Method for monitoring insulation resistance of forklift motor controller
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-01
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for monitoring insulation resistance in forklift motor controllers are not capable of real-time detection, are prone to measurement errors, and require manual intervention, leading to potential safety risks due to delayed responses to insulation degradation.
A method involving a parallel sampling circuit with a voltage-sampling chip, operational amplifier, and microcontroller unit, using bidirectional and unidirectional relays to perform real-time insulation resistance monitoring, including self-testing and insulation resistance detection modes, ensuring accurate and timely detection without interrupting controller operation.
Enables real-time monitoring of insulation resistance, reducing safety risks by promptly detecting insulation degradation and initiating protective measures, such as power cutoff, thereby enhancing the safety and reliability of forklift motor controllers.
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Figure CN2024138533_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR MONITORING INSULATION RESISTANCE OF FORKLIFT MOTOR CONTROLLERBACKGROUND OF THE APPLICATION1. Technical Field
[0001] The present application relates to insulation detection, and more particularly to a method for monitoring insulation resistance of a forklift motor controller. 2. Description of Related Art
[0002] In an electric forklift, low insulation resistance at the controller can increase the leakage current, leading to safety incidents that may damage the controller or even cause other safety issues. Thus, an insulation detection mechanism that ensure safe operation of the controller is necessary. According to relevant international standards, the leakage current at a controller shall not exceed 10mA or prevent potential injury in case of human contact with the system. This requires real-time detection of insulation resistance variations. In the event of insufficient insulation resistance and excessive leakage current, a shutdown protection mechanism is activated to ensure the safe operation of the controller system and prevent safety incidents caused by leakage currents.
[0003] Existing methods for insulation resistance detection, while somewhat effective, have obvious limitations. First, the conventional detection methods are generally performed regularly or manually, making them incapable of providing real-time reflection of dynamic changes in insulation resistance. As a result, the system may not respond promptly when insulation performance degrades, increasing safety risks.
[0004] Furthermore, conventional methods for insulation resistance detection typically rely on external devices or manual intervention, which not only adds complexity to operations, but also makes accuracy of detection results dependent on the skill level of operators. Additionally, these known methods tend to suffer from measurement errors during detection, particularly in high-voltage environments, where errors can be amplified, reducing the reliability of the results.
[0005] Moreover, in conventional systems, insulation resistance detection is generally performed only when the controller is shut down. This limits the timeliness and practicability of the method. During operation of an electric forklift, if there is a sudden drop in insulation resistance, traditional detection methods cannot respond immediately, which may result in a rapid increase in leakage current and lead to safety incidents.
[0006] CN118150946A has disclosed an insulation detection method for high-voltage direct-current power supply systems. While this known scheme achieves fast detection, it requires introduction of a complex constant-current circuit module, which comprises a high-voltage relay circuit, multiple stages of constant current circuits, and a voltage control circuit. This increases both the complexity and cost of the system. Besides, the known scheme involves frequent switching operations and waiting for the system to reach steady-state conditions, which reduces the efficiency and timeliness of the detection process.
[0007] CN117723829A has disclosed a high-voltage bus positive and negative insulation detection circuit and method for new energy vehicles. This known scheme simplifies the circuit design by using current-limiting resistors, relays, and operational amplifiers to detect insulation resistance. However, this simplification comes at the cost of losing some useful functions, such as self-testing. The detection circuit depends solely on a specific combination of resistors and relays for monitoring insulation resistance. This lack of redundancy in the single path eliminates the possibility of adding self-testing functionality without modifying the existing circuit design. SUMMARY OF THE APPLICATION
[0008] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present application provides a detection method for monitoring insulation resistor values of a forklift motor controller, addressing at least part of the aforementioned technical issues.
[0009] The present application relates to a method for monitoring insulation resistance of a forklift motor controller. The controller has a controller circuit with insulation resistors. The method comprises the following steps: S1, connecting a sampling circuit in parallel the controller circuit, where the sampling circuit is equipped with a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, and a microcontroller unit MCU, which are all connected in series; S2, switching bidirectional relays in the sampling circuit to a first connection state to connect with calibration resistors; S3, measuring sampled voltage Ua at one pin of the voltage-sampling chip U1, converting the sampled voltage Ua into sampled voltage Ub at the other pin of the voltage-sampling chip U1, further converting the sampled voltage Ub into sampled voltage Umcu through the operational amplifier U2 and sending the sampled voltage Umcu to the microcontroller unit MCU, and calculating resistance values of the corresponding resistors; S4, determining voltage associated with the calibration resistors, calculating resistance values of the calibration resistors based on this voltage, and comparing these calculated resistance values with actual resistance values of the calibration resistors; S5, switching the bidirectional relays to a second connection state to connect with the insulation resistors; and S6, repeating Step S3 to determine voltage associated with the insulation resistors, allowing the microcontroller unit MCU to calculate insulation resistance values.
[0010] With the sampling circuit and the controller circuit connected in parallel, the inventive scheme accomplishes real-time monitoring of the insulation resistance of the controller circuit. In Step S1, the sampling circuit is such configured that it is able to perform real-time detection without interfering with the normal operation of the controller circuit. This ensures the operational efficiency of the forklift by eliminates the need to shut down the controller for detection. In Steps S2 and S4, by switching the bidirectional relays and comparing the calculated resistances value with the actual resistance values of the calibration resistors, the sampling circuit can perform self-testing, ensuring accurate and reliable measurement results. Switching the bidirectional relays (in Steps S2 and S5) allows the sampling circuit to be flexibly switched between two measurement mode. In other words, the sampling circuit can selectively measure calibration resistance and measure actual insulation resistance. With this configuration, sampling insulation resistance can be accomplished properly even if the sampling circuit has any abnormality. Additionally, by monitoring insulation resistance in a real-time manner and comparing calculated values with actual values (in Step S4) timely, the disclosed scheme can timely detect degradation of the insulation performance. Once the insulation resistance drops below the safety threshold, the sampling circuit can take immediate action, such as cutting off the power supply or issuing an alert, thereby significantly improving safety of the motor controller of the forklift.
