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise α- linked polysaccharide from about 75% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 95% dry w / w.

[0293] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprisestarch polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 85%dry w / w, from about 45% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 45% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 50% to about 55% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 50% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 55% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 55% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 60% to about 65% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 60% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 65% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 65% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 70% to about 75% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 70% to about 95% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise starch polysaccharide from about 75% to about 80% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 85% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 90% dry w / w, from about 75% to about 95% dry w / w.

[0294] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide fromabout 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β- linked polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise soluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0295] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 0.1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dryw / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β- linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0296] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 0.1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 20% dry w / w,from about 0.5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0297] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharides in a soluble form, xylan polysaccharides in an insoluble form, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xylan polysaccharides in a soluble form and xylan polysaccharides in an insoluble form in a ratio of from 999:1 to 1:999, or 50:50 to 1:999, or 99:1 to 1:99, or 50:50 to 1:99, or 2.5:97.5 to 97.5 to 2.5, or 95:5 to 5:95, or 50:50 to 1:99, or 50:50 to 2.5:97.5, or 95:5 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 5:95, or 10:90 to 90:10, or 90:10 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 10:90, or 67:33 to 33:67, or 67:33 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 33:67, or 75:25 to 25:75, or 75:25 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 25:75, or an alternative ratio.

[0298] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 0.1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dryw / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0299] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides in a soluble form, mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides in an insoluble form, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides in a soluble form and mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides in an insoluble form in a ratio of from 99:1 to 1:99, or 2.5:97.5 to 79.5 to 2.5, or 95:5 to 5:95, or 50:50 to 1:99, or 50:50 to 2.5:97.5, or 95:5 to 5:95 or 95:5 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 5:95, or 10:90 to 90:10, or 90:10 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 10:90, or 67:33 to 33:67, or 67:33 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 33:67, or 75:25 to 25:75, or 75:25 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 25:75, or an alternative ratio.

[0300] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 0.1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dryw / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0301] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides in a soluble form, xyloglucan polysaccharides in an insoluble form, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides in a soluble form and xyloglucan polysaccharides in an insoluble form in a ratio of from 99:1 to 1:99, or 2.5:97.5 to 79.5 to 2.5, or 95:5 to 5:95, or 50:50 to 1:99, or 50:50 to 2.5:97.5, or 95:5 to 5:95 or 95:5 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 5:95, or 10:90 to 90:10, or 90:10 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 10:90, or 67:33 to 33:67, or 67:33 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 33:67, or 75:25 to 25:75, or 75:25 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 25:75, or an alternative ratio.

[0302] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 0.1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 0.5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dryw / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0303] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharides in a soluble form, mannan polysaccharides in an insoluble form, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise mannan polysaccharides in a soluble form and mannan polysaccharides in an insoluble form in a ratio of from 95:5 to 5:95 or 95:5 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 5:95, or 10:90 to 90:10, or 90:10 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 10:90, or 67:33 to 33:67, or 67:33 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 33:67, or 75:25 to 25:75, or 75:25 to 50:50, or 50:50 to 25:75, or an alternative ratio.

[0304] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments,the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β- linked polysaccharide from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise insoluble β-linked polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0305] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dryw / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0306] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide fromabout 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise cellulosic polysaccharide from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0307] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 25% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 30% to about 35% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 30% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 35% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 45% dry w / w, from about 35% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 40% to about 45% dry w / w, fromabout 40% to about 50% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignocellulosic material from about 45% to about 50% dry w / w.

[0308] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 1% to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise protein from about 1% to about 40% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 60% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 50% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 70% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 70% dry w / w.

[0309] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 1% to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 1% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 5% to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 5% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 10% to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 10% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 15% to about 20% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 15% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 20% to about 25% dry w / w, from about 20% to about 30% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise fat from about 25% to about 30% dry w / w.

[0310] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 4.2 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10 to about 20% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 4.2 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 15% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 10% dry w / w,from about 0.6 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 4.2 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 10% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 4.2 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 5% dry w / w, fromabout 1.6 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 4.2 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 5% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 3.3 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 3.6 to about 4% dry w / w, from about 3.9 to about 4% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise lignin, lignols, lignin derivatives or lignin breakdown products from about 0.1 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.1 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.2 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.3 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.4 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.6 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.7 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.8 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 1.9 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 2.2 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 2.4 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 2.6 to about 3% dry w / w, from about 2.8 to about 3% dry w / w.

[0311] A skilled person will be aware that lignin possesses properties as an anti-oxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent and other advantageous features. In some embodiments wherein the composition comprises lignin, the composition may act as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory,promote health heart, digestive health or an alternative form of health. In some embodiments, a polymer composition, a food ingredient, a raw foodstuff, a cooked foodstuff or a further embodiment of a foodstuff, may act as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory, promote health heart, digestive health or an alternative form of health.

[0312] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 5.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 6.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 6.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 7.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 8.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 8.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 9.0 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 9.5 to about 20% dry w / w, from about 10 to about 20% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 5.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 6.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 6.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 7.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 8.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 8.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 9.0 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 9.5 to about 15% dry w / w, from about 10 to about 15% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about0.9 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 5.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 6.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 6.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 7.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 8.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 8.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 9.0 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 9.5 to about 12.5% dry w / w, from about 10 to about 12.5% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 5.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 6.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 6.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 7.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 7.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 8.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 8.5 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 9.0 to about 10% dry w / w, from about 9.5 to about 10% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 5.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 5.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 6.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 6.5 to about 7.5% dry w / w, from about 7.0 to about 7.5% dry w / w. In some embodiments, the polymer composition may comprise ash from about 0.1 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.2 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.3 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.4 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.5 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.6 to about 5%dry w / w, from about 0.7 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.8 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 0.9 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 1.5 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 2.5 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 3.5 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 4.0 to about 5% dry w / w, from about 4.5 to about 5% dry w / w.

[0313] In some embodiments, the polymer composition may be particulate. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 20 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 40 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 80 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 160 microns to about 1000 microns, from about 320 microns to about 1000 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 500 microns, from about 20 microns to about 500 microns, from about 40 microns to about 500 microns, from about 80 microns to about 500 microns, from about 160 microns to about 500 microns, from about 320 microns to about 500 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 400 microns, from about 20 microns to about 400 microns, from about 40 microns to about 400 microns, from about 80 microns to about 400 microns, from about 160 microns to about 400 microns, from about 320 microns to about 400 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 300 microns, from about 20 microns to about 300 microns, from about 40 microns to about 300 microns, from about 80 microns to about 300 microns, from about 160 microns to about 300 microns. In some embodiments, the particles may have an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 250 microns, from about 20 microns to about 250 microns, from about 40 microns to about 250 microns, from about 80 microns to about 250 microns, from about 160 microns to about 250 microns.

[0314] The one or more soluble polysaccharides in the ingredient may be particularly soluble in water or alkali. For example, soluble polysaccharides used in the disclosure can include hemicelluloses such as xylans, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans, arabinogalactans, and certain cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxymethyl cellulose, and chitosan. In some embodiments, the one or more soluble polysaccharides can comprise hemicellulose. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise xylan and / or mannan. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise arabinoglucuronoxylan and / orgalactoglucomannan. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise glucuronoxylan and / or galactoglucomannan.

[0315] In some embodiments, the one or more β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form in the polymer composition may be particularly soluble in water or alkali. For example, β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form can include hemicelluloses such as xylans, non-mucilaginous xylans, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans, arabinogalactans, and certain cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxymethyl cellulose, and chitosan. In some embodiments, the one or more β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form can comprise hemicellulose. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise xylan and / or mannan. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise arabinoglucuronoxylan and / or galactoglucomannan. In certain embodiments, the hemicellulose can comprise glucuronoxylan and / or galactoglucomannan. In some embodiments, the one or more β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form are substantially free of mucilaginous xylan polysaccharides, galactomannans, glucomannans, inulin or a combination thereof.

[0316] In some embodiments, the one or more β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form in the polymer composition may be particularly insoluble in water or alkali. For example, β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form used in the disclosure can include hemicelluloses within a plant cell wall matrix such as xylans, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans, arabinogalactans. In some embodiments, the one or more β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form can comprise cellulose.