[0011] According to a preferred embodiment, the controller circuit comprises a controller positive terminal, a controller negative terminal, and a controller chassis ground, with insulation resistors Rx and Ry, wherein the insulation resistor Rx is located between the controller positive terminal and the controller chassis ground, and the insulation resistor Ry is located between the controller negative terminal and the controller chassis ground. By arranging insulation resistors between the controller positive terminal and the chassis ground and between the controller negative terminal and the chassis ground, respectively, the scheme ensures that a desired insulation level is maintained between the controller and the chassis ground in a high-voltage operation environment, thereby reducing risks of electric leakage and electric shocks.
[0012] According to a preferred embodiment, the bidirectional relays include bidirectional relay K3 and bidirectional relay K4, each with terminals A, B, and C, wherein for the bidirectional relay K3, the terminal A is connected to the controller positive terminal, and the terminal C is connected to the insulation resistor Rx; and for the bidirectional relay K4, the terminal A is connected to the controller chassis ground, and the terminal C is connected to the insulation resistor Ry. The bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are designed to allow current to flow freely in either direction, providing the circuit with greater flexibility in control. By switching connection of the relays, the structure of the circuit can be dynamically adapted to different measurement requirements. In addition, use of the bidirectional relays simplifies the circuit design and reduces requirements for additional components. Such a design not only decreases costs but also makes the circuit more reliable and easier to maintain.
[0013] According to a preferred embodiment, the sampling circuit includes calibration resistors R11 and R12, wherein the calibration resistor R11 is connected to the terminal B of the bidirectional relay K3, and the calibration resistor R12 is connected to the terminal B of the bidirectional relay K4. The calibration resistors R11 and R12 are resistors with known resistance values and provides stable reference voltage in the sampling circuit. This helps to ensure that the voltage value acquired by the voltage-sampling chip U1 is accurate, thereby improving accuracy of measurement of insulation resistance. The bidirectional relays K3 and K4 when having their A and B ends closed connect the calibration resistors to the circuit. This configuration simplifies the circuit design, and use of the calibration resistors allows the sampling circuit to perform self-testing without connecting to the actually measured resistors. Thereby, the working state of the sampling circuit can be check promptly, and efficiency of the monitoring process can be improved.
[0014] According to a preferred embodiment, the sampling circuit comprises unidirectional relays K1 and K2, wherein the unidirectional relay K1 has one end connected to the controller positive terminal and the other end connected in series with a resistor R1, and ultimately connected to the controller chassis ground; and the unidirectional relay K2 has one end connected to the controller chassis ground and the other end connected in series with a resistor R2, and ultimately connected to the controller negative terminal. In the self-testing mode, by closing K1 and opening K2, or vice versa, the sampling circuit can perform self-testing using the known resistance values of R1 and R2. This self-testing feature ensures the sampling circuit is functioning correctly before performing insulation resistance measurements. In different detection modes, the unidirectional relays K1 and K2 provide consistent measurement benchmarks, thereby contributing to consistent and comparable measurement results.
[0015] According to a preferred embodiment, the sampling circuit comprises resistors R3 and R4 connected in series, wherein the resistor R3 is connected to the controller chassis ground, and the resistor R4 is connected to the controller negative terminal. And the voltage-sampling chip U1 has multiple pins, with the first pin connected to one end of the resistor R4 and the second pin connected to the other end of the resistor R4, generating a sampled voltage Ua across the first and second pins. The third pin is connected to a non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, while the fourth pin is connected to an inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, generating a sampled voltage Ub across the third and fourth pins. The series connection between the resistors R3 and R4 provides the voltage-sampling chip U1 with stable voltage division, thereby ensuring accuracy of the sampled voltage Ua. This configuration enables the sampling circuit to perform precise voltage measurement under different resistance values and circuit conditions. The voltage-sampling chip U1 has its third pin connected to the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U2 and has its fourth pin connected to the inverting input to form a differential signal measurement path. Such a way of differential measurement makes measurement more accurate and resistant to interference and allowing the sampling circuit to reliably figure out values of insulation resistance. Accurate measurement is crucial for evaluating the insulation performance of the forklift’s motor controller.
[0016] According to a preferred embodiment, the operational amplifier U2 in the sampling circuit is configured with the following resistors: an input resistor R6 on the non-inverting input line, an input resistor R7 on the inverting input line, a balancing resistor R8 on the ground line of the operational amplifier U2, and a feedback resistor R9 between the output and inverting input of the operational amplifier U2. The input resistors R6 and R7 are located at the non-inverting input and the inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, respectively, so as to ensure stability and precision of the input signal. This configuration reduces noise and interference at the input end, and improves signal accuracy. With the resistors arranged at the non-inverting input and the inverting input end, the operational amplifier U2 can implement differential amplification, and this makes the circuit more capable of responding to minor variations and thereby measuring insulation resistance more precisely. The balancing resistor R8 is placed on the ground line of the operational amplifier U2 to balance the DC bias in the circuit and reduce errors caused by bias voltage. this configuration ensures circuit stability under various operating conditions. Additionally, the feedback resistor R9 spans between the output and the inverting input of the operational amplifier U2 to form a negative feedback loop. The negative feedback mechanism controls gains in the circuit and restrains non-linear distortion and noise in the circuit, thereby improving the output signal in terms of quality and stability.
[0017] According to a preferred embodiment, when the A and B terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed to switch to the first connection state, the sampling circuit performs a self-testing. And when the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed to switch to the second connection state, the sampling circuit performs insulation resistance detection. In the first connection state, the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 have their A and B ends closed. The sampling circuit, in virtue of the calibration resistor R11 and R12 connected thereto, performs self-testing. The self-testing capability ensures that the sampling circuit works normally before it can perform insulation resistance detection. This ensures reliability of the detection results. In the second connection state, the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 have their A and C ends closed, so the sampling circuit measures the actual valuers of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry. In this way, the system can be switched between different operational modes, so as to ensure accurate measurement of insulation resistance. To sum up, by performing self-testing and insulation resistance detection, the system can timely detect variations of insulation performance and take protective relevant measures, such as cutting off the power supply or issuing an alert to prevent potential safety incidents.
[0018] According to a preferred embodiment, during the self-test of the sampling circuit, the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, and the voltage-sampling chip U1 acquires the voltage Ua1 across the resistor R4, allowing for the calculation of the resistance values of the calibration resistors R11 and R12 using the following equations:
[0019]
[0020]
[0021] where Udc refers to DC voltage of the controller circuit, and the voltage-sampling chip U1 receives and converts the voltage Ua1 or voltage Ua2 to output the voltage Ub, with the relationship between Ua and Ub described as follows:
[0022] Ua=K×Ub,
[0023] Ub is then processed by the operational amplifier U2, the input resistors R6 and R7, the balancing resistor R8, and the feedback resistor R9 to output a sampled voltage Umcu to the microcontroller unit MCU, wherein Ub is calculated based on the principles of operational amplification using the following equation:
[0024] and
[0025] the microcontroller unit MCU then calculates the resistance values of the calibration resistors R11 and R12 using the above equations, and compares them with the actual resistance values to determine whether the sampling circuit is functioning normally.
[0026] According to a preferred embodiment, during insulation resistance detection by the sampling circuit, the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, and the voltage-sampling chip U1 acquires the voltage Ua3 across the two ends of the resistor R4, allowing for the calculation of the resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry using the following equations:
[0027]
[0028]
[0029] wherein the microcontroller unit MCU uses the foregoing equations to calculate resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry.
[0030] The present application further provides a motor controller for a forklift, wherein the motor controller comprises a controller circuit and a sampling circuit connected in parallel to the controller circuit to perform detection on insulation resistors Rx and Ry of the controller circuit. The sampling circuit comprises a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, a microcontroller unit MCU, and bidirectional relays, wherein the sampling circuit switches the connection states of the bidirectional relays to perform detection of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry in two modes: self-testing and insulation resistance detection.
[0031] According to a preferred embodiment, the controller circuit comprises a controller positive terminal, a controller negative terminal, and a controller chassis ground, with the insulation resistor Rx connected between the controller positive terminal and the controller chassis ground, and the insulation resistor Ry connected between the controller negative terminal and the controller chassis ground.
[0032] According to a preferred embodiment, the bidirectional relays include bidirectional relay K3 and bidirectional relay K4, each with terminals A, B, and C. For the bidirectional relay K3, the terminal A is connected to the controller positive terminal and the terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Rx. And for the bidirectional relay K4, the terminal A is connected to the controller chassis ground and the terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Ry. In the first connection state, the A and B terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, connecting the sampling circuit to calibration resistors for self-testing. And in the second connection state, the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, enabling the sampling circuit to perform measurement on the actual insulation resistors Rx and Ry for insulation resistance detection.
[0033] According to a preferred embodiment, the sampling circuit comprises resistors R3 and R4 connected in series, wherein the voltage-sampling chip U1 has a first pin connected to one end of the resistor R4 and a second pin connected to the other end of the resistor R4, while its third and fourth pins are connected to the non-inverting and inverting inputs of the operational amplifier U2, respectively, forming a differential signal measurement path, and the output of the operational amplifier U2 is connected to its inverting input through a feedback resistor R9, forming a negative feedback loop.
[0034] The present application further provides a forklift, which is able to utilize the method as described previously, or can be equipped with the motor controller as described previously.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates the connection between a sampling circuit and a controller circuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present application. List of Reference Numerals 100: Controller Circuit 130: Controller Chassis Ground 110: Controller Positive Terminal 200: Sampling Circuit 120: Controller Negative Terminal DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION
[0036] The present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0037] Some terms used in this disclosure shall have the definitions given below.
[0038] Insulation resistance: The phrase “insulation resistance” as used herein refers to the resistance value between the controller DC+ / DC-and the ground (chassis) .
[0039] Sampling circuit: A “sampling circuit” , as indicated by 200 in the drawing, is a circuit that uses a specific IC to convert an input voltage and outputs another voltage value.
[0040] Operational amplifier: An “operational amplifier” , or “op-amp” , is a circuit unit that performs arithmetic operations with high amplification factors. In practical circuits, it is typically combined with a feedback network to form a functional module, with special coupling and feedback.