[0317] In some embodiments, the one or more α-linked polysaccharides may comprise starch, pectins, digestible starch, resistant starch, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the one or more α-linked polysaccharides may comprise at least 5% starch, at least 10% starch, at least 25% starch, at least 50% starch, at least 75% starch, at least 90% starch, at least 95% starch, at least 99% starch. In some embodiments, the one or more α-linked polysaccharides consist essentially of starch. In some embodiments, the one or more α-linked polysaccharides may comprise less than 50% resistant starch, less than 40% resistant starch, less than 25% resistant starch, less than 15% resistant starch, less than 10% resistant starch, less than 5% resistant starch, or less than 1% resistant starch. In some embodiments the one or more α-linked polysaccharides are substantially free of resistant starch. Combinations of polymers

[0318] A polymer composition may comprise a mixture of polymers. A mixture of polymers may comprise at least three types of polymers, such as, for example, xylan, cellulose, and starch. A mixture of polymers may comprise at least four types of polymer, such as, for example, xylan, cellulose, starch, and protein. A mixture of polymers may comprise at least five types of polymer, such as, for example, xylan, cellulose, starch, protein, and mixed-linkage glucan. A mixture of polymers may comprise six types of polymer, such as, for example, xylan, cellulose, starch, protein and mixed-linkage glucan and xyloglucan.

[0319] Preferred combinations of types of polymers include, but are not limited to: a soluble β- linked polysaccharide (e.g. a xylan polysaccharide) and a soluble α-linked polysaccharide (e.g. a starch polysaccharide); a soluble β-linked polysaccharide (e.g. a xylan polysaccharide) and an insoluble β -linked polysaccharide (e.g. a cellulosic polysaccharide), and a soluble α-linked polysaccharide (e.g. a starch polysaccharide); one or more β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form (e.g. a xylan polysaccharide in a soluble form), one or more β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form (e.g. a cellulose polysaccharide), one or more α-linked polysaccharides (e.g. a starch polysaccharide), one or more lignin polymers and one or more protein polymer (e.g. a zein).

[0320] The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 99:1, from about 5:95 to about 99:1, from about 10:90 to about 99:1, from about 15:85 to about 99:1, from about 20:80 to about 99:1, from about 25:75 to about 99:1, from about 30:70 to about 99:1, from about 35:65 to about 99:1, from about 40:60 to about 99:1, from about 45:55 to about 99:1, from about 50:50 to about 99:1, from about 55:45 to about 99:1, from about 60:40 to about 99:1, from about 65:35 to about 99:1, from about 70:30 to about 99:1, from about 75:25 to about 99:1, from about 80:20 to about 99:1, from about 85:15 to about 99:1, from about 90:10 to about 99:1, from about 95:5 to about 99:1. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 95:5, from about 5:95 to about 95:5, from about 10:90 to about 95:5, from about 15:85 to about 95:5, from about 20:80 to about 95:5, from about 25:75 to about 95:5, from about 30:70 to about 95:5, from about 35:65 to about 95:5, from about 40:60 to about 95:5, from about 45:55 to about 95:5, from about 50:50 to about 95:5, from about 55:45 to about 95:5, from about 60:40 to about 95:5, from about 65:35 to about 95:5, from about 70:30 to about 95:5, from about 75:25 to about 95:5, from about 80:20 to about 95:5, from about 85:15 to about 95:5, from about 90:10 to about 95:5. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 90:10, from about 5:95 to about 90:10, from about 10:90 to about 90:10, from about 15:85 to about 90:10, fromabout 20:80 to about 90:10, from about 25:75 to about 90:10, from about 30:70 to about 90:10, from about 35:65 to about 90:10, from about 40:60 to about 90:10, from about 45:55 to about 90:10, from about 50:50 to about 90:10, from about 55:45 to about 90:10, from about 60:40 to about 90:10, from about 65:35 to about 90:10, from about 70:30 to about 90:10, from about 75:25 to about 90:10, from about 80:20 to about 90:10, from about 85:15 to about 90:10. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 85:15, from about 5:95 to about 85:15, from about 10:90 to about 85:15, from about 15:85 to about 85:15, from about 20:80 to about 85:15, from about 25:75 to about 85:15, from about 30:70 to about 85:15, from about 35:65 to about 85:15, from about 40:60 to about 85:15, from about 45:55 to about 85:15, from about 50:50 to about 85:15, from about 55:45 to about 85:15, from about 60:40 to about 85:15, from about 65:35 to about 85:15, from about 70:30 to about 85:15, from about 75:25 to about 85:15, from about 80:20 to about 85:15. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 80:20, from about 5:95 to about 80:20, from about 10:90 to about 80:20, from about 15:85 to about 80:20, from about 20:80 to about 80:20, from about 25:75 to about 80:20, from about 30:70 to about 80:20, from about 35:65 to about 80:20, from about 40:60 to about 80:20, from about 45:55 to about 80:20, from about 50:50 to about 80:20, from about 55:45 to about 80:20, from about 60:40 to about 80:20, from about 65:35 to about 80:20, from about 70:30 to about 80:20, from about 75:25 to about 80:20. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 75:25, from about 5:95 to about 75:25, from about 10:90 to about 75:25, from about 15:85 to about 75:25, from about 20:80 to about 75:25, from about 25:75 to about 75:25, from about 30:70 to about 75:25, from about 35:65 to about 75:25, from about 40:60 to about 75:25, from about 45:55 to about 75:25, from about 50:50 to about 75:25, from about 55:45 to about 75:25, from about 60:40 to about 75:25, from about 65:35 to about 75:25, from about 70:30 to about 75:25. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 70:30, from about 5:95 to about 70:30, from about 10:90 to about 70:30, from about 15:85 to about 70:30, from about 20:80 to about 70:30, from about 25:75 to about 70:30, from about 30:70 to about 70:30, from about 35:65 to about 70:30, from about 40:60 to about 70:30, from about 45:55 to about 70:30, from about 50:50 to about 70:30, from about 55:45 to about 70:30, from about 60:40 to about 70:30, from about 65:35 to about 70:30. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 65:35, from about 5:95 to about 65:35, from about 10:90 to about 65:35, from about 15:85 to about 65:35, from about 20:80 to about 65:35, from about 25:75 to about 65:35, from about 30:70 to about65:35, from about 35:65 to about 65:35, from about 40:60 to about 65:35, from about 45:55 to about 65:35, from about 50:50 to about 65:35, from about 55:45 to about 65:35, from about 60:40 to about 65:35. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 60:40, from about 5:95 to about 60:40, from about 10:90 to about 60:40, from about 15:85 to about 60:40, from about 20:80 to about 60:40, from about 25:75 to about 60:40, from about 30:70 to about 60:40, from about 35:65 to about 60:40, from about 40:60 to about 60:40, from about 45:55 to about 60:40, from about 50:50 to about 60:40, from about 55:45 to about 60:40. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 55:45, from about 5:95 to about 55:45, from about 10:90 to about 55:45, from about 15:85 to about 55:45, from about 20:80 to about 55:45, from about 25:75 to about 55:45, from about 30:70 to about 55:45, from about 35:65 to about 55:45, from about 40:60 to about 55:45, from about 45:55 to about 55:45, from about 50:50 to about 55:45. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 50:50, from about 5:95 to about 50:50, from about 10:90 to about 50:50, from about 15:85 to about 50:50, from about 20:80 to about 50:50, from about 25:75 to about 50:50, from about 30:70 to about 50:50, from about 35:65 to about 50:50, from about 40:60 to about 50:50, from about 45:55 to about 50:50. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 45:55, from about 5:95 to about 45:55, from about 10:90 to about 45:55, from about 15:85 to about 45:55, from about 20:80 to about 45:55, from about 25:75 to about 45:55, from about 30:70 to about 45:55, from about 35:65 to about 45:55, from about 40:60 to about 45:55. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 40:60, from about 5:95 to about 40:60, from about 10:90 to about 40:60, from about 15:85 to about 40:60, from about 20:80 to about 40:60, from about 25:75 to about 40:60, from about 30:70 to about 40:60, from about 35:65 to about 40:60. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 35:65, from about 5:95 to about 35:65, from about 10:90 to about 35:65, from about 15:85 to about 35:65, from about 20:80 to about 35:65, from about 25:75 to about 35:65, from about 30:70 to about 35:65. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 30:70, from about 5:95 to about 30:70, from about 10:90 to about 30:70, from about 15:85 to about 30:70, from about 20:80 to about 30:70, from about 25:75 to about 30:70. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 25:75, from about 5:95 to about 25:75, from about 10:90 to about 25:75, from about 15:85 to about 25:75, from about 20:80 to about 25:75. The polymer composition maycomprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 20:80, from about 5:95 to about 20:80, from about 10:90 to about 20:80, from about 15:85 to about 20:80. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 15:85, from about 5:95 to about 15:85, from about 10:90 to about 15:85. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 10:90, from about 5:95 to about 10:90. The polymer composition may comprise the two types of polymers in a w / w ratio of from about 1:99 to about 5:95.