[0041] Motor controller: A “motor controller” is a master device that controls the activation, speed, braking, and direction of an electric motor by changing the wire connections and resistance values in the main circuit or control circuit in a predetermined sequence. It comprises a program counter, an instruction register, an instruction decoder, a time sequence generator, and an operational controller. It is the “decision-making mechanism” that issues commands to coordinate and control the entire computer system.
[0042] MCU: The term “MCU” refers to a microcontroller unit, also known as a single-chip microcomputer. This chip-level computer integrates a central process unit (CPU) , which has reduced frequency and specifications, along with a memory, timer, USB, A / D conversion, UART, PLC, DMA, and other peripheral interfaces, as well as an LCD driver circuit, into a single chip for different applications. Embodiment 1
[0043] The present application relates to a method for monitoring insulation resistance in a forklift motor controller, and particularly to a technical solution for real-time insulation resistance monitoring via a parallel sampling circuit 200. As shown in FIG. 1, the motor controller comprises a controller circuit 100, with a sampling circuit 200 connected in parallel. The sampling circuit 200 is designed and configured to precisely measure and monitor the insulation resistance of the controller circuit 100 in real-time. It also incorporates a calibration resistor for self-testing, ensuring reliable operation of the sampling circuit 200, even if any abnormalities arise.
[0044] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the controller circuit 100 comprises a controller positive terminal 110, a controller negative terminal 120, a controller chassis ground 130, and insulation resistors. The controller positive terminal 110 (DC+) refers to the point where the positive terminal of the forklift motor controller’s DC power supply is connected. In a DC power supply system, the positive terminal is the point where current exits. In the forklift motor controller, the controller positive terminal 110 is connected to the power-supply’s positive terminal that powers the motor or other loads. The controller negative terminal 120 (DC-) is where the DC power-supply’s negative terminal is connected. In the DC power supply system, the negative terminal is the point where current enters. The controller negative terminal 120 serves to receive and transmit current to the motor or other loads. The controller chassis ground 130 (PE) refers to the metal housing or frame of the forklift motor controller, which serves as the ground connection in the electric system, ensuring user safety by preventing electrical faults and leakage. The controller chassis ground 130 is a key reference point for insulation resistance detection. By measuring the insulation resistance of Rx between the controller positive terminal 110 and the controller chassis ground 130, and the insulation resistance of Ry between the controller negative terminal 120 and the controller chassis ground 130, it is possible to evaluate whether the controller’s insulation performance is within a safety range.
[0045] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the sampling circuit 200 consists of multiple relays, known-value resistors, a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, and a microcontroller unit MCU. The relays, when switched, change the connection state of the circuit, thereby dynamically adjusting the circuit structure during measurement. The known-value resistors are crucial components in the measurement circuit, as they define the current path and provide reference resistance value. The voltage-sampling chip U1 converts the high-voltage signal from the controller circuit 100 into a low-voltage signal suitable for the microcontroller unit MCU to read. This conversion ensures signal compatibility and readability, laying the foundation for subsequent data processing. The operational amplifier U2 amplifies and conditions the converted signal to ensure signal stability and accuracy, improving the reliability of the measurement. The microcontroller unit MCU acts as the control center for the entire sampling circuit 200, receiving, processing, and analyzing the signals from the voltage-sampling chip U1 and the operational amplifier U2. Through its built-in algorithms and control logics, the microcontroller unit MCU calculates the insulation resistance value of the controller circuit 100, and perform real-time monitoring according to preset safety thresholds. If the insulation resistance is detected to be lower than the safety threshold, the microcontroller unit MCU triggers corresponding protective measures, such as cutting off the power supply or issuing an alert to prevent potential safety incidents. The sampling circuit 200 of the present application thus ensures accurate measurement and real-time monitoring of the forklift motor controller’s insulation resistance, enhancing system safety and reliability. This technical solution not only meets the operational safety requirements for a forklift motor controller in high-voltage environments, but also offers a practical method for monitoring insulation resistance.
[0046] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the present application further refines the design and functionality of the relays in the sampling circuit 200 to increase the flexibility and accuracy of insulation resistance detection for the forklift motor controller. The sampling circuit 200 includes unidirectional relays K1, K2 and bidirectional relays K3, K4.
[0047] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the unidirectional relays K1 and K2 act as switches, controlling whether the circuit is open or closed. In the insulation resistance detection process, the on / off states of the unidirectional relays K1 and K2 directly determine the input voltage of the voltage-sampling chip U1. By precisely controlling the switching of the directional relays K1 and K2, different resistance values can be measured, thereby enhancing measurement precision and reliability. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, one end of the unidirectional relay K1 is connected to the controller positive terminal 110, and its other end is connected in series with the resistor R1 to the controller chassis ground 130. The unidirectional relay K2 has its one end connected to the controller chassis ground 130, and has its other end connected in series with the resistor R2 to the controller negative terminal 120. During the self-testing process, the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and K2 is open, allowing the voltage-sampling chip U1 to acquire the voltage Ua1 across the resistor R4. Afterward, K1 opens and K2 closes, enabling the U1 to acquire the voltage Ua2. Precise configuration and operation of these relays ensure that the sampling circuit 200 can accurately measure the required resistance values and effectively detect the resistance value of insulation resistor in the forklift motor controller.
[0048] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are designed to allow current to flow freely in either direction, providing greater control flexibility. Each bidirectional relay K3 and K4 has three terminals: A, B, and C. By selectively connecting theses terminals, the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 can switch between the first and second connection states to meet different resistance detection needs. In the first connection state, the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are disconnected, and their A and B terminals are connected, forming an internal loop. This configuration is used in the self-testing mode of the sampling circuit 200. This mode allows the sampling circuit 200 to perform self-testing with the calibration resistors R11 and R12, so as to ensure accuracy and reliability of the sampling circuit 200. Specifically, the terminal A of the bidirectional relay K3 is connected to the controller positive terminal 110, and its terminal B is connected to the calibration resistor R11. The terminal A of the bidirectional relay K4 is connected to the controller chassis ground 130, and its terminal B is connected to the calibration resistor R12. This configuration ensures that during the self-testing process, the circuit can correctly validate itself. In the second connection state, the A and B terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are connected, while their A and C terminals are disconnected. This configuration is for measuring the actual values of the insulation resistors. The bidirectional relay K3 has its terminal A connected to the controller positive terminal 110 and its terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Rx, so as to measure insulation resistance between the controller positive terminal 110 and the chassis ground during the actual detection process. Similarly, the bidirectional relay K4 has its terminal A connected to the controller chassis ground 130 and its terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Ry, so as to measure insulation resistance between the controller negative terminal 120 and the chassis ground during the actual detection process.
[0049] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the sampling circuit 200 of the present application further comprises two resistors, R3 and R4, connected in series. Specifically, the resistor R3 has its one end directly connected to the controller chassis ground 130 and its other end connected to one end of the resistor R4. The other end of the resistor R4 is connected to the controller negative terminal 120. This configuration of the resistors R3 and R4 forms a voltage divider network that generates a precise voltage drop between the controller negative terminal 120 and the controller chassis ground 130. The voltage-sampling chip U1 is a high-precision voltage-sampling chip with at least four key pins. As shown in FIG. 1, the first pin of U1 is directly connected to the end of the resistor R4 near the controller chassis ground 130, acting as the positive input terminal of the sampled voltage Ua. The second pin of U1 is connected to the other end of the resistor R4, which is the output point of the voltage divider network, and is linked to the reference ground inside the voltage-sampling chip U1. This connection forms the reading path of the sampled voltage Ua. The third pin of U1 is connected to the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, which outputs a voltage proportional to Ua. The fourth pin of U1 is connected to the inverting input of U2, where it uses the internal feedback mechanism of U2 to stabilize the output voltage and ensure precision. The fourth pin of U1 can also serve as an output for the internal reference voltage, and the voltage difference between this pin and the third pin forms the sampled voltage Ub, which is used for voltage conditioning later in the circuit. This connection ensures that the generated sampled voltage Ub can accurately reflect state variations in the controller, and provides a basis for further processing and analysis of signals.
[0050] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the operational amplifier U2 in the sampling circuit 200 is configured with several resistors. Input resistors R6 and R7 are connected to the non-inverting input (labeled “+” in FIG. 1) and inverting input (labeled “-” in FIG. 1) of the operational amplifier U2, respectively. These two resistors generally have equal resistance values or are slightly adjusted as needed to match the characteristics of the input signal and requirements of the differential amplifier circuit. Their primary functions include limiting input current, enhancing the circuit’s resistance to interference, and participating in the differential amplification process as part of the differential amplifier circuit. A balancing resistor R8 is connected between the ground terminal of operational amplifier U2 (labeled “GND” in FIG. 1) and the system's common reference point. It helps balance the DC bias in the circuit, reducing errors caused by bias voltage and ensuring the differential amplifier circuit operates accurately and stably. A feedback resistor R9 connects the output of the operational amplifier U2 to its inverting input, forming a negative feedback loop. By adjusting the resistance value of the feedback resistor R9, the circuit gain can be controlled, and the negative feedback also effectively suppresses nonlinear distortion and noise in the circuit, thereby improving the stability and quality of the output signal.
[0051] In this configuration, the operational amplifier U2 and its peripheral resistive network (including the input resistors R6 and R7, the balancing resistor R8, and the feedback resistor R9) collectively form a differential amplifier circuit. This circuit can receive differential signals (i.e., the differential voltage produced by properly processing the sampled voltage Ua) from the previous-stage sampling circuit 200 (i.e., the voltage-sampling chip U1) and, after differential amplification, output an amplified, more stable, and reliable voltage signal for use by downstream circuit components (i.e., the microcontroller unit MCU) .
[0052] The following equations will explain how the sampling circuit 200 performs self-testing and insulation resistance detection.
[0053] In these equations, Ua is the sampled voltage between the first and second pins of the voltage-sampling chip U1; Ub is the sampled voltage between the third and fourth pins of the voltage-sampling chip U1; Umcu is the sampled voltage acquired by the microcontroller unit MCU; and Udc refers to the DC voltage of the power supply of the controller circuit 100.
[0054] The sampling circuit 200 performs self-testing when the controller circuit 100 is powered on.Specifically, when the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are configured with their A and B terminals in closed-loop connection (the first connection state) , the sampling circuit 200 can perform self-testing. During self-testing by the sampling circuit 200, the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, allowing the voltage-sampling chip U1 to acquire the voltage Ua1 across the resistor R4. At this point, the test voltage and the resistance values satisfy Equation 1:
[0055]
[0056] where Udc refers to the DC voltage of the power supply of the controller circuit 100.
[0057] Subsequently, the directional relay K1 opens and the unidirectional relay K2 closes, allowing the voltage-sampling chip U1 to acquire the voltage Ua2 across the resistor R4. At this point, the test voltage and resistance values satisfy Equation 2:
[0058]
[0059] From Equations 1 and 2, Equations 3 and 4 can be derived as follows:
[0060]
[0061]
[0062] T in Equations 3 and 4 must satisfy Equation 5:
[0063]
[0064] After acquiring Ua1 or Ua2, the voltage-sampling chip U1 converts and outputs Ub, where the relationship between Ua and Ub is defined by Equation 6:
[0065] Ua=K×Ub, (6)
[0066] where K is a constant conversion coefficient of the voltage-sampling chip U1.