[0321] In some examples, xylan polysaccharide may be a non-mucilaginous xylan polysaccharide, more specifically a plant cell wall derived xylan, and a starch polysaccharide may be a grain endosperm-derived starch polysaccharide, more specifically a Poaceaen grain endosperm-derived starch polysaccharide, and a third polysaccharide may be a cellulosic polysaccharide, more specifically a Poaceaen stalk-derived cellulosic polysaccharide. Other combinations of a xylan polysaccharide, a starch polysaccharide, and a cellulosic polysaccharide are also within the scope of this disclosure.

[0322] In some examples, a composition may comprise two different types of xylan polysaccharide. The two different types of xylan polysaccharide could differ from each other structurally, for example by different ratios of monosaccharide residues, different ratios of glycosidic bonds, and / or different patterns / motifs / branching. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise xylan in a soluble form and xylan in an insoluble form. These structural differences may in some cases be indicative of xylan polysaccharide from different plant sources. Envisaged examples of different plant sources include anatomically different parts of the same plant. The two types of xylan polysaccharide may be detectable based on differential digestion with enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of enzymatic breakdown products. The w / w ratios of the two different xylan polysaccharides in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10.

[0323] In some examples, a composition may comprise two different types of mannan polysaccharide. The two different types of mannan polysaccharide could differ from each other structurally, for example by different ratios of monosaccharide residues, different ratios of glycosidic bonds, and / or different patterns / motifs / branching. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise mannan in a soluble form and mannan in an insoluble form. These structural differences may in some cases be indicative of mannan polysaccharide from different plant sources. Envisaged examples of different plant sources include anatomically different parts ofthe same plant. The two types of mannan polysaccharide may be detectable based on differential digestion with enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of enzymatic breakdown products. The w / w ratios of the two different mannan polysaccharides in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10.

[0324] In some examples, a composition may comprise two different types of xyloglucan polysaccharide. The two different types of xyloglucan polysaccharide could differ from each other structurally, for example by different ratios of monosaccharide residues, different ratios of glycosidic bonds, and / or different patterns / motifs / branching. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise xyloglucan in a soluble form and xyloglucan in an insoluble form. These structural differences may in some cases be indicative of xyloglucan polysaccharide from different plant sources. Envisaged examples of different plant sources include anatomically different parts of the same plant. The two types of xyloglucan polysaccharide may be detectable based on differential digestion with enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of enzymatic breakdown products. The w / w ratios of the two different xyloglucan polysaccharides in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10. The xyloglucan may be detectable based on digestion with xyloglucan hydrolase enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of xyloglucan hydrolase breakdown products.

[0325] In some examples, a composition may comprise two different types of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide. The two different types of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide could differ from each other structurally, for example by different ratios of monosaccharide residues, different ratios of glycosidic bonds, and / or different patterns / motifs / branching. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise mixed-linkage glucan in a soluble form and mixed-linkage glucan in an insoluble form. These structural differences may in some cases be indicative of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide from different plant sources. Envisaged examples of different plant sources include anatomically different parts of the same plant. The two types of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharide may be detectable based on differential digestion with enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of enzymatic breakdown products. The w / w ratios of the two different mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10. The mixed-linkage glucan may be detectable based on digestion with lichenase enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of lichenase enzymatic breakdown products.

[0326] In some examples, a composition may comprise two different types of cellulosic polysaccharide. The two different types of cellulosic polysaccharide could differ from each other structurally, for example by different ratios of crystalline to amorphous components as well as different types of crystal. These structural differences may in some cases be indicative of cellulosic polysaccharide from different plant sources. Envisaged examples of different plant sources include anatomically different parts of the same plant. The two types of cellulosic polysaccharide may be detectable based on differential digestion with enzymes and / or by production of characteristic fingerprints of enzymatic breakdown products. The w / w ratios of the two different cellulosic polysaccharide in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10.

[0327] In some examples, a composition may comprise lignin. The w / w lignin: polysaccharide ratio in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10. In some examples, a composition may comprise lignin breakdown products. The w / w lignin breakdown products: polysaccharide ratio in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10. In some examples, a composition may comprise ferulates. The w / w ferulate: polysaccharide ratio in the composition may be between 1:1,000,000 and 1:10.

[0328] In some embodiments, a composition may comprise two or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus plant genus, or three or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus plant genus, or four or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus plant genus, or five or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus plant genus, or six or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus plant genus, or seven or more types of polymers derived from a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise essentially polymers from a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise polymers deriving from a single taxonomic genus, the polymers being of at least two different of the following categories: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, α-linked polysaccharides, protein, lignin (e.g. the composition may comprise cellulose (β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form) from the genus Zea, and zein (protein) from Zea). In some embodiments, the composition may comprise polymers deriving from a single taxonomic genus, the polymers being of at least three different of the following categories: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, α-linked polysaccharides, protein, lignin (e.g. the composition may comprise cellulose (β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form) from the genus Zea, corn starch (α-linked polysaccharide) from Zea and zein (protein) from Zea). Insome embodiments, the composition may comprise polymers deriving from a single taxonomic genus, the polymers being of at least four different types of the following categories: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, α-linked polysaccharides, protein, lignin (e.g. the composition may comprise cellulose (β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form) from the genus Zea, corn starch (α-linked polysaccharide) from Zea, zein (protein) from Zea and lignin from Zea). In some embodiments, the composition may comprise polymers deriving from a single taxonomic genus, the polymers selected from all of the following categories: β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, α-linked polysaccharides, protein, lignin (e.g. the composition may comprise soluble corn arabinoxylan (β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form) from the genus Zea, cellulose (β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form) from Zea, corn starch (α-linked polysaccharide) from Zea, zein (protein) from Zea and lignin from Zea).

[0329] In some embodiments, a composition may derive essentially from a single taxonomic genus. In some embodiments at least 10 dry wt.%, at least 25 dry wt.%, at least 50 dry wt.%, at least 60 dry wt.%, at least 70 dry wt.%, at least 80 dry wt.%, at least 85 dry wt.%, at least 90 dry wt.%, at least 95 dry wt.%, at least 97.5 dry wt.%, at least 98 dry wt.%, at least 99 dry wt.%, at least 99.5 dry wt.%, at least 99.9 dry wt.%, or 100 dry wt.% of the composition derives from a single taxonomic genus.

[0330] Polymers with varying structures

[0331] The Mn of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 400 kDa. The Mn of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 200 kDa. The Mn of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 100 kDa.

[0332] The Mw of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 1000 kDa. The Mw of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 100kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 500 kDa. The Mw of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 250 kDa.

[0333] The polydispersity of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 7. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 6, from about 5 to about 6. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 5, from about 4 to about 5. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 4, from about 3 to about 4.

[0334] The proportion of polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 100 kDa and about 250 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 250 kDa and about 500 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%.

[0335] The composition may comprise two or more polysaccharide populations with different molecular weight profiles. Envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising apolysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa. Further envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa.

[0336] The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of α-1,4- glycosidic bonds to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds between about 10:1 and about 5:1. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds to α-1,6- glycosidic bonds between about 10:1 and about 7:1. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds between about 8:1 and about 5:1. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of α- 1,4-glycosidic bonds to α-1,6-glycosidic bonds between about 9:1 and about 6:1.

[0337] The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of linear starch to amylopectin of between about 9:1 and about 1:9. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of linear starch to amylopectin of between about 8:1 and about 1:8. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of linear starch to amylopectin of between about 7:1 and about 1:7. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of linear starch to amylopectin of between about 6:1 and about 1:6.

[0338] The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of backbone glucosyl residues to side chain glucosyl residues starch of between about 9:1 and about 1:9. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of backbone glucosyl residues to side chain glucosyl residues starch of between about 8:1 and about 1:8. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of backbone glucosyl residues to side chain glucosyl residues starch of between about 7:1 and about 1:7. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may have a ratio of backbone glucosyl residues to side chain glucosyl residues starch of between about 6:1 and about 1:6.