[0067] Ub is processed by the operational amplifier U2, the input resistors R6 and R7, the balancing resistor R8, and the feedback resistor R9, producing the sampled voltage Umcu, which is then sent to the microcontroller unit MCU. According to the operational amplifier principles, Equation 7 is derived as follows:
[0068]
[0069] The microcontroller unit MCU calculates the resistance values of the calibration resistors R11 and R12 based on Equations 3 through 7, and compares these calculated values with the actual resistance values to determine if the sampling circuit 200 is functioning normally. The microcontroller unit MCU may include a fault detection logic that processes the comparison results. If the calculated and actual values match or their differences fall within a predetermined acceptable deviation range, the sampling circuit 200 is deemed operational, allowing insulation resistance detection to proceed. Otherwise, the microcontroller unit MCU will trigger an alert, log the fault, or take protective actions, such as disconnecting the power supply or shutting down related circuits.
[0070] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, when the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are configured with their A and C terminals in closed-loop connection (the second connection state) , the sampling circuit 200 can perform insulation resistance monitoring. During this process by the sampling circuit 200, the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, allowing the voltage-sampling chip U1 to acquire the voltage Ua3 across the resistor R4. At this point, the test voltage and resistance values satisfy Equation 8:
[0071]
[0072] Subsequently, the directional relay K1 opens, and the unidirectional relay K2 closes, allowing the voltage-sampling chip U1 to acquire the voltage Ua4 across the resistor R4. At this point, the test voltage and resistance values satisfy Equation 9:
[0073]
[0074] From Equations 8 and 9, Equations 10 and 11 can be derived as follows:
[0075]
[0076]
[0077] T in Equations 10 and 11 must satisfy Equation 12:
[0078]
[0079] With Equations 10, 11, and 12, along with Equations 6 and 7, the microcontroller unit MCU calculates the resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry. The microcontroller unit MCU compares these calculated insulation resistance value of Rx and Ry with preset safety thresholds. If the calculated values are equal to or exceed the safety threshold, the system’s insulation resistance is determined to be normal, and the circuit is deemed safe for operation. If the calculated values are below the safety threshold, the microcontroller unit MCU identifies abnormal insulation resistance and initiates corresponding alerts or protective mechanisms. These mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, issuing a warning signal, logging the fault, disconnecting the power supply, or halting the motor controller’s operation. Embodiment 2
[0080] The present embodiment is a further improvement over Embodiment 1, and repeated details are omitted here.
[0081] As shown in FIG. 1, the present application discloses a motor controller for a forklift. The motor controller comprises a controller circuit 100 and a sampling circuit 200. The sampling circuit 200 is connected in parallel with the controller circuit 100 to monitor resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry in the controller circuit 100. The sampling circuit 200 comprises a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, a microcontroller unit MCU, and bidirectional relays. The sampling circuit 200 detects the insulation resistance of Rx and Ry by switching the connection states of the bidirectional relays. The detection process by the sampling circuit 200 operates in two modes, namely a self-testing mode and an insulation resistance detection mode. By paralleling a sampling circuit 200 with the controller circuit 100, real-time monitoring of insulation resistance of the controller circuit 100 can be achieved, which significantly improves the forklift motor controller’s safety and reliability. Specifically, the sampling circuit 200 can monitor the insulation resistance status of the controller circuit 100 in a real-time manner. If the insulation resistance falls below a safety threshold, timely measures can be taken to prevent leakage current from increasing, thereby preventing controller damage or safety incidents. Besides, the parallel connection between the sampling circuit 200 and the controller circuit 100 ensures that the detection process does not interfere with the normal operation of the controller, thereby maintaining forklift operational efficiency.
[0082] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the controller circuit 100 comprises a controller positive terminal 110, a controller negative terminal 120, and a controller chassis ground 130. The insulation resistor Rx is connected between the controller positive terminal 110 and the controller chassis ground 130, while the insulation resistor Ry is connected between the controller negative terminal 120 and the controller chassis ground 130. This configuration allows the sampling circuit 200 to precisely capture the high-voltage signal on the controller circuit 100, and convert it into a low-voltage signal suitable for reading by the microcontroller unit MCU. The addition of the operational amplifier U2 further stabilizes and enhances signal accuracy, thereby ensuring reliable measurement results. The microcontroller unit MCU serves as the control center of the entire sampling circuit, processing and analyzing signals from the voltage-sampling chip U1 and the operational amplifier U2 in a real-time manner, allowing for quick response to variations in insulation resistance.
[0083] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the bidirectional relays include bidirectional relay K3 and bidirectional relay K4. The A terminal of the bidirectional relay K3 is connected to the controller positive terminal 110, and its C terminal is connected to the insulation resistor Rx. The A terminal of the bidirectional relay K4 is connected to the controller chassis ground 130, and its C terminal is connected to the insulation resistor Ry. In the first connection state, the A and B terminals of both bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, allowing the sampling circuit 200 to connect with a calibration resistor for self-testing. In the second connection state, the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, allowing the sampling circuit 200 to measure the actual insulation resistors Rx and Ry for insulation resistance detection. By using the calibration resistor and the bidirectional relay, the sampling circuit 200 can perform self-testing without being connected to the actual insulation resistors. This self-testing functionality ensures that the sampling circuit 200 is in proper working condition before performing the insulation resistance test, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of the detection results. Furthermore, the self-testing functionality simplifies the detection process, reduces dependence on external devices and manual intervention, and enhances detection efficiency.
[0084] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the sampling circuit 200 comprises resistors R3 and R4 connected in series. The voltage-sampling chip U1 has its first pin connected to one end of the resistor R4 and its second pin connected to the other end of the resistor R4. The third and fourth pins of the voltage-sampling chip U1 are connected to the non-inverting and inverting inputs of the operational amplifier U2, respectively, forming a differential signal measurement path. The output of the operational amplifier U2 is connected to its inverting input through the feedback resistor R9, thereby forming a negative feedback loop. The design of the bidirectional relay allows current to flow freely in both directions, thereby providing flexible control for the circuit. By switching the connection states of the bidirectional relays, the sampling circuit 200 can flexibly switch between the self-testing mode and the insulation resistance detection mode. This design not only simplifies the circuit layout and reduces costs, but also improves the circuit’s reliability and ease of maintenance. Moreover, the use of bidirectional relays makes the detection process more intelligent and automated, thereby further improving both detection efficiency and accuracy. Embodiment 3
[0085] This embodiment represents a further improvement of the previous embodiments, with repeated details omitted.
[0086] The present application further discloses a forklift, specifically a new-energy forklift, which can utilize the detection method described in the previous embodiments or be equipped with the motor controller described earlier.
[0087] Preferably, the new-energy forklift is integrated with a terminal device which communicates with the motor controller and its associated circuits. This terminal device can be an in-vehicle infotainment system, a vehicle-mounted or handheld terminal device, enabling the operator of the new-energy forklift to interact with the system more flexibly. The in-vehicle infotainment system, as a key control unit of the forklift, may integrate a touch screen and voice recognition functions, allowing the operator to intuitively monitor and control insulation resistance detection, thus ensuring safety. The vehicle-mounted terminal device can be embedded into the forklift’s dashboard to display real-time data and provide access to historical records, thereby enabling operators to retrieve necessary information at any time while driving. The handheld terminal device increased flexibility by allowing the operator to move freely around the forklift, continuously monitoring insulation resistance and accessing data as needed. This design allows for remote monitoring and timely intervention, enhancing both work efficiency and safety in different operating environments.
[0088] Preferably, the terminal device is configured to respond to operator instructions and activate insulation resistance detection without interrupting the forklift’s normal operations. The motor controller is equipped with a high-precision detection and recording system capable of real-time collection and storage of the resistance value variations of the insulation resistors in a real-time manner. This capability enables the forklift to continuously monitor key insulation components, ensuring that insulation performance consistently meets safety standards. The integrated detection data enables the motor controller to create detailed historical records, which can be used as a scientific basis for daily maintenance of the forklift.
[0089] The motor controller is connected to sensors, actuators, and human-machine interface via an internal communication bus, so that the in-vehicle infotainment system, the vehicle-mounted or handheld terminal device can receive and respond to various data in real-time. When an operator makes instructions through the touch screen or physical buttons, the terminal device can graphically display the historical trend or specific values of the insulation resistance, offering the operator an intuitive, comprehensive view of the forklift’s insulation status. The motor controller also has intelligent analysis capabilities, enabling it to automatically assess insulation resistance variations against international safety standards or preset thresholds. Once degraded insulation performance or potential safety hazard is detected, the in-vehicle infotainment system, the vehicle-mounted or hand-held terminal device will warn the operator with visual and / or audible alarms, prompting immediate action to prevent safety incidents.
Claims
1.A method for monitoring insulation resistance in a forklift motor controller, where the controller includes a controller circuit (100) with insulation resistors, wherein the method comprises the following steps:Step S1: connecting a sampling circuit (200) in parallel with the controller circuit (100) , where the sampling circuit (200) is equipped with a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, and a microcontroller unit MCU, connected in series;Step S2: switching bidirectional relays in the sampling circuit (200) to a first connection state to connect with calibration resistors;Step S3: measuring sampled voltage Ua at one pin of the voltage-sampling chip U1, converting the sampled voltage Ua into sampled voltage Ub at the other pin of the voltage-sampling chip U1, further converting the sampled voltage Ub into sampled voltage Umcu through the operational amplifier U2 and sending it to the microcontroller unit MCU, and calculating resistance values of the corresponding resistors;Step S4: determining voltage associated with the calibration resistors, calculating resistance values of the calibration resistors based on this voltage, and comparing these calculated resistance values with actual resistance values of the calibration resistors;Step S5: switching the bidirectional relays to a second connection state to connect with the insulation resistors; andStep S6: repeating Step S3 to determine voltage associated with the insulation resistors, allowing the microcontroller unit MCU to calculate insulation resistance values.