[0339] The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 0% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 10% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 20% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 30% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 40% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 50% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 60% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 70% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 80% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be greater than 90% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 100% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 90% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 80% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 70% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 60% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 50% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 40% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 30% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 20% crystallized. The starch polysaccharides in the polymer composition may be less than 10% crystallized.

[0340] The Mn of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 400 kDa. The Mn of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 200 kDa. The Mn of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 100 kDa.

[0341] The Mw of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 1000 kDa. The Mw of the starch polysaccharides within thecomposition may be from about 5 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 500 kDa. The Mw of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 250 kDa.

[0342] The polydispersity of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 7. The polydispersity of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 6, from about 5 to about 6. The polydispersity of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 5, from about 4 to about 5. The polydispersity of the starch polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 4, from about 3 to about 4.

[0343] The proportion of starch polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of starch polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of starch polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 100 kDa and about 250 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of starch polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 250 kDa and about 500 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of starch polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%.

[0344] The composition may comprise two or more starch polysaccharide populations with different molecular weight profiles. Envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa, acomposition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa. Further envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa, a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a starch polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa.

[0345] The concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately one in a polymer composition may be from about 1% to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately one in a polymer composition may be more than 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately one may be at least 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately one may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% w / w.

[0346] The concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately two in a in a polymer composition may be from about 1% to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately two in a polymer composition may be more than 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately two may be at least 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately two may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% w / w.

[0347] The concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately three in a polymer composition may be from about 1% to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately three in a polymer composition may be more than 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately three may be at least 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately three may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% w / w.

[0348] The concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately four in a polymer composition may be from about 1% to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately four in a polymer composition may be more than 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately four may be at least 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately four may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% w / w.

[0349] The concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately five in a polymer composition may be from about 1% to about 70% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mannan polysaccharides with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately five in a polymer composition may be more than 70% w / w. The concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately five may be at least 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w. The concentration of a mannan with a mannose to galactose ratio of approximately five may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% w / w.

[0350] The Mn of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 400 kDa. The Mn of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 200 kDa. The Mn of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 100 kDa.

[0351] The Mw of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 1000 kDa. The Mw of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 500 kDa. The Mw of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 250 kDa.

[0352] The polydispersity of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 7. The polydispersity of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 6, from about 5 to about 6. The polydispersity of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 5, from about 4 to about 5. The polydispersity of the mannan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 4, from about 3 to about 4.

[0353] The proportion of mannan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of mannan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of mannan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 100 kDa and about 250 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of mannan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 250 kDa and about 500 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of mannan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%.

[0354] The composition may comprise two or more mannan polysaccharide populations with different molecular weight profiles. Envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a mannanpolysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa. Further envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a mannan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa.

[0355] In some embodiments, polysaccharides comprise side chains. In some embodiments, the side-chains may comprise β-linkages or α-linkages independently of the polysaccharide backbone. In some embodiments wherein a β-linked polysaccharide comprises side chains comprising α- linkages independently of the polysaccharide backbone, a β-linked polysaccharide may comprise greater than 40% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 50% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 60% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 70% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages. In some embodiments wherein a α-linked polysaccharide comprises side chains comprising β-linkages independently of the polysaccharide backbone, a α-linked polysaccharide may comprise greater than 80% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 90% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 85% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, or greater than 99% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages.

[0356] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.1, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.1, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with anarabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.1 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.1 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0357] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.2, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.2, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.2 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.2 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0358] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.3, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In another aspect, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.3, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.3 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.3 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0359] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.4, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.4, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.4 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.4 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0360] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.5, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.5, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.5 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.5 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0361] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.6, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.6, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.6 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.6 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0362] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.7, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.7, in a polymer composition may more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.7 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.7 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0363] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.8, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.8, in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharideswith an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.8 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.8 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0364] In some embodiments wherein a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction is produced from an insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, a population of xylan polysaccharides in the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction has a higher ratio of arabinose to xylose residues than a population of xylan polysaccharides in the insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction. In some embodiments, the ratio of arabinose to xylose residues in the population of xylan polysaccharide in the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction is at least 10% higher than in the population of the xylan polysaccharides in the population of the xylan polysaccharides in the insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

[0365] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.0, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.0, in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.0 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 0.8 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0366] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.2, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.2, in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.2 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with an arabinose: xylose ratio of approximatively 1.2 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0367] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid ratio of approximatively 10:1, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50%w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid ratio of approximatively 10:1, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid ratio of approximatively 10:1 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of xylan polysaccharide with a xylose: glucuronic acid of approximatively 10:1 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w .

[0368] The concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid: arabinose ratio of approximatively 10:2:1.3, in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid: arabinose ratio of approximatively 10:2:1.3, in a polymer composition may be more than 50% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid: arabinose ratio of approximatively 10:2:1.3 may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of a population of xylan polysaccharides with a xylose: glucuronic acid: arabinose ratio of approximatively 10:2:1.3 may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% w / w.

[0369] The Mn of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 400 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 400 kDa. The Mn of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 200 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 200 kDa. The Mn of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 0.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 2.5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 50 kDa to about 100 kDa.

[0370] The Mw of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 1000 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 1000 kDa. The Mw of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 25 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 500 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 500 kDa. The Mw of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 5 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 25kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa, from about 500 kDa to about 250 kDa.

[0371] The polydispersity of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 7. The polydispersity of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 6, from about 5 to about 6. The polydispersity of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 5, from about 4 to about 5. The polydispersity of the xylan polysaccharides within the composition may be from about 2 to about 4, from about 3 to about 4.

[0372] The proportion of xylan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of xylan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of xylan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 100 kDa and about 250 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of xylan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 250 kDa and about 500 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of xylan polysaccharides with a molecular weight between about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%.

[0373] The composition may comprise two or more xylan polysaccharide populations with different molecular weight profiles. Envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 20kDa and about 40 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa. Further envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a xylan polysaccharide population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa.

[0374] The polydispersity of the polysaccharides in a soluble form within the composition may be from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 7, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 7. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides in a soluble form within the composition may be from about 2 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 6, from about 5 to about 6. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides in a soluble form within the composition may be from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 5, from about 4 to about 5. The polydispersity of the polysaccharides in a soluble form within the composition may be from about 2 to about 4, from about 3 to about 4.

[0375] The proportion of polysaccharides in a soluble form with a molecular weight between about 5 kDa and about 50 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides in a soluble form with a molecular weight between about 50 kDa and about 100 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides in a soluble form with a molecular weight between about 100 kDa and about 250 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides in a soluble form with a molecular weight between about 250 kDa and about 500 kDa may be between about 0% and about 10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%. The proportion of polysaccharides in a soluble form with a molecular weight between about 500 kDa and about 1000 kDa may be between about 0% and about10%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 50%.

[0376] The composition may comprise two or more polysaccharide in a soluble form populations with different molecular weight profiles. Envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 10 kDa and about 50 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 100 kDa and about 1000 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 20 kDa and about 40 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mw between about 200 kDa and about 600 kDa. Further envisaged compositions include a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 2 kDa and about 10 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 30 kDa and about 320 kDa, a composition comprising a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 4 kDa and about 8 kDa and a polysaccharide in a soluble form population with Mn between about 50 kDa and about 160 kDa.

[0377] The concentration of crystalline cellulose in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 40% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of crystalline cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 40% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of crystalline cellulose may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of crystalline cellulose be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% w / w.

[0378] The concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to about 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 30% w / w. In some embodiment, theconcentration of carboxymethyl cellulose may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w.

[0379] The concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to about 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 30% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, or 30% w / w.

[0380] The concentration of partially hydrolyzed cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to about 40% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of partially hydrolyzed cellulose in a polymer composition may be about 0.1% to at least 40% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of partially hydrolyzed cellulose may be at least 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or 12% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of partially hydrolyzed cellulose be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 15%, 18%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% w / w.

[0381] The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3- glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3 and 1:3.25 in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mixed- linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3 and 1:3.25 in a polymer composition may be more than 20% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3 and 1:3.25 in a polymer composition may be at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 2.5%, or 3.0% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3 and 1:3.25 in a polymer composition may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10%, 15% or 20% w / w.

[0382] The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3- glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.25 and 1:3.5 in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mixed- linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.25 and 1:3.5 in a polymer composition may be more than 20% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.25 and 1:3.5 in a polymer composition may be at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 2.5%, or 3.0% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.25 and 1:3.5 in a polymer composition may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10%, 15% or 20% w / w.

[0383] The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3- glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.5 and 1:3.75 in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mixed- linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.5 and 1:3.75 in a polymer composition may be more than 20% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4- glycosidic bonds between 1:3.5 and 1:3.75 in a polymer composition may be at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 2.5%, or 3.0% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.5 and 1:3.75 in a polymer composition may be higher in some cases, for instance, up to 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10%, 15% or 20% w / w.

[0384] The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3- glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.75 and 1:4 in a polymer composition may be from about 0.1% to about 20% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the mixed- linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between 1:3.75 and 1:3.4 in a polymer composition may be more than 20% w / w. The concentration of the mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with a ratio of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds to β-1,4- glycosidic bonds between 1:3.75 and 1:4 in a poly...

Claims

CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of producing a substantially dry consumable polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) fractionating a plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction; (b) performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction of (a) to produce lignocellulose-rich fractions; (c) drying of the pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fractions of (b) to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction; (d) performing one or more pre-treatments of a lignocellulose-poor fraction of (a) to produce lignocellulose-poor fractions; (e) drying of particles comprised in the pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fractions of (d) to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction; and (f) combining the pretreated fractions of (c) and (e) to produce the substantially dry consumable polymer composition, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fractions of (c) and the lignocellulose-poor fractions of (e) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:

5.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction and / or the substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction is a powder.

3. A method of producing a substantially dry consumable polymer composition, wherein the method comprises: (a) fractionating a plant biomass source to produce one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s); (b) performing one or more pre-treatment(s) of the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) of (a) to produce one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s); (c) drying of the one or more pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) of (b) to produce a substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction(s);(d) performing one or more pre-treatment(s) of one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) of (a) to produce one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s); (e) drying of particles comprised in the one or more pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) of (d) to produce a one or more substantially dry lignocellulose-poor fraction(s); and (f) combining the pretreated fractions of (c) and (e) to produce the substantially dry consumable polymer composition, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) of (c) and the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) of (e) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:

5.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the one or more substantially dry lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction and at least one insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

5. The method of claim 1, the method comprising: (a) fractionating a biomass source comprising a biomass from the family Poaceae (e.g. biomass from a Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena genera) into a first fraction, comprising biomass from stalks, stems, cobs, shells, leaves, tubers, haulm, straw husks and / or hulls, the first fraction comprising a lignocellulose content of greater than 50% dry w / w, and a second fraction, comprising biomass from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap, the second fraction comprising a lignocellulose content of less than 25% dry w / w; (b) pre-treating the first fraction of (a) to reduce an average size of particles comprised in the first fraction to less than 500 µm and applying a thermochemical treatment to the first fraction by incubating the first fraction at a fixed temperature for greater than about 1 hour; (c) pre-treating the second fraction of (a) to reduce an average size of particles comprised in the second fraction to less than 500 µm; and (d) Combining the pre-treated fractions of (b) and (c) to produce a polymer composition; wherein greater than 75% of the composition dry w / w comprises biomass from the same taxonomic genus and the polymer composition comprises: (i) the fraction of (b) and the fraction of (c) in a ratio from about 25:75 to 75:25; (ii) 5–50% dry w / w xylanpolysaccharide; (iii) 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharide; and (iv) 10–50% dry w / w starch polysaccharide.

6. A method of producing a substantially dry consumable polymer composition, the method comprising: (a) fractionating a plant biomass source to produce a lignocellulose-rich fraction and a lignocellulose-poor fraction; (b) performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction of (a); (c) performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction of (a); (d) combining the fractions of (b) and (c) to produce a combined fraction; and (e) drying the combined fraction to form the substantially dry polymer composition, wherein the substantially dry polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction of (b) and the lignocellulose-poor fraction of step (c) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:

5.

7. A method of producing a substantially dry consumable powder polymer composition, the method comprising: (a) performing one or more pre-treatments of a plant biomass source comprising greater than 75% w / w of biomass from a single taxonomic genus and a lignocellulose-rich fraction of plant biomass and a lignocellulose-poor fraction of plant biomass in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:5 to yield a pretreated biomass; and (b) drying the pretreated biomass to form the substantially dry powder polymer composition, wherein the substantially dry powder polymer composition comprises 5 – 95% dry w / w lignocellulose.

8. A method of producing a consumable foodstuff composition, the method comprising: (a) fractionating of a first plant biomass source to produce a first lignocellulose-rich fraction; (b) performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction of (a) to produce lignocellulose-rich fractions; (c) producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose-rich fractions of (b); (d) fractionating a second plant biomass source from the same taxonomic genera as the first plant biomass source of (a) to produce a lignocellulose-poor fraction;(e) performing one or more pre-treatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction of (d) to produce lignocellulose-poor fractions; (f) producing a powder of the pre-treated lignocellulose-poor fractions of (e); and (g) combining the powders of (c) and (f) to produce a consumable foodstuff composition; wherein the consumable foodstuff composition comprises the powder of the one or more lignocellulose-rich fractions of (c) and the powder of the one or more lignocellulose-poor fractions of (f) in a ratio from about 5:95 to 95:

5.

9. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plant biomass source comprises primarily biomass from species within the following genera: Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus, Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos.

10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plant biomass source comprises biomass from one or more species within a single genus.

11. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plant biomass source comprises >75% dry w / w of biomass from one or more species within a single genus.

12. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises >50% dry w / w lignocellulose.

13. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises >70% dry w / w lignocellulose.

14. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises >80% dry w / w lignocellulose.

15. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises at least 3 times more lignocellulose than the lignocellulose-poor fraction on a % dry w / w basis.

16. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, husks, hulls, and / or derivatives thereof.

17. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <50% dry w / w lignocellulose.

18. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <30% dry w / w lignocellulose.

19. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises <10% dry w / w lignocellulose.

20. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises at least 3 times less lignocellulose than the lignocellulose-rich fraction on a % dry w / w basis.

21. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >10% dry w / w sugar, >10% dry w / w starch, >10% dry w / w protein and / or >10% dry w / w fat.

22. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >20% dry w / w sugar, >20% dry w / w starch, >20% dry w / w protein and / or >20% dry w / w fat.

23. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >30% dry w / w sugar, >30% dry w / w starch, >30% dry w / w protein and / or >30% dry w / w fat.

24. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises >40% dry w / w sugar, >40% dry w / w starch, >40% dry w / w protein and / or >40% dry w / w fat.

25. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises primarily grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap and / or derivatives thereof.

26. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) is an insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s).

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the one or more insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise: (a) At least 35 dry wt.% total of: cellulose and hemicellulose (b) Less than 20 dry wt.% protein (c) Less than 60 dry wt.% starch, and (d) At least 0.1 dry wt.% lignin 28. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) collectively comprise: (a) At least 5 dry wt.% starch (b) Less than 35 dry wt.% total of: cellulose and hemicellulose, and (c) At least 1 dry wt.% Protein 29. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one lignocellulose-rich fraction comprising less than 10 dry wt.% starch and less than 5 dry wt.% protein.

30. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise less than 10 dry wt.% starch and less than 5 dry wt.% protein, and are a stem-derived fraction, a husk-derived fraction, a hull-derived, a haulm-derived fraction, a cob- derived fraction, a leaves-derived fraction, or a straw-derived fraction.

31. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) are substantially free of resistant starch, iso-maltooligosaccharides, mucilaginous polysaccharides and dextrins.

32. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) are derived from a stems, husks, leaves, cobs, hulls, haulm, straw or a combination thereof.

33. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pre-treatment(s) comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling).

34. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pre-treatment(s) comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30°C.

35. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pre-treatment(s) comprise chemical pre-treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, steam, alkali and / or acidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment).

36. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pre-treatment(s) comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, lyase, LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

37. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling).

38. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30°C.

39. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise chemical pre-treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, hot steam, alkali and / or acidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment).

40. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, lyase, LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

41. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise physical pre-treatment (e.g. grinding, milling, sieving, cutting, reaping, threshing, winnowing and / or rolling).

42. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise thermal pre-treatment at temperatures greater than 30°C.

43. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise chemical pre-treatment (e.g. incubation in hot water, hot steam, alkali and / or acidic conditions, ionic liquid treatment, Alcell pulping and / or supercritical solvent, such as water, treatment).

44. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more pretreatments of the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise enzymic pre-treatment (e.g. incubation with hydrolase, lyase, LPMO or a combination of enzymes).

45. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 50% dry w / w lignocellulose.

46. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 70% dry w / w lignocellulose.

47. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 80% dry w / w lignocellulose.

48. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise greater than 50% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides.

49. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise 10-50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides and / or 10-50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides.

50. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise less than 50% dry w / w lignocellulose.

51. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise less than 20% dry w / w lignocellulose.

52. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise 10-50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1-20% dry w / w protein and / or 1-20% dry w / w fat.

53. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) in a ratio from about 1:9 to 9:1 by dry w / w.

54. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) in a ratio from about 1:4 to 4:1 by dry w / w.

55. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) in a ratio from about 1:3 to 3:1 by dry w / w.

56. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises the one or more lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) and the one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) in a ratio from about 1:2 to 2:1 by dry w / w.

57. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises 10-50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides and / or 1-50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides.

58. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition comprises 10-50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides, 1-20% dry w / w protein and / or 1-20% dry w / w fat.

59. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dry consumable polymer composition is further used to make a finished food product (e.g. a pasta product, a bakery product, a cereal product, a candy product, and / or a confectionery product).

60. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method requires less land (e.g. about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 80% less land) per weight unit of substantially dry polymer composition, compared to the production of a control consumable polymer composition, comprising only one or more lignocellulose-poor fraction(s).

61. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method produces a lesser mass of greenhouse gases (e.g. about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 80% less greenhouse gasses) per unit weight to produce compared to production of a control consumable polymer composition.

62. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction, prior to being combined with the lignocellulose-poor fraction, is fractionated into a hemicellulose- rich fraction and a cellulose-rich fraction, and wherein the hemicellulose-rich fraction and the cellulose-rich fraction are subsequently combined with the lignocellulose-poor fraction.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the hemicellulose-rich fraction comprises soluble hemicellulose.

64. The method of claim 62 or claim 63, wherein the soluble hemicellulose comprises β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form.

65. The method of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form or the hemicellulose-rich fraction comprises non-mucilaginous xylan, mannan, mixed- linkage glucan, xyloglucan, or any combination thereof.

66. The method of any one of claims 62 to 65, wherein the hemicellulose-rich fraction is a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, comprising: (a) At least 75 dry wt.% non-mucilaginous polysaccharides, having >40% β-1,4- and / or 1,3-linkages, in a soluble form (b) At least 0.1 dry wt.% lignin (c) Less than 10 dry wt.% cellulose, and (d) Less than 10 dry wt.% polysaccharides with >80% α-linkages 67. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the cellulose-rich fraction comprises β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form.

68. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the cellulose-rich fraction comprises insoluble cellulose.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the cellulose rich fraction comprises at least 30% by dry w / w cellulose.

70. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hemicellulose-rich fraction and the cellulose-rich fraction were created through a solubilization step of one of the hemicellulose-rich fraction or the cellulose-rich fraction.

71. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein (a) the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise from 25 to 100% by dry w / w lignocellulose, preferably from 50 to 100% by dry w / w, more preferably from 60 to 100%, furthermore preferably from 70 to 100% by dry w / w, yet more preferably from 75 to 95 by dry w / w. (b) the lignocellulose-poor fraction(s) comprise from 0 to 35% by dry w / w lignocellulose, preferably from 0 to 25% by dry w / w, more preferably from 0 to 20% by dry w / w, furthermore preferably from 0 to 15% by dry w / w, yet furthermore preferably from 0 to 10% by dry w / w.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction(s) comprise at least one soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction and at least one insoluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction, comprising β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, comprises non-mucilaginous xylan polysaccharides.

75. A particulate polymer composition comprising: (a) 10–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides or 10–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides; and (b) 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides or 1–20% dry w / w protein or 1–20% w / w fat;wherein (a) and (b) derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus.

76. A food ingredient comprising a substantially dry particulate polymer composition comprising: (a) 10–70% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides; and (b) 10–70% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and protein; wherein (a) and (b) comprise polymers that derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus.

77. The composition of claim 75 or 76, wherein the polymer composition further comprises: (c) at least 0.1% by dry w / w, lignin.

78. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 77, wherein the lignin comprises polymers that derive from plants within the same taxonomic genus as the β-linked polysaccharides, the α- linked polysaccharides and / or the protein.

79. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 78, wherein the polymer composition further comprises: (d) at least 0.1% by dry weight ash.

80. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 79, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides comprise β-(1,4)-linked polysaccharides and / or β-(1,3)-linked polysaccharides.

81. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 80, wherein the polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 10–50% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides.

82. The composition of any one of claim 75 to 81, wherein the polymer composition comprises 9–60% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form and 0.1–35% dry w / w β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form.

83. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 82, wherein the polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–20% dry w / w protein.

84. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 83, wherein the polymer composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–20% w / w fat.

85. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 84, wherein the polymer composition comprises 1–20% dry w / w protein and 1–20% w / w fat.

86. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 85, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides or the polysaccharides in a soluble form comprise non-mucilaginous xylan polysaccharides.

87. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 86, wherein the particulate polymer composition comprises two or more populations of xylan polysaccharides with different number-average molecular weights and / or arabinose : xylose ratios.

88. The composition of any one of claims 81 to 87, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides or the polysaccharides in a soluble form comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides.

89. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 88, comprising at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios.

90. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 89, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides.

91. The composition of claim 90 comprising two or more populations of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or ratios of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds : β- 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

92. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 91, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides comprise mannan polysaccharides.

93. The composition of claim 92, wherein the mannan polysaccharides comprise at least 2 populations of mannan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : mannose ratios.

94. The composition of any one of claims 81 to 93, wherein the insoluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise cellulosic polysaccharides.

95. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 94, comprising at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity and / or types of crystallinity.

96. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 95, wherein the α-linked polysaccharides comprise starch polysaccharides.

97. The composition of claim 96, wherein the starch comprises at least 2 populations of starch polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity, types of crystallinity, ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds : α-1,6-glycosidic bonds and / or ratio of backbone residues : sidechain residues.

98. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 97, wherein the protein comprises gluten, glutenin, globulins, prolamins, avenins and / or zeins.

99. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 98, wherein the fat comprises corn oil, rice bran oil, oat oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil and / or cottonseed oil.

100. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 99, wherein (a) derives primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, skins, pomace, brans, haulm, husks and / or hulls.

101. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 100, wherein (b) derives primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap.

102. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 101, wherein the food ingredient comprises at least one texture modulator.

103. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 102, wherein the xylan comprises xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 1:1 to 10:

1.

104. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 103, wherein the xylan comprises xylosyl and arabinosyl residues at a ratio of from 3:7 to 10:

1.

105. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 104, wherein the substantially-dry polymer composition is a particulate polymer composition comprising: (a) 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, brans, husks and / or hulls, (b) 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides,(c) 5–50% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap, (d) 1–30% dry w / w protein; and wherein the composition substantially derives from biomass within a single taxonomic genus, and wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which substantially derive from the family Poaceae (e.g. species from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena), and wherein an average size of particles of the composition is from about 50 microns to about 500 microns.

106. The composition of claim 105, wherein the particulate polymer composition comprises at least two distinct populations of particles, and wherein a first population of particles comprises (a) and (b), and wherein a second population of particles comprises (c) and (d).

107. The composition of any one of claims 105 to 106, wherein the particulate polymer composition comprises at least three compositionally distinct populations of particles.

108. The composition of any one of claims 105 to 107, wherein the particulate polymer composition comprises at most four compositionally distinct populations of particles.

109. The composition of any one of claims 105 to 108, wherein the particulate polymer composition comprises at most three compositionally distinct populations of particles.

110. The composition of any one of claims 106 to 109, wherein a first population of particles comprises a first component of the composition and a second population of particles comprises a second component of the composition.

111. The composition of any one of claims 105 to 110, wherein the xylan polysaccharides comprise xylan in a soluble form and xylan in an insoluble form.

112. The composition of claim 111, wherein the xylan polysaccharides comprise at least 1% by dry w / w xylan polysaccharides in a soluble form.