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the controller circuit (100) comprises a controller positive terminal (110) , a controller negative terminal (120) , and a controller chassis ground (130) , with insulation resistors Rx and Ry, whereinthe insulation resistor Rx is located between the controller positive terminal (110) and the controller chassis ground (130) , andthe insulation resistor Ry is located between the controller negative terminal (120) and the controller chassis ground (130) .3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the bidirectional relays include bidirectional relay K3 and bidirectional relay K4, each with terminals A, B, and C, whereinfor the bidirectional relay K3, the terminal A is connected to the controller positive terminal (110) , and the terminal C is connected to the insulation resistor Rx; andfor the bidirectional relay K4, the terminal A is connected to the controller chassis ground (130) , and the terminal C is connected to the insulation resistor Ry.4.The method of any of claims 1 through 3, wherein the sampling circuit (200) includes calibration resistors R11 and R12,wherein the calibration resistor R11 is connected to the terminal B of the bidirectional relay K3, and the calibration resistor R12 is connected to the terminal B of the bidirectional relay K4.5.The method of any of claims 1 through 4, wherein the sampling circuit (200) comprises unidirectional relays K1 and K2, whereinthe unidirectional relay K1 has one end connected to the controller positive terminal (110) and the other end connected in series with a resistor R1, ultimately connecting to the controller chassis ground (130) ; andthe unidirectional relay K2 has one end connected to the controller chassis ground (130) and the other end connected in series with a resistor R2, ultimately connecting to the controller negative terminal (120) .6.The method of any of claims 1 through 5, wherein the sampling circuit (200) comprises resistors R3 and R4 connected in series, whereinthe resistor R3 is connected to the controller chassis ground (130) , and the resistor R4 is connected to the controller negative terminal (120) , andthe voltage-sampling chip U1 has multiple pins, with the first pin connected to one end of the resistor R4 and the second pin connected to the other end of the resistor R4, generating a sampled voltage Ua across the first and second pins, andthe third pin is connected to a non-inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, while the fourth pin is connected to an inverting input of the operational amplifier U2, generating a sampled voltage Ub across the third and fourth pins.7.The method of any of claims 1 through 6, wherein the operational amplifier U2 in the sampling circuit (200) is configured with the following resistors:an input resistor R6 on the non-inverting input line, an input resistor R7 on the inverting input line, a balancing resistor R8 on the ground line of the operational amplifier U2, and a feedback resistor R9 between the output and inverting input of the operational amplifier U2.8.The method of any of claims 1 through 7, wherein when the A and B terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed to switch to the first connection state, the sampling circuit (200) performs a self-testing; andwhen the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed to switch to the second connection state, the sampling circuit (200) performs insulation resistance detection.9.The method of any of claims 1 through 8, wherein during the self-test of the sampling circuit (200) , the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, andthe voltage-sampling chip U1 acquires the voltage Ua1 across the resistor R4, allowing for the calculation of the resistance values of calibration resistors R11 and R12 using the following equations:where Udc refers to DC voltage of the controller circuit (100) , and the voltage-sampling chip U1receives and converts the voltage Ua1 or voltage Ua2 to output the voltage Ub, with the relationship between Ua and Ub described as follows:Ua=K×Ub,Ub is then processed by the operational amplifier U2, the input resistors R6 and R7, the balancing resistor R8, and the feedback resistor R9 to output a sampled voltage Umcu to the microcontroller unit MCU, wherein Ub is calculated based on the principles of operational amplification using the following equation:andthe microcontroller unit MCU then calculates the resistance values of the calibration resistors R11 and R12 using the above equations, and compares them with the actual resistance values to determine whether the sampling circuit (200) is functioning normally.10.The method of any of claims 1 through 9, wherein during insulation resistance detection by the sampling circuit (200) , the unidirectional relay K1 is closed and the unidirectional relay K2 is open, and the voltage-sampling chip U1 acquires the voltage Ua3 across the two ends of the resistor R4, allowing for the calculation of the resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry using the following equations: wherein the microcontroller unit MCU uses the foregoing equations to calculate the resistance values of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry.11.A motor controller for a forklift, wherein the motor controller comprises a controller circuit (100) and a sampling circuit (200) connected in parallel to monitor resistance values of insulation resistors Rx and Ry in the controller circuit (100) ,wherein the sampling circuit (200) comprises a voltage-sampling chip U1, an operational amplifier U2, a microcontroller unit MCU, and bidirectional relays, and the sampling circuit (200) switches the connection states of the bidirectional relays to perform detection of the insulation resistors Rx and Ry in two modes: self-testing and insulation resistance detection.12.The motor controller of claim 11, wherein the controller circuit (100) comprises a controller positive terminal (110) , a controller negative terminal (120) , and a controller chassis ground (130) , with the insulation resistor Rx connected between the controller positive terminal (110) and the controller chassis ground (130) , and the insulation resistor Ry connected between the controller negative terminal (120) and the controller chassis ground (130) .13.The motor controller of claim 11 or 12, wherein the bidirectional relays include bidirectional relay K3 and bidirectional relay K4, each with terminals A, B, and C,for the bidirectional relay K3, the terminal A is connected to the controller positive terminal (110) and the terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Rx; andfor the bidirectional relay K4, the terminal A is connected to the controller chassis ground (130) , and the terminal C connected to the insulation resistor Ry,wherein in the first connection state, the A and B terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, connecting the sampling circuit (200) to calibration resistors for self-testing; andin the second connection state, the A and C terminals of the bidirectional relays K3 and K4 are closed, enabling the sampling circuit (200) to perform measurement on the actual insulation resistors Rx and Ry for insulation resistance detection.14.The motor controller of any of claims 11 through 13, wherein the sampling circuit (200) comprises resistors R3 and R4 connected in series, whereinthe voltage-sampling chip U1 has a first pin connected to one end of the resistor R4 and a second pin connected to the other end of the resistor R4, while its third and fourth pins are connected to the non-inverting and inverting inputs of the operational amplifier U2, respectively, forming a differential signal measurement path, andthe output of the operational amplifier U2 is connected to its inverting input through a feedback resistor R9, forming a negative feedback loop.15.A forklift, characterized by being able to utilize a method of any of claims 1 through 10 or being equipped with a motor controller of any of claims 11 through 14.