113. The composition of any one of claim 105 to 112, wherein the xylan polysaccharides are non-mucilaginous.

114. The composition of any one of claims 105 to 113, wherein the composition further comprises 0.1-55% w / w moisture.

115. The composition of claim 114, wherein the composition comprises 0.1-25% w / w moisture.

116. The composition of any of claims 75 to 115, wherein each discrete particle or piece of multiple discrete particles or pieces of the composition have a mass greater than 0.5 g.

117. The composition of any of claims 75 to 116, wherein the composition comprises three or more discrete particles or pieces.

118. The composition of any of claims 75 to 117, wherein each particle or piece within the composition has a thickness of about 2 – 3 mm.

119. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 118, wherein the particles or pieces within the composition are contained in a sealed package.

120. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 119, wherein the particles within the composition are contained in a gaseous environment modified from atmospheric conditions, (e.g. an increased CO2or N2environment).

121. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 120, wherein the particles within the composition are contained in an environment modified from atmospheric conditions in humidity (e.g. an environment modified by inclusion of a desiccant).

122. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 121, wherein the composition comprises at least 2 distinct populations of particles.

123. The composition of claim 122, wherein a first population of particles comprises (a) and a second population of particles comprises (b).

124. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 123, wherein the substantially dry polymer composition comprises less than 10% w / w moisture.

125. The composition of claim 76 wherein the composition is a food ingredient, wherein the food ingredient comprises a substantially dry polymer composition wherein the polymer composition comprises: (a) β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, in an amount of between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20%, based on the polymer composition, wherein the β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form comprise non-mucilaginous xylan; and (b) β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form in an amount of between 5 to 70%, or from 7.5 to 60% dry w / w, or from 9 to 60% dry w / w, or from 10 to 50% dry w / w, or from 5 to 45% dry w / w, based on the polymer composition.

126. The ingredient of claim 125, wherein the polymer composition further comprises c) 5 to 75% by dry weight, or 6 to 65% by dry weight, or 6.5 to 50% by dry weight, or 7 to 40%, or 10 to 40% by dry weight α-linked polysaccharides.

127. The ingredient of claim 125 or claim 126, wherein the polymer composition further comprises d) 1 to 40% by dry weight, or 1.5 to 25% by dry weight, or 2.5 to 20% by dry weight, or 3 to 17.5%, or 5 to 15% by dry weight protein.

128. The ingredient of any one of claims 125 to 127, wherein a ratio of i) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form and the β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form, to ii) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides and the protein, in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w.

129. The ingredient of any one of claims 125 to 128, wherein the polymer composition further comprises e) 0.1 to 25% by dry weight, or 0.25 to 20% by dry weight, or 0.5 to 15% by dry weight, or 1 to 15% by dry weight, or 2 to 10% by dry weight lignin.

130. The ingredient of any one of claims 125 to 129, wherein the polymer composition comprises 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

131. The ingredient of claim 130, wherein the ingredient derives entirely from within a single taxonomic genus.

132. A foodstuff composition comprising: a) 1–40% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides or 1–40% dry w / w insoluble β- linked polysaccharides; and b) 10–60% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides or 1–30% dry w / w protein or 1–25% w / w fat; c) 10-70% w / w water; Wherein the (a) and (b) comprise polymers that derive from anatomically different parts of plants of a single taxonomic genus, and wherein (c) derives from a different type of source to (a) and (b).

133. A raw foodstuff composition comprising: (a) 5–50% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides (b) 5–50% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides; (c) 10–90% dry w / w total of: starch polysaccharides and protein; (d) At least 0.1% dry w / w lignin; and (e) 1-99% water; wherein at least two of the parts, selected independently from the parts a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus.

134. The composition of claim 133, wherein the xylan polysaccharides comprise non- mucilaginous xylan in a soluble form between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20%, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

135. The composition of any one of claims 133 to 134, wherein the composition comprises β-linked polysaccharides in from 10 to 80% dry w / w, from 10 to 70% dry w / w, from 10 to 60% dry w / w, from 12 to 60% dry w / w, from 15 to 55% dry w / w or 15 to 45% dry w / w, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

136. The composition of any one of claims 133 to 135, wherein a ratio of i) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides, to ii) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides and the protein, in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w, by dry w / w of the foodstuff composition.

137. The composition of claim 133 to 136, wherein the sum of parts a), b), c) and d) comprises 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

138. The composition of claim 135, wherein the parts a), b), c) and d) derive entirely from within a single taxonomic genus.

139. The composition of any one of claims 133 to 137, wherein at least three of the parts selected independently from: a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus.

140. The composition of claim 139, wherein each of the parts a), b), c) and d) comprise polymers that derive from within the same taxonomic genus.

141. The composition of any one of claims 132 to 140, wherein the composition comprises between 50 and 400 calories, or between 50 and 375 calories, between 50 and 350 calories, between 50 and 325 calories, between 50 and 300 calories, between 50 and 275 calories, between 50 and 250 calories, between 50 and 225 calories, between 50 and 200 calories, between 50 and 175 calories, between 50 and 150 calories, between 50 and 125 calories, and finally, between 50 and 100 calories, per 100 g dry weight of the composition, or per 100g of the finished product.

142. The composition of any one of claim 132 to 141, wherein the raw foodstuff is a dough composition, a slurry composition or a batter composition.

143. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 142, wherein the composition comprises 1–40% dry w / w soluble β-linked polysaccharides and 1–40% dry w / w insoluble β-linked polysaccharides.

144. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 143, wherein the composition comprises 10–60% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–30% dry w / w protein.

145. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 144, wherein the composition comprises 10–50% dry w / w α-linked polysaccharides and 1–25% w / w fat.

146. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 145, wherein the composition comprises 1–30% dry w / w protein and 1–25% w / w fat.

147. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 146, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xylan polysaccharides.

148. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 147, comprising at least 2 populations of xylan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or arabinose : xylose ratios.

149. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 148, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise xyloglucan polysaccharides.

150. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 149, comprising at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios.

151. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 150, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides.

152. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 151, comprising at least 2 populations of mixed-linkage glucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or ratios of β-1,3- glycosidic bonds : β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

153. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 152, wherein the soluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise mannan polysaccharides.

154. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 153, comprising at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights and / or glucose : xylose ratios.

155. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 154, wherein the insoluble β-linked polysaccharides comprise cellulosic polysaccharides.

156. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 155, comprising at least 2 populations of xyloglucan polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity and / or types of crystallinity.

157. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 156, wherein the α-linked polysaccharides comprise starch polysaccharides.

158. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 157, comprising at least 2 populations of starch polysaccharides with different molecular weights, levels of crystallinity, types of crystallinity, ratio of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds: α-1,6-glycosidic bonds and / or ratio of backbone residues : sidechain residues.

159. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 158, wherein the protein comprises gluten, glutenin, globulins, prolamins, avenins and / or zeins.

160. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 159, wherein the composition comprises fat, which comprises corn oil, rice bran oil, oat oil, soybean oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil and / or cottonseed oil.

161. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 160, wherein (a) is substantially derived from stems, stalks, cobs, shells, leaves, brans, skins, pomace, husks and / or hulls.

162. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 161, wherein (b) is substantially derived from grains, seeds, tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap.

163. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 162, wherein the composition further comprises at least one texture modulator.

164. A foodstuff composition comprising: (a) 1–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, shells, stalks, cobs, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (b) 1–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides; (c) 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains, seeds; tubers, roots, beans, kernels, oil, nut, fruit and / or sap; (d) 1–30% dry w / w protein; and (e) 25-75% water; wherein greater than 25% of each of (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within a single taxonomic genus, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source than (a), (b), (c) and (d), wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the family Poaceae (e.g. species from the genera Triticum, Oryza, Zea and / or Avena).

165. A cooked foodstuff prepared from the raw foodstuff of any one of claims 132 to 164.

166. The cooked foodstuff of claim 165, wherein the cooked foodstuff is a boiled, baked or fried product, and wherein the boiled, baked or fried product has a total color difference ΔE from 1 to 25, compared to the raw foodstuff.

167. The cooked foodstuff of claim 165 or claim 166, wherein the composition has a hardness of 5000 to 17000 g, or from 500 to 17000 g.

168. The cooked foodstuff of any one of claims 165 to 167, wherein the composition has an adhesiveness of -40 to -400 g.sec.

169. A cooked foodstuff of any one of claims 165 to 168, wherein the cooked foodstuff has a lower glycemic index, a lower calorie content, a higher fiber content, a lower cost, a lower carbon emissions impact, improved shelf stability, and / or improved rheological properties compared to a reference foodstuff, wherein the reference foodstuff does not comprise lignocellulose-rich fraction(s).

170. A pasta composition made from a fresh dough, wherein the fresh dough comprises: (a) 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (b) 5–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (c) 5–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains and / or tubers; (d) 1–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and (e) 25-75% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum.

171. A bakery composition comprising: (a) 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls;(b) 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (c) 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; (d) 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and (e) 1–50% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum.

172. A noodle composition made from a fresh dough, wherein the fresh dough comprises: (a) 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (b) 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (c) 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; (d) 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and (e) 25-75% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum or Oryza, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum or Oryza.

173. A corn flake composition comprising: (a) 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (b) 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (c) 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; (d) 1–15% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and (e) 0.1–5% water; wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Zea,wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Zea.

174. A flatbread composition comprising: (a) 5–40% dry w / w xylan polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (b) 10–40% dry w / w cellulosic polysaccharides that derive primarily from stems, stalks, brans, leaves, husks and / or hulls; (c) 10–60% dry w / w starch polysaccharides that derive primarily from grains; (d) 5–30% dry w / w protein that derive primarily from grains; and (e) 5–50% water; Wherein the (a), (b), (c) and (d) derive from biomass within the genus Triticum or Zea, wherein (e) derives primarily from a different source, wherein the composition comprises trace plant-derived nucleic acids which derive from the genus Triticum or Zea.

175. A foodstuff comprising (a) A base component comprising one or more food ingredients (b) A polymer composition comprising: i. β-linked polysaccharides in a soluble form, comprising non-mucilaginous xylan, in an amount, based on the polymer composition, of, between 0.05 to 50% dry w / w, or from 0.1 to 40% dry w / w, or from 0.25 to 35% dry w / w, or from 0.5 to 25% dry w / w, or from 1 to 20% dry w / w and ii. β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form in an amount, based on the polymer composition, of between 5 to 70% dry w / w, or from 7.5 to 60% dry w / w, or from 9 to 60% dry w / w, or from 10 to 50% dry w / w, or from 5 to 45% dry w / w. iii. α-linked polysaccharide in amount, based on the polymer composition, of from 5 to 75% by dry weight, or 6 to 65% by dry weight, or 6.5 to 50% by dry weight, or 7 to 40% by dry weight, or 10 to 40% by dry weight.iv. Protein in amount, based on the polymer composition, of from 1 to 40% by dry weight, or 1.5 to 25% by dry weight, or 2.5 to 20% by dry weight, or 3 to 17.5% by dry weight, or 5 to 15% by dry weight.

176. The foodstuff of claim 175, wherein a ratio of A) the total amount of β-linked polysaccharides i) in a soluble form and the β-linked polysaccharides in an insoluble form ii), to B) the total amount of the α-linked polysaccharides iii) and the protein iv), in the polymer composition, is between 1:19 and 19:1 w / w, or between 1:19 and 14:6 w / w, between 2:18 and 12:8 w / w, between 3:17 and 12:8 w / w, or between 3.5:16.5 and 12:8 w / w 177. The foodstuff of any one of claims 175 to 176, wherein the polymer composition further comprises e) 0.1 to 25% by dry weight, or 0.25 to 20% by dry weight, or 0.5 to 15% by dry weight, or 1 to 15%, or 2 to 10% by dry weight lignin.

178. The foodstuff of any one of claims 175 to 177, wherein the polymer composition derives 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100% by dry weight, or 100% by dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

179. The foodstuff of any one of claims 175 to 178, wherein the foodstuff is a cereal product, a pasta product, a bread product, a bakery product, a biscuit product, a tortilla product, an oatcake product, a custard product, a sauce product, a meat-alternative product, a cake product, a pancake product, a doughnut product, a poppadum product, an onion bhaji product or a consumable foodstuff.

180. The ingredient or the foodstuff of any one of claims 75 to 179, wherein the ingredient or foodstuff comprises one or more component(s) derived from a plant biomass source comprising primarily biomass from species within the following genera: Zea, Oryza, Triticum, Hordeum, Sorghum, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Panicum, Setaria, Digitaria, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Paspalum, Brachiaria, Spodiopogon, Avena, Secale, Solanum, Manihot, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Maranta, Zamia, Arracacia, Musa, Artocarpus, Fagopyrum, Canna, Colocasia, Erythronium, Pueraria, Xanthosoma, Oxalis, Tacca, Metroxylon, Ipomoea, Castanea, Trapa, Dioscorea, Vicia, Lens, Vigna, Pisum, Cicer, Glycine, Prunus, Anacardium, Juglans, Carya, Arachis, Bertholletia, Castanea and / or Cocos.

181. The ingredient or the foodstuff of any one of claims 75 to 180, wherein the ingredient or foodstuff comprises one or more component(s) derived from a plant biomass source comprising primarily biomass from one or more species within a single genus.

182. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 181 made by the method of any one of claims 1-74.

183. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 182, wherein the composition comprises xylan that has been de-esterified.

184. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 183, wherein the composition comprises xylan in 3-fold helical screw conformation.

185. The ingredient or the foodstuff of any one of claims 75 to 184 wherein the polymer composition comprises xylan polysaccharides and a ratio of naturally esterified xylan : de- esterified xylan is less than the ratio that is found in unprocessed plant materials.

186. The composition of any one of claims 75 to 185, wherein a ratio of 2-fold helical screw xylan : 3-fold helical screw xylan w / w is less than a ratio that is found in unprocessed plant materials.

187. The method, the ingredient or the foodstuff of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer composition comprises xylan in a soluble form and xylan in an insoluble form and the xylan in a soluble form has a lower degree of esterification than the xylan in an insoluble form.

188. A use of a lignocellulose-rich fraction composition in the preparation of a substantially-dry consumable polymer composition obtained from a plant biomass that further comprises a lignocellulose-poor fraction composition obtained from the plant biomass, such that the consumable polymer composition comprises the lignocellulose-rich fraction and the lignocellulose-poor fraction in a ratio of from 5:95 to 95:5 by dry w / w; Wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction comprises at least 50% by dry w / w lignocellulose, based on the lignocellulose-rich fraction, and the lignocellulose-poor fraction comprises at most 25% by dry w / w lignocellulose, based on the lignocellulose-poor fraction.

189. The use of claim 188, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction is obtained from a stem, husk, cob, hull, bran, haulm or straw of a plant, or combination thereof.

190. The use of any one of claims 188 to 189, wherein the lignocellulose-rich composition and the lignocellulose-poor composition comprise polymers that derive from within a single taxonomic genus.

191. The use of claim 190, wherein the consumable polymer composition derives 50 to 100% by dry weight, or 75 to 100% by dry weight, or 90 to 100% by dry weight, or 97.5 to 100%, dry weight from within a single taxonomic genus.

192. The use of claim 191, wherein the consumable polymer composition derives entirely from within a single taxonomic genus.

193. The use of any one of claims 188 to 192, wherein the lignocellulose-rich fraction is further fractioned into two or more lignocellulose-rich fractions.

194. The use of any one of claims 188 to 193, wherein at least one lignocellulose-rich fraction is a soluble lignocellulose-rich fraction.

195. The use of any one of claims 188 to 194, wherein the substantially-dry polymer composition is combined with further ingredients to form a raw foodstuff composition.

196. The use of claim 195, wherein the further ingredients comprise water and / or lipids.

197. The use of any one of claims 195 to 196, wherein the further ingredients comprise salt, baking powder, baking soda, yeast.

198. The use of any one of claims 195 to 197, wherein the raw foodstuff composition is cooked to form a cooked foodstuff.

199. The use of any one of claims 195 to 198, wherein the raw foodstuff is a batter, a dough or a slurry.

200. The use of claim 195, wherein the cooked foodstuff is a cereal product, a pasta product, a bread product, a bakery product, a biscuit product, a tortilla product, an oatcake product, acustard product, a sauce product, a thickener product, a cake product, a pancake product, a doughnut product, a poppadum product, an onion bhaji product or a consumable foodstuff.

201. The use of any one of claim 188 to 200, wherein more than one lignocellulose-rich fraction is used in the preparation of the substantially-dry polymer composition.

202. The use of any one of claim 188 to 201, wherein more than one lignocellulose-poor fraction is used in the preparation of the substantially-dry polymer composition.

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